课件29张PPT。英语第22讲 名词和冠词
名 词河北省第22讲 名词和冠词
名 词2010－2014年河北中考试题分析表 从上表中可以看出，近五年河北中考单项选择对名词的考查主要是侧重于对名词在语境中的词义辨析，同时名词的单复数和名词所有格也是考查的内容。预计2015年河北中考题对名词的考查也会从这三个方面着手。同时，随着“淡化语法，注重语言运用和交际”这个理念被广泛认同，预计2015年中考对名词的考查将会呈上升趋势。高频考向一 名词辨析
名词词义辨析主要指考生在不同的语言环境中，通过对上下文的理解或者对一些词义相同的名词准确地掌握其意义，然后做出正确的选择。近年来，这一考点成为了考查名词的主要形式之一，并且越来越受到各地的欢迎。
【例1】 —What are you going to do when you grow up?
—My ________ is to become an astronaut.(2014，襄阳)
A．hobby B．dream C．job D．advice
解析：由问句“你长大后将去做什么”可知，答句应为“我的梦想是成为一名航天员”。【例2】 —The picnic is only in three days.Have you made any ________？
—Not yet.So let's discuss what to prepare.(2014，台州)
A．wishes B．plans C．mistakes D．friends
解析：A选项意为“愿望”；B选项意为“计划”；C选项意为“错误”；D选项意为“朋友”。由答句句意“还没有。所以让我们去讨论准备什么”可知，问句句意为“野餐只剩下三天了。你做计划了吗”。
答案：__B__高频考向二 名词的数
名词分可数名词与不可数名词两类。可数名词有单、复数变化形式。a用于以辅音音素开头的单数名词前，an用于以元音音素开头的单数名词前。如：an uncle，a university，an honest man，an hour，a useful book，an apple等。其复数形式分为规则和不规则两种：
1．可数名词的复数规则变化2．可数名词的复数不规则变化
?元音或词尾发生变化。
如：man→men；woman→women；Frenchman→Frenchmen；tooth→teeth；foot→feet；child→children
?单复数形式相同。
如：sheep→sheep；fish(鱼的条数) →fish；Chinese(中国人)→Chinese；Japanese(日本人)→Japanese；deer(鹿)→deer?形式为单数，意思为复数。
如：people，police
?视为整体时，谓语用单数；视为个体时，谓语用复数。
如：family，class，team，group
?形式为复数，意思为单数。
如：news，maths，physics，the United States等。
?只用复数形式pants，shorts，clothes，glasses (眼镜)等。?由man，woman构成的合成名词，变复数时将名词及man，woman都变成复数。
如：man driver→men drivers，woman teacher→women teachers
但其他合成名词，只需把合成名词中的中心词变为复数形式。
如：a banana tree→banana trees；a shoe factory→shoe factories
注意：①可数名词的单复数要与句子结构保持一致。
②可数名词一般不单独使用，表类别时可用复数形式，或用不定冠词或定冠词加单数名词。如：oranges，the/an orange。
③修饰可数名词复数的词有these，those，many，(a) few，a/the number of，some/any，a lot of等。常用they，them来替代。3．不可数名词
不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词，它们一般没有复数形式。如果要表示不可数名词的数量则要借助于“a＋量词(可数名词)＋of＋不可数名词”短语，变复数时把a变为具体数词，量词变为复数形式。如：a bowl of water一碗水；two cups of tea两杯茶
初中阶段常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，tea，milk，food，fruit，meat，fish(鱼肉)，chicken(鸡肉)，beef，mutton，orange(橙汁)，sugar，salt，paper(纸)，porridge，bread，sand，juice，news，music，time(时间)，information，fun，advice等。3．不可数名词
不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词，它们一般没有复数形式。如果要表示不可数名词的数量则要借助于“a＋量词(可数名词)＋of＋不可数名词”短语，变复数时把a变为具体数词，量词变为复数形式。如：a bowl of water一碗水；two cups of tea两杯茶
初中阶段常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，tea，milk，food，fruit，meat，fish(鱼肉)，chicken(鸡肉)，beef，mutton，orange(橙汁)，sugar，salt，paper(纸)，porridge，bread，sand，juice，news，music，time(时间)，information，fun，advice等。注意：①有些名词既可作不可数名词，又可作可数名词，如：time(时间/次数，倍数)，fish(鱼肉/鱼)，room(空间/房间)，noise(噪音/响声)，paper(纸/试卷，文件)，chicken(鸡肉/鸡)，experience(经验/经历)
②表示不定数量时，不可数名词常用much，(a)little，a lot of，some，any等修饰。常用it来替代。【例3】 —Where are you going，Sam?
—There isn't any ________ in the fridge.I'll go and buy some.(2014，凉山)
A．vegetables B．beef C．eggs D．money
解析：由is可知此处应用可数名词单数或不可数名词，故排除A、C选项。再根据句意来判断。
答案：__B__【例4】 I saw some ________ and ________ dancing in the street the day before yesterday.(2013，绥化)
A．Germen；Englishmen B．Germans；Englishmans
C．Germans；Englishmen D．Germen；Englishmans
解析：German的复数形式为Germans；Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen。
答案：__C__高频考向三 名词所有格
①有生命的东西的名词所有格，一般用在词尾加“'s”这种形式来表示。
如：It's my mother's handbag.这是我妈妈的手提包。
②以-s或-es结尾的名词末尾只加“'”。有些表示时间、距离、国家、城镇等无生命的事物的名词，也可以加“'s”构成所有格。如：
It's only twenty minutes' walk.这只是步行20分钟的路程。
Who won the girls' 100-meter race？谁赢了女子100米赛跑？
③不以-s或-es结尾的复数名词末尾仍要加“'s”。如：Where's the People's Hospital，please？请问人民医院在哪儿？
It's the policemen's bedroom.这是警察宿舍。④表示两个或多个人共同拥有的人或物时，只需在并列名词的后一个名词词尾加“'s”。若表示两者各自所拥有时，则每个名词后均加“'s”。试比较：
Lily and Lucy's father is a worker.莉莉和露茜的父亲是工人。
Lily's and Lucy's fathers are both workers.莉莉的父
亲和露茜的父亲都是工人。
⑤有些名词如：诊所、家、店铺等名词所有格后加“'s”后，可以省去表示相关处所的名词。如：the doctor's(医生诊所)，Mr.White's(怀特先生家)，the book-seller's(书店)。⑥of所有格主要表示无生命的东西。如：
a map of China一幅中国地图
⑦既表示所属关系又表示数量时要用双重所有格。如：an old friend of my uncle's，a photo of Jim's family等。【例5】 ________ desk is long and wide.They like it very much.(2014，齐齐哈尔)
A．Sonia's and Jane's B．Sonia and Jane's
C．Sonia and Jane D．Sonia's and Jane
解析：A项表示两个人各自的桌子，后应接复数名词；B项表示两个人共有的桌子，后接单数名词；C项不可以直接作定语。
答案：__B__一、单项选择。
1．—How many __B__ are there?
—About fifty.(2014，广安)
A．tomatos B．tomatoes C．tomato D．traveling
2．Recently people care more about the safety of __A__．Everyone wants to eat healthily.(2014，衡阳)
A．foods B．clothes C．buildings D．traveling3．Miss Black is a friend of __A__，she always looks after my sister.(2014，龙东)
A．Mary's mother's B．Mary's mother'
C．Mary mother's D．Mary mother
4．There are fifty __B__ in our school.They are all friendly to us.(2014，安顺)
A．woman teachers B．women teachers
C．woman teacher D．women teacher5．—I hear you have to get up early every morning.
—Right.It's one of the __D__ of my family.(2014，泰安)
A．plans B．jobs C．programs D．rules
6．I'm tired.This is not the right __A__ to ask me to go for a walk.(2014，杭州)
A．moment B．chance C．place D．season7．Could you please get me some __C__？I'm hungry.(2014，黔西南)
A．apple B．water C．bread D．egg
8．—Excuse me，where did you get the book?
—I borrowed it from the __B__．(2013，重庆)
A．cinema B．library C．park D．station9．—The sweater is not the right __C__ for me.
—Well，shall I get you a bigger one or a smaller one？(2013，绍兴)
A．price B．color C．size D．material
10．You'd better read the __C__ first before you use the camera.(2013，嘉兴、舟山)
A．websites B．expressions
C．instructions D．advertisements二、词汇运用。
A)根据句意及汉语提示完成单词。
11．Uncle Wang bought two watches (手表) yesterday.
12．There are a lot of sheep (绵羊) on the grass.
13．The cat caught two mice (老鼠) last night.
14．Gina would like some juice (果汁) to drink.
15．Jack went to have two teeth (牙齿) pulled out yesterday afternoon.B)根据句意及首字母提示完成单词。
16．Nick，can you give me some information about that event?
17．Friday is Linda's favorite day，because she has P．E.on that day.
18．There is not enough room in the corner to put the table.
19．It's a secret．You shouldn't tell it to others.
20．Ben likes the shape of the cake.It's a heart.考点跟踪突破23 介词和数词
介词
1．I get up __B__ 6：30 in the morning.(2014，永州)
A．in B．at C．on D．to
2．This boy was born __C__ the morning of July 6th，2010.(2014，绥化)
A．in B．at C．on D．for
3．His real name is James，but we call him Jim __B__ short.(2014，遵义)
A．in B．for C．on D．to
4．—When and where were you born?
—I was born __C__ October 1st，1998 ________ Nanning.(2014，玉林)
A．on；on B．in；in C．on；in D．in；on
5．It's very friendly __A__ him to help me when I'm in trouble.(2014，十堰)
A．of B．with C．to D．in
6．Most people are __C__ building a paper factory near here.They are worried the river will get polluted.(2014，广东)
A．for B．with C．against D．beyond
7．__D__ the development of economy，my hometown is becoming more and more beautiful.(2014，毕节)
A．In B．On C．By D．With
8．—How soon will his father come back from London?
—__B__ a week.(2014，聊城)
A．Since B．In C．At D．On
9．The 2014 Tournament Chess (国际象棋锦标赛) took place in Xinghua __C__ March 11.(2014，泰州)
A．in B．at C．on D．/
10．Many cities in China，__A__ Beijing，have been deeply affected by dirty air.(2014，盐城)
A．including B．behind C．without D．beyond
11．We all like football __B__ Tony.He likes basketball.
A．beside B．except C．besides D．of
12．The light is coming in __B__ the window and the room seems lightful.
A．across B．through C．over D．for
13．They have learnt French __A__ many years.
A．for B．since C．after D．at
14．I think I should be allowed to make decisions __C__ myself.
A．with B．to C．for D．against
15．—Hi，Peter！Tomorrow is mum's birthday.What are you going to buy __B__ her?
—I'm going to buy her a scarf.
A．to B．for C．in D．from
16．Don't read __D__ the sun.It's bad for your eyes.
A．with B．on C．under D．in
17．Could you please show me the way __D__ the post office?
A．in B．for C．with D．to
18．We had different opinions __A__ how to help the children in the poor areas.
A．on B．at C．in D．with
19．More and more people in Shanghai choose to go to work __C__ underground.
A．in B．with C．by D．for
20．They haven't finished their work.Maybe they have some trouble __C__ it.
A．on B．at C．in D．with
数词
1．Tom，a __C__ boy，can speak English quite well.He wants to learn ________ language next term.(2014，龙东)
A．twelve-years-old；second
B．twelve year old；the second
C．twelve-year-old；a second
D．twelve-year-olds；a second
2．There are __B__ months in a year.May is the ________ month of a year.(2014，黔东南)
A．twelfth；five B．twelve；fifth
C．twelve；fiveth D．twelfth；five
3．It is said that __B__ of the water all over the world ________ polluted.(2014，赤峰)
A．two three；is B．two thirds；is
C．two thirds；are D．two thirds；has
4．—Have you ever come to Xichang before?
—Yes.This is my __D__ visit to Xichang.I have come here twice before.(2014，凉山)
A．two B．second C．three D．third
5．It's never too old to learn.Karl Marx began to learn English in his __D__．(2014，广东)
A．the fiftieth B．fiftieth C．fifty D．fifties
6．—I hear __D__ foreign students will come to our school this year.(2014，玉林)
—Right，they're the ________ exchange students.
A．nine；nineth B．nineth；nine
C．nine；nine D．nine；ninth
7．It is very cool in Guizhou in summer，so __B__ people come here for vacation.(2014，遵义)
A．two thousands B．thousands of
C．thousand of D．two thousand of
8．—How far is it from Tianjin to Changsha?
—It's a __A__ flight from Tianjin to Changsha.(2014，呼和浩特)
A．2-hour-long B．2-hours-long
C．2 hours' long D．2 hour long
