新概念英语二册超详教案讲义笔记Lesson 77 A successful operation 一例成功的手术

Lesson 77 A successful operation 一例成功的手术
【New words and expressions】（14）
mummy n. 木乃伊
Egyptian adj. 埃及的
temple n. 庙
mark n. 斑点
plate n. （照相）底片
disease n. 疾病
last v. 持续
prove v. 显示出
resin n. 树脂
skin n. 皮肤
section n. 切片
figure n. （人的）体形；人像
normally adv. 通常地
survive v. 幸免于
★mummy n. 木乃伊
(英)(儿语)妈妈
mummies = mommy (美)
木乃伊
★Egyptian adj. 埃及的
Egyptian n. 埃及人
Egypt 埃及
Cairo （首都）开罗
★temple n. 庙
庙
eg. the Shaolin temple 少林寺
(古代希腊，罗马，埃及的）神殿
eg. a Greek temple 希腊神殿
殿堂
eg. the temple of art 艺术的殿堂
(4) 太阳穴
★mark n. 斑点
n. 斑点，瑕疵
eg. Her wet feet left marks on the floor.
她的湿脚在地板上留下了印迹。
n. 记号，符号
eg. make a mark on the wall with a chalk 用粉笔在墙上作记号
punctuation marks 标点符号
n. 分数，得分
= grade (美）
eg. school marks 学校的成绩
get good marks in English 英语成绩很高
gain high marks in maths 数学考试取得好分数
On your marks! Get set! Go! (赛跑时的口令）各就各位，预备！起(跑)!
v. 做记号于…，留下痕迹于…，弄脏
eg. She marked the important words with a red pencil.
她用红笔把重要词汇作了标记。
a face marked with worries 面带愁容
v. 留下痕迹，留下伤痕
eg. This floor marks very easily. 这地板很容易留下脏痕。
v. 给…分，给…评分数
eg. The teacher marked more than 80 exam papers.
老师改了80多份试卷。
★plate n. （照相）底片
(照相）底片
（浅）盘，平盘碟
dish 通常指金属制或陶瓷器的大盘子
plate 每人放置所分得的事物的盘子
bowl 碗
saucer 茶托；茶杯碟
(菜的）一盘（份），一人份的菜
eg. a plate of meat 一份肉
The dinner cost 50 dollars a plate.
这顿饭每人花费50美元。
相关短语：
eg. have a person…on a plate 轻而易举地给（某人）
= give a person…on a plate
have a lot on one’s plate (口)有很多（太多）该做的事
= have too much on one’s plate
★disease n. 疾病
eg. He is suffering from heart disease. 他患有心脏病。
cure a disease 治疗疾病
stomach disease 胃病
dis(否定）+ ease(安乐) 疾病
★last v. 持续
v. 延续，持续
eg. Our vacation lasts 20 days. 我们的假期持续了20天。
The rainy season lasts until July. 雨季延续到7月。
v. 耐久，支持
eg. This coat has lasted well. 这件外衣经久耐用。
He lasted for five days underground. 他在地底下撑了5天。
v. 熬过…时候；度过，足够维持到（某期间）
eg. The patient isn’t expected to last the night.
没有人认为那位病人会熬得过晚上。
The food/money will last us three days.
这些食物/钱够我们用3天。
last out… 足够维持到…（期间），支撑
eg. The gasoline won’t last out till we get to New York.
汽油不够我们用到纽约了。
lasting adj. 持久的，连续性的
eg. a lasting peace 持久的和平
★prove v. 显示出
v. 证明，证实(to give proof of, show to be true)
（后面可跟从句、形容词、名词、不定式等）
eg. I will prove it to you.
我将会证明给你看
He has proved his courage in battle.
他在战役中证明了他的勇气。
Can you prove that to the court
你能对法庭证明这一点吗？
ｖ．实验（to test)
eg. In order to prove the servant’s honesty, she left a bag containing money on the table. 为了试探仆人是否诚实，她把一个装有钱的包留在桌子上。
v. 显示出，表明
prove +adj.
eg. It proves difficult to do the job by herself.
prove +to be +adj.
eg. It proves to be difficult.
proof
n. 证明
eg. I believe what you say: I don’t want any proof.
我相信你的话：我不需要任何证明。
adj. 防…的，耐…的
eg. This tent material is proof against water.
这个帐篷材料是防水的。
n. + proof ---- adj. 防…的，耐…的
eg. waterproof 防水的
bulletproof 防弹的
soundproof 隔音的
★resin n. 树脂
raisin n. 葡萄干（读音接近）
★skin n. 皮肤
(动物或人体的）皮，皮肤
eg. a skin disease 皮肤病
Women like to have soft skin. 妇女都想拥有细嫩的皮肤。
（从动物体上剥取的）兽皮，毛皮
eg. many skins needed to make a fur coat
做一件毛皮大衣需要很多兽皮
a coat made of sheepskin 羊皮大衣
(某些果实或蔬菜的）外皮，皮
eg. banana skins 香蕉皮
onion skins 洋葱皮
相关短语：
save one’s skin 逃命，免受损害
get under someone’s skin 使（某人）恼怒，惹怒（某人）
skin and bone(s) 瘦，皮包骨
under the skin 在内心里，在肚子里
★section n. 切片
n. 切片
n. 区域，部门，阶层，段落，章节
eg. the business section of a city 城市的商业区
all sections of a country 全国各界
all sections of the population 全国各阶层
sports section 体育版面
(3) n. 剖面，截面
★figure n. （人的）体形；人像
人像，画像
eg. A group of figures on the left of the picture.
在照片左边的一群人像。
体形
eg. do exercises to improve one’s figure
做运动以改进身材。
辨析：
body 人本身，画家会使用body，表示身材
figure 身材，尤指穿上衣服而言
eg. She has a good figure. 她有好身材。
She has a bad figure. 她有坏身材。
要人，名士(VIP)
eg. He was both a political and a religious figure in Indian history.
他是印度历史上政界和宗教界的要人。
数字
eg. cut quite a figure 露头角，放异彩，仪表甚佳
cut a poor figure 给人不好的印象，出丑，露拙相
★normally adv. 通常地
通常地
eg. I normally go to bed early, but I stayed up late last night.
我通常很早睡觉，但昨晚我熬夜了。
正常地
eg. behaving normally in spite of anxiety
尽管很担心还是表现正常
a normally active child
活泼正常的孩子
normal adj.
正常的，一般的
eg. normal working hours from 9 to 5 9点至5点的正常工作时间
normal temperatures 正常温度
（指人）正常发展的，身心正常的
eg. a normal child in every way 各方面都很正常的孩子
normalize v. 正常化(尤指国家之间的关系）
eg. Relations were slow to normalize after the war.
战后国家关系正常化很慢。
★survive v. 幸免于
死里逃生，大难不死
eg. We survived ,though others died in the accident.
尽管其他人在事故中丧生了，我们死里逃生。
经历…之后还活着
eg. We survived the accident. 我们幸免于难。
She survived her sons. 她的儿子都先她去世。
survivor n. 死里逃生者，生还者，残存者
survival n. 幸存，生还，死里逃生
【Text】
The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show: a small wax figure of the god Duamutef. This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation.
参考译文
死于公元前800年的一位埃及妇女的木乃伊刚刚接受了一次手术。这是曾在底比斯神殿里当过歌手的赛潘姆特的木乃伊。由于在给这个木乃伊拍摄的X光片子上有点奇怪的斑点，所以，医生们一直试图搞清这位妇女是否死于一种罕见的疾病。搞清的唯一办法就是手术。手术持续了4个多小时，非常难做，因为皮肤上覆盖着一层硬硬的树脂。医生们从木乃伊身上取下一个切片，送去化验。他们还发现了X光片所没有显示的东西：一个蜡制的杜瓦木特夫神小塑像。这种牛头人身的神像通常被放在木乃伊体内。医生们至今还未确定这位妇女的死因。他们曾担心在把木乃伊切开后，它会散成碎片，但幸运得很，这种情况并未发生。这具木乃伊成功地经受了这次手术。
【课文讲解】
1、The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation.
who died in 800 B.C. (定语从句）
B.C.(Before Christ) 公元前
A.D.(Anno Domini 拉丁语） 公元后
B.C. = Before Christ 公元前，放在年代的后面。
D. 公元，放在年代的前面,常常可以省略。
公元1066年：A.D.1066 / 1066 A.D.
have an operation 接受手术
operation
n. [u] 工作，操作
eg. The operation of a big new machine can be hard to learn.
一部大型新机器的操作是很难学会的。
perform an operation on sb.for … 给…做手术
eg. He’ll perform an operation on her for a diseased lung.
他要为她做肺部手术。
n. [c] 工作，行动
eg. begin operations 开展业务
a difficult operation 一项艰巨的行动
2、The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes.
that指代上文当中出现的名词the mummy。在指代特指事物时，尤其是在比较状语从句中，常用that和those指代提到的事物。that of和those of一般用于较正式的文体中。
who was once a singer中who引导定语从句修饰Shepenmut
Temple of Thebes 底比斯神庙
3、As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease.
taken of the mummy 是过去分词短语作定语修饰X-ray plates
take the plates of … 给…拍片子
take a picture of sb. 给…照相
have been trying 一直（现在完成进行时）
find out
查出，揭露
eg. I won’t tell you ,you must find out for yourself.
我不会告诉你的，你必须自己去查出真相。
揭发（恶行）
eg. I’ve found you out at last, you cheat!
我终于把你揭发了，骗子！
(美）寻找（某人）
eg. to find out one’s relatives in China 寻找在中国的亲戚
find 得知，发觉，查出
eg. find the answer to a question 找出问题答案
Please find (out) what time they are coming.
请弄清楚他们什么时候来。
I find that I　have plenty of time now.
我发现我现在有很多时间。
die 是瞬间动词，不能和段时间连用。要和段时间连用，就必须变成系表结构be dead。die不能用be doing形式。若用了be doing，表示即将发生的动作。
die of + 内因 死于……
eg. die of hunger 死于饥饿
die of a fever 死于高烧
die from + 外因 死于……
die from a wound 死于外伤
(在日常生活表达当中，die of和die from可以互换。 ）
die by one’s own hand 自杀
die hard (指旧观念，习俗等）一时很难根除、消失
4、The only way to do this was to operate.
way + of 做……的方式（做定语）
way + to do 做……的方式（做定语）
The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin.
which lasted for over four hours中which引导非限定性定语从句
which covered the skin中which 引导定语从句修饰hard resin
prove to be + adj. 显示出…
= turn out to be …
skin 皮肤
leather 皮革
compexion 肤色
eg. Hard resin covered the skin.
裹着皮肤的硬硬的树脂。
This briefcase is made of leather.
这个公文包是皮做的。
Look at her rosy cheeks. She has a lovely complexion.
看着她玫瑰色的面颊，她的肤色太美了。
The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory.
a section of the mummy 木乃伊的切片
They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show: a small wax figure of the god Duamutef.
which the X-ray plates did not show中的which引导定语从句修饰something
wax 蜡
candle 蜡烛
a wax candle 蜡烛
wax figure 蜡像
eg. The lights went out, so we lit candles.
灯熄灭了，所以我们点燃蜡烛。
（light v. - lit - lit)
This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy.
which has the head of a cow 中which引导定语从句修饰god
9、The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died.
how the woman died中how 引导宾语从句作decide的宾语
what 对名词提问，how对副词或介词短语提问。
how在这里是对of sth.提问的。要想用what提问，died后面加of。
decide v. 做出最终的判断，对……下判决，解决（悬案）
10、They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened.
fear v. +（that)… 担心…，恐怕
eg. I fear we’ll be late. 我们担心会迟到。
for fear(n.) that… 以免，因恐
eg. Shut the window for fear (that) it may rain.
关掉窗子，以免下雨。
fall to pieces =go to pieces 碎成碎片，散掉
eg. During the storm, the old house fell to pieces.
After two years their marriage fell to pieces.
cut … open 切…开
cut (拍电影时）停拍
11、The mummy successfully survived the operation.
successful adj. 成功的
【Key Structures】
一般过去时/现在完成时/现在完成进行时
一般过去时：过去某时发生的动作或处于的状态。
eg. The Egyptian woman died in 800 B.C..
现在完成时：过去某个动作对现在存在的影响，或过去动作一直延续到现在还能延续下去。
eg. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died.
现在完成进行时：强调过去动作对现在的影响，通常表示动作一直进行着，一直发生着。
eg. They have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease.
医生一直试图搞清楚这位妇女是否死于罕见的疾病。
【Special Difficulties】
B.C. and A.D.
B.C. = Before Christ 公元前（位于年代之后）
The Romans invaded England in 55 B.C.
A.D. = anno Domini(=in the yeare of the Lord=since Christ was born) 公元前（位于年代之前）
George I died in A.D. 1727.
Skin，Leather and Complexion
skin n. 人体的皮肤；指某人是什么颜色的皮肤（可与complexion互换）
We are wet to the skin.
He has a dark skin/complexion.
leather n. 皮革
Shoes made of real leather have become very expensive.
This sofa is made from real leather.
complexion n. 肤色
Look at her rosy cheeks. She has a lovely complexion.
Wax and Candle
wax n. 蜡（不可数名词）
All the figures in this shop are made of wax.
candle n. 蜡烛（可数名词）
I keep a candle by my bed in case the lights go out suddenly.
【Summary Writing】
Doctors have just operated on the mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. They wanted to find out whether she died of a rare disease. After removing a section of the mummy, they sent it to a laboratory. During the operation, they unexpectedly found a small wax figure of a god. Though they were afraid the mummy would fall to pieces, it successfully survived the operation.
Doctors have just operated on the mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C., in order to find out if she died of a rare disease. They removed a section of the mummy, which they sent to a laboratory. Inside the mummy, they unexpectedly found a small wax figure of a god. They were afraid the mummy would fall to pieces, but it survived the operation.