2024届高三英语一轮复习之构词法 课件(共20张PPT)

(共20张PPT)
高中英语构词法
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目 录
构词法概述
构词法细则
构词法例词
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构词法(word-formation).派生法(derivation)一、概念由词缀和词根结合构成单词。二、方法1.加在前unhappy2.加在后actor3.既加前又加后disagreement三、类别1.前缀(一般只改变词义，不改变词性)2.后缀(一般只改变词性，不改变词义).常见前缀1—改变词类构成方式例词a.a-asleep, aboard,aside…b.be-befriend, bewitch, behead…c.em-embark, embed, empower…d.en-endanger, encourage…e.en-enrich, enlarge, endear…f.out-outsmart, outnumber…智胜 比…多.常见前缀2—构成反义
构成方式 例词
un- unable, uncertain, unhappy, unluckily, undo
il- illegal, illogical, illiterate…
im- impolite, impossible, impatient…
in- informal, independent, injustice…
ir- irregular, irresponsible, irresistible…
dis- disadvantage, disorder, dislike…
缺点 杂乱 不喜欢
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常见前缀3—特定意思构成方式例词anti-(反)antiwar, anticancer, antipollution…auto-(自动)automobile, autotimer, auto-record…bi-(双)bicycle, binoculars…co-(共同)co-operate, co-edit, co-exit…down(向下)downstairs, downhill,downwards…ex-(以前的)ex-wife, ex-lover, ex-husband…fore-(前部的)forehead, foreleg, forearm…full-(完全)full-time, full-speed, full-strength….常见后缀1—名词后缀后缀例词-anAsian, American, Russian, African…-anceattendance, performance,assistance…-ationeducation, examination, pronunciation…-domfreedom, kingdom, wisdom, boredom…-encedifference, preference, existence…-erdiver, writer,dancer, reporter…-eseChinese, Japanese, Portuguese…-essactress, princess, goddess, hostess…-hoodchildhood, neighborhood, motherhood…-ianmagician, musician, historian….常见后缀1—名词后缀后缀例词-ionaction, decision, collection, creation…-istpianist, violinist, scientist,communist…-ityequality, majority…-mentdevelopment, movement, arrangement…-nesshappiness, sadness, weakness…-oractor, sailor, visitor, director…-shipfriendship, leadership,ownership…-urepleasure, failure, pressure….常见后缀2—形容词后缀
后缀 例词
-able valuable, miserable, comfortable, loveable…
-al national, original, cultural, logical…
-an American, African, Korean, Canadian…
-ant important, pleasant, ignorant, tolerant…
-ed excited, interested, worried, bored…
-en woolen, golden, wooden, earthen…
-ent different, dependent, existent, consistent…
-ic realistic, poetic, historic, economic…
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常见后缀2—形容词后缀后缀例词-fulpeaceful, careful, helpful, useful…-ingexciting, convincing, interesting, amusing…-ishIrish, selfish, foolish, childish…-ivecreative, active, attractive, effective…-lesscareless, homeless, endless, useless…-lyfriendly, lovely, lively, early…-ousnervous, dangerous, furious, famous…-somelonesome, tiresome, troublesome, handsome…-yrainy, windy, dirty, cloudy….常见后缀3—副词动词数词后缀
后缀 例词
副词后缀 clearly, finally, usually, luckily…
动词后缀 widen, sharpen, simplify, notify, memorize, apologize…
数词后缀 twenty, fourteen, ninth…
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合成法(compound)
一、概念
将两个或多个词按照一定顺序排列构成新词。
二、类别
词性 例词
合成名词 football, blackboard, waiting-room, income, father-in-law, breakup, download
合成动词 daydream, overcome, quick-charge, blow-dry
合成形容词 kind-hearted, good-looking, fulltime, outdoor
合成副词 empty-handed, however
合成代词 myself, someone
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转化法1(conversion)
一、概念
从词类转换衍生出新的词义。
二、方法
1. 动词转化成名词
2. 名词转化成动词
3. 形容词转化成动词
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转化法1(conversion)
动词转化为名词 swim(游泳) swim(游泳) lie(说谎) lie(谎言)
snow(下雪) snow(雪) dream(做梦) dream(梦)
water(浇水) water(水) love(爱) love(爱)
plant(浇灌) plant(植物) push(推) push(推)
kiss(亲吻) kiss(吻) walk(步行) walk(散步)
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转化法2(conversion)名词转化为动词形容词转化为动词book(书)book(订)calm(镇静的)calm(平静)seat(座位)seat(就坐)slow(缓慢的)slow(减慢)hand(手)hand(递)warm(温暖的)warm(热)back(后背)back(支持)dirty(脏的)dirty(弄脏)spy(间谍)spy(监视)lower(更低的)lower(降低).缩略法(abbreviation)
一、概念
将单词缩写生成新词，词义、词性等都保持不变。
二、例词
1. examination → exam 考试
2. refrigerator → fridge 冰箱
3. telephone → phone 电话
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逆向法
一、概念
把原词词尾去掉，形成新的单词。
二、例词
1. caretaker 看管者→ caretake 看管
2. editor 编辑 → edit 编辑，校订
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混合法
一、概念
各取两个词的一部分而组成一个新词。
二、例词
1. news broadcast→ newscast 新闻广播
2. smoke and fog → smog 烟雾
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End.