新概念英语二册超详教案讲义笔记Lesson 62 After the fire 大火之后

Lesson 62 After the fire 大火之后
【New words and expressions】（15）
control n. 控制
smoke n. 烟
desolate adj. 荒凉的
threaten v. 威胁
surrounding adj. 周围的
destruction n. 破坏，毁灭
flood n. 洪水，水灾
authority n. （常用复数）当局
grass-seed n. 草籽
spray v. 喷撒
quantity n. 量
root n. 根
century n. 世纪
patch n. 小片
blacken v. 变黑，发暗
★control n. 控制
（1）n. 控制，管理
control of sb./sth. 控制，支配
= control over sb./sth.
be in control of sth. 指挥、管理或控制…
= be in charge of
bring sth. under control 在控制之下,被控制
= get sth. under control
be under control 在控制之中
be out of control 失控
= get out of control
（2）vt. 管理，控制，操纵，支配
control sb./sth. 控制某人/某物
control prices 控制价格
control traffic 控制交通
eg. I can’t control my emotions. 我控制不住我的情绪。
= I can’t control my feelings.
controller n. 负责人
★smoke n. 烟（雾）
（1）n. 烟
eg. volumes of smoke 大量的烟
a column of smoke 烟柱
smoke from factory chimneys 工厂烟囱冒出的烟
have a smoke/ enjoy a smoke 抽一支烟
There is no smoke without fire. 无风不起浪。
smoke-bomb 烟幕弹
full of smoke 充满烟雾
smokey adj. 多烟的（名词加-y, 变为形容词）
（2）v. 吸烟
eg. You can’t smoke in this place. 你不可以在这里吸烟。
He smoked a pipe. 他吸烟斗。
No smoking. 禁止吸烟。
smoker n. 抽烟的人
eg. heavy smoker 烟瘾重的人 ； nonsmoker 不抽烟的人
cigarette = cigar n. 香烟
★desolate adj. 荒凉的
（1）adj. 荒凉的，荒芜的
eg. a desolate hill 荒芜的小山丘
（2）adj.（指人）凄凉无友的，孤凄的
eg. a desolate life 凄凉的一生
（3）v. 使…沦为废墟，使荒凉
desolation
[u] n. 荒凉，凄凉
desolately adv. 荒凉地
★threaten v. 威胁的
(1) v.恐吓，威胁
threaten sb. with sth. 以…恐吓（人）
eg. threaten an employee with dismissal 以解雇来威胁雇员
threaten sb. with a gun 用枪来威胁某人
threaten to do 恐吓说要
（2）v. 有…恶兆
eg. It threatens to snow. 天要下雪。
A typhoon was threatening. 台风迫近。
threat n. 恐吓，威胁
eg. an empty threat 虚张声势
under threat of punishment 在处罚的威胁下（under后不加冠词）
threatening adj. 恐吓的，威胁的
★surrounding adj. 周围的
surroundings n. 环境(在周边的事物)
atmosphere n. 大气层, 氛围(在周边的人文环境)
surround v. 围绕，包围，围住
★destruction n. 破坏, 毁灭[u]
反义词：construction n.建设，建筑
eg. construction bank 建设银行
destroy v. 破坏
反：construct v. 建设(为……创造更好的条件)
build v. 建设(具体的建某物)
destructive adj. 毁灭性的
反：constructive adj. 建设性的(意见)
destroyer n. 破坏者
destructible adj. 可破坏的，可摧毁的
★flood n. 洪水, 水灾
（1）n. 洪水，水灾
（2）n. 多，大批，大量
eg. a flood of letters 大量信件
The child was in floods of tears. 孩子哭成了泪人儿。
（3）v. 淹没，泛滥
eg. The river has flooded the surrounding area.
这条河淹没了附近地区。
flood = floods 都对，都可以用，无区别
（4）v.（人，物）涌到（某场所）,(光线，声音)充满（某场所）
eg. Japanese cars have flooded the American market.
日本汽车都涌到了美国市场。
Letters of thanks flooded in. 感谢信源源不断地涌入。
★authority n. 当局(常用复数authorities)
（1）n.当局，官方
eg. the forest authorities 森林管理当局
the health authorities 卫生当局
the school authorities 学习当局
（2）n.[u] 权威，权力
eg. President is of great authority. 总统具有至高无上的权力。
（3）n.[c] 权威人士，来源
eg. She is an authority on Spanish. 她是西班牙的权威人士。
I know it on good authority. 我根据可靠消息来源得知这件事。
authoritative adj. 有权力的，当局的，有权威的，可信赖的
authorize v. 授权给…
★grass-seed n. 草籽
grass
n. 草
eg. a blade of grass/ a leaf of grass 一片草叶
feed grass to cows 喂牛吃草
（2）n. 草地
eg. keep off the grass 请勿践踏草地
seed
n. [c] 种子
eg. sunflower seeds 葵花子
（2）n. [u] (种植，喂鸟等的)种子
（3）n. [c] 根本，原因
★spray v. 喷撒
（1）vt. 喷洒，喷…于
spray sth. over/on 往……上喷洒
eg. spray paint on the furniture 给家具喷上漆
（2）n. 喷雾器，喷液
eg. an insect spray 喷液杀虫剂
★quantity n. （数）量
（1）n. [c]/[u] 数目，数量
eg. A small quantity of furniture is painted blue.
少量的家具被漆成蓝色的。
a large quantity 大量的
（修饰可数名词、不可数名词，谓语用单数。）
（2）n. [u] 大小，重量
quality 质量
eg. in quantity = in large quantities 大量的
in small quantities = in a small quantity 少量的
quantities of + [c]/[u] 大量的（谓语用复数）
★root n. 根(同音词：route 路线)
（1）n. [c] 根
take root 生根
come out 长出来
shoot come out 发芽（shoot n. 芽）
flower come out 开花
the root of a tree 树根
pull up a plant by the roots 把植物连根拔起
（2）n. 根源，原因
eg. the root cause of sth. 根本原因
the root of the problem 问题的根源
What is the root cause 根本原因是什么？
root of… ……的根
（3）v. 使…生根，使…扎根
Does this plant root easily 这个植物生根容易吗？
★century n. 世纪
the 20th century 20世纪
at the turn of the century 在世纪之交
centuries ago 几个世纪之前
★patch n. 小片，颜色和周围不同的部分
（1）n. 补丁，布片
eg. pants full of patches 打满补丁的裤子
= trousers full of patches
（2）n. 小块， 小片
eg.patches of green 小片绿地
patches of sunlight 斑驳的阳光
a patch of 一小片
patches of 许多片
（3）n. 小块地
eg. a vegetable patch 小菜园
（4）v. 修补
eg. She patched the hole in the trousers.
她补好了裤子上的洞。
patchwork 拼凑之物
★blacken v. 使变黑，使发暗；损害，诽谤
以-en结尾的动词：
blacken, tighten, loosen, whiten, deepen, darken, broaden, shorten, quicken,
使变黑， 使变紧， 使变轻，使变白，使变深，使变黑，使变宽，使变短，使加快
worsen, thicken
使恶化， 使加厚
eg. The smoke has blacken the walls. 烟把墙熏黑了。
-en后缀表示动词，译为“使……变得……”
weak adj. 虚弱的 ——> weaken v. 使……变弱，削弱
【Text】
Firemen had been fighting the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control. A short time before, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around. Now, smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills. Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well. When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly. The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes. The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain. By then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root. In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.

参考译文
消防队员们同那场森林大火搏斗了将近3个星期才最后把火势控制住. 就在不久之前, 参天大树还覆盖着方圆数英里的土地. 而现在, 发热的地面上仍然升腾着烟雾, 弥漫在荒凉的山丘上. 冬季即将来临, 这些山丘对周围的村庄具有毁灭性的威胁, 因为大雨不仅会冲走土壤, 而且还会引起严重的水灾. 在大火最后被扑灭后, 森林管理当局订购了好几吨一种生长迅速的特殊类型的草籽. 飞机把这种草籽大量地撒播在地上. 飞机撒播近一个月后, 开始下起雨来. 然而到那时, 很多地方的草已经生了根. 一片片的绿草开始出现在这片烧焦的土地上, 代替了多少世纪以来一直生长在那里的参天大树.

【课文讲解】
1、Firemen had been fighting the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control.
had been fighting 过去完成进行时
fight sth. 和……作搏斗
eg. fight the fire 和大火博斗
fight for liberation 为了解放而战
fight against cancer 和癌症作斗争
fight a good fight 打了一场漂亮的仗
have a fight 打架，战斗
win a fight 赢了一场战争
lose a fight 输了一场战争
get… under control 使…处于控制之中
= bring… under control
control v. 控制，管理
check v. 检查
2、A short time before, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around.
a short time before 不久之前
= a short while before = not long before
(a short time before和a short time ago都可以与段时间相连
a short time before 不久以前，从过去某一点时间算起，一段时间以前
a short time ago 过去某段时间，从现在算起，一段时间以前）
great trees 参天大树
great adj. 伟大的
big adj. 大的（没有感彩的）
cover v. 覆盖，遮掩
eg. Dust covered his desk. 他的桌上满是灰尘。
be covered with 被覆满
for miles around 方圆几英里（around表示“在周围，向四周”）
3、Now, smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills.
rise up from 从…升上来
rise to one’s feet 站起身来
rise from the table (吃完饭)离开餐桌
rise in the world 出头，发迹，飞黄腾达
rise to a height of 200 meters 上升到200米的高度
a rise in life 晋升，发迹，出头
4、Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well.
winter was coming on 冬季即将来临 (季节的来临的通用表达式)，come on的过去进行时形式表示的是过去将来时，它在这里表示季节的“到来，来临”：
come on 开始，来临，用于指时间、季节等自然情况的出现
eg. It came on to rain. 开始下雨了。
= The rain come on.
for 因为，由于（较正式的说法）
（for在这里引导原因状语从句，放在主句之后）
eg. I caught a cold, for I had been walking around in the rain.
我感冒了，因为我一直在雨里走。
because
eg. Why am I leaving I’m leaving because I want to…
as
eg. As it is raining, Let’s stay at home.
since
eg. Since you have no license, you are not allowed to drive.
与as比， since更注意形式，for 用于主语之后，补充说明理由
eg. I’ll follow his advice, for he is a doctor.
She was angry with him for being late.(动名词作介词for的宾语)
(for + 名词 因…理由，为了…)
He jumped for joy at the news.(名词作介词for的宾语)
wash away 冲走
not only… but… as well 不仅…，而且…
= not only… but also
eg. … for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but also would cause
serious floods.
soil n. 土壤
eg. Olive trees can grow in poor soil. 橄榄树在平脊的土壤上也能生长。
ground n.土地，地面
eg. The ball fell to the ground. 球掉到地上了。
5、When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly.
which would grow quickly 引导定语从句修饰grass-seed
put out 扑灭
order v.
命令，吩咐，指令
eg. order sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
The chairman ordered silence. 主席要大家安静。
The doctor ordered me to stay in bed. 医生吩咐我卧床休息。
（2）定购，预定
eg. We don’t have the book in stock but we can order it.
这书我们没有存货，但是可以预定。
（3）（在旅馆，饭店等）叫（饭菜，饮料等）
eg. I’ve ordered a steak. 我要了一份牛排。
I’ve ordered you egg and chips. 我给你要了鸡蛋和炸土豆条。
order sb. about sth. 不断驱使…做…
order sb. off （体）罚…退场，勒令…退出比赛
order sb. out 下令出动（军警）
type 强调与其他同类的东西有明显不同的特征的种类，与kind有区别
6、The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes.
quantity单数时仅表示“数量”，既可以用于表示多也可以用于表示少：
eg. They drank a large /great /small quantity of beer last night.
quantity复数时表示“大量”：
eg. He bought books in (large) quantities.
7、The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain.
had been planting 过去完成进行时
plant seed = sow seed 播种
go to seed = run to seed
(指植物)花谢结子；（喻）衰败；(能力，效力等)减弱
eg. He started to drink too much and gradually ran to seed.
他喝酒过多，身体逐渐衰弱了。
8、By then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root.
by then 到那时（通常使用完成时态）
take root表示“生根”，这个短语也可以表示某处思想/想法等“扎根”：
eg. This type of grass takes root easily.
The idea has taken root in his mind.
9、In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.
in place of 替代，取代 (只能指代位置、空间，原来放的东西现在不在了)
(+ n./pron./doing作宾语)
eg. In place of a cup , I put a vase there. 以前放的是茶杯，现在放的是花瓶。
Jane answered the phone in place of Mary.
in sb’s place 代替某人
in place 适当的，在适当的位置上
eg. I like to have everything in place. 我喜欢样样事都恰得其所。
out of place 不得其所
eg. Her dress was out of place at the ceremony. 她的衣服和仪式格格不入。
instead of 替代+没做的事
eg.Instead of staying home, I went to school. （此句就不能用“in place of”，而指地点空间时，既可以用“in place of”也可以用“instead of”。）
which had been growing there for centuries作定语从句修饰trees
appear vi. 出现，出版
eg. The ad will appear in tomorrow’s paper.
广告将登在明天的报纸上。
Her latest book will appear soon. 她的新书很快就会出版的。
【Key structures】
过去完成时和过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时：had been +现在分词
过去完成进行时用于强调某动作在过去更早的某一段时间内一直在进行，并对过去某一时刻产生结果，过去完成进行时也可用来表示过去经常重复的动作，还可以表示根据直接或间接的证据而得出结论。与它经常连用的表示时间的词有before，for，since，all day等。
She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day.
Jill was angry. Jim had been phoning her every night for a whole week.
Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying.
在包含间接引语的句子中，如果引述词是过去时态，则现在完成进行时要改为过去完成进行时。
过去完成时与过去完成进行时有时可以互换。但需要表示某个工作已经完成时，只能用过去完成时。
When I arrived, they’d already put the fire out.
【Special Difficulties】
Control and Check
control
① vt. 控制，指挥，支配，管理
Don’t try to control other people.
② n. 控制（能力），支配（能力）
It’s hard to keep the number of people coming into the country under control.
check vt. 检查，核对，查看
They’re going to check our passports.
Great and Big
great adj. 大的(强调重要性)，伟大的，重大的，重要的
Frank has just made a great decision.
big adj. 大的(强调面积、体积、规模上的大)
Sam is a big man.
Soil and Ground
soil n. 泥土(能让植物生长的)，土，土地，土壤
Trees and grass grow quickly in rich soil.
ground n. 地表，地面(与土壤无关)，场地，土地
He threw the cup to the ground.