牛津译林版（2019）选择性必修 第二册大单元思维强化学案（四份打包）

Unit 2 Sports culture——2023-2024学年英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性必修第二册大单元思维强化
大单元思维知识整合
一、重点单词
score (n.) 得分，分数；刻痕；账；(v.) 得分；记分；获得
relate (v.) 讲，叙述；（使……）有联系；认同；涉及
complain (v.) 抱怨，诉苦；投诉，抗议
limit (n.) 限制；限量，限度；(v.) 限制；限定
limited (adj.)有限的
limitless (adj.)无限的；无止境的
limitation (n.) 限制；控制
pour (n.) 倾泻；倾盆大雨；(v.) 灌，注；倒；倾泻
participate (v.) 参与，参加；分享
participation (n.)参与，参加
participant (n.)参加者，参与者
compete (v.) 竞争；比得上；比赛
competitive (adj.)竞争的；有竞争力的
competition (n.)比赛；竞争
motivate (v.) 刺激；使有动机；激发...的积极性
motivation (n.)动力；动机
motivated (adj.)积极的，主动的
consistent (adj.) 坚持的；始终如一的；一致的
consistently (adv.)一贯地；持续不变地
rank (n.) 排；等级；军衔；队列；(v.) 排列；把…分等；列为；(adj.) 讨厌的；恶臭的
ranking (n.)地位，排名，排位（尤指在体育运动中）
faith (n.) 相信；信仰；宗教；善意
faithful (adj.)忠实的，忠诚的
faithfully ad(v.)忠诚地，忠实地
ambition (n.) 雄心，野心；志向；(v.) 有…野心
ambitious (adj.)有抱负的，有雄心的，野心勃勃的
二、重点短语
1.score a goal 进球;得分
2.score an own goal进乌龙球
3.a score of(约)二十个
4.scores of 很多的,大量的
5.relate sth to sth 将某一事物与另一事物联系起来
6.relate to sb/sth 谈到/涉及某人/某事;与某人/某物有关
7.relate sth tosb和某人讲述/叙述某事
8.in relation to关于;涉及
9.complain about sth 抱怨某事
plain of...抱怨……诉说(病情或痛苦)
11.complain to sb向某人抱怨/投诉
12.a limit to/on.... 对……的限制
13.limit… to… 把……限制在……范围内
14.pour out (of)（从……中）涌出；倒出
15.pour down流下来；下大雨
16.pour in大量地涌进来
17.pour ... into ... 朝……里面倒……
plain about sth. 抱怨某事
plain of… 抱怨……；诉说（病情或痛苦）
plain to sb. 向某人抱怨/投诉
21.complain that… 抱怨……
22.complaint n. 抱怨；不满；投诉
plaint about… 关于……的投诉
24.score a goal 进球；得分
25.a score of（约）二十个
26.scores of 很多的，大量的
27.participate in 参加……
pete with/against... (for…) （为得到……）与……竞争
pete to do sth 竞争做某事
pete in...在……中竞争
31.motivate sb. to do sth. 激励某人做某事
32.be motivated by… 受……激励/激发；出于……的动机
33.motivation for (doing) sth （做）某事的动机
34.be consistent with 与……一致
35.be consistent in 在……上一致
36.rank ... as… 把……视为……
37.top-ranked players 一流的选手
38.senior/high/junior/low rank 高/低级职位
39.have faith in... 信任……，对……有信心
40.lose faith in... 对……失去信心/不相信……
41.lose one's faith 失去信仰
42.be faithful to… 忠实于……
43.achieve/fulfill/realize one's ambition 实现某人的理想
44.an ambition to do sth./of doing sth. 想做某事的夙愿
45.full of ambition 野心勃勃
46.be ambitious for… 对……有野心
47.be ambitious to do sth. 渴望做某事
三、重点句型
1. This idiom is often used to talk about situations where you miss three chances.( 表抽象地点的名词后的定语从句)
2. As Coubertin believed, "With the Olympic Games, each generation celebrates its advent, its joy of living, its faith in the future, its ambition and its will to ascend."( as引导的非限制性定语从句)
四、重点用法
1. 不定式(短语)和现在分词(短语)作结果状语的区别
不定式(短语)作结果状语表示意料之外的结果,常与 ony，never等连用(但是有时only, never不一定接不定式作结果状语)；现在分词(短语)作结果状语表示顺其自然的结果，常与 thus等连用。
He woke up and looked out of the window, only to find the world outside greatly changed.他醒来看向窗外结果发现外面的世界发生了巨大的变化。
His father was lost in the war, never to be heard of again.他的父亲在战争中失踪了，结果再也没了消息。(hear of与其逻辑主语His father之间是被动关系，所以用 to be done)
五、重点语法
1. 过去进行时的被动语态
构成：was/were being done
基本用法：
（1） 过去进行时的被动语态表示在过去某一时间某事正在被做。
He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he was being followed.
他匆匆赶回家，一次也没有回头看看是否有人跟踪他。
The farmer said they were being trapped in the snowstorm then.
这位农民说他们当时正被困在暴风雪中。
2. 过去完成时的被动语态
过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态。当句子的主语为谓语动词动作的承受者，并且该动作发生在过去的某一时刻或某一动作之前时，谓语动词应用过去完成时的被动语态。
构成：
肯定结构：主语+had been done +其他成分
否定结构：主语+had not been done+其他成分
疑问句结构：Had+主语+been done+其他成分
By the time the teacher came in, the first experiment had been done.
老师进来的时候，第一个实验已经完成了。
The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came.
老师来之前教室还没有打扫。
Had the new plan been discussed before the meeting started
会议开始前讨论过这个新计划吗？
用法：
（1）在told，said，knew，heard， thought等动词后的宾语从句中，表示从句中的动作已被做完，用过去完成时的被动语态。
They said the production costs had been reduced.他们说生产成本已经降低了。
（2）当by the time，before，until，when等引导的时间状语从句的谓语是一般过去时，或在by和before后接表示过去的时间，且主句谓语表示的动作在过去某一时间以前已经被完成，用过去完成时的被动语态。
By the time he got to the school, the first period had been finished.
他到学校时，第一节课已经结束了。
How many buildings had been destroyed when the hurricane ended
飓风结束时有多少建筑物被毁？
（3）在“It was the first/second/... time + that从句”句型中，当从句主语为动作的承受者时，从句用过去完成时的被动语态，表示“……第几次被……”。
It was the first time that he had ever been awarded.
这是他第一次获奖。
（4）在虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反，当主语是动作的承受者时，用过去完成时的被动语态。
If the AI robot had been invented earlier, the production efficiency would have been improved.如果早一些发明人工智能机器人,生产效率就会提高了。
（5）在“Hardly/Scarcely had... when...”和“No sooner had… than…”句型中，当主句主语是动作的承受者时，主句用过去完成时的被动语态，表示“一……就……”。
Hardly had the front door been opened when we could smell the gas.
一打开前门，我们就闻到了煤气的味道。
大单元综合试题训练
一、语法填空
1.A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ______ (trap) in the mountains for two days.
2.In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones ______(not use) by then.
3.I remember well that the man ______(question) by the police at that time.
4.—What's that terrible noise, David
—Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machines in the nearby plant ______(test).
5.—What will the weather be like tomorrow
—I have no idea. I was on the phone when the weather report _______(broadcast).
6.After school we went to the reading room to do some reading, only to be told that it ______(decorate).
7.That was the first time that she ______(invite) to visit the Great Wall, which made her extremely delighted.
8.Three apartments in the project ______(finish) as expected by the end of last month.
9.This Monday morning I was informed I ______(choose) as one of the three exchange students in our college.
10.There is now intense ______(compete) between schools to attract students.
二、翻译句子
11.Jenny希望Smith先生能想出一个在短时间内提高她的英语的好办法。(have +宾语+宾补)
_______________________________________________________________________
12.无论年龄大小,学习第二语言都会给你带来很多乐趣并开阔你的视野。(whether...or...)
_______________________________________________________________________
13.随着大雨倾盆而下,洪水淹及膝盖,那个城市的人们变得越来越焦虑。(as引导的时间状语从句)
_______________________________________________________________________
14.现如今越来越多的网络词汇已无意中成为日常用语。 (find one's way into)
_______________________________________________________________________
15.站在球场边上的那位女士就是著名的排球教练—郎平。（动词-ing形式作后置定语）
_______________________________________________________________________
三、阅读理解
In every Summer Olympics since 1952, with two exceptions, the host country has won not only more golds but also more medals than it did in the previous summer games.
Japan, who hosted this year's games, won far more medals than it got from the previous Summer Olympics in Rio in 2016.Brazil more than doubled its golds in 2016. In the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China harvested 37 medals more than it took home in 2004. Only Finland, in 1952, and the United States, in 1996, saw their medal counts drop at home.
Why
The biggest plus(好处) of competing at home is the positive energy from a supportive crowd, according to athletes. Briana Scurry, a former goalkeeper for the US women's national soccer team, said playing in the US during the 1996 Summer Olympics helped her team beat China to win the gold that year. "We had 76,000 people at the final in Athens and Georgia all cheering for us, while China had a much smaller cheering audience," she said.
Another factor that can hurt athletes from other countries is travel. International competitions often require long flights across multiple time zones, which can impact their sleep. Foreign athletes may also be unaccustomed to the food and training equipment available at the competition. Even the weather may throw off a competitor used to a different climate.
The host countries have additional benefits to help their athletes petitors from host countries have to meet lower qualification(资格) standards than their foreign competitors. That may contribute to the phenomenon of host countries sending much bigger teams to their Olympics than the previous summer games when they competed abroad.
Japan got yet another benefit this year thanks to a new policy adopted by the International Olympic Committee(IOC) in 2016, which allows the host countries to add several new sporting events to- their games. It meant that baseball, softball, karate, skateboarding, climbing and some other popular sports in Japan were Olympic events in Tokyo. And Japanese athletes have already medaled in four of the five sports.
16.Which host country got fewer medals than it did in the previous Summer Olympics
A.Japan. B.China. C.Brazil. D.The US.
17.What is the biggest advantage for the home teams according to Briana Scurry
A.Bigger supportive crowds.
B.Having shorter flights and better sleep.
C.Lower qualification standards.
D.Being more used to the food and climate.
18.What does the author most probably suggest in the last paragraph
A.The newly added sports are popular all over the world.
B.Host countries may unfairly benefit from the new rule.
C.Host countries can select any sport for the competition.
D.The new rule adds an additional variety to the competition.
19.What is the author's purpose of writing the text
A.To explain the Olympic new rules.
B.To show the problems of IOC's policy.
C.To review the host countries' performances.
D.To analyze the benefits for the host countries.
四、七选五
Benefits of Sports
Doing sports is a physical, mental and social adventure. It's a great way for children to take a break from academics and release extra energy. It also helps them lead fuller and happier lives as regular sports have proven to improve overall well-being.
The physical benefits of doing sports are probably the most obvious. Regardless of your fitness level when you start playing sports, you'll notice an increase in your overall fitness once you're involved. ①______ Basketball players focus on strength training; football players work on speed while track athletes train through longer runs. The training process helps promote physical fitness and performances in competitions.
②______ Playing sports contributes to mental health, helping to increase confidence and self-worth. A pat on the back, high-five from a teammate, or handshake after a match really boosts a child's confidence. Words of praise and encouragement from the coach, parents and other players raise the self-worth. ③______ So after a game, it's a better idea to ask "Did you enjoy the game " rather than "Did you win "
Children who participate in sports might also benefit from the social aspect, feeling part of a group, building up accountability and leadership. ④______ Teamwork involves both being dependable as a teammate and learning to rely on your teammates to achieve a positive outcome. Teamwork breeds accountability and challenges you to be responsible for your actions. Being part of a team gives you an opportunity to be a leader.
Discipline is another social advantage. Most organized sports require a strict training and practice schedule. As a student-athlete, you need to balance academics and athletics. ⑤______
There is no shortage of reasons to find a sport to get involved in. Are you ready to go Pick one and get moving!
A. It's not just your body that benefits from sports.
B. Therefore, playing sports is going to make you more fit.
C. But remember, a child's self-worth should not be distinguished by victory or loss.
D. If you play group sports, you'll be part of a team that takes direction from a coach.
E. Nearly every sport requires physical activity and the skills needed to be competitive.
F. Among these, learning how to function as part of a team is the most important advantage.
G. Only with strict discipline can you be successful both in the classroom and in the sports field.
答案以及解析
一、语法填空
1.答案：had been trapped
解析：句意：一名救援人员冒着生命危险救了两名被困在山里两天的游客。trap指“使陷入困境”，为延续性动词，设空处为定语从句的谓语，与tourists为被动关系，应用被动语态。由for two days可知用完成时，主句谓语动词用一般过去时，故此处用过去完成时被动语态。
2.答案：hadn't been used
解析：考查过去完成时的被动语态。根据句中的In the 1950s和by then可知,空处应用过去完成时;又因为wireless phones与use之间为被动关系,所以空处填hadn't been used。
3.答案：was being questioned
解析：考查过去进行时的被动语态。根据时间状语 at that time可知，这里应用过去进行时，且 the man和question之间为被动关系，故用过去进行时的被动语态。
4.答案：are being tested
解析：考查现在进行时的被动语态。根据问句中的"What's that terrible noise"可知，这里应该用现在进行时，且噪声应是机器正在被检测时发出的，所以应用现在进行时的被动语态。
5.答案：was being broadcast
解析：考查过去进行时的被动语态。结合语境可知，此处指过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，应用过去进行时；且 the weather report与 broadcast是被动关系，所以此处应用过去进行时的被动语态。
6.答案：was being decorated
解析：考查过去进行时的被动语态。根据题干中的went和句意可知，这里应用过去进行时，且it与decorate之间为被动关系，故应用过去进行时的被动语态。
7.答案：had been invited
解析：考查过去完成时的被动语态。"It/That/This was the first time that..."为固定句式，表示"那/这是第一次……"，that从句常用过去完成时；又she和 invite是被动关系，应用被动语态。
8.答案：had been finished
解析：考查过去完成时的被动语态。根据句中的时间状语"by the end of last month"可知，空处应用过去完成时；又因为 Three apartments和 finish之间为被动关系，所以空处填had been finished。
9.答案：had been chosen
解析：考查过去完成时的被动语态。根据句意可知，choose表示的动作发生在 was informed之前，所以空处应用过去完成时；又因为I和choose之间为被动关系，所以空处用过去完成时的被动语态。
10.答案：competition
解析：句意为: 现在学校之间为了招揽生源展开了激烈的竞争。intense competition意为"激烈的竞争"。
二、翻译句子
11.答案：Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith can come up with a good way to have her English improved in a short period.
12.答案：Learning a second language, whether you are old or young, will bring you a lot of fun and broaden your horizons.
13.答案：As the rain poured down and the flood reached knees, people in that city became increasingly anxious.
14.答案：Nowadays more and more network words have found their way into everyday language.
15.答案：The lady standing on the side of the court is Lang Ping, a famous volleyball coach.
三、阅读理解
16.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知,只有芬兰和美国在国内的奖牌数有所下降。由此可知,主办国美国获得的奖牌比以前在夏季奥运会获得的少。故选D。
17.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段内容可知,据Briana Scurry说,在国内比赛最大的好处是观众的支持带来的正能量。由此推断,在Briana Scurry看来,对主办国队伍来说最大的优势是会有更多支持的观众。故选A。
18.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,日本今年还获得了另一个好处,这要归功于国际奥委会(IOC)在2016年采纳的一项新政策,该政策允许主办国在其奥运会上增加几个新的体育项目。这意味着日本流行的运动都成为奥运会项目,日本运动员已经在五个项目中的四个项目中获得奖牌。由此推断,作者借此表明主办国可能会不公平地从新规则中获益。故选B。
19.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。前两段讲述自1952年以来的每一届夏季奥运会上,除了两次例外,主办国获得的金牌和奖牌都比在之前的奥运会获得的多;下文分析出现这种现象的原因。由此推断出作者写这篇文章是为了分析举办奥运会对主办国的好处。故选D。
四、七选五
答案：EACFG
解析：①细节句。根据空后一句可知,篮球运动员注重力量训练,足球运动员注重速度训练,而田径运动员则通过长跑训练。由此可推断,几乎每一项运动都需要体力活动和具有竞争力的技能。故选E。
②主旨句。根据空后一句可知,运动有助于心理健康,有助于增强信心和提高自我价值。由此可推断,从运动中受益的不仅仅是你的身体。故选A。
③过渡句。C项中的self-worth是前一句中的原词复现,且victory or a loss与后一句中的“Did you win ”呼应,因此C项符合语境。故选C。
④过渡句。根据空前一句可知,参加体育运动的孩子也可能从社交方面受益,感觉自己是群体的一部分,建立责任感和增强领导力;根据空后一句可知,团队合作既包括当一个可靠的队友,又包括学会依靠你的队友来取得一个积极的结果。由此可推断,设空处应承上启下。F项“其中,作为团队的一员学习如何发挥作用是最重要的好处”符合语境。故选F。
⑤细节句。根据本段第一、二句可知,本段主要介绍与纪律相关的内容,这里对本段进行总结,只有遵守严格的纪律,你才能在课堂上和运动场上都取得成功。故选G。
2Unit 4 Living with technology——2023-2024学年英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性必修第二册大单元思维强化
大单元思维知识整合
一、重点单词
engage (v.) 订婚，（用契约、诺言等）约束（自己）；吸引
engaged (adj.)忙于；从事于；已订婚的；被占用的；使用中的
engagement (n.)订婚；婚约
annoy (v.) 惹恼；令人讨厌；打搅；(v.) 骚扰；惹恼
annoyed (adj.)恼怒的；生气的
annoying (adj.)令人生气/烦恼的
annoyance (n.)烦恼；令人烦恼的事物
optimistic (adj.) 乐观的，乐观主义的
optimistically (adv.)乐观地
expense (n.) 消费，开支；损失
distribution (n.) 分布；分配；配置
distribute (v.)分发；分配
distributor (n.)经销商；分销商
decrease (n.) 减小，减少；减少量，减少额；(v.) 减小，减少
deny (v.) 否定，否认；拒绝给予
illegal (n.) 非法移民；(adj.) 违法的
legal (adj.)合法的；与法律有关的
illegally (adv.)非法地
bury (v.) 埋葬；隐藏；专心于；掩埋
burial (n.)埋葬；葬礼
conclude (v.) 完成，结束；以…作为结束
conclusion (n.)结论；结束
conclusive (adj.)结论性的；不容置疑的；确凿的
massive (adj.) 大而重的，结实的，给人深刻印象的
threaten (v.) 威胁，恐吓
threat (n.)威胁；凶兆；构成威胁的人或事物
threatening (adj.)威胁的；恐吓的
urge (n.) 强烈的欲望；(v.) 催促，规劝；极力主张
urgent (adj.)紧急的；急迫的
urgency (n.)紧急；紧迫
warning (adj.) 警告的；(n.) 警告；预告
warn (v.)警告；告诫；使警惕
demand (n.) 要求，所需之物；需求；(v.) 要求；询问，质问；命令
二、重点短语
1.engage in sth. 参与某事
2.engage sb. in sth.（使）某人从事/参与某事
3.get/be engaged in sth. 忙于某事
4.be engaged to sb. 跟某人订婚
5.be annoyed at/with sb. about/by sth. 因某事对某人生气
6.be annoyed that...对……感到生气
7.be optimistic that/about 对……乐观;对……抱乐观看法
8.in an optimistic mood 以乐观的情绪
9.at the expense of在牺牲(或损害).....的情况下
10.at sb'sexpense由某人付钱:由某人负担费用
11.spare no expense 不借费用;不惜代价
12.distribute… to...向……分发……
13.distribute …between/among…在……之间分配……
14.decrease from…to… 从……减少到……
15.decrease by…减少了……
16.decrease to… 减少到……
17.on the decrease 在下降
18.deny doing sth 否认做某事
19.deny sb sth=deny sth to sb拒绝给予某人某物
20.deny (that)… 否认……
21.illegal drugs 违禁药品；毒品
22.an illegal weapon 非法 武器
23.an illegal act 违法行为
24.illegal parking/hunting 违章停车/非法捕猎
25.it is illegal (for sb) to do sth(某人）做某事是违法的
26.bury… in/at... 把……埋藏/埋葬在……
27.bury oneself in/be buried in埋头于；专心致志于
28.bury one's head/face in one's hands 双手抱头/掩面
29.bury one's head in the sand自欺欺人；逃避现实
30.conclude… with… 以……结束……
31.conclude sth by doing… 以做……结束某事
32.conclude… from… 从……中推断出……
33.conclude(from…) that... （从……）推断出，断定……
34.It is concluded that... 结论是……
35.a mass of/masses of 许多
36.the mass of 大多数
37.mass campaign群众运动
38.threaten sb with sth 用某事物威胁某人
39.threaten to do sth 威胁要做某事
40.be a threat to sb/sth 对某人/某物来说是一种威胁
41.under threat of... 面临……的威胁
42.urge sb to do sth 催促/力劝某人做某事
43.urge sb on为某人加油；激励某人
44.have an urge to do sth 有做某事的冲动烈欲望
45.be in urgent need of… 急需……
46.warn sb of/about/against sth警告某人某事；让某人提防某事
47.warn sb to do sth 提醒/告诫某人去做某事
48.warn sb not to do sth (=warn sb against doing sth) 警告/告诫某人不要做某事
49.demand to do sth要求做某事
50.a demand for... 对……的需求
51.satisfy/meet one's demands满足某人的需求
52.in demand 需求大；受欢迎
三、重点句型
1. What if I told you that doctors could create a virtual “twin” in order to practice delicate surgery before attempting it on the patient (What if... )
2. The applications can be expanded to make it easier to visualize data such as engineering projects and a variety of other design developments.(make+宾语+宾语补足语)
3. How cool that would be!(what和how引导的感叹句)
4. Moreover, there is growing concern that we might fall victim to this technology, as there are cases in which hackers have broken into facial recognition systems by using people's social media photos to build models.(介词+关系代词引导定语从句)
四、重点用法
1. make+宾语+宾语补足语
(1)该用法的基本结构:
make+it+adj./n.+不定式
The dusty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of space.
布满灰尘的天空使得我们难以获得太空的清晰图像。
make+it+adj./n.+从句
Susan made it clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.
苏珊向我表明她希望能过上新的生活。
(2)可用于上述结构的其他常见动词有 consider、 find、think、regard、feel、believe 等。
We consider it a waste of time and money to go on with the project.
我们认为继续这项工程是浪费时间和金钱。
2. what和how引导的感叹句
what和how引导感叹句的结构是（主语和谓语可省）：
What+a/an（+adj.）+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！
What+adj.+可数名词复数/不可数名词+主语+谓语！
How+adj./adv.+主语+谓语！
How+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！
How+主语+谓语！（此句式中主语和谓语不可省）
What an interesting story it is! 多么有趣的故事呀！
What beautiful flowers! 多么美丽的花呀！
What heavy snow it is! 多么大的雪呀！
How heavily it is raining! 雨下得真大呀！
How rude a person! 多粗鲁的人啊！
3. “介词+关系代词”引导定语从句
从语法角度来看，由于介词后面的成分是宾语，因此在其后使用的关系词也要有充当宾语的功能，先行词指人时关系词用whom，先行词指物时关系词用which。“介词+关系代词”结构用来引导从句，不能单独成为一个完整的句子。
从介词使用的角度来看，“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句在选用介词时需要符合下列三种情况的其中一种：
①与从句中的形容词或动词进行搭配：
In spring, the bear will leave the cave in which it has lived, hunting for food.
春天，熊会离开它一直居住的洞穴，前去觅食。
②与先行词能够搭配成合适的短语：
After the customers leave the hotel, the waiter will immediately tidy the room in which they have slept.
顾客离开酒店后，服务员会立即收拾他们就寝的房间。
③根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。
He is wearing thick glasses, without which he will walk like a blind man.
他戴着厚厚的眼镜，不戴的话走起路来就像盲人一样。
注意：
①不是所有的“介词+关系代词”结构都可以替换成关系副词，比如where，when等。有时使用“介词+关系代词”要比单独使用关系副词在表意上更具体，这时不可替换，如：
He came to the square on which a huge monument stood.
他来到了广场，那里矗立着一座纪念碑。（on which可以换成where，表意相近）
He climbed up to the top of the mountain, beyond which came a beautiful rainbow.
他爬上了山顶，远处出现了一道彩虹。（beyond which不能换成where，因为where本身不能体现beyond的含义）
②有时“介词+关系代词”中关系代词需要用whose，这种情况用于表示先行词和whose所修饰名词之间存在从属关系，例如：
I was grateful to that guy, with whose help I was inspired.
我对那个人心存感激，他对我的帮助让我备受鼓励
五、重点语法
1. 将来进行时
构成和概念
将来进行时由“will/shall be +现在分词”构成。将来进行时表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作或要在将来某一时间开始并继续下去的动作。将来进行时常用的时间状语有at this time， tomorrow，in three days，tomorrow evening，this evening，soon 等。
At this time tomorrow morning, Grandpa will be sitting in the dining room with us.
明早这时候，爷爷就会和我们一起坐在餐厅了。
Don't phone me between 5 pm and 6 pm. We will be having dinner then.
5点到6点之间不要给我打电话，那时我们在吃晚饭。
When he comes to my house tomorrow, I will be writing the report.
明天他来我家时，我将在写报告。
将来进行时的用法
（1）表示将来某一时刻或某一时间段内正在进行的动作，常与at this time， tomorrow，at three o'clock tomorrow afternoon 等表示将来的具体时间点的时间状语连用。
At seven o'clock tonight I will be listening to the report in the hall.
今天晚上七点钟时，我将正在大厅听报告。
Daniel's family will be enjoying their holiday in Mount Huangshan this time next week.
下周的这个时候丹尼尔一家就会在黄山度假了。
（2）将来进行时可以表示对将来的打算。
Professor Wang will be giving a lecture on Chinese poetry tomorrow evening.
王教授明晚会做关于中国诗歌的演讲。
（3）将来进行时可以表示现在正在进行的动作，但这个动作会延续到将来。
I wonder if it will still be snowing this afternoon.
我想知道今天下午是否还会一直下雪。
（4）将来进行时可以表示原因或结果。
Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon. She will be teaching a class at that time.
简不能参加今天下午3点的会议，因为那时她将正在教课。
特别注意：
将来进行时与一般将来时的区别
一般将来时强调的是“将来要发生”的动作和状态，而将来进行时表示“将来某个时间正在进行”的动作。注意以下两句的区别：
What will you do tomorrow
明天你会做什么呢
What will you be doing at nine o'clock tomorrow
明天九点钟时你正在做什么呢？
大单元综合试题训练
一、语法填空
1.I'm ________ (annoy) that we had to cancel the holiday—the weather forecast for that week is terrible!
2.They may fight each other to maintain their strict hierarchies(等级制度), but at other times they engage ________friendly behaviours like sharing food.
3.To give a ________(definite) of a word is more difficult than to give an illustration of its use.
4.As we all know, your ________ (academy) performance depends on how hard you work.
5.In addition to giving a general introduction to computers, the course also provides ________(practice) experience.
6.The temperature tomorrow will decrease ________ -15 degrees Celsius.
7.The experiment indicates that the method which is used in tide ________(predict) is practicable and effective.
8.In ________ (conclude), people should realize the real situation of food shortage.
9.________(urge) measures must be taken to stop the virus from spreading.
10.If you ________ (threat) me or use any force, I shall inform the police.
二、翻译句子
11.我们不能以牺牲出口为代价来促进消费。(at the expense of)
___________________________________________________________
12.如果你生病了又没人能照顾你怎么办 (what if... )
___________________________________________________________
13.要记住，没有某种单一的技术能够解决你所有的业 务问题。(keep in mind that...)
___________________________________________________________
14.为了节约人工成本，越来越多的无人机被应用于各 个领域。(in order to)
___________________________________________________________
15.建议人们对垃圾进行分类，使垃圾更容易回收。(it 作形式宾语)
___________________________________________________________
三、阅读理解
Can a small group of drones(无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today's "eyes in the sky" technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
16.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A.The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B.Drones' ability to work at high altitudes.
C.The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D.Drones' reliable performance in remote areas.
17.What does "maintenance" underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A.Personnel safety. B.Assistance from drones.
C.Inspection and repair. D.Construction of infrastructure.
18.What function is expected of the rail drones
A.To provide early warning. B.To make trains run automatically.
C.To earn profits for the crews. D.To accelerate transportation.
19.Which is the most suitable title for the text
A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B.How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D.How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
四、七选五
Apps (short for applications) are becoming increasingly popular nowadays, and with good reason. They can help you out in just about every area of your life, whether it's keeping fit, communicating with friends, or even learning a language. ① _____ Here's what you should think about before downloading an app for language learning.
Learn from diverse sources (not just apps)
Any seasoned language learner will tell you that the beauty of mastering a foreign language is the world which it opens up to you. This is a world of diverse sources (资源) of information, from newspapers and books to TV, radio, music and even real people. Would you limit yourself to one medium in your native language ②_____
Establish your purpose and plan your habits
Do you want to be fluent in weeks or are you in on it for the brain training The good apps are designed to help you fit your studies around your timetable. ③_____ These apps encourage habit building, because the successful formation of a habit ensures your safe and regular return.
Make it social
④_____ I mean socializing in real life. I owe the speed of progress I made in Italian to the support from Jim, my partner in study time. Find a friend to accompany you. Take an evening class. Borrow a book. Buy a book. Attend a language school. Just don't forget your phone!
If I may speak sincerely, the combination of an app, a language school, Jim, evenings out, and a book or two of choice proved extremely effective. ⑤_____
A. I recommend it.
B. Remember that an app is just a tool.
C. No, I don't mean posting your progress online.
D. I encourage you to use apps as often as you can.
E. Probably not, so why do so in your new language
F. The best apps adapt themselves based upon your behavior.
G. However, you need to know how to use them properly to really benefit.
答案以及解析
一、语法填空
1.答案：annoyed
解析：考查形容词。句意:我们不得不取消假期,这让我很生气—天气预报预计那周的天气很糟糕!根据句子结构可知,此处应用形容词作表语;指人的感受,应用以-ed结尾的形容词。故填annoyed。
2.答案：in
解析：考查介词。固定短语engage in意为“参加,从事”。故填in。
3.答案：definition
解析：考查名词。句意:给一个词下定义要比举例说明它的用法更困难。根据空前的a和空后的of可知,此处应用名词。故填definition。
4.答案：academic
解析：考查形容词。performance是名词,应用形容词修饰。故填academic。
5.答案：practical
解析：考查形容词。句意:这门课程除了介绍一般电脑知识外,还提供实践经验。experience是名词,应用形容词修饰。故填practical。
6.答案：to
解析：考查介词。句意:明天的温度会降到零下15摄氏度。根据句意可知,此处应用decrease to表示“下降到”。故填to。
7.答案：prediction
解析：考查名词。句意:该实验表明用于潮汐预测的方法可行且有效。根据句子结构及句意可知,此处应用名词作介词in的宾语。故填prediction。
8.答案：conclusion
解析：考查名词。介词In后接名词作宾语。故填conclusion。in conclusion是固定短语,意为“总之”。
9.答案：Urgent
解析：考查形容词。句意:必须采取紧急措施阻止病毒的传播。此处应用形容词修饰名词measures。注意首字母大写。故填Urgent。
10.答案：threaten
解析：考查动词。句意：如果你威胁我或动武的话，我就报警。空处是If引导的条件状语从句的谓语，应用动词的一般现在时表将来。故填threaten。
二、翻译句子
11.答案：We cannot boost consumption at the expense of exports.
12.答案：What if you fall sick and no one can care for you
13.答案：Keep in mind that no single technology can solve all your business issues.
14.答案：In order to save labor costs, more and more drones are being used in various fields.
15.答案：People are advised to sort the rubbish to make it easier to get it recycled.
三、阅读理解
16.答案：A
解析：理解具体信息。题干问什么使无人机在铁路线路中的应用成为可能。根据文章第二段中的"Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure"可知, 无人机现在已经用来检测高压电力线路, 它们可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路以及铁路基础设施的其他重要方面。故A项正确。
17.答案：C
解析：理解词汇。题干问"maintenance"是什么意思。根据画线词出现的语境"节省_____费用"以及该词在下文中的语境, 即第三段第二句"It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure"(据计算, 单是欧洲铁路一年就要在维护上面花费约200亿欧元, 其中包括常常在夜里派遣维护员工去检查和修复铁路基础设施)可知, 铁路"maintenance"包括检查和修复铁路基础设施。故C项正确。
18.答案：A
解析：理解具体信息。题干问的是期待铁路无人机有什么样的功能。根据文章最后一段最后一句"With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time"(因为能提前看到, 无人机可以感知到任何问题, 这样快速前进的列车就可以及时作出反应)可知, 期待铁路无人机具有的功能是提前发现问题, 并给列车发出警告。故A项正确。
19.答案：D
解析：理解文章主旨要义。题干问的是本文最佳标题是什么。第一段是导入, 综述无人机在铁路运营方面的应用前景; 第二段主要讲述无人机在铁路运营中的部分功能和作用; 第三段主要讲了无人机在降低铁路维护成本和维护铁路职员人身安全方面的作用; 第四段讲无人机还能为铁路运营做的事情。由此可知本篇文章主要讲的是无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。故D项正确。
四、七选五
答案：①-⑤ GEFCA
解析：①空前一句讲到应用程序几乎可以在你生活的每个领域帮助你摆脱困境，无论是保持健康、与朋友沟通，还是学习语言，根据空后一句并结合下文三个小标题可知，空处讲的应该是使用语言应用程序的注意事项，故G项符合语境
②空前一句讲"在母语里，你会把自己局限在一种媒介里吗"，因此空处应该是对这一问题的回答，故E项"可能不会，那么在你的新语言里你为什么要这么做呢"符合语境。
③本段小标题是"建立你的目标和规划你的习惯"，空前一句讲到好的应用程序对你学习的好处，空后一句则提到这些应用程序促进习惯养成，因此空处讲的应该也是好的应用程序的特点，所以F项符合语境。
④本段小标题是"将语言学习社交化"，空后一句讲"我的意思是现实生活中的社交"，因此C项符合语境。
⑤空前一句提到这种融合多种资源的方式非常有效，故A项"我推荐它"符合语境。
2Unit 3 Fit for life——2023-2024学年英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性必修第二册大单元思维强化
大单元思维知识整合
一、重点单词
disturb (v.) 妨碍，打扰；搅乱
disturbed (adj.)有精神病的；心理不正常的；不幸的；心神不安的
disturbance (n.)骚乱；干扰;精神失常
disturbing (adj.)引起恐慌的；令人不安的；引起烦恼的
adjust (v.) 调节，适应；校准；调整
adjustment (n.)调整；调节；适应
adjustable (adj.)可调节的
evidence (n.) 证据；证词；证人； (v.) 证明；显示，表明
evident (adj.) 明显的
evidently ad(v.) 明显地
anxiety (n.) 焦虑，挂念；令人焦虑之事；渴望
anxious (adj.)焦虑的；担心的；不安的；渴望的；急切的
anxiously (adv.)焦急地；不安地
symbol (n.) 象征；标志；符号
symbolic (adj.)象征性的
symbolize(v.)象征；代表；用符号表示
withdraw (v.) 抽回；移开；收回；提取
equip (v.) 配备；使具备，使有准备
equipment (n.)装备；设备
grateful (adj.) 感激的，感谢的；令人愉快的
gratitude (n.)感激（之情）
gratefully ad(v.)感激地
affect (v.) 影响；打动；（疾病等）侵袭
identify (v.) 确定；识别，认出
identification (n.)身份证明（ID）；识别；鉴定
means (n.) 方法，手段；工具
pace (n.) 步调；节奏；步速；一步；(v.) 缓慢而行；踱步
prohibit (v.) 禁止，阻止
prohibition (n.)(尤指通过法律的）禁止，阻止；禁令
debate (n.) 辩论，辩论会；(v.) 辩论，争论；思考
二、重点短语
1.adjust oneself to sth 适应某事
2.adjust to (doing) sth 习惯于（做）某事；适应（做）某事
3.make an adjustment/adjustments to… 对……进行调整；适应……
4.give/have/find evidence（出庭）作证/有证据/找到证据
5.clear/strong evidence 明显的/有力的证据
6.a piece of evidence 一项证据
7.date back to
8.anxiety over/about… 担心……
9.deep/great anxiety严重的焦虑；深深的忧虑
10.be anxious about sth/for sb 为某事/某人担心
11.be anxious to do sth 渴望做某事
12.be anxious for sth 想要得到某物
13.be anxious for sb to do sth 渴望某人做某事
14.be anxious that… 希望……
15.a/the symbol of... ……的象征
16.withdraw into oneself脱离（社会），不与人交往
17.withdraw...from… 从……撤出/移走/取走……
18.equip sb/sth with sth 用某物装备某人/某物；给某人/某物配备某物
19.be equipped with… 装有……；配备有……
20.well/fully/poorly equipped 设备完善/齐全/很差的
21.equip... for sth/to do sth……为了某事/做某事而有所准备
22.be grateful to sb for sth为某事感谢某人
23.be affected with… 感染……
24.be greatly/deeply affected by（感情上）被……极大地/深深地影响/触动
25.identify…as… 认出/证明/说明……是……
26.identify sth with sb/sth将某物等同于另一人/物；认为某物与某人/某物有密切关联
27.identify with sb/sth 认同某人/某物；和某人/某物有同感
28.by all means一定；当然可以
29.by means of借助……手段；依靠……方法
30.by no means一点都不；决不（放在句首时，句子要倒装）
31.have the means to do sth. 有钱做某事
32.the pace of...……的速度
33.keep pace with sth/sb与某物/某人步伐一致，并驾齐驱
34.at a... pace 以……的速度
35.prohibit sb/sth from doing sth 禁止某人/某物做某事；阻止某人/某物做某事
36.prohibit (sb) doing sth 禁止（某人）做某事
37.debate (sth) with sb 与某人辩论/讨论（某事）
38.under debate 正在讨论中
39.have a lively/heated/fierce/violent debate(about/on/over sth) （就某事）进行激烈的辩论
40.be open to debate 有待商榷
41.have (one's/some) doubts 有疑问，有怀疑
42.no/without/beyond doubt无疑；很可能；确实
43.be in doubt不肯定的；没把握的
44.There is no doubt that… 毫无疑问……
45.There is some doubt about/whether… 对（是否）……有一些疑问/不确定
46.doubt whether/if… 怀疑是否……
47.doubt that... 怀疑……
三、重点句型
1. Up to now, more than 360 acupuncture points have been identified, each linked to a different part of the body.(独立主格)
2. Over the course of my career, I have seen many wonderful scientific developments, but none are as game-changing as genome editing.(否定词+比较级(+than)结构表示最高级含义)
3. We have to figure out how to keep the technology from running wild.(疑问词+不定式)
4. Without them, genome editing could be as dangerous as a car out of control.( 含有without的含蓄虚拟条件句)
四、重点用法
1. “否定词+比较级（+than）”结构表示最高级含义
否定词not，never，nothing，no等与形容词或副词的比较级连用时，表达最高级含义。
The news couldn't have come at a better time.这消息来得再及时不过了。
Mr Black is very happy because the clothes made in his factory have never been more popular.
布莱克先生非常高兴，因为他工厂里生产的衣服从未如此受人欢迎。
She likes nothing better than a nice walk along the beach.
她最喜欢沿着海滩愉快地散步。
2. “疑问词+不定式”结构
疑问代词（who，what，which等）、疑问副词（when，where，how等）及whether后跟不定式，构成“疑问词+不定式”结构，可以在句中作主语、宾语（一般用在tell，understand，explain，advise，discuss等后面）、表语、同位语等。
We don't know what to do with such a difficult problem. Could you tell us how we deal with it
我们不知道如何处理这样一个难题。你能告诉我们怎么处理吗？
Where to go tomorrow has not been decided. 明天到什么地方去尚未决定。
He has to learn how to hunt for food, and make fire.
他得学会如何寻找食物以及生火。
3. 含有without的含蓄虚拟条件句
without表示“没有”，without短语可以含蓄地表达某一假设条件，这时句子应使用虚拟语气。例如：
Without water (= If it were not for water), men would not live any longer.
没有水，人类就活不下去。
另外，当含有without的含蓄虚拟条件句表示对过去的虚拟时，句子谓语动词应用would/should/could/might have done形式，without短语也可以替换为“if+主语+had not+过去分词”，例如：
Without having been cared for (=If he had not been cared for), the sick baby would not have survived for a week.
这个生病的婴儿之前如果没有得到照顾的话，是活不过一周的。
五、重点语法
1. 独立主格
(1)独立主格结构的定义
独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。独立主格结构由两部分组成,前一部分是名词或代词后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词或分词)、形容词、副词或介词短语等,前后两部分之间具有一定的逻辑关系。
(2)独立主格结构的形式
①名词/主格代词+现在分词(名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是逻辑上的主动关系)
The girl staring at him ( = As the girl stared at him ) , he didn't know what to say.那个姑娘盯着他,他不知道说什么好。
②名词/主格代词 +过去分词(名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是逻辑
上的被动关系)
The problems solved ( = As the problems were solved ) , the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决,质量已经有所提高。
③名词/主格代词+不定式(名词/主格代词与不定式之间是逻辑上的主动关系,且强调的是一次性的、具体要去做的动作)
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。
④名词/主格代 +形容词/副词/介词短语
He put on his sweater, wrong side out.他把毛衣穿反了。
2. 现在完成进行时
构成：主语+ have/has been +动词的现在分词+其他成分
基本用法：
现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间，其动作可能刚刚停止，也可能继续下去。该时态多用于延续性动词，如live，learn，lie，stay，sit，wait，stand，rest，study等，并常和all this time，this week，this month，all night，all the morning，recently 等状语以及由since和for构成的时间状语（从句）连用，与since和for连用时，常表示动作会继续下去。
I have been waiting for an hour and he still hasn't turned up.
我已经等了一个小时了，可他还没出现。（动作还在继续进行）
I've been writing letters all this morning.
我写了一上午信。（动作可能会继续下去，也可能刚停止）
We have been looking for you for an hour.我们找了你一个小时。（动作刚停止）
She has been teaching English since she graduated.
她毕业后一直在教英语。（动作还在继续进行）
We have been going over maths these days.
我们这些天一直在复习数学。（动作还在继续进行）
注意：
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别
①现在完成进行时表示的动作很可能持续下去，强调动作的延续性；而现在完成时通常表示动作已经完成，强调动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。
②有时现在完成进行时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复；而现在完成时一般不表示重复的动作。这时现在完成进行时可用于非延续性动词。
You have been saying for a year that you will study abroad.整整一年你都在说要出国留学。
③现在完成进行时往往带有某种感彩：而现在完成时通常说明事实，表述平铺直叙。
He's been working too hard.他工作太努力了。
大单元综合试题训练
一、语法填空
1.One possible reason is that dust can affect the breathing system and people may be more open to _______(infect).
2._____(anxious) can affect a child's performance in school, so keep an eye on your child's mood.
3.According to the study, about a third of children have been ______ (severe) overweight due to lack of exercise.
4.He finally found out the method for using his theory to explain ______(phenomenon).
5.Despite the long distance between the two countries, they enjoy good economic relations, which can date back ______the early 1960s.
6.The rise of gas prices is closely ______ (relate) to the limited oil supply.
7.There is growing evidence ______ staying up late has a serious impact on people's health.
8.The proposal is a surprise because the two companies have been on opposite sides of the debate ______net neutrality.
9.In our city people have used smart water meters to take ______place of traditional water meters.
10.All these noises made ______impossible for me to go on with my homework.
二、翻译句子
11.医生给了我两个治疗方案,我不知道哪一个是对我有利的。(宾语从句,work to one's advantage)
_____________________________________________________________________
12.如果给我足够的时间,我一定会把工作做得更好。 (独立主格结构)
_____________________________________________________________________
13.这些外科医生正在讨论如何做这场手术以将风险降到最低。(surgeon, debate,疑问词+不定式)
_____________________________________________________________________
14.他们不断走访群众以确保他们能从根源上解决贫困问题。(make sure, fundamental)
_____________________________________________________________________
15.这件事是怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。（主语从句）
_____________________________________________________________________
三、阅读理解
Scientists are working to stop a deadly virus that infects pigs. This African swine flu(猪流感) virus is causing huge losses for farmers in China and other Asian countries. Many farmers have tried to contain it by destroying infected animals. But the spread of the disease into East Asia has stepped up the search for other ways to deal with the problem.
The virus had not been considered a major concern for researchers until it appeared in China last year. Chinese farmers raise about half of the world’s pigs. Some researchers think the virus might have come from infected animals in Eastern Europe or Russia. Since then it has spread to China, Vietnam and other Asian countries. Millions of pigs have been destroyed.
Although swine flu does not sicken people, it is very infectious and deadly to pigs. As the deadly virus kills pigs across Asia, scientists are speeding up efforts to develop a vaccine (疫苗). “Today’s situation, where you have this global danger, puts a lot more emphasis on it,” said Doctor Luis Rodriguez, who leads the United States government laboratory for foreign animal diseases.
Vaccines are often developed by killing a virus before it is put into an animal. The disabled virus does not make the animal sick, but it activates the body’s natural defenses against disease. The immune system is then able to identify the virus and produce antibodies against it. However, this method is not effective with all viruses including the one that causes African swine flu. For swine flu, scientists have been working on a different kind of vaccine. It is made from a weakened virus, not a dead one. The problem for researchers has been how to change the virus so it can be safely used.
Vietnam’s government reported a few weeks ago that it was testing vaccines, but provided few details. In China, the government says scientists are working on a vaccine that genetically changes the virus, which is similar to a method being used by scientists in the US.
16.What caused the researchers’ deeper concern
A. The virus’ appearance in China.
B. The disease’s damage to people’s health.
C. The death rate of pigs all over the world.
D. The failure of vaccine’s development.
17.What does “it” refer to in paragraph 3
A. Developing a vaccine.
B. Curing the infected pigs.
C. Finding the origins of the virus.
D. Studying the harmful effects on people.
18.What can we learn about the vaccines for African swine flue
A. They are developed from a dead virus.
B. Regular developing methods apply to them.
C. China and the U.S. have different methods of developing them.
D. The genetic change of the virus may be a breakthrough for the vaccines.
19.Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Government Places Much Stress on Virus Research
B. Swine Flu Leads to the Deaths of Lots of Pigs
C. Scientists Hurry to Develop Vaccine for Swine Flu
D. Research on Animal Diseases Makes Great Progress
四、七选五
Imagine going to the doctor to get treatment for a terrible fever. ①_________ The robot detects the cause of your fever, travels to the appropriate system and provides medication directly for the infected area.
②_________ They are called "nanorobot"(纳米机器人) and engineering teams around the world are working to design robots that will eventually be used to treat everything from fever to cancer.
In recent years, researchers have been building nanorobots out of a familiar material—the same stuff that makes human life possible. ③_________ DNA is all around and in you—you just can't see it. If you were to look inside almost any cell inside any living creature, you would find DNA.
This might sound surprising—especially since these nanorobots don't need batteries(电池) or any power sources. Instead, they work by using the natural structure of DNA. The nanorobots "crawl"(缓慢行进) on DNA. Sometimes researchers refer to these things as DNA "spiders". ④_________ A nanorobot could, perhaps, destroy just a cancerous cell, for example, but leave healthy cells alone.
⑤_________ But the future is bright for nanorobots made from DNA. One day, perhaps the machine made from DNA will swim around in the human body, delivering medicine to diseased cells or helping doctors diagnose problems. Or maybe it'll help build the smallest computers the world has ever seen.
A. These nanorobots are made from DNA.
B. Nanorobots made from DNA aren't useful yet.
C. This description will give you a simple picture of the legs of a DNA nanorobot.
D. In other words, the DNA nanorobot destroys the track as it goes.
E. Being able to make such a tiny thing move in a certain way might be useful for health.
F. Instead of giving you a pill or a shot, the doctor puts a tiny robot into your bloodstream.
G. In fact, we're not that far from seeing devices like this actually used in medical procedures.
答案以及解析
一、语法填空
1.答案：infection
解析：考查名词。句意:一个可能的原因是灰尘会影响呼吸系统,人们可能更容易受到感染。空前的to为介词。故此处用名词形式。这里表示抽象意义,故用不可数名词。
2.答案：Anxiety
解析：考查名词。设空处在句中作主语,应用名词形式。这里表示抽象概念,应用不可数名词,且位于句首。故填Anxiety。
3.答案：severely
解析：考查副词。句意：据研究，由于缺少运动，约有三分之一的孩子已经严重超重。设空处修饰其后的形容词overweight，故用副词形式。
4.答案：phenomena
解析：考查名词复数。phenomenon是可数名词,前面没有限定词,应用复数形式。故填phenomena。
5.答案：to
解析：考查介词。句意：尽管两国之间距离遥远，但它们之间有良好的经济关系，这可以追溯到20世纪60年代初。date back to意为“追溯到……”，符合题意。
6.答案：related
解析：考查形容词。设空处在句中作表语,且被副词closely 修饰,应用形容词。be related to意为“与……有关”。故填related。
7.答案：that
解析：考查同位语从句。句意:越来越多的证据表明,熬夜对人们的健康有严重的影响。由句意可知此处为同位语从句,设空处后的句子结构、意思完整,由此可知用that引导同位语从句。故填that。
8.答案：on/about/over
解析：考查介词。the debate on/about/over...关于……的争论/辩论。
9.答案：the
解析：考查冠词。句意：在我们城市，人们已经用智能水表来代替传统的水表了。take the place of为固定搭配，意为“代替”。
10.答案：it
解析：考查代词。句意:所有这些噪音使得我无法继续做作业。本句使用了"make it+adj.+for sb. to do sth."结构,其中it为形式宾语,真正宾语是其后的不定式短语。
二、翻译句子
11.答案：The doctor gave me two treatment plans and I don't know which one works to my advantage.
12.答案：Enough time given to me, I will surely do the job better.
13.答案：These surgeons are debating how to perform the operation to minimize the risk.
解析：分析句子结构可知,此处应用“疑问词+不定式”作宾语;再结合句意可知,这里的疑问词应用how。
14.答案：They keep visiting the masses to make sure (that) they can tackle the fundamental cause of the poverty problem.
解析：make sure意为“确保,设法保证”,其后可以跟that引导的宾语从句,that可以省略。fundamental“基本的,根本的,基础的”。
15.答案：How this incident happened is not clear to anyone.
三、阅读理解
16.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。从文中第二段The virus had not been considered a major concern for researchers until it appeared in China last year.可得出答案A。
17.答案：A
解析：代词指代题。it指代的是上句中的efforts to develop a vaccine.。
18.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。文章第四段最后一句The problem for researchers has been how to change the virus so it can be safely used.可以得出答案为D。
19.答案：C
解析：最佳标题题。文章讲述的是科学家们正致力于研发对抗猪流感病毒的疫苗。前两段是猪流感的爆发、危害和来源；第三段讲科学家正在研发猪流感病毒疫苗；第四段讲猪流感病毒疫苗和普通疫苗的区别；最后一段是各国疫苗的研制情况。
四、七选五
答案：FGAEB
解析：①第一段主要介绍一种新的医疗手段。空前句是说假设你去找医生治疗发烧,空后句叙述这种机器人有检测发烧的原因等医疗功能,F项“医生没有给你一粒药也没有给你打一针,而是在你的血管里放入一个微型机器人”介绍这种新的医疗设备,能够衔接前后文,故F项正确。
②第二段承接第一段,阐述这种新的医疗手段并非遥不可及。G项意为“事实上,我们距离看到诸如这样的设备被真实地用于医疗程序中并非那么遥远”。空后句中的They指代G项中的复数名词devices(设备),G项与空后句中的that will eventually be used to treat everything from fever to cancer(它们最终会用于治疗从发烧到癌症等各种疾病)呼应,故G项正确。
③本段主要讲述纳米机器人的制作。A项“这些纳米机器人由DNA制作而成”符合语境,故A项正确。
④本段主要讲述纳米机器人的优点及工作方式。空前内容指出它不需要电池,靠DNA的结构运行。空后句阐述也许它会只杀死癌细胞而不惊动健康细胞。E项“能够让这么微小的东西以某种方式运行可能对健康有好处”能够衔接上下文,故E项正确。
⑤本段主要讲述用DNA制作而成的纳米机器人的前景。空后句意为“但是由DNA制造的纳米机器人的未来是光明的”,B项“由DNA制作而成的纳米机器人还不实用”与空后句形成转折关系,故B项正确。
2Unit 1 The mass media——2023-2024学年英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性必修第二册大单元思维强化
大单元思维知识整合
一、重点单词
absorb (v.) 吸收；理解；使全神贯注
absorption (n.)吸收；并入；全神贯注
amuse (v.) 逗乐；娱乐，消遣
amusement (n.)开心；愉悦；娱乐；娱乐活动；消遣活动
amusing (adj.)好笑的；有趣的
amused (adj.)被逗乐的；觉得好笑的
found (v.) 成立，建立； 把...基于；把...建立在；(adj.) （指艺术品）天然的
founder (n.)创办者；发起人
foundation (n.)基金会；基础
accuse (v.) 指控，控告；指责，把...归咎于；指责；控告
accusation (n.)指责；谴责; 控告
witness (n.) 目击者；证人；证据；证言；(v.) 目击；注意到；为...作证；证明
spring (v.) 生长; 涌出, 涌现; 跃出；(n.) 春天; 泉水
trap (n.) 陷阱；圈套；夹子；(v.) 诱捕；设陷阱；困住
release (v.) 松开，排出，免除；(n.) 放松，发布的新闻
construction (n.) 建筑物；建造；构建；解释
construct (v.)建造，建筑
constructive (adj.)建设性的
differ (v.) 不同；持异议
difference (n.)差别；差异；不同之处
conclusion (n.) 结论，推论；结局；签订
conclude (v.)终止；（使）结束；推断出；得出结论
二、重点短语
1.be/get absorbed in 全神贯注于
2.be absorbed into 被纳入/并入
3.It amuses sb to do sth 做某事逗笑某人
4.amusement park 游乐场
5.to sb's amusement令某人发笑/感到有趣的是
6.with/in amusement 愉快地
7.be amused by/at...被……逗乐；因……而开心
8.be founded on/upon...=be based on/upon... 建立在……的基础上
9.accuse sb. of (doing) sth. =charge sb. with (doing) sth.指责/控告某人(做)某事
10.a witness to……的证人/证据
11.witness to为……作证; 出庭证明; 证实
12.spring up
13.spring from突如其来地(从某处)出现; 起源于(或来自)某事物
14.spring to their feet立刻站起来
15.spring to sb.'s assistance连忙站出来帮助某人
16.be/get trapped (in/on…) 被困(于……)；被陷（于……)
17.trap sb. into (doing) sth. 诱骗某人(做)某事
18.lay/set a trap for... 为……设下圈套
19.fall/walk into a trap 落入圈套
20.release sb. from someplace 从某地释放某人
21.release stress/emotions 释放压力/发泄情感
22.be under construction 正在修建中
23.construction of... ……的建造
24.differ in… 在……方面不同
25.differ from… 与……不同
26.differ with sb about/on/over sth 与某人在某事上持不同意见
27.make a difference 有影响；有作用
28.in conclusion (= to conclude) 最后；总之
e to/draw/reach a conclusion 得出结论
30.conclude... from... 从……中得出……结论
31.conclude with sth./by doing sth. 以某物/做某事结束
32.come across偶然发现;偶遇;被理解
e on(表示催促、鼓励、挑战、恳求等)来吧;快点;开始
e out 出版;发表;结果;(品质等)显现;开花;被获知
e up出现;走近;(话题、议题等)被提起
三、重点句型
1. The more we like the brand ambassador, the more we will be attracted to buy the product.( the+比较级(+主语+谓语)，the+比较级(+主语+谓语))
2. Fears grew that the number of deaths could reach 12, according to figures released by emergency services.(that引导的同位语从句)
3. By this time, the fire had extended to the 15th floor.(“by+时间点”作时间状语)
四、重点用法
1.“so+be动词/助动词/情态动词十主语”表示前面所述的肯定情况也适用于后者,意为“……也一样”。
I like helping others, so does Li Hua.我乐于助人,李华也是如此。
2.“neither/nor+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”表示上文所述的否定情况也适用于后者，意为“……也不……”
I haven't been to New York before and neither has Jane.我以前没有去过纽约,简也没去过。
3.“so+主语+be动词/助动词/情态动词”表示同意上文所述内容，意为“确实如此，的确如此”。
——Li Hua will speak at the meeting tomorrow李华明天将在会上发言。
——So he will. 确实如此。
五、重点语法
1.过去完成时
构成：had+过去分词
（1）基本用法
①过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，常与时间状语“by+表示过去的时间”和before等引导的短语或从句连用。
Silk had become one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100BC.
大约在公元前100年，丝绸已经成为“丝绸之路”上交易的主要商品之一。
By nine o'clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
截至昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张宇宙飞船发来的图像。
The two didn't know each other well-Taylor had just moved to town a month or so before.
这两个人并不太了解对方——泰勒大概一个月前刚搬到镇上。
②用于宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句中，表示主句和从句发生的动作有先后关系。动作发生在前的，用过去完成时；动作发生在后的，用一般过去时。
The woman said she had not only lost 125 pounds, but also raised 825,000 for homeless children.这位女士说她不但已经减了125磅，还为无家可归的孩子筹集了25, 000美元。
During his stay in Xi'an, Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friend had recommended.
在西安逗留期间，杰里几乎品尝了他朋友推荐的所有当地美食。
Mr. White had worked in our school for nearly forty years before here tired last month.怀特先生上个月退休了，他之前在我们学校工作了将近40年。
③表示在过去某一时刻之前已经开始并一直延续到这一时刻的动作或状态，常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当公共汽车终于来了的时候，我已经在车站等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
他说自1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
④有些动词用过去完成时可以表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图，如hope，plan，think，intend，mean（打算）等。
I had planned for 30 guests, but only 10 arrived.我做好了 招待30 位客人的准备，可是只来了10位。
I had intended to get up when the clock rang, but my foggy brain kept persuading me right back to sleep.
我本打算在闹钟响的时候就起床，不过我昏昏沉沉的大脑总是说服我睡下去。
I had hoped that we would do better this time, but we failed again.
我本希望这次我们能做得好一点，但我们又失败了。
（2）用于过去完成时的常用句式
①表示“……就……”的“hardly/scarcely… when…”和“no sooner… than...”等句式中，主句常用过去完成时。
No sooner had the game started than it began to rain heavily.比赛 一开始，天就下起了大雨。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他的话。
②“It/This/That was the first/second/...time that...”表示“这/那是第一/二/……次……”，that从句用过去完成时。
Guangzhou Evergrande made history by winning the AFC Champions League title for China in 2013. It was the first time that a Chinese club had won the competition.
2013年广州恒大为中国赢得了亚足联冠军联赛的冠军，创造了历史。这是中国俱乐部第一次赢得该项比赛。
大单元综合试题训练
一、语法填空
1.Silk _____(become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
2.Winning the English speech contest is one of my most _____（memory）experiences.
3._____（absorb）in painting, John didn't notice evening approaching.
4.Dora seemed to be unconscious of the ________(amuse) she had caused.
5.The boy, who is said to have a great talent for language learning and ________(persuade), is only ten years old.
6.Instead of getting down to a new task as I _____ (expect), he examined the previous work again.
7.The government has undertaken to solve unemployment as the top ______（prior）in response to people's demands.
8.Better ________(interact) between the teachers and students can promote the effectiveness of the class to a certain extent.
9.She picked up a valuable first ________(edit) at a village book sale.
10.His life as a ________(profession) singer started seven years ago.
二、翻译句子
11.许多运动员为备战奥运会刻苦训练，为的就是能为祖国赢得荣誉。(so that)
___________________________________________________________________
12.健康对于事业的成功是非常重要的,这就是你应该经常锻炼的原因。(This is why...)
___________________________________________________________________
13.通常来说，团队成员越亲密，他们在团体比赛中的表现就越好。(the +比较级..., the +比较级...)
___________________________________________________________________
14.这篇文章不仅对大众媒体作出了详细的介绍，还提到了它对我们的生活的影响。(not only... but also... ; 倒装)
___________________________________________________________________
15.由于报道的新闻并不完全都是真的，我们每个人都要做批判性的读者。(as)
___________________________________________________________________
三、阅读理解
A study of 100 mobile apps for kids found that 72 broke a law aimed at protecting children's online privacy. Researchers developed a tool that can determine whether a mobile app follows the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). The tool was 99% right. Researchers continue to improve the technology, which they plan to make available for download at no cost.
When you download an app, it can get a lot of information on your cellphone. You have to keep in mind that all the information can be collected by these apps and sent to third parties. What do they do with it They can pretty much do anything. We should be careful about this. Apps can get personal identifiable information, including names, email addresses, phone numbers, locations, audio and visual recordings, and unique identifiers or devices such as an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI), Media Access Control (MAC) addresses, Android IDs and Android Advertising IDs. The Advertising ID, for example, allows app developers to collect information on users' interests, which they can then sell to advertisers. What's worse, games and other apps that violate the COPPA cause privacy risks, which could make it possible for someone to determine a child's ID and location. A bad man could probably get the user's email ID and geographic location and try to kidnap the child.
The COPPA requires that websites and online services directed to children get parental agreement before collecting personal information from anyone younger than 13; however, as the research found, many popular apps do not follow the rule. Researchers found that many popular games designed specifically for young children showed users' Android IDs, Android Advertising IDs and device descriptions. Researchers suggest that parents should be careful when downloading or allowing children to download apps. They advise keeping downloads to a minimum. Don't download apps unless they are needed.
16.What is the matter with most mobile apps for kids
A.They lead children to do wrong.
B.They are too expensive for kids.
C.They collect children's private information.
D.They are too difficult to operate.
17.What can we learn about the testing tool
A.It will be put online for sale.
B.Parents will get it for free.
C.Apps will find ways to deal with it.
D.Researchers will give it up after the study.
18.What will apps do with kids' privacy
A.They will send it to others. B.They will publish it online.
C.They will keep it a secret. D.They will use it in social surveys.
19.What is the researchers' advice to parents about downloading apps
A.Downloading as few apps as possible.
B.Downloading as many apps as possible.
C.Downloading no apps from the Internet.
D.Downloading apps that the COPPA identifies.
四、七选五
Ways to protect yourself from disinformation
There are so many news events, some true, some not. It can be hard to tell them apart. Many people take in the media without thinking twice about it. ①________. Here are three simple steps to become a smarter news reader.
1. ②________
You probably get much of your news from apps, sites and social media. Twitter, Facebook and Google are common ones. You should change that. These are technology companies, not news companies. They want to keep you on their sites in order to get money from ads. They show you the news you will like. It may be total lies or something that you have seen before. ③________. These places share news for the benefit of the public.
2. Use Basic Math
News that can't be trusted often uses false numbers. Most readers won't take the time to check them. ④________.
3. Be ware of Bias (偏见)
News media are often called out for political bias. Bias is leans toward or against an idea. News often favors certain political parties. There is other bias. One is toward the use of simple sound bites (摘引精句) or the headlines. ⑤________. Studies found that false news stories often use simple and repetitive words.
Following these steps can put you back in control.
A. Concentrate on Apps
B. Find News Sources
C. Simple math can help you better spot lies
D. You can have more control over your news
E. So it is better to visit trusted news sites directly
F. These do not fully explain important problems
G. Seeing and hearing should not necessarily be believable
答案以及解析
一、语法填空
1.答案：had become
解析：句意为: 到大约公元前100年时, 丝绸已成为丝绸之路上交易的主要商品之一。句中的时间标志词"by+过去某时间"意为"到过去某时间为止", 表示动作始于过去, 且到过去的某个时间点完成, 应用过去完成时。
2.答案：memorable
解析：考查形容词。名词experiences前应用形容词修饰。故填memorable。
3.答案：Absorbed
解析：考查形容词。设空处在句中作状语，be absorbed in...全神贯注于……，句首单词首字母大写，故填Absorbed。
4.答案：amusement
解析：考查名词。句意:Dora似乎没有意识到她引起的乐趣。介词of后接名词作宾语。故填amusement。
5.答案：persuasion
解析：考查名词。句意:据说这个在语言学习和说服方面很有天赋的男孩只有10岁。连词and连接并列名词作介词for的宾语。故填persuasion。
6.答案：had expected
解析：句意为:他没有像我之前所料想的那样着手做新工作, 而是又检查了一遍以前的工作。as引导方式状语从句, 设空处是从句的谓语, 此处expect表示的动作发生在句子的谓语examined之前, 表示“过去的过去”, 应用过去完成时。
7.答案：priority
解析：考查名词。top在此处为形容词，其后应用名词，故填priority。the top priority头等大事。
8.答案：interaction
解析：考查名词。句意:更好的师生互动可以在一定程度上促进课堂的有效性。形容词better后接名词作主语。故填interaction。
9.答案：edition
解析：考查名词。句意:她在乡村图书销售会上买到了一本珍贵的初版。valuable first后接名词,edition意为“版本”。故填edition。
10.答案：professional
解析：考查形容词。句意:他的职业歌手生涯开始于七年前。名词singer前应用形容词修饰。故填professional。
二、翻译句子
11.答案：Many athletes train hard in preparation for the Olympic Games so that they can win glory for their homeland.
12.答案：Health is very important for career success and this is why you should exercise regularly.
13.答案：Generally speaking, the closer the team members are, the better their performance in team competitions will be.
14.答案：Not only did the article give a detailed introduction to the mass media, but also it referred to its influence on our lives.
15.答案：As not all the news reported is true, every one of us should be a critical reader.
三、阅读理解
16.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知,一项针对100款儿童移动应用程序的研究发现,其中72款程序违反了旨在保护儿童网络隐私的法律;根据最后一段第一句可知,这项法律要求面向儿童的网站和在线服务在收集13岁以下儿童的个人信息之前必须得到父母的同意,然而,研究发现,许多流行的应用程序并不遵循这一规定。由此可知,大多数面向儿童的移动应用程序出现的问题在于它们收集孩子的私人信息。故选C。
17.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知,研究人员继续改进这项技术,他们计划让人们免费下载这项技术。因此,父母将免费获得这一测试工具。故选B。
18.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知,这些应用程序可以收集所有这些信息并发送给第三方。故选A。
19.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第二句可知,研究人员建议,父母将下载数据控制在最低水平。故选A。
四、七选五
答案：DBECF
解析：①过渡句。上文讲到,许多人因难以区分真假新闻而相信媒体上看到的新闻。下文介绍了三个简单的成为更加明智的新闻阅读者的方法。所以推断出,设空处应说明人们可以避免阅读假新闻。所以D项“你可以更好地控制你(所阅读)的新闻”符合语境,承上启下。故选D。
②主旨句。此空是本段的小标题。根据下文可知,你获得的大部分新闻都来自科技公司,而不是新闻公司,新闻的来源并不可靠。由此推断出,本段给读者的建议是找到真正的新闻来源。故选B。
③过渡句。根据上文可知,这些科技公司让你看新闻是为了挣钱;结合下文这些地方是为了公众的利益而分享新闻,与上文形成对比。故可推断出,设空处应建议读者到真正的新闻网站阅读新闻。所以E项“因此,直接访问可信的新闻网站更好”符合语境,承上启下,而且下文中的These places指代选项E中的trusted news sites。故选E。
④细节句。根据小标题可知,本段建议使用基本的数学知识;上文介绍没有可信度的新闻常常使用错误的数字,大多数读者不会花时间去核实。所以此处说明数学知识可以帮助我们识别新闻的真假。因此C项“简单的数学有助于你更好地发现谎言”符合语境,承接上文。故选C。
⑤细节句。根据上文可知,简单的摘引精句或者头条也是一种偏见。由此推断,下文应说明把简单的摘引精句或头条看作偏见的原因。所以F项“这些不能把重要的问题完全解释清楚”符合语境,承接上文,而且选项F中的These指代上文提到的simple sound bites or the headlines。故选F。
2