中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2018年1月全国普通高等学校招生统一考试
上海 英语试卷
Listening Comprehension （第1-10题, 每题1分；第11-20题，每题1.5分；共25分）
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
My Kid-Free Life
I had expected to have more free time after my sons, Evan and Alex, each left for college, and I do. The kitchen calendar looks spare. Rarely (21) ______ I need to prepare family dinner every day. There is a lot (22) ______ (much) laundry.
When the boys were infants, I wondered how I (23) ______ (spend) all the hours before they were born, (24) ______ ______ I have those hours back, I can focus on my own needs.
I had also expected to worry about them when they were away. And I do. Did they get their flu shots (流感疫苗注射) Will they remember the talks about "good choices" On the other hand, the worry is mixed with relief. I have seen (25) ______ vigorously they grow without me.
Do I miss them Yes. Both more and less than I'd guessed. Do I feel united for having lost my primary role in life No, because over the year, I took great pride (26) ______ the fact that my identity was not dependent on theirs. But, surprisingly, yes. (27) ______ (be) a different kind of mother defines me now.
The missing comes at unexpected moments: seeing the school bus drive by, starting to put too many plates on the table… When they have doubts about friendships or job prospects, I can only say, "I'm sure you will figure it out."
And yet, the spaces (28) ______ (empty) by loss are more than filled by what I've found. I now have the chance (29) ______ (see) them as the whole world does but also like no one else ever will. As adults I happened to help create.
The rooms (30) ______ the boys used to live look vacant. I feel sadness but also joy. I knew they would leave, but they will find their way back. My home is empty. But overflowing.
【答案】
21. do 22. less 23. had spent 24. now that 25. how
26. in 27. To be/ Being 28. emptied 29. to see 30. where
【解析】
2l.do[解析]考直倒装句。rarely 否定词位于句首，句子需要用倒装语序。此外句子中的时间状语为 every day 可判定句子谓语时态为一般现在时。句意为我很少需要每天准备家庭晚餐。因此答案为助动词 do。
22.less[解析]考查形容词比较级。根据第一段第一句话“T had expected to have more free time after my sons, Evan and Alex, each left for college, and I do.””在我儿子埃文和亚历克斯各自离开去上大学之后，我本来希望能有更多的空闲时间而我确实是。可知作者想要更多自由时间。这里暗示有较少的衣物要洗。因此需要用一般级比较，而且 little 前面有程度词a lot 修饰。因此答案为 less。
23.had spent[解析]考查过去完成时。根据此句中的谓语动词 wondered，可知宾语从句从用过去完成时，表示过去的过去。此句句意为当孩子们还是婴儿的时候，我想知道在他们出生之前我是怎么度过这些小时的。因此正确答案为 had spent。
24.Now hat[解析]考查状语从句。此句需要一个连接词将前后两个句子连控起来，因为这个句子之间是逗号，所有缺少连词。根据句意:既然我能够让那些时间倒回，我就可以专注于自己的需求。因此正确答案为 Now that。25.how[解析]考查宾语从句。seen 后面的句子主谓宾结构完整，根据句意知应为如何在没有我的情况下苗壮成长。因此正确答案为 Now that。
26.in[解析]考查介词短语搭配。take pride n 以......为自豪。此句句意为我自己的身份不依赖于他们自己而感到自豪。the fact 作介词 in 的宾语同时引导位语从句，因此正确答案为 in。
27.To be/ Being[解析]考查非谓语动词作主语。此句有谓语动词 defines，但句子中缺少主语，而动词放在句首，需要用其 ing 形式或用 to do 的非谓语形作主语。句意为作为一个不同类型的母亲现在定义了我。因此正确答案为To be /Being。
28.emptied[解析]考查过去分词。此句中有谓语动词 are，因此这里的 emptied是非谓语动词修饰 the spaces。因此正确答案为 emptied。
29.to see[解析]考查动词不定式。此句中有谓语动词 have，这里的 see 是非语动闻作后置定语修饰 he chance，句意为我现在有机会把他们看作整个世界，
但也没有人会将会喜欢这样。因此正确答案为 to see。
30.where[解析]考查主语从句。where 引导的句子主谓宾齐全，少了地点状语用 where 作不及物动词 live 的地点状语，where 相当于 in which。因此正确答案为 where。
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A.address B. fascination C.governed D. imposing E.offensive F.originally G.overlooking H. rebellion I.reminder J. randomly K.swept
Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress, but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both ___31___ and well-fortified, the classic European castle is the pinnacle of design. Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the ___32___ of our culture.
Castles were ___33___ built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As William the Conqueror ___34___ through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by English ___35___. Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around, and deployed from castles. In this way castles served both ___36___ and defensive roles in military operations.
Not limited to military purposes, castles also served as offices from which the lord would administer control over his fiefdom. That is to say, the lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those that were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they ___37___ and pay tribute to the lord. They would ___38___ disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities. In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites ___39___ the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants' lives and served as a daily ___40___ of the lord's strength.
【答案】31-40: DBFKH ECAGI
【解析】
31.D[解析]根据句意:当涉及到建筑既雄伟又坚固的建筑，经典的欧洲城堡是设计的顶峰。imposing 壮观的;令人印象深刻的，作表语修饰定语从句中的主语，构成主系表结构。
32.B[解析]根据句意:他们仍然指挥着我们文化的魅力可知，应为 fascination魅力;吸引力。
33.F[解析]根据句子结构可知，应填副词修饰 built。句意:城堡最初是诺曼入侵者于 1066 年在英国建造的。
34.K[解析]as 引导的非限制性定语从句中缺少谓语动词。sweep through 横扫。
35.H[解析]介词后加名词。根据句意他们受到了英国叛乱的威胁。 rebellion 造反，叛乱。
36.E[解析]and 链接两个形容词修饰 roles。offensive 攻击的，冒犯的。
37.C[解析]and 连接两个并列的动词，所以要用一般过去时。根据句意是他们管理的土地。
38.A[解析]动词并列表示一系列连贯的动作，前后时态一致。address disputes地址纠纷。
39.G[解析]考查伴随状语，主句句子完整，前为对主句句子的补充说明，不应该构成句子，所以用 v-inge
40.1[解析]周定搭配，reminder of提醒。
III. Reading Comprehension
section A (15分)
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Humans hate markedly to give workers more than they deserve, and indeed many will settle for less to compensate worke equitably. But is this impulse ___41___ Perhaps not, says psychological scientist Marie Sch fer in Germany. According to Sch fer, nobody has ever looked at how young children from different ___42___ think about merit when sharing rewards. There is reason to suspect that meritocracy（英才教育）may be more of a Western concept and value, so she and several colleagues decided to put this to the test, studying the ___43___ of children, four to 11 years old, in three different cultures.
The idea was to test how much the children valued merit. So each child was given a number of sweets equal to the total number of fish in the catch, and was told to distribute the sweets any way he or she wanted — without adults in the room to influence them. If they valued merit, children should ___44___ the sweets according to shares of the catch.That is, if they had landed the same number of fish, they would choose to reward each one ___45___, but if one fared much better at fishing, rewards would also be disproportionate. In the case where they were simply given the fish, rewards should be unrelated to catch size — since no effort was involved.
___46___matters. That’s the main finding among many from the study, as described in a forthcoming issue of the journal Psychological Science. The German children distributed the spoils of the day precisely in proportion to ___47___, even when this meant a very unbalanced distribution of rewards. By contrast, children from the two rural African societies barely took merit into consideration at all. These findings suggest that the basic notion of merit and distributive justice is far from universal in our species, and that ___48___ is culturally defined.
But why The scientists offer some ___49___ on this. It could be that in large-scale societies like Germany, a meritocracy is ___50___ for regulating transactions between people who don’t know each other and may not interact again. The focus is on equitable interactions, because things won’t be “evened out” in the future. In small scale societies, ___51___ most exchanges take place between people who are ___52___ with one another. It may be more important in such societies to build long-term relationships based on equity —rather than to insist on equity in a single transaction. In egalitarian forager societies, such as the Haillom, ___53___ is an important leveling mechanism, ___54___ asymmetries in wealth and increasing harmony. Children may internalize these social values early on, and apply them even when the fishing trip is ___55___.
(原文)
Imagine this scenario: Two commercial fishermen head out to sea at the break of dawn, and spend the next ten hours hauling in the day’s catch. When they wearily return to dock and count their take, one has three times as many fish in his hold. How should the two fishermen be compensated for the long day’s work
Many people consider this a no-brainer. Three times the fish, three times the pay — simple. Reward is based on merit — in this case, successful fishing. In academic jargon, it’s called “merit-based distributive justice.”
The alternative — one alternative — is to divide the spoils equally. After all, both fishermen spent ten hours under the hot sun working, and brought back fish that will feed the community. And both need the money, so perhaps this is fairer, more equitable
The weight of evidence supports merit pay as the fairer approach. Humans are markedly averse to giving workers more than they deserve, and indeed many will settle for less in order to compensate work equitably. What’s more, this attitude appears very early in childhood: Children as young as three believe that hard work merits more reward. By the time they enter school, children are like little adults in their commitment to distributive justice.
But is this impulse universal Perhaps not, says psychological scientist Marie Sch fer of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. According to Sch fer, nobody has ever looked at how young children from different cultures think about merit when sharing rewards. There is reason to suspect that meritocracy may be more of a Western concept and value, so she and several colleagues decided to put this to the test, studying the behavior of children, four to 11 years old, in three different cultures.
The scientists asked the children to, well, go fishing. They fished two at a time, in two adjacent tanks. In this case, the “fish” were metallic objects in the tanks, which the children tried to “catch” with magnetized fishing rods. Only the game was rigged by the scientists in advance: In some cases, the two children would catch exactly the same number of fish, while in other cases, one child would catch three times as many fish. In another condition, the children didn’t fish at all, but were simply given unequal catches.
The idea was to test how much the children valued merit. So each child was given a number of sweets equal to the total number of fish in the catch, and was told to distribute the sweets any way he or she wanted — without adults in the room to influence them. If they valued merit, children should distribute the sweets according to shares of the catch. That is, if they had landed the same number of fish, they would choose to reward each one equally, but if one fared much better at fishing, rewards would also be disproportionate. In the case where they were simply given the fish, rewards should be unrelated to catch size — since no effort was involved.
Culture matters. That’s the main finding among many from the study, as described in a forthcoming issue of the journal Psychological Science. The German children distributed the spoils of the day precisely in proportion to productivity, even when this meant a very unbalanced distribution of rewards. By contrast, children from the two rural African societies barely took merit into consideration at all. These findings suggest that the basic notion of merit and distributive justice is far from universal in our species, and that fairness is culturally defined.
But why The scientists offer some thoughts on this. It could be that in large-scale societies like Germany, a meritocracy is important for regulating transactions between people who don’t know each other and may not interact again. The focus is on equitable interactions, because things won’t be “evened out” in the future. In small scale societies, by contrast, most exchanges take place between people who are familiar with one another. It may be more important in such societies to build long-term relationships based on equity — rather than to insist on equity in a single transaction. In egalitarian forager societies, such as the Haillom, sharing is an important leveling mechanism, balancing asymmetries in wealth and increasing harmony. Children may internalize these social values early on, and apply them even when the fishing trip is imaginary.
Follow Wray Herbert’s reporting on psychological science in The Huffington Post and on Twitter at @wrayherbert.
（https://www./wray-herbert/fair-is-fair-but-not-ever_b_7125872.html）
41.A.unblocked B.universal C.unconscious D.unique
42.A.cultures B.courses C.companies D.aspects
43.A.mood B.behavior C.emotion D.habit
44.A.collect B.load C. stress D.distribute
45.A.really B.deliberately C. equally D.happily
46.Scene B.Object C.Culture D.Trend
47.A. productivity B.benefit C.interest D.survey
48.A.tiredness B.business C.thickness D.fairness
49.A.feelings B.thoughts C.lives D.emotions
50.A.useful B.major C.small D.important
51.A.in a word B.in addition C.by contrast D.what’s more
52.A.familiar B.delighted C.satisfied D.same
53.A.cooperation B.smiling C.equaling D.sharing
54.A.forcing B.judging C.balancing D.experiencing
55.A.creative B.imaginary C.innovative D.logic
【答案】 41-55 BABDC CADBD CADCB
41.B[解析]根据句意这样冲动的行为是普遍的吗 选C。 unblocked 非封锁; universal普遍的;unconscious 无意识的; unique 独一无二。
42.A[解析]根据 下文 in three different cultures 可知，应填 cultures。 cultures 文化; cases 案件; companies 公司; aspects 各方面。
43.B[解析]根据下文可是研究儿的行为 mood 绪; behavior 行为: emotion情绪; habit习惯。
44. D[解析]根据句意如果孩子们重视价值，他们就应该按照获物的份额分配糖果。collect 收取:load 负荷;stress 压力; distribute 分发。
45.C[解析]根句意:如果他们找到了相同数量的糖果，他们会奖励每个人相等的糖果。really 真的; deliberately 故意; equally 平等; happily 高兴地。
46.C[解折]根据上下文文意可知，应为文化问题。Scene 现场: Object 目标Culture文化;Trend 趋势。
47.A[解析]根据句意得德国的孩子们根据按劳分配，这就意味着奖励分配常不平衡。productivity 生产力; benefit 福利;interest利息;survey 调查。
48.D[解析]根据前文可知公平只是文化上的定义，在现实生活中并不是这样的。tiredness疲劳:business 业务: thickness 厚度; fairness 公平。
49.B[解析]根据下文可知，本句应为科学家们对此提出了一些看法。feeling感觉:thoughts 看法:lives 生命:emotions 情绪。
50.D[解析]根据句意:它可能是在像德国这样的大规模社会中，精英统治对F调节不认识对方的人之间的交易是很重要的，也可能不会再进行互动。可知应填准要的。useful 有用的;major主要的:small 小的;important 重要的。
51C[解析]与前文做对比，故填by contrast 相比较之下。in a word 总而言之; in addition 此外: by contrast 相比之下;whats more 更重要的是。
52.A[解折]根据上文可知，本句句意为: 相比之下，在小规模社会中，大多数交流是在被此熟悉的人之间进行的。familiar熟悉的;delighted 高兴的:; satisfied满意的:same相同的。
53解折]根据上文可知,分享是一种重要的水准机制。故填sharing。Cooperation合作; smile微笑;equal相等:share 分享。
54 C [解折]根据上下文可知平衡财富不对称和促进和谐也是重要的。Forcing强迫；judge审判；balance平衡。
55.B[解折]根据前文可知，这只是假象的钓鱼之旅，故选 B。creative 创造的；;imaginary 想象的;innovative 创新的; logic 逻辑性的。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
We Have a Painter to Thank for Yellowstone
Before artist Thomas Moran set foot in the park, it was seen as a hellish place. After, it was marketed as a wonderland.
Before Thomas Moran arrived, Yellowstone in the popular imagination was a harsh, wild place pocked with hellish geysers. After the painter’s work was finished, Yellowstone was established as a national park and marketed as a wonderland.
In 1871 Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson had joined the first U.S. government survey of the region. For two weeks Moran filled a sketchbook with the landscape’s most stunning sights. The survey results, Jackson’s photos, and Moran’s watercolors—the first color renderings of the area—were presented to Congress that fall. “The photographs were proof that what the artist was showing really existed,” says Eleanor Harvey, senior curator at the Smithsonian American Art Museum.
In March 1872 lawmakers officially made Yellowstone a national park, the world’s first. By April, Moran had transformed some of his sketches into a 7-by-12-foot painting. The gold-splattered valley and billowing Lower Falls of “The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone” captivated the public. “It is too grand and wonderful for words,” declared the Ladies’ Repository that August, “and none can ever judge of its wonders from any engraving or photograph in mere black and white.”
Though Moran later painted Lake Superior, the Grand Canyon, and the Rockies, his reputation was so intertwined with Yellowstone that he took to signing his paintings “TYM,” for Thomas “Yellowstone” Moran.
（https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/05/explore-thomas-moran-yellowstone-paintings/）
56. What can we know about Yellowstone according to the passage
A. It was a popular park with geysers before Thomas Moran finished transformation.
B. It was an imagination of a harsh and wild place.
C. I became a national park with the efforts of Moran and Jackson
D. is an attractive grand valley.
57.What does the " pocked" mean in the first sentence ( paragraph 2 )
A.Packed. B.Dotted. C.Blocked D.Stuck.
58. What are the characteristics of Thomas Moran's paintings about Yellowstone Park
A.Paying attention to color rendering of paintings.
B.His magnificent and wonderful paintings.
C. His reputation closely linked to Yellowstone Park
D.His paintings with nothing special.
59.What does the passage mainly talk about
A.The Significance of Thomas Moran's paintings to Yellowstone Park
B. How Yellowstone Park is established as a National Park.
C.The Great Painter-Thomas Moran.
D. The process of Yellowstone Park being labelled as a fairyland.
【答案】 56.C 57.B 58.B 59.A
56.C[解析]考查细节理解。根据文章第二，三段可知，Moran 和 Jackson 提出的改造建议对黄石公园被改造为国家公园有着重要的意义，故选 C。
57.B[解析]猜词题注意定位句以及上下句。根据文章中“Before Thomas Moran arrived, Yellowstone in the popular imagination was a harsh, wild place pocked with hellish geysers. After the painter's work was finished, Yellowstone was established as a national park and marketed as a wonderland.”在托马斯·莫兰到来之前，人们想象中的黄石公园是一个布满地狱般间歇泉的荒凉地方。但画家的作品完成后，黄石公园被定为国家公园，并作为一个仙境出售。Pocked 意为“having holes or hollow marks on the surface”(表面)有洞的，有坑的，作 place 的后置定语，后加 with可引申为“遍布...”，选项中A 为“收拾(行李)”B 为星罗棋布于;遍布;布满;符合题意，C 为堵塞;阻塞，D 为卡住。故选 B。
58.B[解析]考查细节理解。根据文章中“It is too grand and wonderful for words declared the Ladies’ Repository that August, “and none can ever judge of its wonders from any engraving or photograph in mere black and white.”可知，大家对托马斯·莫兰关于黄石公园的画作印象是宏伟美妙，故选 B。
59.A[解析]考查逻辑推理。根据文章整体分析，以及“Before artist Thomas Moran set foot in the park, it was seen as a hellish place. After, it was marketed as a wonderland.”该句话的总体概括和暗示，可知本文主要讲述了托马斯·莫兰对黄石公园的巨大影响意义，故选 A。
(B)
Why UPS Trucks (Almost) Never Turn Left
By favoring right-hand turns at all times--unless a left is unavoidable-the carrier saves millions of gallons of fuel each year, and avoids emissions equivalent to over 20 ,000 passenger cars.
The practice started decades ago, before computers and GPS, and is now managed by asoftware that conjures the most efficient route for each truck.
What's wrong with turning left
Left-hand turns are generally considered unsafe and wasteful on right-hand driving roads, such as those in the US.
A study on crash factors in intersection-related accidents from the US National Highway Traffic Safety Association shows that turning left is one of the leading "critical pre-crash events" (an event that made a collision inevitable), occurring in 22.2 percent of crashes, as opposed to 1.2 percent for right turns. About 61 percent of crashes that occur while turning or crossing an intersection involve left turns, as opposed to just 3.1 percent involving right turns.
Left turns are also three times more likely to kill pedestrians than right ones, according to data collected by New York City's transportation planners.
"A left-hand turn is also less fuel efficient," said Jack Levis, UPS Senior Director of Process Management, "because your car's idling longer, which is also not good for your vehicle."
UPS does not ban left turns outright, says Levis: "We will make left hand turns, but not ones that are unnecessary. We don't need to go in circles all day long by making only right hand turns. We have tools analyze the number of left hand turns for each route, and we can work out which ones are avoidable."
The rule, says Levis, can also be applied to left-hand driving countries, such as Australia and the UK, where it discourages right-hand turns and the procedure is now incorporated in most countries around the world.
（http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/16/world/ups-trucks-no-left-turns/）
60. How much resources can UPS trucks save by avoiding turning left
A.UPS trucks will consume millions of gallons of fuel.
B. The emission of UPS trucks is equivalent to that of over 2000 passenger cars.
C.UPS trucks estimate to save 100 000 metrie tons of CO, emission a year.
D. UPS trucks estimate an increase of 6 to 8 miles per route.
6l. In Tom Vanderbilt's View, how to Deal with the Left Turn Problem in the United States
A. Install a dedicated left turn phase.
B.Traffic planners manage road conditions.
C.Operators make their own traffic maps.
D.National policy encourages left turn of vehicles.
62. Which of the following options is NOT TRUE according to the passage
A.It's unsafe to turn left on right-hand driving roads.
B.Turning left is resource-efficient on right-hand driving roads.
C.Left turning is likely to cause traffic accidents.
D. Left-turn is discouraged in all countries.
【答案】60.C 61. A 62.D
60.C[解析]考查细节理解。根据文章第一段中“By favoring right-hand tums at all times-unless a left is unavoidable-the carrier saves millions of gallons of fuel each year, and avoids emissions equivalent to over 20,000 passenger cars."可知 AB两表述错误，且结合文章图片表述，C 项正确，D项错误，故选 C。
61.A[解析]考查细节理解。根据文章中表述“This can not only be dangerous,but makes traffic build up, unless you install a dedicated left-turn 'phase”可知，根据姆·范德比尔认为解决左转问题需要安装一个专门左转向，故选 A。
62.D[解析]考查细节理解。根据文章中“The rule,says Levis,can also be applied to left-hand driving countries, such as Australia and the UK, where it discourages right-hand turns."可知，不是所有国家都不鼓励左转，只是在右侧驾驶的国家而已阐述错误，故选D。
(C)
Why data is the new coal
“Is data the new oil ” asked proponents of big data back in 2012 in Forbes magazine. By 2016, and the rise of big data’s turbo-powered cousin deep learning, we had become more certain: “Data is the new oil,” stated Fortune.
Amazon’s Neil Lawrence has a slightly different analogy: Data, he says, is coal. Not coal today, though, but coal in the early days of the 18th century, when Thomas Newcomen invented the steam engine. A Devonian ironmonger, Newcomen built his device to pump water out of the south west’s prolific tin mines.
The problem, as Lawrence told the Re-Work conference on Deep Learning in London, was that the pump was rather more useful to those who had a lot of coal than those who didn’t: it was good, but not good enough to buy coal in to run it. That was so true that the first of Newcomen’s steam engines wasn’t built in a tin mine, but in coal works near Dudley.
So why is data coal The problem is similar: there are a lot of Newcomens in the world of deep learning. Startups like London’s Magic Pony and SwiftKey are coming up with revolutionary new ways to train machines to do impressive feats of cognition, from reconstructing facial data from grainy images to learning the writing style of an individual user to better predict which word they are going to type in a sentence.
And yet, like Newcomen, their innovations are so much more useful to the people who actually have copious amounts of raw material to work from. And so Magic Pony is acquired by Twitter, SwiftKey is acquired by Microsoft – and Lawrence himself gets hired by Amazon from the University of Sheffield, where he was based until three weeks ago.
But there is a coda to the story: 69 years later, James Watt made a nice tweak to the Newcomen steam engine, adding a condenser to the design. That change, Lawrence said, “made the steam engine much more efficient, and that’s what triggered the industrial revolution”.
Whether data is oil or coal, then, there’s another way the analogy holds up: a lot of work is going into trying to make sure we can do more, with less. It’s not as impressive as teaching a computer to play Go or Pac-Man better than any human alive, but “data efficiency” is a crucial step if deep learning is going to move away from simply gobbling up oodles of data and spitting out the best correlations possible.
“If you look at all the areas where deep learning is successful, they’re all areas where there’s lots of data,” points out Lawrence. That’s great if you want to categorise images of cats, but less helpful if you want to use deep learning to diagnose rare illnesses. “It’s generally considered unethical to force people to become sick in order to acquire data.”
（https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/27/data-efficiency-deep-learning）
According to the passage, why data is seen as the new coal
A. It can drive the steam engine to pump water
B.It can help people make more coals.
C. It can help the areas of deep learning
D. It can help cure diagnose rare illnesses.
64. According to Lawrence , why big data is less helpful to diagnose rare illnesses
A. Because there is no such demand.
B. Because it can only use to categorize images of cats.
C. Because it's unethical to acquire data by forcing people to become sick.
D. Because it needs too much data.
65. Which areas are most likely to be successful in in-depth learning
A.Some small start-ups.
B.Areas with large amounts of data.
C.Coal and Petroleum Development Field
D.Areas for tackling rare diseases
66. According to the content of the article, which is NOT TRUE about the big data
A. We still have a lot of work to study the big data.
B. It requires countless data to be collected.
C. The purpose of studying big data is to save parents’ costs
D. “Data efficiency” is a critical step to explore more data.
【答案】63.C 64. C 65. B 66.C
63.C解析]考齐细节理解。由文章中and the rise of big data’s turbo-powered cousin deep learning, we had become more certain: “Data is the new oil, stated Fortune《财富》杂志称，随着大数据涡轮驱动的表亲深入学习的兴起，我们变得更加确定:“数据是新的石油”。可知选 C。
64.C[解析] 考查细节理解。由文中Its generally considered unethical to force people to become sick in order to acquire data”“强迫人们生病以获取数据通常被认为是不道德的。”可知 Lawrence 认为研究疾病需要大量数据，而我们不能强迫人们生病而去做研究。故选 C。
65.B[解析]考查细节理解。根据文章中“If you look at all the areas where deep learning is successful, they're all areas where there's lots of data,”可知，在在数据大的领域，深度学习比较成功，故选 B。
66.C考查细节理解。[解析]由文中...a lot of work is going into trying to make sure we can do more, with less..我们需要做大量的工作来确保我们能用更少的钱更多的事情以及 but“data efficiency”is a crucial step 数据效率是第一步。可知着想要表达的是研究大数据要提高数据效率，并不是说研究大数据是为了节省成本，故选C。
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
The Most Important Thing You’re Not Discussing With Your Doctor
Shared decision making requires you to be an active participant. Politicians and policymakers are discussing what parts of the Affordable Care Act to change and what to keep. While most of us have little control over those discussions, there is one health care topic that we can control: what we talk about with our doctor.
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) released the landmark publication Crossing the Quality Chasm 15 years ago. The report proposed six aims for improvement in the U.S. health system, identifying that health care should be patient-centered, safe, effective, timely, efficient and equitable.
The idea that health care should be patient-centered sounds obvious, but what does that mean The IOM defines it as care that is “respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values” and that ensures “patient values guide all clinical decisions.”
For this to truly happen, doctors’ appointments need to cover more topics than how one is feeling and what can be done. Does your doctor know your values
________(67)___________ Fewer than half of people report that their physician or other health care provider asks about their goals and concerns for their health and health care.
Your doctor can discuss medical tests and treatments without knowing your life goals, but sharing your values and needs with your doctor makes discussions and decisions more personalized – and may lead to better health.
How does patient-centered care happen
In order for your health care to center around you, your doctor needs to know your values, preferences and needs. Everyone is different. ________(68)___________As a neurologist, when I’m working with a 76-year-old widow whose main goal is to remain independent in her home, we frame her care in that context. ________(69)___________ We discuss how a walker helps her be more independent rather than less, as she can move around her home more safely.
When a stressed college student comes to my office for a bothersome tremor, his preference is to avoid medications that he might forget to take or that might harm his school performance. This guides our discussion of the pros and cons of different options, including using medications but also doing nothing, an option that almost half of patients feel strongly should always be discussed. ________(70)___________In sharing their values and goals with me, these individuals enabled a health care approach that respected their needs and also responded to their life circumstances.
A.We weigh benefits of medications versus the complexity of adding one more drug to her crowded pill box. B.If you answered no, you’re not alone. C.When your opinion is a shirt you will find more potential about you. D.Your values and needs may also vary from one appointment to the next. E.The two difference relies on what you understand instead of what you see. F.A year from now after graduation, we’ll revisit the conversation, as his goals and needs may be different.
【答案】 67.B 68.D 69.A 70.F
【解析】
67.B[解折] if you answered no, you're not alone 句意:如果你回答不，你是唯一的一个。
68. D[解析]Your values and needs may also vary from one appointment to the next.
句意:你的价值观和需求也可能因约会而异。
69.A[解析] We weigh benefits of medications versus the complexity of adding one more drug to her crowded pill box.句意:我们权衡了药物的好处和在她拥挤的药箱里再加一种药物的复杂性。
70. F[解析] A year from now after graduation, we'll revisit the conversation, as his goals and needs may be different,句意:毕业一年后，我们将重温这段对话，因为他的目标和需求可能有所不同。
IV. Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
（https://theconversation.com/the-evolutionary-origins-of-laughter-are-rooted-more-in-survival-than-enjoyment
To Laugh Is Human
Most of us don’t know why we laugh at some jokes and not at others. Scientists know that we are able to laugh at birth. Babies begin to laugh at three to four months of age, well before they produce their first words. What scientists are interested in is why we laugh.
Scientists believe humans laugh with others primarily because it makes us feel connected with one another, which in turn gives us a sense of trust and comfort. To scientists, laughter is an unconscious reaction; consequently, when we laugh, others can be certain that it is an honest reaction, and honesty is key when building and maintaining friendships.
Since laughter is seen as a social signal that we send to others, it can also help explain why it is so infectious. Studies have proven that when people see or hear something funny, they are 20 times more likely to laugh when they are with others than when they are alone. Wanting to be accepted by others is part of human nature. And mirroring other people’s laughter is a way to signal to others that you feel the way they do, which makes us feel more connected with one another.
Humans have not always laughed just so they can feel closer to others, however. Scientists point out that this social function of laughter was born out of an even more fundamental human need. Laughter, they believe, came about because it contributed to our very survival as a species. Scientists assume that sharing laughter ensured our ancestors a higher survival rate because it led to greater cooperation between individuals. Humans learned quickly that greater cooperation led to survival, and the brain in turn realized that laughing with others increased out chances of finding people to cooperate, hunt, eat, live, and eventually, survive with.
71.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案：
Scientists think humans are born with the ability to laugh, but why do we laugh We laugh to feel closer to one another. Laughter helps us to be recognized so we laugh more in groups than when alone. Laughter also evolved from a more basic need to survive as it promoted cooperation, enabling humans to survive better. (59w)
(be born with= be inborn/ accepted= recognized= identified/ be born out of= evolve from =come from =originate from)
Laughter is unconscious, infectious and basic. It brings us a trustworthy, comfortable and honest feeling, thus better maintaining friendships. Chances are that we laugh more with others around, contributing to prompting recognition and feeling more connected with one another. Scientists assure that laughter resulted in greater cooperation between individuals in ancient times, as better cooperation leads to survival. (58w)
We were born with the ability of helping and scientists think the reason why we laugh is that we feel connected with others and we want to be recognized by others. Besides, laughter helps people to cooperate to survive with. (40w)
内容评分细则
5分
1. 在包含三个要点的基础上,提及第(2)和第(3)个要点中的主要信息(下划线部分)
We laugh to feel closer to one another.
Laughter helps us to be recognized so we laugh more in groups than when alone.
Laughter also evolved from a more basic need to survive as it promoted cooperation, enabling humans to survive better.
2.在包含三个要点的基础上,同时提及“humans are born with the ability to laugh”这一信息及第(2)或第(3)个要点中的主要信息(下划线部分)
4分
在包含三个要点的基础上,提及第(2)或第(3)个要点中的主要信息(下划线部分)
We laugh to feel closer to one another.
Laughter helps us to be recognized so we laugh more in groups than when alone.
Laughter also evolved from a more basic need to survive as it promoted cooperation, enabling humans to survive better.
3分
包含以下三个要点
(1) We laugh to feel closer to one another
(2) Laughter helps us to be recognized.
(3) Laughter also evolved from a more basic and survive.
补充细则：
1）语言全部沿用原文，语言分为0；内容分不超过4分
2）连续沿用原文5个字以上，语言分扣1分
3）laugh/ laughter/ cooperation/ survive/ survival 允许出现在答案中，不必paraphrase
4) 在通篇准确流畅的基础上,文笔优美的语言可适当加分
5) 62个字以上酌情扣分
I. Translation:
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
少喝含糖的饮料，否则你会容易发胖。(or)
在法庭上， 他坚持自己没犯抢劫罪。(guilty)
你是不是同意，在心情愉快的时候，总会有创意出现。(occur)
当谈到办公室冲突的时候，专家建议更多反思自己，更多换位思考，并及时与同事沟通。(when it comes to )
Don’t think too much sugary drinks/ sugared beverages, or it is easy for you to gain weight.
He insisted that he wasn’t guilty of robbing / robbery in court.
Do you agree creativity always occurs when you are in a good mood
When it comes to office conflicts, experts suggest one should reflect more on herself or himself, always put themselves in others’ shoes, and communicate with workmates in time.
II. Guided Writing
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学的学生王磊，你校计划引进一个机器人担任餐厅服务员或者图书馆管理员，并在英语贴吧征求学生意见，你很感兴趣，决定回帖响应，你所写的内容应包括:
1你认为机器人适合担任的一个岗位，二选一;
2通过比较，阐述你选择的理由，可以从工作效率，服务范围等方面进行表述。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dear headmaster,
So appealing (倒装句)is your plan to introduce a robot to our school that I decide to respond to your asking for proposals. From my perspective, a robot is more suitable for the position of librarian.
With regard to the range of service, a librarian needs not only to classify different kinds of books, put and find them in the right order on the right shelf but also keep a record of what books are borrowed and returned, while being a waiter in a restaurant involves serving the right dishes to the right table, doing some cleaning and communicating with the diners. A robot can accomplish three or four librarians’ work of sorting and labeling books at the same time, whereas it is pale before a man in communicating and tackling the unexpected (unpredictable) occasions.
In terms of working efficiency, a robot may be more efficient in doing the programmed, mechanical and repetitive kind of work. Therefore, it is more advisable for the robot to undertake the duties of a librarian grouping countless books repeatedly, thus considerably improving the efficiency of a human librarian. However, when it comes to the work of a waiter, who needn’t work so heavily and fast as a librarian but do need react flexibly to the diners’ requirements, a robot won’t make a remarkable difference and even may not be more qualified than a man.
In a nutshell, it is the mechanical work of a librarian that the robot is more competent at. Hope that my advice will be of great help to your decision.
Wang lei
Technology is transforming the world and robotics is refreshing our vision for work. A recent BBS post revealed that our school had been planning to introduce some robots and sought students’ opinions. Some students thought the robots could act as canteen servants while the others recommended them as librarians in the school library. In my opinion, these robots should be employed as e-librarians.
From the perspective of efficiency, the introduction of robots in the canteen may fail to make full use of them in that the provision of three meals a day is a highly regulated routine, such as 6:30 to 8:00 for breakfast. They can be idled away（闲置） for the rest of the time. Contrarily, the robots in the library will be accessible to us at any time and even at any place if the robot functions permit.
With regard to services, the robot functions in the canteen are singular（单一的）, no more than delivering meals in a splendid, automatic and quicker manner, which will conveniently cut labor expenses, the very aim of school administration. In the library, these e-librarians will provide varied and favorable facilitations, including instant, automatic and accurate inquiry, exchange and delivery of books. They are facilities of knowledge.
The robots in the canteen will eventually evolve into an eye-catching show of mechanical magnificence, but as e-librarians, their potentials are fully tapped（实现）. In this sense, this application essentially explains the core of technology advancement: to liberate man from toil and serve people in the deeper exploration of knowledge in a more efficient and convenient way.
评析：文章开头的动词使用可谓准确而丰富，均为考纲中的基本词汇，却给人耳目一新的感觉，完全没有生搬硬套“模板”的痕迹，这是本文的“与众不同”之一。也是诸君在日常词汇积累中要借鉴的地方---单词跟着例句走，活学活用。
其实中间段落完全可以构成另一篇佳作的核心部分。但由于本文入题篇幅较长，其他部分也都相应拉长，但这两段举例和说理“长而不腻”，调理清晰，没有重复“赘肉”。诸君在这里既要学到内容上的“与众不同”，也要时刻自省，自己的作品在结构上是不是合理。
结尾是文章的又一亮点，作者指出：“人工智能和机器人的存在，是为了解放生产力，让人类能够有时间精力去探索新的知识。”主题的升华是本篇范文的另一“与众不同”。
从头到尾，一气呵成，词汇使用没有深奥难懂，但看得出作者是在认真、自信地发表自己的意见，融入了“王磊”的角色，站在学校管理层的角度来探讨问题，think out of the box。
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 （共 2 页）
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2018年1月全国普通高等学校招生统一考试
上海 英语试卷
Listening Comprehension （第1-10题, 每题1分；第11-20题，每题1.5分；共25分）
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speaks. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and a question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard
1、A. Her working all day long. B. The family reunion.
C. The annoying housework. D. The intense arrangement for the dinner.
2、A. The kids were frightened by the movie. B. The kids enjoyed the movie.
C. The movie is not suitable for kids to see. D. The movie is quite boring.
3、A. She is drinking tea at a table.
B. She is interested in reading magazines.
C. She likes the pictures in the magazines.
D. She doesn't know any Chinese.
4、A. Supermarket. B. Drug store. C. Barber shop. D. Shopping centre.
5、A. He likes cooking food himself B. He thinks frozen food is healthier
C. He accepts the woman's invitation. D. He prefers to buy frozen food.
6、A. A full-time student. B. An exchange student C.A visiting scholar. D. A part-time student.
7、A. She is bossy. B. She is timid. C. She is arrogant. D. She is trustworthy.
8、A. He's a teacher. B. He's a writer.
C. He's a businessman. D. He's a journalist.
9、A. 1 hour. B. 2 hours. C. 3 hours. D. 4 hours.
10、A. The bad weather stopped him. B. His shoes were wore out.
C. He didn’t like the hiking trip. D. He's too tired to continue.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two passage and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. They became more active in water.
B. Symptoms of depression disappeared.
C. Their digestion developed.
D. They suffered from depression.
12. A. Neon lights. B. Kindle screens.
C. Overweight. D. Closed window curtains.
13. A. Turn off all the electronic devices.
B. Read a book and drink some water.
C. Take some sleep pills.
D. Go on a diet and lose some weight.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14. A. 71% of the poor live a day with less than ten dollars.
B. The population of people live in poverty has decreased in the past decade.
C. Economic growth has made global poverty worse than before.
D. The middle class are now one step away from poverty.
15. A. The middle class has expanded in the 111 countries.
B. The number of middle class has increased but it is not a global phenomenon.
C. Great progress has been made for the people in poverty with impressive results.
D. Once get out of poverty, those people will live a better life.
16. A. The middle class would not allow those poor to make a better living.
B. Whatever progress is made, nothing will be changed.
C. Good changes are too tiny to make those poor live a totally different life.
D. Developed countries suffer from the question from both poverty and the middle class.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. Thunderstorm accident. B. A cable emergency.
C. An appointment on Saturday. D. A computer system breakdown.
18. A. Lightning. B. Power failure. C. Cable cut. D. System failure
19. A. Plug the TV off. B. Keep the cable connected.
C. Stay at home. D. Call the cable center for sure.
20. A. On Saturday morning. B. On Saturday afternoon.
C. On Tuesday Morning. D. On Tuesday afternoon.
【听力答案】
1.B；2.C ；3.D ；4.A ；5.C ；6.A ；7.D ；8.B ；9.C ；10.D
11.D ；12.A ；13.A ；14.A ；15.B； 16.C；17.B ；18.A ；19.A；20.C
听力文本
M：Kate, happy new year! Are you doing anything special
W: Oh, thanks! I’m very busy and very tired. My brothers and sisters joined us and we had a big dinner together.
Q: What made Kate busy and tired
M: Caroline, could you take the kids to the movie Spider Man
W: Yeah…but don’t you think the movie is too violent for them
Q: What does the woman mean
M: Take a seat here. There are some interesting magazines on the tea table.
W: Thank you. I guess I can only understand the pictures because they are all Chinese magazines.
Q: What can we know about the woman
M: I need toothpaste and shampoo. Do you think we can find the drug store here
W: I’m sure we can. But those items are often cheaper in the supermarkets. Let’s go down to the other end of the mall.
Q: Where will the speakers most probably go
W: Why don’t you come over. I was thinking about doing some cooking.
M: I suppose I could. It’d probably be healthier than my frozen food options.
Q: What does the man imply
M: Is there any way I can take 6 courses
W: It depends. If you are a full-time student, you can. If you are a visiting scholar, a part-time student, or an exchange student, you can take up to 5 courses.
Q:Who can take as many as 6 courses
M: Many of your colleagues describe you as soft-spoken, are you
W: Well, I’m not bossy. They seem to regard me as reliable.
Q: How is the woman in her colleagues’ eyes
W: John first worked as a businessman, and then a teacher. Ten years later, he quit his job and started to write novels.
M: And he has been doing nothing else ever since.
Q: What is John now
W: If we hurry, we can take the express train rather than the local train and save an hour.
M: Great! The express train takes only two hours to get to Shanghai.
Q: How long does it take the local train to get to Shanghai
W: I heard you did some hiking last weekend.
M: Yes, I really wore myself out, so I stopped halfway.
Q: Why did the man give up the hiking trip halfway
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two passage and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
Researchers from Ohio State University exposed their lab mice to artificial light at night. And they found that it took only a few weeks for the mice to develop signs of depression, such as being less active, having less interest in their favorite foods and more anxiety when placed in water. The brains of the mice also showed similar changes to what occurs in depressed people. Artificial light at night like television, computer screens and night lights has been linked to other negative health effects. Nighttime lighting can disturb the body’s clock and increase the risk of overweight and certain diseases. The good news is that the signs of depression in the mice went away after they went back to a regular sleep schedule. That is eight full hours of darkness at night. This means that by unplugging the electronics and closing the window curtains in your bedroom, you may be able to undo some of the harmful effects of your smartphone letting out light all night.
What happened to the mice after they were exposed to artificial light at night for weeks
Which of the following will most probably disturb your body’s clock
What are you recommended to do at night according to the research
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
Here’s the good news: global poverty has fallen by half over the past decade. But there’s the bad news: 71% of the world’s population remain low income or poor. They live off ten dollars or less a day according to a new Pew Research Center report that look at changes in income for 111 countries between 2001 and 2011. Unlike in America, where the middle class has been facing difficulties in recent years, some researchers say that strong economic growth in developing countries has helped shrink poverty and expand the middle class globally. But the report from the center disagrees, saying that a global middle class is far from reality. “True, the global middle class nearly doubled over the decade to 13 percent in 2011, but it still represents a small part of the world’s population.” Professor Rickashcockle, associate director at the center, said, “The world has made tremendous progress in pulling people out of poverty, but most of the growth has been limited. People are potentially one step away from slipping back into poverty.”
What does the passage mainly tell us
Which of the following statement is true according to the Pew Research Center report
Which of the following worries professor Rickashcoclke at the center
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
M: George Cable, can I help you
W: Yes. Hi, we have an emergency. Our TV went out in the middle of our favorite show, American Idol.
M: I am sorry to hear that, ma'am. Can I have your name and the account number, please
W: Yes, it's Gwen Stanpania, and my account number is 854452.
M: Can you please give me the last 4 digits of your social security number
W: Yes, it's 0253.
M: OK, our system is showing that there are strong thunderstorms in your area. Did you hear any noise when the TV went out
W: Yes, we heard a loud noise.
M: Oh. Your TV could have been struck by lightning Is the TV still on
W: Yeah, it’s on, but the screen is just all blank.
M: Okay, please turn the TV off until one of our technicians can come out and take a look at it.
W: Can someone come right now to fix it
M: I don't think so, ma'am. Let me check our computer systems. The next available appointment is going to be next Tuesday morning.
W: But today is Saturday.
M: I'm sorry, that's the earliest available time.
W: All right, I can be here on Tuesday morning. What time
M: Our technician will be there sometime between 8am and 11am.
W: Okay, I’ll be home during that time.
M: Is there anything else I can do for you today
W: No, thank you.
M: Goodbye.
What are the two speakers talking about
According to the man, what caused the woman’s emergency
What does the man suggest the woman do before the technician comes
When is the technician most likely to arrive
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 （共 2 页）
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2018年1月全国普通高等学校招生统一考试
上海 英语试卷
Listening Comprehension （第1-10题, 每题1分；第11-20题，每题1.5分；共25分）
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
My Kid-Free Life
I had expected to have more free time after my sons, Evan and Alex, each left for college, and I do. The kitchen calendar looks spare. Rarely (21) ______ I need to prepare family dinner every day. There is a lot (22) ______ (much) laundry.
When the boys were infants, I wondered how I (23) ______ (spend) all the hours before they were born, (24) ______ ______ I have those hours back, I can focus on my own needs.
I had also expected to worry about them when they were away. And I do. Did they get their flu shots (流感疫苗注射) Will they remember the talks about "good choices" On the other hand, the worry is mixed with relief. I have seen (25) ______ vigorously they grow without me.
Do I miss them Yes. Both more and less than I'd guessed. Do I feel united for having lost my primary role in life No, because over the year, I took great pride (26) ______ the fact that my identity was not dependent on theirs. But, surprisingly, yes. (27) ______ (be) a different kind of mother defines me now.
The missing comes at unexpected moments: seeing the school bus drive by, starting to put too many plates on the table… When they have doubts about friendships or job prospects, I can only say, "I'm sure you will figure it out."
And yet, the spaces (28) ______ (empty) by loss are more than filled by what I've found. I now have the chance (29) ______ (see) them as the whole world does but also like no one else ever will. As adults I happened to help create.
The rooms (30) ______ the boys used to live look vacant. I feel sadness but also joy. I knew they would leave, but they will find their way back. My home is empty. But overflowing.
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A.address B. fascination C.governed D. imposing E.offensive F.originally G.overlooking H. rebellion I.reminder J. randomly K.swept
Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress, but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both ___31___ and well-fortified, the classic European castle is the pinnacle of design. Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the ___32___ of our culture.
Castles were ___33___ built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As William the Conqueror ___34___ through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by English ___35___. Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around, and deployed from castles. In this way castles served both ___36___ and defensive roles in military operations.
Not limited to military purposes, castles also served as offices from which the lord would administer control over his fiefdom. That is to say, the lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those that were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they ___37___ and pay tribute to the lord. They would ___38___ disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities. In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites ___39___ the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants' lives and served as a daily ___40___ of the lord's strength.
III. Reading Comprehension
section A (15分)
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Humans hate markedly to give workers more than they deserve, and indeed many will settle for less to compensate worke equitably. But is this impulse ___41___ Perhaps not, says psychological scientist Marie Sch fer in Germany. According to Sch fer, nobody has ever looked at how young children from different ___42___ think about merit when sharing rewards. There is reason to suspect that meritocracy（英才教育）may be more of a Western concept and value, so she and several colleagues decided to put this to the test, studying the ___43___ of children, four to 11 years old, in three different cultures.
The idea was to test how much the children valued merit. So each child was given a number of sweets equal to the total number of fish in the catch, and was told to distribute the sweets any way he or she wanted — without adults in the room to influence them. If they valued merit, children should ___44___ the sweets according to shares of the catch.That is, if they had landed the same number of fish, they would choose to reward each one ___45___, but if one fared much better at fishing, rewards would also be disproportionate. In the case where they were simply given the fish, rewards should be unrelated to catch size — since no effort was involved.
___46___matters. That’s the main finding among many from the study, as described in a forthcoming issue of the journal Psychological Science. The German children distributed the spoils of the day precisely in proportion to ___47___, even when this meant a very unbalanced distribution of rewards. By contrast, children from the two rural African societies barely took merit into consideration at all. These findings suggest that the basic notion of merit and distributive justice is far from universal in our species, and that ___48___ is culturally defined.
But why The scientists offer some ___49___ on this. It could be that in large-scale societies like Germany, a meritocracy is ___50___ for regulating transactions between people who don’t know each other and may not interact again. The focus is on equitable interactions, because things won’t be “evened out” in the future. In small scale societies, ___51___ most exchanges take place between people who are ___52___ with one another. It may be more important in such societies to build long-term relationships based on equity —rather than to insist on equity in a single transaction. In egalitarian forager societies, such as the Haillom, ___53___ is an important leveling mechanism, ___54___ asymmetries in wealth and increasing harmony. Children may internalize these social values early on, and apply them even when the fishing trip is ___55___.
41.A.unblocked B.universal C.unconscious D.unique
42.A.cultures B.courses C.companies D.aspects
43.A.mood B.behavior C.emotion D.habit
44.A.collect B.load C. stress D.distribute
45.A.really B.deliberately C. equally D.happily
46.Scene B.Object C.Culture D.Trend
47.A. productivity B.benefit C.interest D.survey
48.A.tiredness B.business C.thickness D.fairness
49.A.feelings B.thoughts C.lives D.emotions
50.A.useful B.major C.small D.important
51.A.in a word B.in addition C.by contrast D.what’s more
52.A.familiar B.delighted C.satisfied D.same
53.A.cooperation B.smiling C.equaling D.sharing
54.A.forcing B.judging C.balancing D.experiencing
55.A.creative B.imaginary C.innovative D.logic
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
We Have a Painter to Thank for Yellowstone
Before artist Thomas Moran set foot in the park, it was seen as a hellish place. After, it was marketed as a wonderland.
Before Thomas Moran arrived, Yellowstone in the popular imagination was a harsh, wild place pocked with hellish geysers. After the painter’s work was finished, Yellowstone was established as a national park and marketed as a wonderland.
In 1871 Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson had joined the first U.S. government survey of the region. For two weeks Moran filled a sketchbook with the landscape’s most stunning sights. The survey results, Jackson’s photos, and Moran’s watercolors—the first color renderings of the area—were presented to Congress that fall. “The photographs were proof that what the artist was showing really existed,” says Eleanor Harvey, senior curator at the Smithsonian American Art Museum.
In March 1872 lawmakers officially made Yellowstone a national park, the world’s first. By April, Moran had transformed some of his sketches into a 7-by-12-foot painting. The gold-splattered valley and billowing Lower Falls of “The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone” captivated the public. “It is too grand and wonderful for words,” declared the Ladies’ Repository that August, “and none can ever judge of its wonders from any engraving or photograph in mere black and white.”
Though Moran later painted Lake Superior, the Grand Canyon, and the Rockies, his reputation was so intertwined with Yellowstone that he took to signing his paintings “TYM,” for Thomas “Yellowstone” Moran.
（https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/05/explore-thomas-moran-yellowstone-paintings/）
56. What can we know about Yellowstone according to the passage
A. It was a popular park with geysers before Thomas Moran finished transformation.
B. It was an imagination of a harsh and wild place.
C. I became a national park with the efforts of Moran and Jackson
D. is an attractive grand valley.
57.What does the " pocked" mean in the first sentence ( paragraph 2 )
A.Packed. B.Dotted. C.Blocked D.Stuck.
58. What are the characteristics of Thomas Moran's paintings about Yellowstone Park
A.Paying attention to color rendering of paintings.
B.His magnificent and wonderful paintings.
C. His reputation closely linked to Yellowstone Park
D.His paintings with nothing special.
59.What does the passage mainly talk about
A.The Significance of Thomas Moran's paintings to Yellowstone Park
B. How Yellowstone Park is established as a National Park.
C.The Great Painter-Thomas Moran.
D. The process of Yellowstone Park being labelled as a fairyland.
(B)
Why UPS Trucks (Almost) Never Turn Left
By favoring right-hand turns at all times--unless a left is unavoidable-the carrier saves millions of gallons of fuel each year, and avoids emissions equivalent to over 20 ,000 passenger cars.
The practice started decades ago, before computers and GPS, and is now managed by asoftware that conjures the most efficient route for each truck.
What's wrong with turning left
Left-hand turns are generally considered unsafe and wasteful on right-hand driving roads, such as those in the US.
A study on crash factors in intersection-related accidents from the US National Highway Traffic Safety Association shows that turning left is one of the leading "critical pre-crash events" (an event that made a collision inevitable), occurring in 22.2 percent of crashes, as opposed to 1.2 percent for right turns. About 61 percent of crashes that occur while turning or crossing an intersection involve left turns, as opposed to just 3.1 percent involving right turns.
Left turns are also three times more likely to kill pedestrians than right ones, according to data collected by New York City's transportation planners.
"A left-hand turn is also less fuel efficient," said Jack Levis, UPS Senior Director of Process Management, "because your car's idling longer, which is also not good for your vehicle."
UPS does not ban left turns outright, says Levis: "We will make left hand turns, but not ones that are unnecessary. We don't need to go in circles all day long by making only right hand turns. We have tools analyze the number of left hand turns for each route, and we can work out which ones are avoidable."
The rule, says Levis, can also be applied to left-hand driving countries, such as Australia and the UK, where it discourages right-hand turns and the procedure is now incorporated in most countries around the world.
（http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/16/world/ups-trucks-no-left-turns/）
60. How much resources can UPS trucks save by avoiding turning left
A.UPS trucks will consume millions of gallons of fuel.
B. The emission of UPS trucks is equivalent to that of over 2000 passenger cars.
C.UPS trucks estimate to save 100 000 metrie tons of CO, emission a year.
D. UPS trucks estimate an increase of 6 to 8 miles per route.
6l. In Tom Vanderbilt's View, how to Deal with the Left Turn Problem in the United States
A. Install a dedicated left turn phase.
B.Traffic planners manage road conditions.
C.Operators make their own traffic maps.
D.National policy encourages left turn of vehicles.
62. Which of the following options is NOT TRUE according to the passage
A.It's unsafe to turn left on right-hand driving roads.
B.Turning left is resource-efficient on right-hand driving roads.
C.Left turning is likely to cause traffic accidents.
D. Left-turn is discouraged in all countries.
(C)
Why data is the new coal
“Is data the new oil ” asked proponents of big data back in 2012 in Forbes magazine. By 2016, and the rise of big data’s turbo-powered cousin deep learning, we had become more certain: “Data is the new oil,” stated Fortune.
Amazon’s Neil Lawrence has a slightly different analogy: Data, he says, is coal. Not coal today, though, but coal in the early days of the 18th century, when Thomas Newcomen invented the steam engine. A Devonian ironmonger, Newcomen built his device to pump water out of the south west’s prolific tin mines.
The problem, as Lawrence told the Re-Work conference on Deep Learning in London, was that the pump was rather more useful to those who had a lot of coal than those who didn’t: it was good, but not good enough to buy coal in to run it. That was so true that the first of Newcomen’s steam engines wasn’t built in a tin mine, but in coal works near Dudley.
So why is data coal The problem is similar: there are a lot of Newcomens in the world of deep learning. Startups like London’s Magic Pony and SwiftKey are coming up with revolutionary new ways to train machines to do impressive feats of cognition, from reconstructing facial data from grainy images to learning the writing style of an individual user to better predict which word they are going to type in a sentence.
And yet, like Newcomen, their innovations are so much more useful to the people who actually have copious amounts of raw material to work from. And so Magic Pony is acquired by Twitter, SwiftKey is acquired by Microsoft – and Lawrence himself gets hired by Amazon from the University of Sheffield, where he was based until three weeks ago.
But there is a coda to the story: 69 years later, James Watt made a nice tweak to the Newcomen steam engine, adding a condenser to the design. That change, Lawrence said, “made the steam engine much more efficient, and that’s what triggered the industrial revolution”.
Whether data is oil or coal, then, there’s another way the analogy holds up: a lot of work is going into trying to make sure we can do more, with less. It’s not as impressive as teaching a computer to play Go or Pac-Man better than any human alive, but “data efficiency” is a crucial step if deep learning is going to move away from simply gobbling up oodles of data and spitting out the best correlations possible.
“If you look at all the areas where deep learning is successful, they’re all areas where there’s lots of data,” points out Lawrence. That’s great if you want to categorise images of cats, but less helpful if you want to use deep learning to diagnose rare illnesses. “It’s generally considered unethical to force people to become sick in order to acquire data.”
（https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/27/data-efficiency-deep-learning）
According to the passage, why data is seen as the new coal
A. It can drive the steam engine to pump water
B.It can help people make more coals.
C. It can help the areas of deep learning
D. It can help cure diagnose rare illnesses.
64. According to Lawrence , why big data is less helpful to diagnose rare illnesses
A. Because there is no such demand.
B. Because it can only use to categorize images of cats.
C. Because it's unethical to acquire data by forcing people to become sick.
D. Because it needs too much data.
65. Which areas are most likely to be successful in in-depth learning
A.Some small start-ups.
B.Areas with large amounts of data.
C.Coal and Petroleum Development Field
D.Areas for tackling rare diseases
66. According to the content of the article, which is NOT TRUE about the big data
A. We still have a lot of work to study the big data.
B. It requires countless data to be collected.
C. The purpose of studying big data is to save parents’ costs
D. “Data efficiency” is a critical step to explore more data.
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
The Most Important Thing You’re Not Discussing With Your Doctor
Shared decision making requires you to be an active participant. Politicians and policymakers are discussing what parts of the Affordable Care Act to change and what to keep. While most of us have little control over those discussions, there is one health care topic that we can control: what we talk about with our doctor.
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) released the landmark publication Crossing the Quality Chasm 15 years ago. The report proposed six aims for improvement in the U.S. health system, identifying that health care should be patient-centered, safe, effective, timely, efficient and equitable.
The idea that health care should be patient-centered sounds obvious, but what does that mean The IOM defines it as care that is “respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values” and that ensures “patient values guide all clinical decisions.”
For this to truly happen, doctors’ appointments need to cover more topics than how one is feeling and what can be done. Does your doctor know your values
________(67)___________ Fewer than half of people report that their physician or other health care provider asks about their goals and concerns for their health and health care.
Your doctor can discuss medical tests and treatments without knowing your life goals, but sharing your values and needs with your doctor makes discussions and decisions more personalized – and may lead to better health.
How does patient-centered care happen
In order for your health care to center around you, your doctor needs to know your values, preferences and needs. Everyone is different. ________(68)___________As a neurologist, when I’m working with a 76-year-old widow whose main goal is to remain independent in her home, we frame her care in that context. ________(69)___________ We discuss how a walker helps her be more independent rather than less, as she can move around her home more safely.
When a stressed college student comes to my office for a bothersome tremor, his preference is to avoid medications that he might forget to take or that might harm his school performance. This guides our discussion of the pros and cons of different options, including using medications but also doing nothing, an option that almost half of patients feel strongly should always be discussed. ________(70)___________In sharing their values and goals with me, these individuals enabled a health care approach that respected their needs and also responded to their life circumstances.
A.We weigh benefits of medications versus the complexity of adding one more drug to her crowded pill box. B.If you answered no, you’re not alone. C.When your opinion is a shirt you will find more potential about you. D.Your values and needs may also vary from one appointment to the next. E.The two difference relies on what you understand instead of what you see. F.A year from now after graduation, we’ll revisit the conversation, as his goals and needs may be different.
IV. Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
（https://theconversation.com/the-evolutionary-origins-of-laughter-are-rooted-more-in-survival-than-enjoyment
To Laugh Is Human
Most of us don’t know why we laugh at some jokes and not at others. Scientists know that we are able to laugh at birth. Babies begin to laugh at three to four months of age, well before they produce their first words. What scientists are interested in is why we laugh.
Scientists believe humans laugh with others primarily because it makes us feel connected with one another, which in turn gives us a sense of trust and comfort. To scientists, laughter is an unconscious reaction; consequently, when we laugh, others can be certain that it is an honest reaction, and honesty is key when building and maintaining friendships.
Since laughter is seen as a social signal that we send to others, it can also help explain why it is so infectious. Studies have proven that when people see or hear something funny, they are 20 times more likely to laugh when they are with others than when they are alone. Wanting to be accepted by others is part of human nature. And mirroring other people’s laughter is a way to signal to others that you feel the way they do, which makes us feel more connected with one another.
Humans have not always laughed just so they can feel closer to others, however. Scientists point out that this social function of laughter was born out of an even more fundamental human need. Laughter, they believe, came about because it contributed to our very survival as a species. Scientists assume that sharing laughter ensured our ancestors a higher survival rate because it led to greater cooperation between individuals. Humans learned quickly that greater cooperation led to survival, and the brain in turn realized that laughing with others increased out chances of finding people to cooperate, hunt, eat, live, and eventually, survive with.
71.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I. Translation:
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
少喝含糖的饮料，否则你会容易发胖。(or)
在法庭上， 他坚持自己没犯抢劫罪。(guilty)
你是不是同意，在心情愉快的时候，总会有创意出现。(occur)
当谈到办公室冲突的时候，专家建议更多反思自己，更多换位思考，并及时与同事沟通。(when it comes to )
II. Guided Writing
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学的学生王磊，你校计划引进一个机器人担任餐厅服务员或者图书馆管理员，并在英语贴吧征求学生意见，你很感兴趣，决定回帖响应，你所写的内容应包括:
1你认为机器人适合担任的一个岗位，二选一;
2通过比较，阐述你选择的理由，可以从工作效率，服务范围等方面进行表述。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
21世纪教育网 www.21cnjy.com 精品试卷·第 2 页 （共 2 页）
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
