Unit 4 Journey Across a Vast Land
大单元思维知识整合
一、重点单词
1.airline [ e la n] n航空公司
2.bay [be ] n（海或湖的）湾
3.craft [krɑ ft] n手艺；工艺；技艺
4.antique [ n ti k] n古物；古董。adj. 古老的；古董的
5.pleasant [ pl znt] adj令人愉快的；友好的
6.arise [ ra z] vi（arose，arisen）起身；出现；由……引起
7.massive [ m s v] adj巨大的；非常严重的
8.literally [ l t r li] adv字面上；真正地
9.breath [br θ] n呼吸的空气
10.take one's breath away令人惊叹
11.bound [ba nd] adj准备前往（某地）；一定会
12.scenery [ si n ri] n风景；景色
13.awesome [ s m] adj令人惊叹的；可怕的；很好的
14.spectacular [sp k t kj l ] adj壮观的；壮丽的；惊人的。n. 壮丽的场面；精彩的表演
15.peak [pi k] n顶峰；山峰；尖形
二、重点短语
1．interaction between…and…在…和…互动
2.vary with随着…变化
3.be appropriate to/for 适合于、合乎
4.by contrast with=by comparison with与…形成对比
5.approve of sb/sth赞成/同意 某人/某事
6.demonstrate how to do sth 示范/演示如何做某事
7.be a witness to sth 目击(看见)某事发生，证明……真实
三、重点句型
1.rather than与其；不愿 (连接两个并列成分)
Rather than travel by commercial airline all the way, they decided to fly to Vancouver and then take the train.
她们决定先乘飞机到温哥华，然后再坐火车，而不是全程乘坐商务航班。
句式分析：句中rather than连接两个并列不定式短语，位于句首时，只能接不带to的不定式。
[例1] He only cares about whether the eyewitness has given true information，which must be facts rather than opinions.
他关心的只是目击者是否提供了真实的信息，这些信息必须是事实而不是个人观点。
[例2] They thus increased their annual grain production rather than diminished it.
他们这样增加了而不是减少了粮食年产量。
[翻译] 我们是在教室里开会，不是在大厅里。
We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall.
[知识拓展]
(1)rather than连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词应与rather than 前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。
(2)rather than后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to，但当rather than位于句首时，只能接不带to的不定式。
I decided to write rather than (to) telephone.
＝Rather than telephone I decided to write.
我决定写信而不是打电话。
2.过去分词短语作状语
Seen from the train window，the mountains and forests of Canada looked massive.
透过火车车窗加拿大的山脉和森林看起来非常壮观。
句式分析：句中过去分词短语Seen from the train window在句中作时间状语。
[例1] Ordered over a week ago，the books are expected to arrive any time now.
这些书一个多星期以前就被下订单了，现在预计随时会到。
[例2] Born in a poor family，Nadia had only two years of schooling.
由于出生于贫寒家庭，纳迪亚只上过两年学。
[翻译] 尽管受到了父母的鼓励，他仍然没有信心克服困难。
Encouraged by his parents，he still has no confidence in overcoming the difficulties.
[知识拓展]
过去分词短语通常在句中作时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、方式等状语。过去分词通常与句子的主语构成被动关系，或表示动作已完成。
Given a lot of money，he lived a better life.
给他许多钱后，他的日子过得好多了。(表示原因)
Used with care，one tin will last for six weeks.
如果用得仔细的话，一罐可以够用六周。(表示条件)
The teacher came in，followed by a group of students.
老师进来了，后面跟着一群学生。(表示伴随)
The girl met with an accident when crossing the road，wounded in the head.
那个女孩过马路时出了事故，头部受了伤。(表结果)
3.with复合结构
Edmonton is freezing cold in winter，with daily temperatures averaging －10 ℃.
埃德蒙顿的冬天非常寒冷，每天平均气温为－10 ℃。
句式分析：句中with daily temperatures averaging －10℃为with复合结构，在句子中作状语。
[例1]With a red handkerchief in his hand，he shouted at Mary crazily.
他手里拿着一条红手绢，发疯似地朝玛丽叫喊。
[例2]Instead he and another man are hiding in a small hut during a snowstorm with nothing to eat.
相反，他和另一个人被暴风雪困在一个小木屋里，没有任何东西可以吃。
[翻译]他躺在那儿，眼睛盯着天花板。
He lay there，with his eyes looking at the ceiling.
[知识拓展]
with 复合结构在句中常作状语，表示伴随状况、原因、方式、条件等。其结构如下：
with＋宾语＋to do 表示将来的动作doing 表示主动或正在进行的动作done 表示被动或已完成的动作prep.短语adj.表示状态adv.表示状态
In the afternoon，with nothing to do，I went to the bookstore.
因为下午无事可做，我便到书店去了。
With the guide leading the way，we found his home easily.
因为有那位向导带路，我们很容易找到了他的家。
The man sat in the chair，with his hands tied behind his back.
这个人坐在椅子上，双手被绑在背后。
The student fell asleep with the light on.
这个学生开着灯就睡着了。
四、重点用法
1.arise vi.(arose，arisen) 起身；出现；由……引起
During the night a great storm has arisen.
夜里来了一场大风暴。
He formed a picture of his future that arose bright and colourful in his mind.
他脑海中浮现出一幅光明灿烂的未来景象。
[翻译]目前的争执是由父母的担心引起的。
The current debate arose from/out of the concerns of parents.
[知识拓展]
(1)arise from/out of 由……而引起；由……而产生；从……中产生
arise from... 从……上站起来
(2)arise作“呈现；出现；发生”之意时，主语多为抽象名词argument/problem/quarrel/ question/movement等。
As we all know，most car accidents arise out of carelessness.
＝As we all know，most car accidents arise from carelessness.
众所周知，大部分交通事故是由粗心大意引起的。
2.take sb.'s breath away令人惊叹
These gorgeously lit images will take your breath away！
这些华丽的灯光图像将会使您屏息凝神！
Life is not the amount of breaths you take，it's the moments that take your breath away.
生命的真谛不在于你呼吸的次数，而在于那些令你惊叹不已的时刻。
[翻译]那个演艺人员的表演经常令人咋舌。
The entertainer's performances often take our breath away.
[知识拓展]
hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸
catch one’s breath 喘息;恢复正常呼吸
lose one’s breath 喘不过气来
take a deep breath 深呼吸
3.bound adj.准备前往(某地)；一定会
This train is bound from Shanghai to Nanjing.
这列火车是从上海开往南京的。
Who said that making a robot so much like a man was bound to cause trouble
谁说造像人一样的机器人是注定要惹出麻烦的？
[翻译] 他在事业上一定会成功。
He is bound to succeed in his enterprise.
[知识拓展]
be bound to do sth.一定会做某事；有义务做某事
be bound for...开往；飞往；驶往
be bound up with sth.与某事有密切关系
五、重点语法
过去分词作表语和状语
一、过去分词作表语
1．意义
位于系动词(如be，get，become，look，feel，seem等)之后，多表示主语的状态或状况，它所体现的是形容词的特性。
She looked disappointed.
她看上去很失望。
We were encouraged at the news.
听到这个消息我们很受鼓舞。
2．过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别
过去分词作表语时，强调主语所处的状态，而动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，强调动作。
The cup is broken.
杯子碎了。(系表结构)
The cup was broken by Tom.
杯子是被汤姆打碎的。(被动语态)
3．现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别
过去分词
表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态，常译作“感到……的”
现在分词
表示事物具有的特性，常译作“令人……的”
They became so worried that they stayed awake all night.
他们变得如此担心，以至于一整晚都没有睡觉。
The situation became so worrying that something should be done at once.
形势变得令人担忧，应该立刻采取措施。
[即学即练1]用所给动词的正确形式填空
①I was too _______ (tire) to walk any further.
②Whenhe heard the moving story，hewas deeply moved．(move)
③Tomwas more surprised (surprise) than disappointed (disappoint) atthis news.
二、过去分词(短语)作状语
1．意义
过去分词(短语)作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且过去分词与主语之间为动宾关系。
2．过去分词(短语)作状语的句法功能和位置
(1) 过去分词(短语)表示被动，表示动作已经完成，其逻辑主语则为句子的主语。过去分词作状语时，可单独使用，也可以在其前面加上适当的连词，可表示时间、条件、原因、让步、方式、伴随等。
When offered help，one often says “Thank you”or “It's kind of you”．(时间状语)
当被提供帮助的时候，人们常说“Thank you”或“It's kind of you”。
Given another chance，I will do it much better.(条件状语)如果再给我一次机会，我会干得更好。
Greatly inspired by what he did，I joined him in helping others.(原因状语)在他所做的事情的鼓励下，我也加入了帮助他人的行列。
Visited many times，the place is still worth visiting again.(让步状语)
虽然已参观了很多次，这个地方仍值得再来。
He has been preparing his paper all day long，locked in his study.(方式状语)
锁在书房里，他一整天都在准备论文。
The guest walked into the room，greeted by the host.(伴随状语)
客人一边和主人打招呼，一边走进了房间。
(2)过去分词(短语)在句中作状语时，既可放在句首，也可放在句尾，中间用逗号隔开。
Caught in a heavy rain，he was all wet.
因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。
He stood there silently，moved to tears.
＝Moved to tears，he stood there silently.
他静静地站在那里，感动得热泪盈眶。
[即学即练2] 写出下列句中黑体部分分别作什么状语
①Clearly and thoughtfully written，the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
原因状语
②Time，used correctly，is money in the bank.
条件状语
③If asked to look after luggage for someone else，inform the police at once.
条件状语
④Seated at the table，my father and I were talking about my job.
方式状语
⑤When (you are) given a medical examination，you should keep calm.
时间状语
3．过去分词(短语)作状语的几种情况
(1)过去分词在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步状语时，相当于对应的时间、条件、原因及让步状语从句。
Seen from the top of the mountain(＝When it is seen from the top of the mountain)，the whole town looks more beautiful.从山顶上看，整个城市看起来更美了。
Encouraged by the progress he has made(＝As he is encouraged by the progress he has made)，he works harder.
由于受到所取得成绩的鼓舞，他工作更努力了。
(2)过去分词在句中作伴随、方式等状语时，可改为句子的并列谓语或改为并列分句。
The teacher came into the room，followed by two students(＝and was followed by two students)．
后面跟着两个学生，老师走进了房间。
He spent the whole afternoon，locked in his study(＝and was locked in his study)．
他把自己锁在书房里度过了一整个下午。
(3)过去分词作状语可与与之对应的状语从句互换。而从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成“连词＋过去分词”结构作状语。
Even if I am invited(＝Even if invited)，I will not take part in the party.
即使被邀请，我也不会参加那个宴会。
Unless you are asked to speak(＝Unless asked to speak)，you should remain silent at the meeting.
除非被要求说话，在会上你应该保持沉默。
(4)过去分词(短语)作状语时，过去分词(短语)的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，否则，分词(短语)前应加上自己的主语。这种带有自身主语的过去分词(短语)被称为过去分词(短语)的独立主格结构。过去分词(短语)的独立主格结构通常在句中作状语，可表示时间、原因、条件等。
The test finished，we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假了。
More time given，we could have done it much better.
如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。
[即学即练3]句型转换
①When they were asked who had broken the vase，the children all kept silent.
→When asked who had broken the vase，the children all kept silent.
②If we are united，we will make our life better.
→If united，we will make our life better.
③Although we were exhausted by the hard work，we went on with it.
→Exhausted by the hard work，we went on with it.
4．现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别
现在分词与过去分词作状语的最主要的区别在于两者与其逻辑主语的主动与被动关系。
(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语发出的动作，它们之间是主动关系。现在分词动作与谓语动作同时发生用一般式doing；如果现在分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，表示已经完成，表示主动就用having done，表示被动就用having been done。
Walking along the street，I met a friend of mine.
沿着大街走时，我碰到了我的一个朋友。
Having finished their work，they went home to have a rest.完成工作后，他们回家休息一下。
(2) 过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention，the tree could have grown better.如果给予更多的关注，小树本来能够长得更好一些。
Grown in rich soil，these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。
大单元综合试题训练
一、填写单词的正确形式
1.We were __________(astonish) at what he said at the meeting.
2.After the listening test is over, students proceed _____(do) the next test.
3.Almost all metals are good conductors, silver _____(be) the best of all.
4.Jones was _____(shock) when she said that she didn't actually mind being cheated.
5.The interviewee _____(arise) from the chair immediately when the boss entered the room.
6.Many people find it difficult to get out of a nice warm bed on a _____(freeze) morning.
7.Actors and actresses smile at the __________(photograph) and television cameras.
8.Don't give up! After passing one more test, and then another, you will be bound _____(succeed).
9._____(go) eastward, you will pass mountains and thousands of lakes and forests, as well as wide rivers and large cities.
10.He got up early this morning in _____(anticipate ) of there being a traffic jam because of the heavy snow.
二、翻译句子
11.老师走进了房间,后面跟着两个学生。(follow)
The teacher came into the room, _____ _____ _____ _____.
12.当我在等绿灯的时候,我看见一个老人朝我走来。 (see+宾语+宾补)
While I was waiting for the green light, I _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____.
13.当被问到她未来的计划时,这个女孩说她想成为一名教师。 (连词+分词)
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ the girl said that she wanted to be a teacher.
14.经过多年的努力学习,他终于登上了开往他理想大学的列车。(bound)
After years of hard study, he finally got on the train _____ _____ _____ _____ _____.
15.我认为当你陷入困境时,你应该向你的老师和父母寻求帮助。(owe)
I think you _____ _____ _____ _____ to turn to your teachers and parents for help when you are in trouble.
三、七选五
A
The world is a big place, and there are many, many different places you can visit. ①________ First of all, traveling allows us to escape our daily routines and expand perspectives, because seeing new places and gaining new experiences can broaden our horizons.
Traveling is also the most valuable form of learning. ②________ It helps us absorb information about other cultures. That is to say, traveling extends our knowledge of the world and lets us know the cultural diversity(多样性).By doing so, we realize that there is not one way to live, nor is one way correct. ③________
What's more, traveling can have a direct effect on people's sense of happiness, and decrease their stress and anxiety. These improvements don't just disappear the moment travelers return to their daily lives. ④________ As a result of travel, people change the way they communicate with others and learn to be more patient with others. Above all, people who frequently travel tend to be healthier and live a longer life.
⑤________ We can escape our daily stress, expand our worldview, learn about others and ourselves, and improve our health. Many of the benefits people acquire from traveling improve the quality of their overall well-being. It is vital for people to visit different places, meet new people and discover a new way of living. Traveling helps us fully appreciate the beauty of the world and the diversity in it.
A. The improvements look likely to last.
B. Traveling has many positive effects on people.
C. In conclusion, traveling benefits people in many ways.
D. The process of traveling enriches people's knowledge.
E. We learn to accept other people and their different lifestyles.
F. Many people say that they appreciate their present lives more after traveling.
G. It's another type of new discovery and learning, and great for our soul and body.
B
I love travelling, but it hasn't always been my passion. In my first year of university, I started to travel during the holidays. ①_____ And during the spring vacation, I visited Athens and various cities in Italy—I was very excited because that was the first time I had travelled abroad with just my friends. This desire to travel started off simply as a way to have something to look forward to after exams. ②_____
On my travels I have had the opportunity to experience new and colourful cultures through the art, history, language and food. ③_____ Travelling is a learning experience for both yourself and also the people you encounter. When you travel, you will meet people who have different cultural backgrounds. ④_____ It's important to learn to see things from other people's perspectives and to challenge your own thoughts formed before the experience.
⑤_____ When you travel you are exposed to a different setting, a different language and a different way of living. All these elements are mixed with a new and exciting adventure, making you realize your own home. Not just the physical location of home, but also your way of life and your outlook.
Travelling is truly an enriching experience and I am always excited at the discoveries that await me in my next adventure!
A.This time was different.
B.On New Year's Day I went to Paris.
C.But I soon discovered how important it is to travel.
D.This is how I realized that travelling is the realization of home.
E.In fact, there are many benefits that come from travelling alone.
F.As a result, sometimes your own ideas and opinions might be challenged.
G.And I have also had the chance to interact with people who have different outlooks on life.
答案以及解析
1.答案：astonished
解析：考查形容词。句意:我们对他在会上说的话感到惊讶。be astonished at...意为“对……感到惊讶”。
2.答案：to do
解析：考查动词不定式。proceed to do sth.意为“接着做/继而做某事”。故填to do。
3.答案：being
解析：考查独立主格结构。此处指几乎所有的金属都是良导体,银是(金属中)最好的导体。be的逻辑主语是silver,逗号后无连词,故判断逗号后面是独立主格结构,be与silver之间是主动关系,故填现在分词being。
4.答案：shocked
解析：句意:当她说她其实并不介意被骗时,琼斯感到非常震惊。shocked为形容词,意为“震惊的”。
5.答案：arose
解析：考查动词时态。该句为主从复合句,设空处作主句的谓语,由从句中的entered可知主句也应用一般过去时,arise的过去式为arose。故填arose。
6.答案：freezing
解析：考查形容词。设空处修饰其后名词morning,应用形容词,此处指在一个极冷的早晨。故填形容词 freezing。
7.答案：photographers
解析：考查名词及名词单复数。句意:男女演员对着摄影师和电视镜头微笑。根据句意可知应是对着摄影师微笑,photographer是可数名词,此处应该用复数形式。
8.答案：to succeed
解析：考查动词不定式。be bound to do sth.一定会做某事。故填to succeed。
9.答案：Going
解析：考查现在分词作状语。该句中已有谓语动词,故此处应用非谓语动词的一种形式,此处指如果向东走,你将穿过高山、成千上万的湖泊和森林,还有宽阔的河流和大城市。go与句子主语you之间为主动关系,因此应该用现在分词,构成现在分词短语作条件状语。
10.答案：anticipation
解析：考查名词。in anticipation of...意为“预料到……”。故填anticipation。句意:他预料到会因为大雪而发生交通堵塞,今天早上就起得很早。
11.答案：followed by two students
12.答案：saw an old man walking toward me
13.答案：When asked her future plans
14.答案：bound for his ideal university
15.答案：owe it to yourself
16.答案：BGEAC
解析：①通过下文可知,文章是在分点叙述旅游给人们带来的好处,因此该处应该是表明旅游能给人们带来好处类似意思的总结性句子。B选项Traveling has many positive effects on people.(旅游对人们有许多积极的影响。符合语境。故选B项。
②根据前文Traveling is also the most valuable form of learning.(旅行也是最有价值的学习方式。)。G选项It's another type of new discovery and learning, and great for our soul and body.(这是另一种新的发现和学习,对我们的灵魂和身体都有好处。)承接上文语境。故选G项。
③ 结合前文By doing so, we realize that there is not one way to live, nor is one way correct.(通过旅行,我们意识到不是只有一种生活方式,也没有一种生活方式是完全正确的。)E选项We learn to accept other people and their different lifestyles.(我们学习接受他人和他们不同的生活方式。)解释前文旅行让我们明白文化的多样性,通过旅行能学会接受他人和他人的生活方式。故选E项。
④根据前文These improvements don't just disappear the moment travelers return to their daily lives.(这些改进不会在旅行者回到日常生活中的那一刻消失。)此处应该是这些改进还会继续存在。A选项The improvements look likely to last.(这些改进看起来可能会持续下去。)符合语境。故选A项。
⑤通过全文理解,文章是总分总的结构,所以此处是一个总结性的句子。C选项In conclusion, traveling benefits people in many ways.(总之,旅游在很多方面都对人们有益。)总结全文。故选C项。
17.答案：BCGFD
解析：①细节句。设空处上文提到“我”开始在假期期间旅行,设空处下文提到然后在春假期间,“我”参观了雅典和意大利的多个城市,设空处下文的 And表示递进关系,B项“元旦那天我去了巴黎”顺应了上文说的在假期期间旅行的内容,且下文与该项内容形成了递进关系。故选B。
②过渡句。设空处上文提到这种旅行的欲望一开始只是为了在考试后有所期待,文章的第二段和第三段介绍的是作者关于旅行的心得体会,是旅行给作者带来的好处,C项“但我很快就发现了旅行是多么重要”既承接了上文,与上文在意思上构成一种转折关系,同时也引出了下文的内容。故选C。
③细节句。设空处上文提到在旅行中,“我”有机会通过艺术、历史、语言和食物体验新的、多彩的文化,G项“我也有机会与对生活有不同看法的人交流”与上文形成递进关系,都是在说旅行给“我”提供的机会。且下文的“It's important to learn to see things from other people's perspectives”也表明旅行中我们会遇到对生活有不同看法的人。故选G。
④细节句。设空处上文说到当你旅行时,你会遇到有着不同文化背景的人,F项“因此,有时候,你自己的想法和观点可能会受到挑战”是上文所述内容会产生的结果。且设空处下一句也表明你的想法会受到挑战。故选F。
⑤主旨句。设空处位于第三段段首,后文提到当你旅行时,你会接触到不同的环境、不同的语言和不同的生活方式。所有的这些元素混合着一种新的且令人兴奋的冒险,会让你认识到你自己的家乡。不仅仅有家乡的物理位置,还有你的生活方式和人生观。D项“这是我意识到旅行是对家乡的认识的方式”能够概括本段的中心思想,可以作为本段的主旨句。
2Unit 2 Bridging Cultures
大单元思维知识整合
一、重点单词
1. complex adj. 复杂的；难懂的；（语法）复合的
2. tutor n. （英国大学中的）助教；导师；家庭教师
3. cite vt. 引用；引述
4. messenger n. 送信人；信使
5. zone n. （有别于周围的）地区；地带；区域
6. overwhelmingadj.无法抗拒的；巨大的；压倒性的
7. homesicknessn.思乡病；乡愁
8. advisor n. 顾问
9. firm n. 公司；商行；事务所 adj. 结实的；牢固的；坚定的
10. departure n. 离开；启程；出发
11. setting n. 环境；背景；（小说等的）情节背景
12. dramatic adj. 巨大的；突然的；急剧的；喜剧（般）的
13. tremendousadj.巨大的；极大的
14. mature adj. 成熟的
15. boom vi. & n. 迅速发展；繁荣
二、重点短语
1. set up 建立；竖立
2. adapt to 适应；改编
3. get used to 习惯于……
4. be keen to do 渴望做
5. take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事
6. as well as 也；和……一样
7. participate in参加；参与
8. speak up 大声点说；明确表态
9. feel at home 舒服自在；不拘束
10. engage in （使）从事；参与
11. get involved in参与；卷入；与……有关联
12. to begin with 首先
三、重点句型
1.It was the first time that...这是第一次做……
It was the first time that she had left China.
这是她第一次离开中国。
句式分析：句中It was the first time that...表示“这是第一次做某事”。that从句常用过去完成时。
[例1] It was the first time that she had sung in public.那是她首次公开演唱。
[例2] It was the last time that I had seen him.
那是我最后一次看见他。
[翻译] 这是我第一次看到一部如此感人的电影。
It was the first time that I had seen such a moving movie.
[知识拓展]
It was the first (second...) time that...过去完成时，这是某人第……次做某事
It is the first (second...) time that...现在完成时
It was the first time that he had got such a good chance．
这是他第一次得到了这样的一个好机会。
It is the second time that they have visited this city．
这是他们第二次参观这座城市。
[名师点津]
在此句型中的it可用this或that来代替。
2. the first time (that)．..第一次……时
The first time that she had to write an essay，her tutor explained that she must acknowledge what other people had said if she cited their ideas，but that he mainly wanted to know what she thought!她第一次写论文时，导师跟她解释说，如果引用别人的观点就一定要注明，不过导师主要是想知道她自己是怎么想的！
句式分析：名词性短语the first time (that)在此作连词，引导时间状语从句，表示“第一次……时”。
[例1] The first time I saw her，she wore a red skirt.我第一次见到她时，她穿着一条红裙子。
[例2] I felt bad the first time I talked to a group.
第一次给旅行团作讲解时，我感觉很糟。
[翻译] 我第一次来到这里就睡了数月以来的一个好觉。
The first time I came here，I had the best night's sleep for months.
[知识拓展]
(1)the first time用作连词引导时间状语从句，意为“第一次……时”，而for the first time是介词短语，意为“第一次”，在句子中作状语。
(2)引导时间状语从句的短语或词还有every time，each time，the last time，the moment，the minute，immediately，directly等，起从属连词的作用。
[即学即练] 完成句子
①I'll never forget meeting you for the first time．
我从不会忘记第一次见你的情景。
②Every/Each time I was in trouble，he would come to help me out.
每一次我遇到麻烦，他都会来帮我摆脱困境。
③The boy burst into tears the moment/immediately he saw his mother．
这个男孩一看到妈妈，就立刻哭了起来。
四、重点用法
feel at home舒服自在；不拘束
Will you ever feel at home here
在这里你会有无拘无束的感觉吗？
Make the new students feel at home in your school.
让新生们在你们的学校里感到舒适自在。
[翻译]服务员们非常友好，使我们感到像在家里一样。
Waitresses are very friendly，which makes us feel at home．
[知识拓展]
be at home 觉得安适；无拘束
feel/be at home with sb. 和某人合得来
be home free 稳操胜券，遥遥领先
see sb. home 送某人回家
John was home free in the presidential election.
约翰在总统竞选中遥遥领先。
2. engage vi.参加；参与(活动) vt.吸引(注意力、兴趣)
His good nature engages everyone.
他善良的性情吸引每个人。
She tried to engage him in conversation.
她试图让他参与对话。
[翻译] 他们从未学过吸引他人注意的技巧。
They never learned skills to engage the attention of others．
[知识拓展]
engage in...(使)从事；参与
engage oneself in...正做着，正忙着
be engaged by...为……所吸引
be engaged in...从事；正做着；正忙着
be engaged to...同……订婚
My family has been engaged in farming for generations.
我家几代都从事农业。
3. involve vt.包含；需要；涉及；影响；(使)参加
I didn't mean to involve you in all this.
我没打算让你牵涉到这一切当中。
What kind of organizations will be involved in setting up these projects
什么组织会参与建立这些项目呢？
[翻译]你的工作包括些什么？
What does your job involve
[知识拓展]
get/be involved in ...参与；卷入；与……有关联
involve sb. in sth. 让某人经历，让某人做(尤指令人不快的事)
Don't involve me in your crime；I had nothing to do with it!
别把我扯进你的罪案中，我可与它毫无干系。
五、重点语法
名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词有三个连词、五个连接代词、四个连接副词。
连接词 词形 词义 在从句中所作的成分
连词 that × ×
if/whether 是否 ×
连接代词 who(ever) (无论)谁(主格) 主语、表语、宾语
whom(ever) (无论)谁(宾格) 表语、宾语
whose(ever) (无论)谁的(所有格) 定语
what(ever) (无论)什么 主语、宾语、表语、定语
which(ever) (无论)哪个 主语、宾语、定语
连接副词 when(ever) (无论)什么时候 状语
where(ever) (无论)在哪里 状语
how(ever) (无论)怎样，怎么 状语
why 为什么 状语
二、主语从句
主语从句是指在句中作主语的从句，位置与陈述句的主语相同。
What is not to our satisfaction is that the price of the meal is a little too high.
我们不满意的是饭菜的价格稍微有点高。
How the book will sell depends on its author.
这本书如何销售取决于作者本人。
Where we shall have the meeting makes no difference.
我们在哪儿开会都无所谓。
1．that引导主语从句，在从句中不充当任何成分，仅起连接作用，但不可省略。
That you will win the medal seems unlikely.
你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。
2．whether引导的主语从句既可放在句首也可放在句尾，但if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾，前面需要用it作形式主语。
Whether the sports meeting will be held is not certain now.
运动会是否将举行现在不能确定。
Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful.
＝It is doubtful whether/if the work can be completed on time.
这项工作能否按时完成还不确定。
3．若主语部分结构较长，可以使用形式主语it，把真正的主语从句放于后面。
Itis announced that our school is going to start an activity of “Crazy English” before daily morning exercises.
学校通知每日早操前将开展“疯狂英语”活动。
Itis necessary that people should learn to face the reality.
人们应该学会面对现实是有必要的。
[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
①Itis certain that she will do well in her exam.
②How we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.
③Itis reported that a new film will be put on in the cinema.
三、宾语从句
在主从复合句中作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句在句中可以作及物动词、介词或一些形容词的宾语。
Everyone knows that the earth is made up of matter.
每个人都知道地球是由物质构成的。
I doubt whether he will be elected as chairman.
我怀疑他是否会当选为主席。
These two areas are similar in that they both have high rain fall in summer.
这两个地区相似，因为在夏天降水都很多。
I'm not certain whether the train will arrive on time.
我不确信火车是否将会按时到达。
1．that引导宾语从句，既无语法功能，也无词汇意义，常被省略。但多个并列从句出现时，第一个that可以省略，其他的不能省略。
She said (that) she would come here and that I should wait for her till Monday.
她说她将会来这儿并让我等到星期一。
2．if和whether引导宾语从句的区别：
①在动词不定式之前只能用whether。
②在whether...or not 的固定搭配中，只用 whether。
③在介词后，只能用whether。
④作discuss 的宾语时，只能用 whether。
⑤宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether。
3．带复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后面，而用it作形式宾语。
4．表示喜欢、憎恶等心理活动的动词后习惯上先加个形式宾语it，再接宾语从句。例如：hate，dislike，love，don't mind，feel like，appreciate， count on，seeto等。
We think it possible that you can finish the work today.我们认为你今天能够完成这项工作。
5．宾语从句的否定转移：think，believe，suppose，imagine等动词后的宾语从句中的否定词要转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think we need to waste much time on it.
我想我们不必在这上面浪费太多时间。(形式上否定)
[即学即练2] 单句语法填空
①I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food.
②Once we were left to decide whether to have a picnic in a park or go to a museum.
③I want to be liked and loved for what I am inside.
四、表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语，出现在连系动词之后，一般结构为“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。
The question is whether we can finish the work in time.
问题在于我们是否能及时完成这项工作。
1．that在引导表语从句时无词义，在从句中不充当任何成分，仅起连接作用，不可以省略。
The fact remains that we are still not advanced enough.
事实依然是我们还是不够先进。
2．whether可引导表语从句，但if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet.
他的首要问题是汤姆是否已经到达。
3．引导表语从句的引导词还可用because，as if，asthough，as。
The sky is overcast with dark clouds.It seems as if it is going to rain soon.
天空乌云密布，似乎很快就要下雨了。
[即学即练3] 单句语法填空
①The problem is who/whom we can get to replace her.
②I'm afraid he's more of a talker than a doer，which is why he never finishes anything.
③The system works well in the lab，but the question is whether it will work in reality.
五、同位语从句
在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某个名词后面，用来说明前面名词的具体内容。常见的这类名词有：fact，news，hope，truth，idea，suggestion，thought，question，promise，order，problem，belief，word，message，information，proof，announcement，desire，doubt，proposal，advice，possibility等。
The news that he was admitted to Peking University is exciting.
他被北京大学录取了的消息真是令人激动。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
谁应当做这份工作，这个问题需要考虑。
I have no idea that you have applied for the post.
我不知道你已经申请了这个职位。
[名师点津]同位语从句和定语从句的区别
同位语从句 定语从句
功能不同 对名词加以补充说明 与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，起连接作用
that 不作成分，只起连接作用，不可省略 作主语或宾语，起连接作用；并且作从句的宾语时可省略
whether/ how/what 起连接作用，其中whether不作成分，而how和what作成分 不引导定语从句
其他wh类词 作成分；起连接作用；有自己的含义，但与先行词无关 作成分；起连接作用；没有自己的含义，但是代替先行词在从句中作成分
Jim got to know the news that the whole village was ingreat danger.
吉姆得知整个村子都处在极度危险中的消息。(that引导同位语从句，解释说明thenews的内容)
Do you know the news(that/which)Jim told me
你知道吉姆告诉我的那个消息吗？(that/which引导定语从句，且在从句中作宾语)
大单元综合试题训练
一、填写单词的正确形式
1._____ they suddenly disappeared remains a mystery now.
2._____ summary, your speech is very successful and we all benefit from it.
3.My sister always sides _____ my father against me in my argument with him.
4._____ I believe is that you need to act smartly, instead of following what everyone else is doing.
5.The main question is _____ you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag.
6.Do something to help yourself. The best way to stop feeling _______ (depress) is to take action.
7.We _____(sincere) hope to cooperate _____ you, and we will supply you with the best products and service.
8._______ (strength) social development is an important guarantee for maintaining social harmony and stability.
9.The activity range of Siberian cranes(白鹤) has become larger, extending from the reserve to the _____(surround) farmland and other areas.
10.To improve the _____(competent) of the elderly in terms of technology, many measures will be taken to increase the supply of senior-friendly products.
二、翻译句子
11.无论谁在考试中失败都不应该丧失信心。
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ shall not lose heart.
12.在过去的20年里这座城市发生了巨大的变化。
Tremendous changes _____ _____ _____ in this city in the past 20 years.
13.我的确希望你会发现我的建议对你的行为举止有帮助。 (强调谓语)
_____ _____ _____ you'll find my advice helpful to _____ _____.
14.通过这次活动,我发现了自己的优缺点,这让我的父母感到很欣慰。
I find my _____ _____ _____ through this activity, which makes my parents feel very relieved.
15.一般来说,需要更长时间来消化的食物会有助于升高你的体温,让你感觉更温暖。
_____ _____, foods that take longer to digest can help raise your body temperature and make you feel warmer.
三、阅读理解
A
This year some twenty-three hundred teenagers (young people aged from 13 to 19) from all over the world will spend about ten months in US homes. They will attend US schools, meet US teenagers, and form the impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen hundred American teenagers will go to other countries to learn new languages and gain a new understanding of the rest of the world.
Here is a two-way student exchange in action. Fred, 19, spent last year in Germany with George's family. In turn, George's son Mike spent a year in Fred's home in America.
Fred, a lively young man, knew little German when he arrived, but after two months' study, he began to understand the language. School life was completely different from what he had expected—much harder. Students rose respectfully when the teacher entered the classroom. They studied fourteen subjects instead of the six subjects that are usual in the United States. There were almost no extra-curricular activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father's words were the laws, and all activities were around the family rather than the individual. Fred found the food too simple at first. Also, he missed having a car.
At the same time, in America, Mike, a friendly German boy, was also forming his idea. “I suppose I should criticize American schools,” he said. “The school life is far too easy for us. But I have to say that I like it very much. In Germany we can do nothing but study. Here we can take part in many extra-curricular activities. I think that maybe American schools are better in training citizens. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.”
16.The whole exchange program is mainly to ________.
A. help teenagers in other countries know the real America
B. let students learn something about other countries
C. send American students to travel in Germany
D. have teenagers learn new languages
17.What did Fred and Mike agree on
A. America has better traffic.
B. Americans and Germans were both friendly.
C. Life in German schools was harder than that in American schools.
D. There were more cars on the streets in America.
18.What is particular in American schools
A. There is some middle ground between the teaching buildings.
B. There are a lot of extra curricular activities
C. Students usually study 14 subjects in all.
D. Students go outside to enjoy themselves in a car.
19.What did Mike think after experiencing the American school life
A. The easy life in the American schools was more helpful to students.
B. German schools trained students to be better citizens.
C. American schools were not as good as German schools.
D. A better education should include something good from both American schools and German schools.
B
While you are studying or working abroad, sharing an apartment with people from other cultures is a great way of getting the most out of a period of the beginning. This is a situation to which it will take some time to adapt. Here are some tips to make the process go smoother.
Start by being aware of your own culture, values and attitudes. Understand that people who have not grown up in the same country or context as you can sometimes translate some of your behavior in the wrong way. To avoid this, seek advice from your friends and family to find out more about what type of person you are and what you might come across when it comes to people who don't know you. You might also consider conducting a little research about what type of stereotypes (成见) other cultures might hold about the people of your own country.
Be understanding and patient. Now that you know that people are all different, be understanding when you get to know them. Try to be open-minded so that you can start off on the right foot. This will promote communication with them. To get to know each other better, plan to spend some time doing what each of you likes to do in your spare time. You can cook meals together, go out to the town, listen to music, take a weekend trip and plan some board games. Moreover, the other person might be from a place where People do not usually do these activities. The opportunities to learn from each other are endless, but sometimes it can take some initiative(主动权) to actually make it happen.
People are more similar than you think most of the time. We grow up in such a large world with so much information everywhere and sometimes we can be misled into thinking something that we should not believe, but we have the opportunity to make up our own minds. So be kind. You don't know where people come from and what their story is.
20.Why does the author suggest being aware of your own culture
A.To learn to behave well.
B.To build the sense of independence.
C.To prevent yourself being misunderstood.
D.To gain an insight into other cultures.
21.What can you do for a better understanding of each other
A.Mind your own business in spare time.
B.Suggest some activities to do together.
C.Involve your roommate in what you like.
D.Team up with your roommate in video games.
22.What does the author intend to express in the last paragraph
A.The world is so large and people are different.
B.Being friendly is good for cross-cultural communication.
C.People from different cultures should learn from each other.
D.Go to the Internet to get more information about different cultures.
23.What can be the best title for the text
A.How to Study or Work Abroad
B.How to Learn Cultures of Your Roommates
C.How to Have a Good Time with Foreigners
D.How to Live with People from Different Cultures
答案以及解析
1.答案：Why
解析：考查主语从句。_____ they suddenly disappeared作主语,设空处引导主语从句。此处指它们突然消失的原因现在仍然是个谜,设空处表
2.答案：In
解析：考查介词。in summary意为“总的来说”。故填In。
3.答案：with
解析：考查介词。此处指我妹妹总是支持我爸爸,反对我。side with意为“支持”。故填with。
4.答案：What
解析：考查主语从句。_____ I believe作主语,设空处引导主语从句,在从句中作believe的宾语,此处指“我认为的事情是……”。故填What。
5.答案：whether
解析：考查表语从句。_____ you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag作表语,设空处引导表语从句。此处指主要的问题是你想要你的手臂放在睡袋里面还是外面。设空处意为“是……(还是)”,且根据从句中的or可知填whether。
6.答案：depressed
解析：考查词性转换。句意:做点什么事情来帮助自己。停止感到沮丧的最好方法是行动起来。depressed 是形容词,意为“沮丧的,消沉的”。
7.答案：sincerely; with
解析：考查副词和介词。第一空修饰谓语动词hope,作状语,故用副词sincerely; cooperate with...和……合作,故第二空填with。
8.答案：Strengthening
解析：考查动名词。句意:加强社会发展是保持社会和谐和稳定的重要保证。分析句子结构可知,设空处作主语,且表示抽象的动作,故应填动名词Strengthening。
9.答案：surrounding
解析：考查形容词。设空处修饰其后的farmland,作定语,故用形容词surrounding,意为“周围的;附近的”。句意:白鹤的活动范围变大了,从自然保护区扩大到了周围的农田和其他地区。
10.答案：competence
解析：考查名词。设空处作improve的宾语,由设空处前面的定冠词the和后面的介词 of 可知应填名词competence。句意:为了提高老年人在科技方面的能力,许多措施将被采取以增加老年人友好型产品的供应。
11.答案：Whoever fails in the exam
12.答案：have taken place
13.答案：I do hope; your behaviour
14.答案：strengths and weaknesses
15.答案：Generally speaking
16.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的They will attend US schools, meet US teenagers, and form the impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen hundred American teenagers will go to other countries to learn new languages and gain a new understanding of the rest of the world.可知,交换生项目就是为了让学生更多地了解其他国家。故B项正确。
17.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的School life was completely different from what he had expected—much harder... There were almost no extra-curricular activities.及第五段中的The school life is far too easy for us...Here we can take part in many extra-curricular activities.可知,Fred和Mike都认为德国的学校生活比美国的学校生活要艰难。故C项正确。
18.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的There were almost no extra-curricular activities.及第五段中的Here we can take part in many extra-curricular activities.可知, 美国学校的特别之处在于有很多课外活动,而德国的学校几乎没有课外活动。故B项正确。
19.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段的内容可知,Mike认为美国的学校和德国的学校各有所长,美国的学校生活相对轻松,而德国的学校生活相对沉闷。他认为一个好的教育应该汲取双方的长处。故D项正确。
20.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句Understand that people who have not grown up in the same country or context as you can sometimes translate some of your behavior in the wrong way.可知外国室友可能会误解你。第三句中的To avoid this和find out more about what type of person you are可知为了避免这种情况的发生,作者建议要了解你是什么样的人,即从了解自己的文化开始,所以C项正确。
21.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。由第三段第五句To get to know each other better, plan to spend some time doing what each of you likes to do in your spare time.可知可以计划在空闲时间做一些彼此都喜欢的事以增进了解,所以B项正确。
22.答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。根据最后一段的倒数第二句So be kind.可知B项正确。
23.答案：D
解析：主旨大意题。文章第一段第一句中的sharing an apartment with people from other cultures is a great way of getting the most out of a period of the beginning 点明语篇主旨,下文具体介绍了与不同文化背景的人同住时该如何适应,故D项正确。
2Unit 1 Science and Scientists
大单元思维知识整合
一、重点单词
cholera n霍乱
severe adj极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的
diarrhea n腹泻
dehydration n脱水
frustrated adj懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的
contradictory adj相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
infection n感染；传染
infect vt使感染；传染
germ n微生物；细菌；病菌
subscribe vi认购（股份）；定期订购；定期交纳（会费）
proof n证据；证明；检验
multiple adj数量多的；多种多样的
pump n泵；抽水机；打气筒
二、重点短语
1.once and for all最终地；彻底地
2. thanks to 幸亏；由于
3.subscribe to同意；赞同；订阅
4.be to blame负有责任
5.thanks to幸亏；由于
6.break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发
7.in charge of主管；掌管
8.under one's leadership在某人的领导下
9.come down患(病)；染上(小病)
10.above all最重要的是；尤其是
11.have an impact on对……有影响
12.in the early 19th century十九世纪初
13.die from the disease死于疾病
14.be more likely to get cholera更有可能得霍乱
15.through one's tireless efforts通过某人不懈的努力
三、重点句型
1. “特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构
As a young doctor，John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.作为一名年轻的医生，约翰 斯诺变得沮丧，因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。
句式分析：句中how to prevent or treat cholera为“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构，作动词knew的宾语。
[例1] No one knew how to treat this dreaded disease.
没人知道如何治疗这种可怕的疾病。
[例2] I don't quite know what to say in answer to your question.
我不太清楚如何回答你的问题。
[知识拓展]
(1)常见的特殊疑问词：疑问代词who，what，which等和疑问副词how，when，where等。
(2)语法功能：该结构相当于名词性从句，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等(作主语时，谓语动词常用单数)。
(3)通常用在tell，show，understand，explain，teach，learn，discuss等动词后面的特殊疑问代词与构成不定式的动词之间为动宾关系时，不定式通常用主动形式。
2. so...that...引导结果状语从句
He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.他发现，在两条特定的街道上，霍乱爆发非常严重，10天内就有500多人死亡。
句式分析：句中so...that...意为“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。
[例1] He was so foolish that he accepted her invitation.他接受她的邀请真是太傻了。
[例2] They walked so fast that I could not keep up with them. 他们走得那么快，我没法跟上他们。
[知识拓展]
(1)so＋adj.或adv.＋adj.＋a（n）＋单数可数名词＋many/few＋复数可数名词＋much/little（少的）＋不可数名词＋that...
(2)such a（n）＋adj.＋单数可数名词adj.＋不可数名词adj.＋复数名词＋that...
She is so lovely a girl that we all like her.→She is such a lovely girl that we all like her.
It is such a heavy box that I can't lift it.→It is so heavy a box that I can't lift it.
3. Many scientists subscribe to the view that it is human activity that has caused global warming.
许多科学家都认为是人类活动导致了全球变暖。
【句式剖析】本句是一个复合句,其中it is human activity that...是强调句,强调的是从句的主语human activity。
It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+句子其余部分.
四、重点用法
1. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。
(1)suspect vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象
I suspect him to know everything about that.
我猜想那件事他全都知道了。
The police suspect him of having taken the money.
[知识拓展]
suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做)某事
suspect sb. to be... 怀疑某人是……
2. subscribe vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
He subscribed for 1，000 shares.他认购一千股。
I heartily subscribe to that view.
[知识拓展]
subscribe to...同意；赞成；订阅……
subscribe...to... 把……捐赠给……；把……签署在……上
3. decrease n.减少；降低；减少量 vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
The decrease in sales was almost 20 percent.
销售量差不多减少了20%。
[知识拓展]
(1)on the decrease 在减少中
a decrease in... 在……方面减少
(2)decrease to... 减少到……
decrease by... 减少了……
decrease from...to... 从……减少到……
五、重点语法
表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。表语从句就是指一个句子作为表语，说明主语是什么或者怎么样。
一般结构为“主语＋系动词＋表语从句”。可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。
1．从属连词that引导的表语从句
从属连词that的用法：①无意义 ②不充当成分
③不可省略
The reason for his absence is that he hasn't been informed.
他缺席的原因是他没接到通知。
My suggestion is that we should tell him.
我的建议是我们应该告诉他。
2．从属连词whether引导的表语从句
The point is whether we should lend him the money.
关键在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
[名师点津]if不能引导表语从句。
3．连接代词和连接副词引导的表语从句
The problem is who is really fit for the hard job.
问题是谁才真正适合做这份艰苦的工作。
This is what I am interested in.
这就是我所感兴趣的。
That's where I first met her.
那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。
4．because，as if/though等引导的表语从句
It's just because he doesn't know her.
这仅仅是因为他不认识她。
Now it seems as though she had known Millie for years.
现在好像她认识米莉已有好多年了似的。
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
[即学即练1] 用where，when，that填空
①Look at the high mountain.That is where we will get.
②The first time we met each other was when we studied in that school.
③My advice is that we (should) work together.
5．why和because引导的表语从句的区别
That's why...
意为“那是……的原因”，强调结果
That's because...
意为“那是因为……”，强调原因
I didn't phone her，and that's why she got angry with me.(强调“没打电话”这一结果)
我没有给她打电话。那就是她对我生气的原因。
I didn't phone her，and that's because I got angry with her.(强调“生气”这一原因)
我没有给她打电话。那是因为我生她的气了。
[名师点津]
reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。
6．表语从句中的虚拟语气
在表语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是：advice，suggestion，proposal，request，order，idea等，从句谓语形式是“should＋动词原形”(should可以省略)。
My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.
我的建议是你应该尽可能经常地练习说英语。
[即学即练2] 用why，that，because填空
①It was raining hard；thatwas why I came late.
②I came late；that was because it wasraining hard.
③The reason why I came late was that it was raining hard.
大单元综合试题训练
一、填写单词的正确形式
1.The story of the two young men is described _____(vivid) in this novel.
2.It has been argued that _____(gift) children should be grouped in special classes.
3.Mr. Johnson, what's your _____(think) on the question put forward at the meeting
4._____(initial), the computer system worked well, but then we met some challenges.
5.In the 1960s, a German scientist made a remarkable _____(find) when observing honeybees.
6.Nowadays the priority for travelling _____(shift) from shopping to food and scenery.
7.The boy who started work just after graduation was arranged as a teaching _____(assist).
8.It was 9 a.m. The sun shone _____(brilliant). I stood by the lake, waiting for my turn to boat.
9.Origin-tracing of the virus is a _____(pure) scientific matter and should be left in the hands of scientists.
10.In the 1960s, while _____(study) the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park, Bob became puzzled about something.
二、翻译句子
11.我相信你足够强大,能应对这些挑战。(be+adj.+enough to do sth.)
I believe you _____ _____ _____ _____ deal with these challenges.
12.然而,问题是这是不是发展中国家最需要的东西。
However, _____ _____ _____ _____ this is what the developing countries need most.
13.当被问到为什么上学迟到时,他保持沉默。后来,老师了解到他爸爸病了。 (状语从句的省略)
_____ _____ why he was late for school, he kept silent. Later, the teacher learned that his father was ill.
14.我的建议是,如果你想上你理想的大学,你应该从现在开始努力学习。
My advice is that _____ _____ _____ _____ from now on if you want to go to your ideal university.
15.未来,人工智能技术会传播到人们生活的各个方面,使生活更便利。 (make+宾语+宾语补足语)
In the future, artificial intelligence technology will spread to all aspects of people's life and _____ _____ _____ _____.
三、阅读理解
A
Born in London in 1825, Thomas Henry Huxley was one of the greatest men of the nineteenth century. In 1846 Thomas Henry Huxley was appointed assistant doctor aboard H. M. S. Rattlesnake. The ship had been asked to survey areas of the Great Barrier Reef and the neighboring seas. This gave Thomas Henry Huxley an opportunity to study animal life and was the start of his biological career. The voyage lasted four years, during which time he gathered much information on plankton(浮游生物).
On his return from the voyage, Thomas Henry Huxley was made a member of the Royal Society in recognition of his scientific work. Although he continued to publish papers about plankton, his interest was turning towards vertebrate(有脊椎的) animals. For some time Thomas Henry Huxley and his workmates had been discussing the possibility that animal species had evolved, one from another. No satisfactory theories had been put forward, but in 1859 Darwin's On the Origin of Species appeared. Thomas Henry Huxley at once realized its importance and how the theory of natural selection provided "the working hypothesis(假说) we sought".
For the rest of his life Thomas Henry Huxley struggled to ensure the full recognition of Darwin's work. In 1863 Thomas Henry Huxley published Man's Place in Nature in which he compared man and great apes(猿). He clearly showed similarities.
Despite his many achievements, he was given no award by the British state until late in his life. From about 1870, Thomas Henry Huxley was too involved in other things to continue actual research. He had always been interested in education. He pioneered the teaching of biology and his method of selecting "type animals" is still followed today. He spent the last ten years of his life writing essays mainly on biology.
16.Why did Huxley go on the voyage
A. To explore the deep sea. B. To do research on sea animals.
C. To work as a doctor on the ship. D. To gather information for his paper.
17.How did Huxley react to the theory of natural selection
A. He had doubt about it. B. He thought highly of it.
C. He couldn't understand it. D. He thought he developed it first.
18.What do we know about Huxley's book Man's Place in Nature
A. It discusses the importance of human beings.
B. It focuses on Darwin's theory of natural selection.
C. It talks about the differences between man and apes.
D. It provides evidence about the evolution of man from apes.
19.What can we learn about Huxley from the last paragraph
A. He contributed a lot to biology teaching.
B. He continued his research till his death.
C. He became a good novelist late in his life.
D. He never got awards for his achievements.
B
Over past decades, China's aerospace industry has achieved a great deal and made great breakthroughs. Guo Shiyu, 31, is one of those personnel(人员) who have devoted themselves to the noble cause.
Working at the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Guo is part of the third generation of China's aerospace personnel. He was born and brought up in an "aerospace family" with his parents and grandparents all working in the industry.
Back in college, Guo majored in logistics(物流学). With a good command of relevant knowledge, he started his space career, applying what he had learned to doing material management work at the academy. He won a safety production award along with his team members. "Each generation of aerospace personnel pursues high quality and error-free work," he said.
Guo developed an interest in aerospace when he was a university student. In 2007, he saw China's first unmanned lunar probe Chang'e 1 make a smooth launch. "Before I graduated in 2011, the space station Tiangong-1 took another step forward into the universe, and so I made up my mind to work on space missions," he said.
Guo learned to be careful and precise from the family members who came before him. Guo's grandfather was one of the first team of Chinese aerospace staff. He saw the academy being built in the middle of nowhere in the 1950s. "Aerospace is a big project while everyone's work is ordinary. No matter whether it's designing or managing, it's detailed tasks that makeup a great mission. I hope Guo will take details seriously and work hard at his position," his grandfather said.
"As the saying goes, 'My conquest(征途) is the sea of stars'," Guo said. "I hope someday the spaceflight will be as easy as taking a train or plane now."
20.How did Guo Shiyu prepare for his aerospace career in college
A.He devoted himself to it.
B.He took every detail seriously.
C.He worked hard with his teammates.
D.He equipped himself with professional knowledge.
21.What inspired Guo to take up his present career
A.His interest in aerospace. B.His safety production award.
C.The influence of aerospace staff. D.The achievements in space exploration.
22.What contributes significantly to Guo's achievements
A.His college education. B.His family tradition.
C.His teamwork with others. D.His position in the academy.
23.What can we infer from Guo's words in the last paragraph
A.He is satisfied with his contributions.
B.He is concerned about the spaceflight.
C.He is confident about his chosen career.
D.He is optimistic about China's aerospace industry.
答案以及解析
1.答案：vividly
解析：考查副词。设空处修饰过去分词described,应用副词vividly,表示“生动地”。
2.答案：gifted
解析：考查形容词。设空处修饰名词children,应用形容词gifted,意为“有天赋的”。
3.答案：thinking
解析：考查名词。设空处前有形容词性物主代词your,故此处应用名词thinking,表示“见解”。
4.答案：Initially
解析：考查副词。设空处置于句首,在句中作状语,修饰整个句子,应用副词Initially,意为“最初”。
5.答案：finding
解析：考查名词。由设空处前的a German scientist(主语)和made(谓语)可知设空处作宾语,由前面的不定冠词a可知应填名词finding,意为“发现”。
6.答案：is shifted
解析：句意: 现在旅行中优先考虑的事已从购物转变为食物和风景。说的是现在的情况, 应用一般现在时; 主语the priority和shift为被动关系, 故使用一般现在时的被动语态。
7.答案：assistant
解析：考查名词。a teaching作as的宾语,由设空处前面的不定冠词a可知应用名词assistant。teaching assistant表示“助教”。
8.答案：brilliantly
解析：考查副词。设空处修饰谓语动词shone,作状语,所以用副词brilliantly,表示“灿烂地”。
9.答案：purely
解析：考查副词。根据空后的形容词scientific可知,空格处应用副词修饰形容词,故填 purely。
10.答案：studying
解析：句意: 在20世纪60年代, 当Bob在研究黄石国家公园的火山历史时, 他对某事感到困惑。此处为状语从句的省略, 省略了和主句相同的主语和be动词, 即Bob was。
11.答案：are strong enough to
12.答案：the question is whether
13.答案：When asked
14.答案：you should study hard
15.答案：make life more convenient
16.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段的“In 1846 Thomas Henry Huxley was appointed assistant doctor aboard H. M. S. Rattlesnake. (1846年，托马斯 亨利 赫胥黎被任命为H. M. S. Rattlesnake号上的助理医生）”可知，赫胥黎航海是因为他在船上当医生，故选C。
17.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段的“Thomas Henry Huxley at once realized its importance and how the theory of natural selection provided 'the working hypothesis we sought'.（托马斯 亨利 赫胥黎立刻意识到它的重要性，以及自然选择理论如何提供了‘我们所寻求的工作假设’）”可知，赫胥黎对自然选择理论评价很高，故选B。
18.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段可知，1863年，托马斯 亨利 赫胥黎发表了《人类在自然界的位置》一书，将人类与类人猿进行了比较。他明显指出了相似之处。即托马斯 亨利 赫胥黎的书《人类在自然界的位置》为人类从类人猿进化而来提供了证据，故选D。
19.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段的“He had always been interested in education. He pioneered the teaching of biology and his method of selecting 'type animals' is still followed today. He spent the last ten years of his life writing essays mainly on biology.”推断出，赫胥黎对生物教学做出了很大贡献，故选A。
20.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第二句可知,在大学里,郭世宇掌握了专业知识,为他的航空事业做准备。故选D。
21.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“he saw...Chang'e 1 make a smooth launch...Tiangong-1 took another step...made up my mind to work on space missions”可知是太空探索的成就鼓舞他从事了现在的职业。故选D。
22.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段的最后一句以及倒数第二段的第一句可知,郭世宇出生在一个航空航天家庭,从比他先从事该行业的家人那里学会了细心和认真。因此家庭传统是他取得成就的重要因素。故选B。
23.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。在最后一段中,郭世宇说到,他的征途是星辰大海,他希望有一天太空飞行能像现在坐火车或飞机一样容易,由此可推断,他对中国的航空航天工业持乐观的态度。故选D。
2Unit 5 First Aid
大单元思维知识整合
一、重点单词
1．minor adj.较小的；次要的；轻微的→minority n．少数；少数民族
2．swell vi.膨胀；肿胀→swollen adj.(身体部位)肿起的；肿胀的
3．loose adj.松的；未系紧的；宽松的→loosely adv.松散地；宽松地
4．urge vt.催促；极力主张；驱策→urgent adj.紧急的；急迫的；急切的→urgently adv.紧急地；急迫地→urgency n．紧急；急事；催促
5．operate v．操作；做手术；经营→operator n．电话接线员；操作员→operation n．操作；手术
6．interrupt vi.&vt.打断；打扰vt.使暂停；使中断→interruption n．打断；打扰
7．desperate adj.绝望的；孤注一掷的；非常需要的→desperately adv.绝望地；拼命地
8．practice n．练习；实践；惯例→practical adj.切实可行的；实际的；实践的
9．tight adj.牢固的；紧身的；绷紧的；严密的adv.紧紧地；牢固地→tightly adv.紧紧地；牢固地；紧密地
10．fog n．雾；迷惑；困惑→foggy adj.有雾的
二、重点短语
1．sense of touch 触觉
2．a variety of 各种各样的
3．be divided into 被分成
4．stick to 坚持；粘住
5．call for 要求；需要；去接(某人)
6．suffer from 忍受；遭受
7．help sb. to one's feet 帮助某人站起身来
8．sleep in 睡过头；迟起；睡懒觉
9．out of shape 健康状况不好
10．stand by 袖手旁观；无动于衷
三、重点句型
1.as引导非限制性定语从句
As you can imagine，getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries. 正如你想象的那样，烧伤会导致非常严重的伤害。
句式分析：句中As you can imagine 是关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句，as指代整个主句的内容，作imagine的宾语。
[例1] As you can imagine，running out of memory is a bad thing.
正如您可以想象的，内存耗尽是一件很糟糕的事情。
[例2] As you know，if you do the same thing over and over again，you begin to do it automatically.正如你所知道的，如果你反复做同一件事，你就会不自觉地做它。
[翻译] 众所周知，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。
As is known to all，China is a country with the largest population in the world.
[知识拓展]
(1)as引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句的内容，置于主句的前、中、后均可，意为“正如……”。
(2)as在非限制性定语从句中作主语时，通常可用it作形式主语，后接that引导的主语从句或用what引导的主语从句来转换。
(3)引导限制性定语从句。这时，其先行词的前面通常有such，the same 修饰，构成the same...as，such...as结构。
Einstein，as is well known，is a famous scientist.
＝It is well known that Einstein is a famous scientist.
＝What is well known is that Einstein is a famous scientist.
众所周知，爱因斯坦是位著名的科学家。
2.if...省略句结构
Remove any clothes using scissors if necessary，unless you see the fabric sticking to the burnt skin.
如果有必要的话，用剪刀剪掉衣服，除非你看到布料粘在烧焦的皮肤上。
句式分析：句中if necessary为if it is necessary的省略结构。
[例1] If necessary the patient can then visit his doctor for further advice.
如有必要，病人可以上门咨询自己的医生以得到更多的建议。
[例2] The article could be spun out to 6，000 words if necessary.
如果需要的话，这篇文章可以加长到六千字。
[翻译] 如果需要，打个电话给我。
If necessary，give me a ring.
[知识拓展]
if possible 如果可能的话
if so 假如这样的话
if not 假如不是这样的话；不然的话；否则
if ever 即使有
I might see you tomorrow.If not，then it'll be Saturday.
我可能明天去看你。如果不是明天，那就是周六。
If possible，I wish to go there next summer.
如果可能，我希望明年夏天去那里。
They think she may try to phone.If so，someone must stay here.
他们认为她可能来电话。要是这样的话，就得有人守在这儿。
He seldom，if ever，goes to the movies by himself.
他不会，即使有也很少，单独去看电影的。
四、重点用法
1. sense of touch 触觉
His sense of touch gradually took the place of sight.
他的触觉逐步代替了视觉。
Newly developed robots have a sense of touch and are able to see and make decisions.
新开发的机器人有触觉，可以看见物体，还能做决定。
[翻译] 他们非常相信自己的触觉。
They trusted their own sense of touch very much.
[知识拓展]
sense of responsibility/duty
责任感，责任心
sense of humor 幽默感，幽默
sense of belonging 归宿感，归属感
2. minor adj.较小的；次要的；轻微的
That's a relatively minor matter.We can leave it till later.
相对来说那是件小事。我们可以把它留到以后解决。
Even minor head injuries can cause longlasting psychological effects.
即使是轻微的头部创伤也会对心理产生长期影响。
[翻译] 就是小问题才会累积。
It's the little minor problems that add up.
[知识拓展]
(1)a minor matter 小事
a minor party 少数党
(2)minority n.[U，C]少数民族；少数
a/the minority of 少数的
be in the/a minority 占少数
3. loose adj.松的；未系紧的；宽松的
She is wearing a loose dress.
她穿着一件宽松的连衣裙。
His logic is too loose to make much sense.
他的推理太不严密，没什么道理。
[翻译] 马自由自在地在田野里。
The horse is loose in the field.
[知识拓展]
at a loose end 无所事事；无事可做
break loose from 摆脱，挣脱
have (got) a loose tongue 说话没遮拦
on the loose 在逃；不受约束
五、重点语法
一、动词 ing形式的基本情况
1．动词 ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式，包括现在分词和动名词两种。
动词 ing形式在句中的语法作用：动名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，现在分词在句中作状语、宾语补足语和定语。
2．动词 ing形式的时态和语态：
Reading aloud is a good way to learn a language.
大声朗读是学习语言的一种好方法。
Having studied his lessons very hard，he passed the exam.
努力学习了功课，他通过了考试。
The building being built now will be finished next month.
正在建设的建筑物下个月将完工。
二、动词 ing形式作主语
1．动词 ing形式作主语时，往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，通常置于句首。
Saying is one thing，and doing is another.
说是一回事，而做是另一回事。
Having a walk every day helps to make one keep healthy.
每天散步有助于一个人保持健康。
[名师点津]
动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Climbing mountains is really difficult for the old.
对于老人来说爬山确实困难。
2．形式主语it代替动词 ing形式作主语。
语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
此类句式常见的有：
It's a waste of time doing sth.做某事是浪费时间
It's useless/worthwhile doing sth.做某事没用/是值得的
It's no good/use/fun doing sth.做某事没好处/没用/没意思
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.
劝说这种人加入我们是浪费时间。
It is no good/use regretting for the past.
悔恨过去是没用的。
3．v.ing形式和todo作主语时的区别。
v． ing形式和to do都可以作主语。v.ing形式作主语表示比较抽象的一般行为，to do作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。
Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火危险。(泛指)
Singing is my hobby，and to sing at my friend's birthday party is my dream.唱歌是我的爱好，在朋友的生日宴会上唱歌是我的梦想。
[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
①I can't stand working (work) with Jane in the same office.
②It'sno use complaining (complain) without taking action.
③Volunteering(volunteer) just feels so good.
④Being invited (invite) to the party was a great honour to the family.
三、动词 ing形式作宾语
1．作动词的宾语。接v.ing形式作宾语的常用动词(短语)有：
avoid，miss，delay/put off 避免错过少延期
advise，finish，practise建议完成多练习
enjoy，imagine，can'thelp 喜欢想象禁不住
admit，deny，envy承认否定与嫉妒
escape，risk，excuse逃避冒险莫原谅
stand，keep，mind 忍受保持不介意
He admitted referring to his notes in the exam.
他承认在考试中查阅了笔记。
She can't stand being looked down upon in public.
她忍受不了在公众场合被人看不起的感觉。
Would you mind opening the window
你介意打开窗子吗？
He tried to avoid answering my questions.
他试图对我的问题避而不答。
2．作介词的宾语。在下面的短语中，常用动词 ing形式作介词的宾语：be good at擅长；dream of梦想；carea bout在乎；be concerned about关心；be interested in对……感兴趣；feellike想要；insist on坚持；think of认为；aim at瞄准；set about开始做；be used to习惯于；get down to开始做；lead to导致；devote oneself to 献身于……；look forward to 期待；stickto 坚持；pay attention to注意；give up放弃等。
I dream of sailing around the world and leading a happy life.
我梦想着环游世界，过上幸福的生活。
He insisted on doing it in his own way.
他坚持要按照自己的方法做。
I'm looking forward to your coming next time.
我期待着你下一次的到来。
Because of the bad weather，they have to give up going out for a picnic tomorrow.
因为天气不好，他们不得不放弃明天的外出野餐。
3．在以下结构中，动词 ing形式作介词的宾语，介词常省略。
spend...(in) doing花费……做某事
have difficulty/trouble(in) doing...做……有困难/麻烦
stop/prevent...(from)doing阻止……做某事
waste time (in) doing浪费时间做某事
be busy (in) doing忙于做某事
have a good/hard time (in)doing高兴做某事/费了很大劲做某事
There is no point (in)doing做某事毫无意义
He is always busy working every day，which has made him have little time to play with his child.
他每天总是忙于工作，这使他很少有时间和孩子一起玩。
There is no point giving him such a good chance.
给他提供这样一个好机会没有意义。
[即学即练2] 用所给词的适当形式填空
①I'm looking forward to hearing (hear) from you.
②He devotes himself to looking (look) into the matter.
③She likes spending much money buying (buy) clothes for herself.
4．动词 ing形式作主语、宾语时的几个特殊情况
(1)动词 ing的复合结构
＋动词 ing
His/Tom's being late made the teacher very angry.
他的/汤姆的迟到使老师很生气。
Would you mind my/me closing the window
你介意我关上窗户吗？
Would you mind Mary's/Mary closing the window
你介意玛丽关上窗户吗？
[名师点津]
动词 ing的复合结构的否定形式为：形容词性物主代词/代词(宾格)/名词/名词的所有格＋not doing...。
Jerry's not arriving on time made the people present angry.
杰里未能按时到达令在场的人很生气。
(2)某些动词及动词短语后面既可以用不定式也可以用动词 ing作宾语。
①动词begin，start，continue等词后既可跟不定式，又可跟动词 ing作宾语，意义基本相同。
They continued discussing/to discuss the plan after having a rest.
休息了一会后，他们继续讨论这项计划。
②动词love，like，hate等后可跟动词 ing和不定式作宾语，但接动词 ing表示经常性的情况，接不定式表示具体的动作。
I love walking with my friend on a sunny day.(习惯)我喜欢和朋友在一个阳光明媚的日子里散步。
It is a pleasant daytoday，so I love to have a walk with my friend.(具体)今天是个令人愉快的日子，所以我想和朋友一起散散步。
③一些动词后既可跟动词 ing作宾语，又可跟不定式作宾语，但意义有很大差别。
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯。
The light in the office isstill on.He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还亮着。他忘记关了。
大单元综合试题训练
一、填写单词的正确形式
1.What worries me most is her _____(stay) too late every night.
2.He had to delay _____(go) abroad until next week due to his urgent business.
3.She has stuck to physical training for several years without ______(interrupt).
4.The teacher walked up to her student who was crying and hugged her _____(tight) with love.
5.My first job was _____(work) at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old.
6.她太年轻了以至于不能在公共场合很好地表达她的想法。
She is _____ _____ _____ she can't express her ideas well in public.
7._____(cheat) three times, the old man fell into the same trap a fourth time.
8.When applying for a new job, you'd better have relevant and _____(practice) experience.
9.Please do not try to ______(justice) your behavior by telling me what other students are doing.
10.Please pay attention to this warning: _____(fog) weather has made driving conditions very dangerous.
二、翻译句子
11.Not _____(want) to frighten the poor man, Mrs. Richards quickly hid in the small storeroom under the stairs.
12.周二,这家公司宣布了其将出售这种新产品的计划。 (have+宾语+宾补)
On Tuesday, this company _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ this kind of new product _____.
13.在这节英语课上,学生们将学习如何用英语介绍自己。 (疑问词+不定式)
In this English class, students will learn _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____.
14.随着越来越多的森林被破坏,一些动物和植物正处于灭绝的危险中。 (with的复合结构)
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____, some animals and plants are in danger of dying out.
15.中国观众建议我们的电影产业中应该有更多像《长津湖》这样的影片。 (suggest+宾语从句)
Chinese audiences _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ like The Battle at Lake Changjin in our film industry.
三、七选五
A
Most people actually do not know how to do basic first aid on mild burns. It is normally taken for granted that soaking (浸泡) the burn with water is the way to go. ①_____
Once the burn appears you will surely feel much pain on the actual burned skin. Technically, this is the time to stay calm. ②_____ Finding a source of running water is recommended. However, if there is none, any source will do. If there is running water, simply place the burned area under it and allow it to soak in the water for about 5 to 10 minutes. ③_____ If you have access to ice or a cold compress (冷敷布), you can use that as well. You can place the ice or cold compress on the affected area and leave it there about 15 to 30 minutes. The ice will numb the pain and will also stop more injuries on the skin.
After soaking in water or cooling the area with ice, remove from the water source and allow the moisture to dry naturally. You may also consider patting it dry with a towel or napkin; however, this could damage the burnt skin even more. ④_____
As soon as the area dries completely, get a bandage or a strip of cloth. ⑤_____ This will protect that area from infection caused by outside dirt and dust getting into the open burn.
A. Call a doctor may as well help in most burn cases.
B. The thing is that treating a mild burn goes more than just soaking the affected part in water.
C. It is best to dry it naturally instead.
D. Wrap it around the burn to cover the open area of skin.
E. The truth is that soaking is the last thing to do to deal with mild burns.
F. The first thing you need to do is find a clean water source.
G. This will relieve some of the pain, cool down the skin, and stop additional burning.
B
Tim works for a tea company in Hampshire along with around 80 other people.
①_____ Feeling unwell, Tony had taken himself off to a quiet meeting room to rest when a colleague found him. Something was seriously wrong.
When Tim walked into the room, he saw Tony sitting in a chair, looking poorly and breathing very rapidly. He suspected that Tony was suffering a heart attack.
Tony was in his fifties and generally a healthy man; he cycled to work every day. ②_____
"He was sweating and struggling to breathe and taking very rapid breaths," Tim said.
"He was also complaining of chest pains. ③_____"
While waiting for the ambulance to arrive, Tim made sure that Tony continued to sit in a comfortable position in the chair and tried to put him at ease.
"As Tony felt very anxious, I knew that I needed to remain calm in order to help reassure him," Tim said.
"I told him that help was on its way and that he might feel better if he tried taking steady breaths."
Following the advice from the emergency call handler on the other end of the phone, a colleague offered Tony an aspirin(阿司匹林) to chew slowly. ④_____
Soon the ambulance arrived and Tony was then taken to hospital where he had emergency surgery on his heart.
Despite the seriousness of the situation, it wasn't long until Tony was recuperating(恢复) at home. It was Tim's quick actions that saved Tony's life.
⑤_____ "Without the first aid skills I learnt, I don't know if I would have been so level-headed when this happened," he said.
A.Therefore, I asked my colleague to call for an ambulance.
B.He also liked to do charity runs on behalf of his tea company.
C.One day, Tim was sitting in his office when he was asked to check on Tony.
D.This can help to thin the blood and may help someone who is suffering a heart attack.
E.I dialed 999 quickly as he required.
F.But the symptoms of a heart attack were there.
G.Tim learnt first aid from the British Red Cross.
答案以及解析
1.答案：staying
解析：考查动名词的复合结构作表语。Her too late every night 作表语,此处指最让我担心的是她每天晚上都熬夜到很晚,此处介绍主语的内容,故用动名词的复合结构。故填staying。
2.答案：going
解析：考查动名词。delay doing sth.意为“推迟做某事”。故填going。
3.答案：interruption
解析：考查名词。句意:她坚持体格锻炼已经好几年了,从未间断。without interruption不间断。
4.答案：tightly
解析：考查副词。设空处修饰谓语动词hugged,应用副词tightly。此处指带着爱紧紧地拥抱她。
5.答案：working
解析：考查动名词作表语。由设空处前面的My first job was可知设空处作表语,此处指我16岁时的第一份工作是在Ukiah图书馆工作,设空处解释主语的内容。故用动名词 working。
6.答案：so young that
解析：
7.答案：Having been cheated
解析：考查现在分词作状语。因句中已经有谓语动词,且cheat与其逻辑主语the old man构成逻辑上的被动关系,又因为该动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前,故使用Having been cheated。此处指被骗了三次之后,这位老人第四次落入了同样的圈套,其中现在分词作的是状语。
8.答案：practical
解析：考查形容词。设空处与and前面的relevant为并列成分,修饰名词experience,应用形容词practical。此处指有相关的和实用的经验。
9.答案：justify
解析：考查词性转换。句意:请不要试图通过告诉我其他学生在做什么来为你的行为辩护。try to do sth.意为"试图做某事", 故填动词justify。
10.答案：foggy
解析：考查形容词。设空处修饰名词 weather,应用形容词foggy。foggy weather指的是有雾的天气。
11.答案：wanting
解析：考查现在分词作原因状语。句中已有谓语动词,且want与其逻辑主语Mrs. Richards之间为主动关系,故填wanting。此处指由于不想吓到那个可怜的人,理查兹太太赶紧躲在了楼梯下的小贮藏室里,其中现在分词作的是原因状语。
12.答案：had its plan to sell; announced
13.答案：how to introduce themselves in English
14.答案：With more and more forests destroyed
15.答案：suggest that there should be more films/movies
16.答案：BFGCD
解析：①上文提到It is normally taken for granted that soaking(浸泡)the burn with water is the way to go.人们想当然地认为把烧伤处用水浸泡是正确的方法,故B项(问题是处理轻微的烧伤不仅仅是把受伤的部分浸泡在水中。)切题。
②下文提到Finding a source of running water is recommended.建议寻找流动水源,故F项(你要做的第一件事是找到清洁的水源。)切题故选F。
③上文提到If there is running water, simply place the burned area under it and allow it to soak in the water for about 5 to 10 minutes.如果有流动的水,把烧伤的地方放在下面冲洗,在水中浸泡5到10分钟。故G项(这会减轻痛苦冷却皮肤、防止烧伤加重。)切题。
④上文提到You may also consider patting it dry with a towel or napkin; however, this could damage the burnt skin even more.你也可以考虑用毛巾或餐巾把它擦干,然而,这可能会对烧伤的皮肤造成更大的伤害,故C项(最好的方法是自然干燥。)切题。
⑤上文提到As soon as the area dries completely, get a bandage or a strip of cloth.一旦皮肤完全干燥,就找块绷带或布条,故D项(将其包裹在烧伤处,以覆盖皮肤的开放区域。)切题。
17.答案：CFADG
解析：①细节句。设空处下一句说到Tony感到不舒服,去了一间安静的会议室休息,这时被一位同事发现了,第三段开头说到当Tim走进房间时,他看到Tony......, C项“一天,Tim正坐在办公室里,这时他被请求去看看Tony”可以引出下文说的Tim被请求去看Tony的原因以及Tim走进房间后的行为。故选C。
②过渡句。设空处上一句说到总的来说他是一个健康的人,每天骑车上班,下一段中说到Tony大汗淋漓,呼吸困难,且呼吸非常急促。F项“但心脏病发作的症状已经存在了”既与上文形成了意思上的转折关系,同时也引出了下文内容。故选F。
③过渡句。上文说到他出现了大汗淋漓等症状,还说自己胸痛,下一段提到在等救护车到来,A项“因此,我让我的同事去叫救护车”既是对上文所述症状采取的行动,也可以引出下文所述的等救护车的后续动作。故选A。
④细节句。设空处上一句提到一位同事给了Tony一片阿司匹林让他慢慢咀嚼,D项“这会有助于稀释血液,还可以帮助心脏病发作的人”解释了上文所述行为的目的,选项中的This指代的就是上句中给他药让他咀嚼这一行为。故选D。
⑤细节句。下文说到如果没有所学到的急救技能,Tim不知道在发生这种事时,是否还能如此冷静,G项“Tim从英国红十字会学了急救”引出了学急救这个话题,与下文所述内容话题一致。故选G。
2Unit 3 Food and Culture
大单元思维知识整合
一、重点单词
1.cuisine [kwi( ) zi n] n菜肴；风味；烹饪
2.prior [ pra ] adj先前的；优先的
3.prior to... 在……之前的
4.consist [k n s st] vi由……组成
5. lamb [l m] n羊羔肉；羔羊
6.pepper [ p p ] n甜椒；灯笼椒；胡椒粉
7.recipe [ r s pi] n烹饪法；食谱
8.bold [b ld] adj大胆自信的；敢于冒险的
9.chef [ f] n大厨；主厨
10.peppercorn [ p p k n] n胡椒粒
11.vinegar [ v n g ] n醋
12.stuff [st f] vt 填满；把……塞进 n. 东西；物品
13.slice [sla s] n（切下的食物）薄片 vt. 把……切成薄片
14. exceptional [ k s p nl] adj特别的；罕见的
15.onion [ nj n] n洋葱；葱头
二、重点短语
1．prior to 在……之前的
2．consist of 由……组成(或构成)
3．on the other hand 另一方面
4．as a result 因此；结果
5．at a minimum 至少；最小
6．go hand in hand 携手共进
7．earn one's living 谋生
8．see off 动身；出发；引起；爆炸
9．regardless of 不管；不顾
10．in other words 换句话说
11．cut down on 削减；节省
12．cut out 停止；切断
三、重点句型
1. do强调谓语动词
On the other hand，it does tell us a lot about Americans.
另一方面，它确实告诉了我们很多关于美国人的事情。
句式分析：句中的“do tell”属于“do(does/did)＋动词原形”结构，用来强调谓语动词，加强语气。
I do hope you can give up smoking，because I want you to live as long and healthy a life as I have.
我的确希望你能把烟戒掉，因为我希望你能像我一样活得健康长寿。
We did need help those days.
在那些日子里我们的确需要帮助。
[翻译] 那喷泉看上去的确清凉宜人！
The fountain does look nice and cool!
[知识拓展]
“do(does/did)＋动词原形”结构，用来强调谓语动词，表示“的确，真的，务必”，有时态和数的变化。这种强调一般只适用于一般现在时和一般过去时。
Do write me a letter when you get there.
当你到了那里请务必给我来信。
2. 不定式作后置定语
When my family and I had just arrived in China，we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.当我和我的家人刚到中国的时候，我们去北京找一个吃饭的好地方。
句式分析：句中不定式to eat作后置定语，修饰名词place。
I had gone to Maine looking for a place to work.
我去了缅因州，寻找一个工作的地方。
Are you going to the conference to be held next week？
你准备参加下周举行的会议吗？
[翻译] 我今天有许多工作要完成。
I have a lot of work to finish today.
[知识拓展]
(1)在the first，the second，the last，the next，the only等词和形容词最高级后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。
(2)在time，way，chance，ability，promise等抽象名词后，常用不定式作定语。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
他总是第一个来，最后一个走。
四、重点用法
1. 1.prior adj.先前的；优先的
I have a prior engagement at five.
我已经先有一个在五点钟的约会。
She visited me on the day prior to her death.
她去世的前一天还来看我。
[翻译] 你来这里之前做什么事？
What did you do prior to coming here
[知识拓展]
prior to... 在……之前的
The duty to protect my sister is prior to all others.
保护我的妹妹是我最重要的责任。
2.consist vi.组成；构成
The spirit consists in wholehearted devotion to public interests.
这种精神就是一心为公。
Health does not consist with intemperance.
健康和饮酒无度是不能并存的。
[翻译] 英国是由几个国家组成的？
How many countries does the UK consist of
[知识拓展]
consist of...由……组成
consist in... ＝lie in 存在于……，在于……
consist with... 与……一致；符合
The rescue team is composed of eight soldiers and two doctors.
＝ The rescue team consists of eight soldiers and two doctors.
＝The rescue team is made up of eight soldiers and two doctors.
救援队由8个士兵和2个医生组成。
[名师点津]
consist of没有被动语态，相当于be made up of或be composed of，且不用于进行时。
3. Later，I learnt that the most famous food in Shandong is pancake rolls stuffed with sliced Chinese green onions.
后来我才知道，山东最有名的菜是煎饼卷大葱。
(1)stuff vt.填满；把……塞进 n．东西；物品
I stuffed everything into a suitcase.
我把东西全塞到一个手提箱里去了。
That's my stuff in the drawer.
抽屉里是我的东西。
[翻译]她装了满满一箱给孩子们的礼物。
She stuffed her suitcase with presents for the kids.
[知识拓展]
stuff...into... 把……塞进……
stuff...with... 用……填满……
stuff up 用……堵上
She stuffed her ears up with cotton wool.
她用脱脂棉塞住了耳朵。
(2)slice n．(切下的食物)薄片 vt.把……切成薄片
I usually buy sliced bread—it's less bother.
我通常都买切片面包——比较省事。
A cucumber was sliced into rounds.
黄瓜被切成了圆片。
[翻译] 盘子里有一片面包。
There is a slice of bread in the dish.
[知识拓展]
(1)a slice of.. 一片；一份；一部分
slice...off 切下
slice up 切成片
(2)cut...into slices 把……切成片
(3)sliced adj. 切成片的
五、重点语法
一、过去完成时
表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。在英语时态中，“时”指动作发生的时间，“态”指动作的样子和状态。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，侧重事情的结果。由“had＋过去分词”构成。
基本结构：had＋动词过去分词
(1)肯定句：主语＋had＋动词过去分词＋其他。
He had already been to New York earlier in the week.
本周早些时候他去过纽约。
(2)否定句：主语＋had＋not＋动词过去分词＋其他。
At that time we hadn't met her.
那时我们还没有见到她。
(3)疑问句：Had＋主语＋动词过去分词＋其他？
肯定回答：Yes，主语＋had.
否定回答：No，主语＋hadn't.
—Had you visited here before
——你以前参观过这里吗？
—Yes，Ihad./No，I hadn't.
——是，我去过。/没有，我以前没有去过。
(4)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组＋had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他？
Where had you been before you came here
你来这里前还去过哪儿？
(5)被动语态：主语＋had(not)＋been＋动词过去分词＋其他。
By the end of last year all the preparatory work had been done.
到去年底为止，所有的准备工作都完成了。
[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
①He had worked(work) in the store for five years before he moved here.
②When I got to the station，the train had left (leave)．
③The task had been finished (finish) before 12：00 yesterday.
二、基本用法
1．表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。
By nine o'clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。
2．表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
3．叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。
Mr. Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn't know a thing about the verbs，for I had not studied my lesson.
我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。
4．在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已归还了我借的书。
She found the key that she had lost.
她丢失的钥匙找到了。
5．过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
He said that he had known her well.
他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
6．状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如：when，before，after，assoon as，till/until引导的复合句。
When I woke up，it had already stopped raining.
我醒来时雨已停了。
She didn't go to bed until she had finished her work.
她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English.
马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
7．动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.
我们本来希望能来看看你。
8．过去完成时还可用在hardly...when...，no sooner...than ...，it was the first (second，etc)time (that)．..等固定句型中。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
大单元综合试题训练
一、填写单词的正确形式
1.It was the third time that we _____(do) the experiment.
2.My grandfather was afraid of leaving the only home they _____(know) for the past 60 years.
3.With many forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good soil _____(be) being washed away at present.
4.By about 6000 BC, people _____ (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
5.Language is something that _____(fundamental) distinguishes humans from animals.
6.A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith _____(fall) in love with the people and culture there.
7.Amy, as well as her brothers, ______(give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
8.I _____(plan) to come over to see you last night, but someone called me and I couldn't get away.
9.A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________(trap) in the mountains for two days.
10.They _____(ask) him to bring some pepperoni(辣香肠) from back east. So he filled a suitcase full of pepperoni.
二、翻译句子
11.这是我看过的最好的电影。(时态)
This was the best film that _____ _____ _____.
12.我刚开门,他就告诉了我这件事。(hardly...when...; 倒装)
_____ _____ _____ _____ the door _____ he told me the thing.
13.老师经常教导我们说的应该与做的一致。(consist)
Teachers often teach us that what we say should _____ _____ _____ _____ _____.
14.请输入一个至少六个字符的密码,且至少包括一个数字。 (minimum)
Please enter a password that _____ _____ _____ _____ six characters, including at least one number.
15.在这位老师回来之前,教室(已经)被打扫了,这使他感到很欣慰。
The classroom _____ _____ _____ before the teacher came back, which made him very relieved.
三、阅读理解
A
Join the #ChefsChallenge!
Love cooking Join famous chefs in this online challenge—cook, have fun and share your best healthy recipes!
When it comes to food, it's difficult to match East Asia and the Pacific region in terms of variety and tastiness. From wontons to dumplings, from spicy fish to noodle soups, the amazing food culture in East Asia and the Pacific region is a central part of life for millions of people and indeed tourists from across the world.
However, changes in diet and lifestyle in recent years have sadly destroyed traditional food cultures, and the health of millions of people. Cheap "fast food" and unhealthy snacks that are high in sugar, salt and fat are now all too common but offer little nutrition.
★A new challenge
Today, there are more than 25 million malnourished(营养不良的) children living in the region, but the picture is changing. While the number of stunted(发育不良的) children is slowly falling in many countries, overweight and obesity are growing, and at a much faster rate.
In many countries, three forms of malnutrition—under nutrition, hidden hunger and overweight—coexist. A family may have an overweight mother and a stunted child. Or a child maybe both stunted or too short and overweight. Unhealthy diets are a major cause of all forms of malnutrition.
★Join us!
One way to slow this tide(趋势) is to reconnect families and young people with food. That's why chefs from across the region are taking part in the #ChefsChallenge, asking you to show off your cooking skills. Get involved today by sharing your recipes in videos, photos or any other creative ways on social media using "#ChefsChallenge" and tagging "UNICEF East Asia & Pacific" on Instagram, Twitter or Facebook.
16.What has badly affected the traditional food culture in East Asia & Pacific
A. Western cooks’ arriving.
B. People’s turning to unhealthy food.
C. Tourists’ bringing new recipes.
D. Overweight children’s growing in number.
17.What can we infer about “a malnourished child”
A. He is in a poor state of health.
B. He is shorter than other kids.
C. He has an overweight parent.
D. He prefers eating at home.
18.What is the purpose of “#ChefsChallenge”
A. To introduce excellent Asian cooks online.
B. To help ordinary people challenge professional cooks.
C. To reconnect people with tasty and nutritious food.
D. To encourage family and friends to get together online.
B
Eating a diet high in processed food increases the risk of depression, research suggests. What's more, people who ate plenty of vegetables, fruit and fish actually had a lower risk of depression, a team from University College London found.
Data on diet among 3,500 middle-aged civil servants were compared with their emotional state five years later, a British journal reported. They divided the participants into two groups based on two types of diet—those who ate a diet largely based on wholefood(全天然食物), which includes lots of fruit, vegetables and fish, and those who ate a mainly processed food diet, such as sweetened desserts, fried food, processed meat, refined grains and high-fat dairy products. After accounting for factors such as gender, age, education, physical activity, smoking habits and chronic diseases, they found a significant difference in the future depression risk with the different diets.
Those who ate the most wholefood had a 26% lower risk of future depression than those who ate the least wholefood. By contrast, people with a diet high in processed food had a 58% higher risk of depression than those who ate a diet low in processed food.
Study author Dr. Archana Singh-Manoux pointed out there was a chance that the finding could be explained by a lifestyle factor they had not accounted for.
"There was a paper showing a Mediterranean diet was associated with a lower risk of depression, but the problem with that is that if you live in Britain, the likelihood(可能性) of you eating a Mediterranean diet is not very high."
Dr. Andrew McCulloch, chief executive of the Mental Health Foundation, said, "This study adds to an existing body of solid research that shows the strong links between what we eat and our mental health."
He added people's diets were becoming increasingly unhealthy. The UK population is consuming less nutritious, fresh produce and more saturated(饱和的) fats and sugars.
19.What do we know about the participants
A.They are of different ages from young to old.
B.They have been eating a less healthy diet these years.
C.Most of them prefer wholefood to processed food.
D.Those who ate wholefood generally were happier in the long term.
20.What can we learn from what Dr. Archana Singh-Manoux said
A.It is difficult for most British people to have a Mediterranean diet.
B.The Mediterranean diet is the healthiest in the world.
C.Many studies on the Mediterranean diet have been done before.
D.The Mediterranean diet is not good for depression.
21.What does Dr. Andrew McCulloch agree
A.Our diets are closely related to our mental health.
B.The present study needs more facts and other information.
C.The UK population will become ill in the near future.
D.More saturated fats and sugars should be taken in.
22.What's the text mainly about
A.The increasingly unhealthy diet of the UK population.
B.The link between processed food and depression.
C.The relationship between physical and mental health.
D.A healthy diet largely based on wholefood.
答案以及解析
1.答案：had done
解析：考查过去完成时。在“It was the first/second/third/...time that...”句型中,that 从句要用过去完成时态。故填had done。
2.答案：had known
解析：句意:我的祖父害怕离开他们在过去60年里唯一熟悉的家。时间状语for the past 60 years和主句谓语的时态表明空格处应用过去完成时。
3.答案：are
解析：考查时态和主谓一致。根据句中的at present及空后的being washed可知,此处为现在进行时的被动语态;huge quantities of good soil作主语,谓语动词的数应该与quantities保持一致,即谓语动词用复数形式。故填are。
4.答案：had discovered
解析：句意为:到了大约公元前6000年，人们已经发现了最适宜种植的作物和最适宜饲养的牲畜。“by +过 去的时间”译为“到……为止”，所在的句子用过去完成时。故填had discovered。
5.答案：fundamentally
解析：考查副词。设空处修饰从句的谓语动词distinguishes,应用副词。故填fundamentally。此处指语言是从根本上把人类与动物区分开的东西。
6.答案：fell
解析：考查一般过去时。句意:史密斯先生到中国几个月后,就喜欢上了那里的人们和文化。设空处表示发生在had arrived之后的动作,应用一般过去时。故填fell。
7.答案：was given
解析：考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：上周埃米和她的哥哥们回到村子时受到了热烈欢迎。根据时间状语last week可知此处用一般过去时；根据句意可知应用被动语态，且as well as连接并列的主语时，谓语动词的数和其前面的主语保持一致。故填was given。
8.答案：had planned
解析：考查过去完成时。句意:我昨晚本打算来看你,但是有人打电话给我,我走不开。结合句意可知此处表示过去未曾实现的打算,故用过去完成时。故填had planned。
9.答案：had been trapped
解析：句意：一名救援人员冒着生命危险救了两名被困在山里两天的游客。trap指“使陷入困境”，为延续性动词，设空处为定语从句的谓语，与tourists为被动关系，应用被动语态。由for two days可知用完成时，主句谓语动词用一般过去时，故此处用过去完成时被动语态。
10.答案：had asked
解析：考查过去完成时。句意:他们让他从东部带一些辣香肠过来。因此他将一个手提箱塞满了辣香肠。连词So表示前因后果,设空处表示的动作发生在第二个句子中的filled所表示的动作之前,即发生在“过去的过去”,所以应用过去完成时。故填had asked。
11.答案：I had seen
12.答案：Hardly had I opened; when
13.答案：consist with what we do
14.答案：has a minimum of
15.答案：had been cleaned
16.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知,人们现在转向不健康的食物严重影响了东亚和太平洋地区的传统饮食文化。故选B。
17.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据★A new challenge部分中第二段第一句可知,营养不良的儿童会面临营养不足、隐性饥饿或超重的问题,由此推知,营养不良的儿童健康状况不佳。故选A。
18.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据★Join us!部分中的前两句并结合上文关于不健康饮食的论述可推断出#ChefsChallenge的目的是使人们重新与美味且有营养的食物联系起来。故选C。
19.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知,吃最多全天然食物的人患抑郁症的风险低,所以长期来看,吃全天然食物的参与者普遍会更快乐。故选D。
20.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的“if you live in Britain, the likelihood of you eating a Mediterranean diet is not very high”可知,如果你住在英国,你进行地中海饮食的可能性不是很高,所以大多数英国人进行地中海饮食是困难的。故选A。
21.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中Dr. Andrew McCulloch 说的话可推知,Dr. Andrew McCulloch赞同“我们的饮食和我们的心理健康之间有着密切的联系”这一说法。故选A。
22.答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。本文第一段第一句是文章的主旨句,该句指出食用过多的加工食品会增加患抑郁症的风险;第二段介绍了研究过程;第三段介绍了研究结果;第四段到最后一段描述的是Dr. Archana Singh-Manoux和Dr. Andrew McCulloch 就此研究表明的各自的看法。因此该篇文章主要讲的是加工食品和抑郁症之间的关系。故选B。
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