外研版（2019）必修 第二册大单元思维强化学案（6份打包）

Unit 6 Earth first——2023-2024学年英语外研版（2019）必修第二册大单元思维强化
大单元思维知识整合
一、重点单词
scare v. 使(某人)惊恐，吓唬
target v. 把……作为目标
fortunately adv. 幸运地
extinction n. 灭绝，绝种
attitude n. (尤指通过行为表现出的对某事的一般)看法，态度
devote v. 致力，献身，倾注
cruelty n. 残忍，残酷，残暴
reserve n. (野生生物)保护区
establish v. 建立，设立
damage v. 破损，损害，损伤
affect v. 影响
supply n. 煤气、电力、自来水等供应(系统)
adopt v. 采取(某种方法)
reduce v. 减少，降低
severe adj. (问题、伤势、疾病等)很严重的
lecture n. (尤指大学里的)讲座，讲课，演讲
permission n. 允许，许可
majority n. 多数，大多数(人或物)
amount n. 数量，数额
remove v. 移走，搬走，去掉
urge v. 竭力主张，强烈要求，敦促
concerned adj. 焦急的，担忧的
contribute v. 促成，造成(某事发生)
average adj. 平均(数)的
drought n. 旱灾，干旱
flood n. 洪水，水灾
restore v. 使恢复
sustainable adj. 可持续的，不破坏环境的
二、重点短语
in fear 害怕地
be scared/frightened/afraid of 害怕
due to 由于，因为
cut off 切掉；被隔绝
have a(n) ...effect on/upon 对……有影响
be based on 基于，以……为基础
see ...as ... 把……看作……
rather than 而不是
the other way round 相反的情况
by mistake 错误地，无意中
protect ...from ... 保护……免受……
replace ...with ... 用……代替……
take steps 采取措施/步骤
mistake ...for ... 把……错当成……
break down 分解
take ...into account 把……考虑进去
三、重点句型
1. 1.Some people stopped swimming in the sea, afraid of the horrible creature from the film. (形容词短语作状语)
(1)形容词(短语)作状语可以表示方式、原因或伴随状况等，可位于句首、句末或句中，常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开。
(2)形容词(短语)作状语时常用来说明句子主语的状态，即和主语常可构成系表关系。如果用来修饰句子的谓语动词或整个句子，则应用副词作状语。
2. Fortunately，not everyone who watched the film Jaws became afraid of sharks — some became interested in understanding them. (部分否定)
3. However, making a paper bag uses four times as much energy as making a plastic bag and up to three times the amount of water. (倍数表达法)
(1)A＋be＋倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as＋B
(2)A＋be＋倍数＋形容词/副词比较级＋than＋B
(3)A＋be＋倍数＋the＋名词(size/weight/length ...)＋of＋B
(4)A＋倍数＋what从句
4. In 1980，Benchley was diving when he came across an awful sight. (be doing ...when ...“正在做……这时……”)
when作并列连词还用于以下句型：
(1)be about to do/be on the point of doing...when...正要做……这时……
(2)had just/ hardly done ...when ...
刚做了……这时……
5. Many people who saw the film started to believe that sharks were bad animals that ate humans. (复合句。主语部分中who引导的定语从句修饰先行词many people；动词believe后为that引导的宾语从句，其中包含一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词bad animals。)
6. Finning would have an unexpected effect upon Peter Benchley，the man who wrote the book the film Jaws was based on. (复合句。the man与Peter Benchley为同位语，其后who引导的定语从句修饰先行词the man，而the book后为省略关系代词that/which的定语从句，修饰先行词the book。)
四、重点语法
现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语
1. 现在分词作宾语补足语
现在分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾补是主动关系。其主要用于以下两类动词后作宾语补足语：
(1)位于感官动词后，如see, watch, hear, feel, smell, find, listen to, look at, notice, observe等。
注意：感官动词see, watch, hear, observe 等后跟doing作宾补时，表示动作正在进行：后跟do作宾补时，表示动作的全过程。
As I got closer, I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.当我走近时，我看见他的腿在空中乱踢，喘着粗气。
Do you hear someone calling for help
你听得到有人在呼救吗？
(2)位于使役动词后，如keep, have, get, leave, set, catch等。
They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.
他们使用电脑来保持交通畅通。
He had the fire burning all the night.
他让火燃烧了一夜。
We got the lawn mower working again eventually.
我们最终又让割草机开始工作了。
2. 过去分词作宾语补足语
过去分词作宾语补足语说明宾语的性质或状态，宾语与过去分词之间为被动关系。能够接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词主要有两类：一类是感官动词，另一类是使役动词。在高中阶段学习的过去分词作宾语补足语的情况通常有以下几种：
(1)用于表示某种状态的动词keep, leave 等的宾语后面。
The guests left most of the dishes untouched because they didn't taste delicious.客人们没有动大部分的菜，因为它们尝起来不好吃。
(2)“have/get+宾语+过去分词”表示“使某事被做（让别人做或主语自己做）”或“遭遇某种不幸”
Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.
亚历山大试图让他的工作在医学界得到认可。
Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.
克莱尔在飞机起飞前一小时把行李托运了
(3)在“make+宾语+过去分词”结构中过去分词表示结果。
I raised my voice to make myself heard.
我提高了嗓门以便让别人听到我的话。
(4)常用在感官动词watch. see, hear, notice, feel, find等的后面作宾语补足语。
I'd like to see the plan carried out.
我想看到这个计划得到实施。
I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.
我惊讶地发现我的家乡变化如此之大。
(5)用在want, wish, like, expect, order等表示“希望、愿望、命令”的动词的后面作宾语补足语。
Everyone wishes the matter settled as soon as possible.
人人都希望这件事情尽快解决。
【误区警示】
现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式作宾语补足语的判断标准：
（1）根据宾语和宾补之间的关系来确定用哪种非谓语动词形式主动关系——现在分词被动关系——过去分词
（2）感官动词hear, see, notice, feel等既可以接分词也可以接省略to的动词不定式作宾补。
现在分词——主动、进行的动作过去分词——被动、完成的动作动词不定式——动作的全过程
大单元综合试题训练
一、语法填空
1. They managed to make themselves _______ (understand) by using very simple English.
2. The government started a campaign to save electricity and urged people _____ (do) their part.
3. One of my previous classmates mistook my sister _____ me yesterday, because we are twins and look very similar.
4. As soon as the cake is done, remove it _____ the oven.
5. Our city has developed into a big one, which is four times _______ (large) than it used to be.
6. My car ________ (damage) to such an extent in the accident yesterday that it could not be repaired.
7. The use of robots reduced the company's expenses _____ 11% last year.
8. No one will be allowed to go into the lab without the teacher's _____ (permit).
9. All the staff in the company are _____ about the meetings _____ their interests. (concern)
10. He _____ much money to remote schools and made great _____ to the development of education there. (contribute)
二、翻译句子
11.到现在为止，我们生产的小汽车是去年的两倍。
Up till now, we have produced _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ we did last year.
12.我们敦促那些犯罪分子尽快投案自首。
We _________ the criminals _________ _________ themselves up to the police.
13.值得重新考虑一下他们的计划。
_________ _________ _________ _________ their plan into account once again.
14.你说的话越少，得罪的人就会越少。
_________ _________ you say, _________ _________ people will be offended by you.
15.你们两个人不都对，但是没有一个人意识到这个问题的严重性。
Both of you _________ _________ right, but _________ _________ you are aware how severe the issue is.
三、阅读理解
Several days of unusually warm weather in northern Greenland have caused rapid melting(融化). "Temperatures have been running around 15.5℃. It is warmer than normal for this time of year," scientists said. The amount of ice that melted in Greenland between July 15 and July 17 alone-6 billion tons of water per day—would be enough to fill 7.2 million Olympic-sized swimming pools, according to the report from the US National Snow and Ice Data Center. To put it another way, it was enough to cover the whole state of West Virginia with a foot of water.
For the scientists out on the ice sheet(冰盖), the warmth has been alarming. "It really makes me anxious," said Kutalmis Saylam, a scientist who is now working in Greenland. "Yesterday, we could hang about in our T-shirts, which was not really expected. Since Greenland holds enough ice, sea level would rise by 7.5 meters around the world if ice all melted."
In 2020, scientists found that Greenland's ice sheet had melted beyond the point of no return. "No efforts to prevent global warming can stop it from finally breaking into small parts," said researchers.
Aslak Grinsted, a climate scientist, said that they were trying to get flights into the camp so that they could ship out the ice cores(冰芯) they had collected. But the warmth is destabilizing the landing site. The weather we are seeing right now is too hot for the ski-equipped planes to land," Grinsted said. "So we store the ice cores in large caves we have made into the snow to protect it from the heat of the summer." Scientists made use of the abnormal warmth while they were waiting, playing volleyball in their shorts on an ice sheet at the top of the world.
Grinsted referred to the temperatures as a heat wave, and noted that the possibility of temperatures getting this hot was clearly connected to global warming.
16. How does the author support the topic of Paragraph 1
A. By exploring reasons. B. By making comparisons.
C. By designing the numbers. D. By doing some experiments.
17. What did Kutalmis mean in Paragraph 2
A. He disliked wearing a T-shirt.
B. He was concerned about the warmth.
C. He was deeply impressed by the ice.
D. He was thirsty for enjoying the sea view.
18. What does the underlined word "destabilizing" mean in Paragraph 4
A. Quitting. B. Removing. C. Sheltering. D. Destroying.
19. What will the author probably do in the following paragraph
A. Recommend visiting Greenland.
B. Describe how to ship out the ice core.
C. Call on people to protect the environment.
D. Plan to organize a sports meeting on ice.
四、七选五
When you're deciding how to plant a tree, the most important considerations are choosing the right tree and placing it in the right spot. Trees vary widely in their needs for space, light, moisture and soil conditions. When you've chosen a tree, you'll need to prepare your site for planting.
Dig a hole a foot deep and twice as wide as the root ball of the new tree. Loosen the soil at the bottom and sides of the hole. ①_________
Gently remove the tree from the container. ②_________ Build soil up and around the roots if necessary, so the tree can be at the same soil level as it was originally grown.
③_________ Before you begin backfilling (回填) the hole, have someone view the tree from several directions to confirm that the tree is straight. Once you begin backfilling the hole, it is difficult to reposition(改变位置) the tree.
Backfill the hole with existing soil. At this time you can also add fertilizer (肥料) such as bone meal or any other fertilizer. Then water the tree.
Caring for the tree once it is planted is an important step. It needs watering regularly. When the soil below the surface of the covering becomes dry, it's time to water it. ④_________ Continue until mid-autumn, when the tree needs less water.
Spring and autumn are generally the best time to plant a tree. ⑤_________ In areas without cold winters, trees may be planted during the winter. In northern climates, spring planting gives the tree more time to get established before the harsh winter.
A. Straighten the tree in the hole.
B. Then guide the tree into the hole carefully.
C. Make a note of your goals for planting a tree.
D. Planting a tree is big investment.
E. In this way roots will be able to easily enter the soil.
F. You will probably need to water it at least once a week.
G. This gives the tree time to adjust before the hot or the cold season arrives.
答案以及解析
1.答案：understood
解析：考查过去分词作宾语补足语。此处为“make+宾语+宾语补足语”结构，宾语themselves和understand之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。句意:他们通过使用很简单的英语设法使自己被理解了。
2.答案：to do
解析：考查动词不定式。句意:政府发起了一个节约用电的活动，并敦促人们履行职责。urge sb. to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“力劝/敦促某人做某事”。故填to do。
3.答案：for
解析：考查介词。句意:昨天，我以前的一位同班同学把我姐姐错当成我了，因为我们是双胞胎，而且看起来很像。由句意可知此处使用了固定搭配“mistake...for...”，意为“把……错当成……”。故填for。
4.答案：from
解析：考查介词。句意:蛋糕一烤好，就把它从烤箱里移出来。remove... from...为固定搭配，意为“从……移走……”。故填from。
5.答案：larger
解析： 考查形容词比较级。句意：我们的城市已经发展成了一个大城市，是原来的四倍大。此处包含“倍数+比较级+than”结构，根据空后than可知，本空应用形容词large的比较级形式。
6.答案：was damaged
解析：提示：考查时态及语态。句意：在昨天的事故中我的车受损如此严重，已经到了无法修复的地步。根据时间状语yesterday可知，本空应用一般过去时，且My car和动词damage之间为被动关系，故本空应用一般现在时的被动语态。
7.答案：by
解析：考查介词。句意:去年，机器人的使用使公司的开支减少了11%。reduce sth.by..意为“使某物减少了……”。故填by。
8.答案：permission
解析：考查名词。句意:未经老师的允许，任何人不得进入实验室。名词所有格之后要用名词形式，“without sb.'s permission”意为“未经某人的允许”。
9.答案：concerned; concerning
解析：考查形容词和介词。句意:公司里的所有员工都很关心有关他们利益的会议。由句意可知，第一空使用的是固定搭配“be concerned about”，意为“关心/担心……”，故填形容词concerned; 第二空作后置定语，表示“有关，涉及”，应用介词concerning。
10.答案：contributed; contributions
解析：考查时态和名词。句意:他向偏远学校捐了很多钱，为那儿的教育发展做出了很大的贡献。由句意和后面的made 可知，第一空用一般过去时。第二空前为形容词，空处应用名词作made的宾语，且contribute的名词形式contribution意为“贡献”时为可数名词，空前无冠词等限定词，应用其复数形式。make contributions to...意为“为……做出贡献”。
二、
11.答案：twice as many cars as
12.答案：urge, to give
13.答案：It is worth taking
14.答案：The less, the fewer
15.答案：are not, neither of
三、
16.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。文章第一段讲到"Temperatures have been running around 15.5℃. It is warmer than normal for this time of year(气温一直在15.5℃左右。今年这个时候比正常情况要暖和)"可知作者通过比较气温来支持第一段的主题，故选B。
17.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的"For the scientists out on the ice sheet(冰盖)， the warmth has been alarming. 'It really makes me anxious，' said Kutalmis Saylam(对于冰盖上的科学家来说，这种温暖令人担忧。'这真的让我很焦虑。' Kutalmis Saylam说)"可知，第二段中Kutalmis的意思是他很担心变暖这件事。故选B。
18.答案：D
解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段画线词后文的"The weather we are seeing right now is too hot for the ski-equipped planes to land(我们现在看到的天气太热，装有滑雪装备的飞机无法降落)"可知，飞机无法降落的原因是上文提到的"But the warmth is destabilizing the landing site."，由此可推测这种温暖影响了着陆地点，D项(破坏)符合语境，故选D。
19.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。本文主要介绍了格陵兰岛北部连续几天异常温暖的天气导致冰川快速融化，文章最后一段讲到Grinsted将这种异常的高温称为热浪，并指出温度升高显然与全球变暖有关。由此可推测作者在下一段中可能会呼吁人们保护环境，故选C。
四、
答案：EBAFG
解析：①空格前一句提到要疏松树坑底部和四周的土壤，设空处说明这么做的结果:这样树根就能容易地扎进土壤，故E项符合语境。
②根据文章整体内容可知，此处是讲植树的步骤。本空承接上句，轻轻地把树拿出来之后要小心地放入树坑，故选B项。
③空格后面的内容提到在回填之前，让人从各个方向看，确保树是直的，故此处应选A项，表示把树在树坑里放直。
④本空承接上文，空格前提到要定期浇水并说明了什么时候浇水，F项意思是“你可能需要每周至少浇水一次”符合语境。
⑤空格前一句提到春季和秋季通常是最好的植树时间，本空解释原因：这给了树在炎热或寒冷的季节到来之前适应的时间，G项符合语境。
2Unit 1 Food for thought——2023-2024学年英语外研版（2019）必修第二册大单元思维强化
大单元思维知识整合
一、重点单词
dare　v. 胆敢，敢于
marriage n. 婚姻
wedding n. 婚礼
sort n. 种，类
typical adj. 典型的，有代表性的
suffer v. (身体或精神上)受苦
gather v. 聚集
symbol n. 象征，标志
opinion n. 意见，看法
function n. (事物的)功能；作用
related adj. 有关系的，相关的
diet n. 日常饮食
addict n. 对……着迷的人
tip n. 指点，建议
custom n. 风俗，习惯，传统
manners n. 礼貌，礼仪
differ v. 不同，不一样，有区别
slightly adv. 略微，稍微
incredibly adv. 极端地，非常地
recommend v. 推荐
attack v. 侵袭，侵蚀
within prep. 在……里
belong v. 属于
construction n. 建造，建筑
satisfying adj. 令人高兴的，令人满意的
convenient adj. 方便的，便利的
originally adv. 原先，最初
ranking n. 排行，排名
salty adj. 含盐的，咸的
resist v. 忍住，按捺
adapt v. (使)适应，(使)适合　　
二、重点短语
remind sb. of sth.　使某人想起某事
thanks to 幸亏，由于
suffer from 遭受
come across 偶然遇到
fall in love with 爱上，喜欢上
take to 喜欢
feel at home 驾轻就熟，运用自如
in case 以防万一
belong to 属于
end up (尤指经历一系列意外后)最终处于，到头来
catch up 打听(自己不在时所发生的事情)，别后叙谈
pick up 买，购买
bring up 抚养
more or less 或多或少
try out 测试，试验　
ever since 自……以后，自从，从……起
according to 意为按照；根据……所说。
三、重点句型
1. "No，" the butcher said，pulling at his own ears，"just these ordinary ones."
(现在分词短语作伴随状语)
现在分词作状语时，还可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步等。
2. To me，there's nothing better than a cross cultural afternoon tea of English biscuits and a cup of Chinese oolong tea in a fine china cup! (“否定词＋比较级”表示最高级含义)
can/could＋not/never＋enough/too ...表示“再……也不为过”
3. He once told me he was surprised by what he saw on the table when he first visited my mother's parents in China. (主从复合句。he was surprised ...in China是省略了that的宾语从句，作动词told的宾语，其中when引导的是时间状语从句，what he saw on the table又作by的宾语。)
4. But just when I thought I could deal with all Chinese food，I came across stinky tofu，a horrible grey thing that looked and smelt like a burnt sports shoe. (主从复合句。when引导时间状语从句，其中I could deal with all Chinese food是省略了that的宾语从句，作动词thought的宾语，主句中a horrible grey thing是stinky tofu的同位语，其后由that引导定语从句。)
5. My fridge is usually half empty and I'm often too tired to eat much anyway. (too...to ... 太……以至于不能……)
(1)too ...to do sth.“太……而不能做某事”，是一个表示否定意义的句型。
(2)某些形容词与“too ...to ...”句型连用时，too(＝ very)表示肯定的意义。这些形容词多为表示情感的词，如glad，pleased，surprised，delighted，happy，willing，ready，eager，anxious等。
(3)“too ...to ...”结构和never，not等否定副词连用时，表示肯定意义，意为“无论……也不为过，越……越好”。
6. ...in this house，no family meal is complete without some form of meat. (no/not/never ...without 双重否定结构)
no/not/never ...without 意为“没有……就不/没有……”，是一种双重否定结构，表达强烈的肯定语气。常见的双重否定结构还有：
(1)否定词no/not/never等＋表示否定意义的形容词
(2)否定词no/not/never等＋表示否定意义的动词
7. The sugar in soft drinks forms acid and attacks our teeth for about 20 minutes each time we drink them．(each time引导时间状语从句)
名词词组作连词用，引导时间状语从句的有：
(1)由time构成的名词词组：every/each time, the first/last time, next time, any time等。
(2)the＋瞬间名词：the minute, the instant, the moment等，意为“一……就……”。
四、重点语法
情态动词
1. be able to 的用法
be able to表示 “经过努力而成功地做成某事”，有人称和时态的变化，不能与can连用。
It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.我过了好久才能完全理解他们为我做的事情。
Tough though the task was, we were able to finish it ahead of time and therefore we were praised for it.尽管这项任务很难，但我们还是提前完成了，并因此得到了表扬。
If we keep trying, we will be able to achieve our goals.如果我们不断尝试，我们将能实现我们的目标。
2. have to 的用法
have to表示"不得不，必须"，强调客观上的必要性。否定式为 don't/doesn't/didn't have to。You have to wear uniform when on duty, don't you 你在值班时必须穿制服，不是吗？
We don't have to rush -there's plenty of time.我们不必着急——有很多时间。
have to有人称和时态的变化。
He has to pass an examination before he can start work.他必须考试及格才能开始工作。Yesterday morning I had to call on a friend.昨天早上我必须去拜访一个朋友。
If you earn more than 5,000,you will have to pay tax.如果你赚了超过5000英镑，你就得纳税。
3. had better 的用法
had better表示 “应该，最好”，没有人称和时态的变化。其否定式是had better not。
We'd better leave now or we'll miss the bus.我们最好现在就走,否则就赶不上公共汽车了。You'd better not tell Oliver the news.你最好不要告诉奥利弗这个消息。
4. dare 的用法
dare作情态动词常用于疑问句、否定句及条件句中，表示“敢于，胆敢”，没有人称变化，但有过去式。
He daren't speak English in public.他不敢在公共场合说英语。
She dare not say what she thinks.她不敢把她想的说出来。
The little girl was frightened at the sight of the snake, shut here yes and dared not have a second look at it.小女孩看到蛇吓坏了，闭上眼睛不敢再看它一眼。
dare也可以做实义动词，其用法如下：
做实义动词时，有人称，时态和数的变化；
在肯定句中，其后常接带to的不定式；
在否定句和疑问句中，既可接带to 的不定式，也可接不带to的不定式；
否定式和疑问句时，要借助do does did等助动词。
He dares to challenge all kinds of difficulties.他敢于挑战各种困难。
He doesn't dare(to)go there alone.他不敢自己去那里。
5. need 的用法
need作情态动词多用在疑问句和否定句中，表示“需要”，没有时态和人称的变化。
If she wants anything, she need only ask.她如果想要什么东西，只要开一下口就行了。
This is free service; you needn't pay for it.这是免费服务,你不必付钱。
对need引出的一般疑问句作肯定回答时要用must，作否定回答时要用 needn't或don't have to。
-Need I hand in the application now 我需要现在交申请表吗？
-Yes, you must. /No, you don't have to.是的,你必须（现在交）。/不，你不必（现在交）。
大单元综合试题训练
一、语法填空
1. He bought the house ten years ago, so it belongs _____ him.
2. The villagers here are very kind and everyone is too ready _____ (help) others.
3. _____ (bring) up in a big city, he found it quite difficult to fit in with country life.
4. Some people tried many ways to lose weight, ending up _____ (gain) weight soon again.
5. April first is a day on which, in some countries, people try to play tricks _____ each other.
6. I was wondering if you could help me revise a short play _____ (adapt) from our English textbook.
7. About 88. 5 kilometers of new or upgraded cycle lanes(车道) have been built or are _____ construction in the city.
8. _____ (original), tomatoes were planted in South America and in the 16th century, they spread to other parts of the world.
9. My friend recommended a comedy film _____ me yesterday, and I plan to see it with my mother in a nearby cinema tomorrow.
10. A study found that workers with access to nature at the office felt their jobs were less stressful and more _____ (satisfy).
二、句型转换
11. Do you still need them to help you
Are you still _________ _________ _________ their help
12. It is not easy for my husband to like doing housework.
It is hard for my husband to _________ _________ doing housework.
13. I lack money. Besides, when I agree to do something, I will surely do it.
I lack money. _________ _________, when I agree to do something, I will surely do it.
14. I wouldn't do her job, but she loves it. Well, it may be fit for her rather than me.
She loves her job, but I wouldn't do it. Well, _________ _________ _________ is _________ _________ _________.
15. This is your new recipe, so you'd better try it out to see if it will fit most people's taste.
This is your new recipe, so you'd better _________ it _________ _________ _________ to see if it will fit most people's taste.
三、阅读理解
Over the years, Brian Wansink, director of the Food and Brand Lab at Cornell University, has studied such things as how far Americans typically drive to buy food, how many times we refill our plates at all-you-can-eat buffets and how we organize our kitchens. In the mid-2000s he famously coined the phrase mindless eating" (and wrote a book by that name) to focus attention on all the bad dietary decisions we make without really thinking about them.
His new book, Slim by Design: Mindless Eating Solutions for Everyday Life, aims to change the design of restaurants, school lunchrooms, office cafeterias and homes so that the mindless choices we make will be more healthful ones. Here are some examples.
Keep kitchen counters clear. No visible snack food, no bread, no nuts—not even breakfast cereals. In Wansink's research, "women who had even one box of breakfast cereal that was visible—anywhere in their kitchens—weighed 21 pounds more than their neighbors who didn't".
Trick yourself into drinking less wine. "We tend to focus on the height of what we pour but not the width, so we pour 12 percent less wine into taller wine glasses than we pour into wider wine glasses." And the shape of the glass is not the only variable(变量) that affects how much we drink. Wansink writes, "Because red wine is easier to see than white wine, we pour 9 percent less whenever we pour a glass of red wine."
Wansink said his researchers also found that people ate less at restaurants when sitting in well-lighted areas near windows and doors, than in darker areas or in the back. They ate less if they were offered a doggie bag, or a to-go box, before they got their meals: apparently the idea of getting a "free" second meal outweighed the impulse(冲动) to clean their plates. Workers who frequently ate at their desks weighed 15.4 pounds less, on average, than those who didn't. Fruit and vegetables kept on the top shelf of the refrigerator were eaten at higher rates than those on lower shelves.
The point, Wansink says, is to consider findings like those and change your environment or habits. Then you won't have to think about it: you'll just eat less.
16. Why did Brian Wansink write Slim by Design: Mindless Eating Solutions for Everyday Life
A. Because he wanted people to become thin.
B. Because he wanted people to learn from him.
C. Because he hoped to coin a new phrase "mindless eating".
D. Because he wished to change the design of dining places.
17. According to Wansink, which of the following affects the amount of wine we drink
A. The shape of wine glasses. B. The color of wine glasses.
C. The taste of wine. D. The quality of wine.
18. What does the underlined phrase "a doggie bag" in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A. A bag for carrying things. B. A box for takeaway food.
C. A bag for carrying dog food. D. A container for leftovers.
19. What's the main idea of the passage
A. Changing the environment or eating habits will help you eat less.
B. Eating fruit and vegetables is better for your health.
C. Keeping your kitchen counter clear of any food will help make you thin.
D. Many people eat or drink too much without paying attention to it.
四、七选五
Everyone knows that fish is good for health. ①________ But it seems that many people don't cook fish at home. Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year, but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home. Buying, storing, and cooking fish isn't difficult.②________ This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way.
③________ Fresh fish should smell sweet: you should feel that you're standing at the ocean's edge. Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isn't fresh. ④________ When you have bought a fish and arrive home, you'd better store the fish in the refrigerator if you don't cook it immediately, but fresh fish should be stored in your fridge for only a day or two. Frozen fish isn’t as tasty as the fresh one.
There are many common methods used to cook fish.⑤________ First, clean it and season it with your choice of spices (调料). Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound. (A larger one will take more time.) Then, it’s ready to serve.
A. Do not buy it.
B. The easiest is to steam it.
C. This is how you can do it.
D. It just requires a little knowledge.
E. The fish will go bad within hours.
F. When buying fish, you should first smell it.
G. The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease.
答案以及解析
1.答案：to
解析：考查介词。句意：他十年前买了这所房子，所以它是属于他的。belong to意为“属于”，其中to为介词。
2.答案：to help
解析：考查动词不定式。句意：这里的村民非常友好，每个人都乐意帮助别人。在“too...to do sth.”结构中，若too后是表示某种心情或倾向的形容词，如ready、kind、anxious、delighted等，该结构往往不表示否定意义，而表示肯定。此处用too ready to help others表示“非常愿意帮助别人”，符合语境。
3.答案：Brought
解析：考查过去分词。句意：他在大城市长大，发现很难适应农村生活。句中已有谓语found，设空处应用非谓语动词。bring up意为“抚养长大”；句子主语he与bring up为逻辑上的被动关系，表示“他被抚养长大”，应用过去分词作状语。
4.答案：gaining
解析：考查动名词。句意：有些人尝试了许多减肥的方法，最终体重很快又增加了。end up doing sth.意为“最终做某事；以做某事告终”，故本空应用动名词作宾语。
5.答案：on
解析：考查介词。句意：在一些国家，4月1日是人们设法捉弄彼此的日子。play tricks on sb.意为“捉弄某人，开某人的玩笑”，故填介词on。
6.答案：adapted
解析：考查过去分词。句意：我想知道你是否可以帮我修改一个改编自我们的英语教科书的短剧。句中“if you...textbook”为if引导的宾语从句，宾语从句中could help为谓语，因此设空处应用非谓语动词。设空处与后面的内容一起作后置定语修饰play， play与adapt之间为逻辑上的被动关系，因此用过去分词形式。be adapted from...意为“改编自……”。
7.答案：under
解析：考查介词。句意：该市大约有88.5千米的新自行车车道或升级的自行车车道已经建成或正在建设当中。under construction为固定搭配，意为“在建造中，在施工中”。故填under。
8.答案：Originally
解析：考查副词。句意：西红柿最初在南美洲种植，在16世纪传播到世界其他地方。分析句子结构可知，此处作状语，修饰整个句子，应用副词形式。
9.答案：to
解析：考查介词。句意：我的朋友昨天给我推荐了一部喜剧电影，我打算明天和我妈妈去附近的电影院观看它。recommend sth. to sb.向某人推荐某物。
10.答案：satisfying/satisfactory
解析：考查形容词。句意：一项研究发现，有机会接触大自然的办公室员工觉得他们的工作压力更小，更令人满意。分析句子结构可知，设空处与形容词stressful为and连接的并列成分，作系动词were的表语，则设空处也应用形容词；由句意可知设空处表示“令人满意的”，故填satisfying或 satisfactory。
二、
11.答案：in need of
12.答案：take to
13.答案：What's more
14.答案：one man's meat， another man's poison
15.答案：put, to the test
三、
16.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的"His new book...aims to change the design of restaurants， school lunchrooms, office cafeterias and homes so that the mindless choices we make will be more healthful ones."可知，布莱恩 汪辛克的新书力求改变餐馆、学校餐厅、办公室自助餐厅以及家里的设计，以便让我们无意识的选择变得更加健康。由此可知布莱恩 汪辛克写这本书是因为他希望改变用餐场所的设计。
17.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段第二句中的"We tend to focus on the height of what we pour but not the width"及第三句"And the shape of the glass...that affects how much we drink."可知，布莱恩 汪辛克认为，酒杯的形状影响我们的饮酒量。
18.答案：D
解析：词义猜测题。根据本段中的"They ate less if they were offered a doggie bag, or a to-go box, before they got their meals"及"apparently the idea of getting a 'free' second meal outweighed the impulse(冲动) to clean their plates"可知，当在饭前给人们提供打包袋时，人们会吃得更少，"得到了免费的第二顿饭"的想法会战胜人们吃光盘子里的食物的冲动。由"they were offered a doggie bag， or a to-go box"可知or 连接两个并列成分，or前后的a doggie bag和a to-go box是同类事物，由to-go box (打包盒)可推知画线部分是指打包剩菜的容器。故选D。A：携带东西的袋子；B：盛外卖食物的盒子；C：携带狗粮的袋子。
19.答案：A
解析：主旨大意题。文章第一段、第二段介绍了布莱恩 汪辛克所从事的研究并引出本文要介绍的他的一项研究;接下来的第三、四、五段通过举例子介绍了该项研究的具体内容;最后一段(汪辛克说，重点是考虑像那样的调查发现并改变你的环境或习惯。然后你将不用考虑就会吃得更少。)点明主旨。由此可知本文主要介绍的是改变环境或者饮食习惯有助于你吃得更少，故选A。
四、
答案：GDFAB
解析：①考查上下文串联。第一句"Everyone knows that fish is good for health."是总写，But表示转折，说明but前面一句是对第一句的解释，G项"鱼中的脂肪有助于预防心脏病"符合语境，故选G。
②考查上下文串联。题目前一句"Buying, storing, and cooking fish isn't difficult."可知，购买，存放和烧鱼并非难事，再根据后面一句可知，文章主要介绍了买鱼和烧鱼的简单知识，D项"这仅仅需要一点知识"符合语境，此题容易与C项混淆，C项后面应该直接跟烧鱼的方法，即C项与后一句重复，故选D。
③考查上下文串联。根据"Fresh fish should smell sweet"可知，本段讲的是买鱼的时候要闻一下鱼的气味，故选F。
④考查上下文串联。根据前一句"Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isn't fresh."可知，带有强烈的味道的鱼都不是新鲜的，不应该买这样的鱼，A项与后句联系紧密，故选A。
⑤考查上下文串联。根据"Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot"可知，本段介绍的是蒸鱼的方法，故选B。
2Unit 3 On the move
大单元思维知识整合
一、重点单词
represent v. 代表，表示
basis n. 基础；根据
equipment n. 装备，设备，用具
content n. 满意，满足
factor n. 因素，要素
defend v. (在比赛中)防守，防卫
soldier n. 士兵，军人
conflict n. 武装冲突，战斗，战争
death n. 死，死亡
assure v. 向……保证，使确信
ideal adj. 理想的，最好的
adjustable adj. 可调整的，可调节的
available adj. 可用的，可获得的
balance n. 平衡
involve v. 包含，需要
master n. 大师，能手
response n. 回答，答复
power n. 力量
disappear v. 消失，不见
inspire v. 鼓舞，激励
persuade v. 说服，劝服　
plastic adj. 塑料制的
display n. 显示器
monitor v. 监视，监测
upper adj. (位置)较上的，较高的，上面的
二、重点短语
to one's heart's content尽情地，心满意足地
go back 追溯到，回溯到
break down 拆除；出故障；(身体)垮下来
break out (战争、火灾等)爆发
take ...for example 以……为例
put down 放下
be shaped like 形状像
keep track of 了解……的动态；与……保持联系
place one's order 订购
fall in love with 爱上
around the corner 即将发生
in turn 反过来；依次；轮流地
die out 消失，绝迹，灭绝
get in touch 取得联系
be terrified of 害怕
三、重点句型
1. Given that Neil Armstrong wanted to take a football to the Moon，we could even say that it is also the most popular sport out of this world! (given that引导条件状语从句)
与given that用法类似的还有：
provided (that) ...＝ providing (that) ...倘若；在……情况/条件下
suppose/supposing (that) ... 倘若；在……情况/条件下
2. It is amazing to see how professional players use their bodies to pass，score and defend. (it作形式主语，不定式短语作真正的主语)
It is＋adj.＋to do sth. 意为“做某事是……的”，其中it作形式主语，不定式短语作真正的主语
(1)在It is ＋ adj.＋ for sb.to do sth.句型中，形容词只能说明不定式所表示的行为的性质或特点，不能说明不定式动作的执行者。能用于该结构的形容词有：difficult，easy，hard，important，impossible，necessary，possible等。
(2)在It is ＋ adj.＋of sb.to do sth.句型中，形容词说明不定式逻辑主语的品行、性格、性质等，该句型通常可改为：sb.＋be＋adj.＋ to do sth.。能用于该结构的形容词有：nice，good，stupid，silly，careful等。
(3)It is ＋ n．＋ to do sth. 做某事是……
(4)It takes sb. sometime to do sth. 某人花费多少时间做某事
3. Whether you're a professional athlete or keen sportsperson，DX Sports Watch is the ideal choice for you. (whether ...or...引导让步状语从句)
whether ...or ...还可引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)，意为“是……还是……”。
4. But before I knew it，I was taking part in local races. (before引导时间状语从句)
before作连词引导时间状语从句时，在句中的译法很灵活。通常有以下含义：在……之前就……；在……之后才……；还未来得及……就……。
before引导时间状语从句的常用句式：
(1)It be＋时间段＋before... 多长时间后就/才……
(2)It be＋时间点＋before... 不久就……
5. The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age. (复合句。children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age为省略that的宾语从句；该句中又包含定语从句who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age, when assessed at 54 months of age是时间状语从句的省略)
四、重点语法
不定式作定语和结果状语
一、动词不定式作定语
1.动词不定式作定语，只能位于所修饰词的后面，可扩展为一个定语从句。
We are looking for an apartment to live in. = We are looking for an apartment that we can live in.我们正在找一个可以居住的公寓。
I need a pen to write with. =I need a pen that I can write with.我需要一支写字的钢笔。
2.动词不定式作定语的用法
（1）动词不定式作定语可表示将来的还未发生的动作。
All the teachers to attend the opening ceremony tomorrow should wear the uniforms.明天将要出席开幕式的所有老师应该穿制服。
The Winter Olympics to be held in 2022 will surely bring in many international tourists. 2022年要举行的冬奥会肯定会吸引许多国际游客。
(2)序数词、形容词最高级或the last/the only/the next等后常用动词不定式作定语。
The next train to arrive was from New York.下一趟抵达的火车是从纽约开来的。
You are the only person to be late for such an important meeting.在这么重要的会议上，你是唯一迟到的人。
It is recognized that he is the best man to do the job.人们认为他是做这个工作的最佳人选。
The manager was the last to come to the meeting.经理是最后一个到达会场的人。
(3)抽象名词ability, chance, opportunity, belief, way, right, courage, decision, hope, wish, plan, dream等后常用动词不定式作定语。
Thanks to your encouragement, I finally got the courage to face the challenge.多亏了你的鼓励，我最终有了迎接挑战的勇气。
Starting a new school term is always exciting. It is a good chance to see your friends again.开始一个新学期总是很令人兴奋，这是一个再次见到你朋友的好机会。
His ability to get on well with people is his chief advantage.他与人和睦相处的能力是他的主要优点。
特别提醒
1.作定语的动词不定式与被修饰词之间为逻辑上的动宾关系时，如果构成不定式的动词是不及物动词，或者该不定式本身有宾语，则不定式后面要加上相应的介词。
Please give me a knife to cut with.请给我一把切东西的刀。
She bought a bookshelf to put her books on.她买了一个书架放书。
2.当动词不定式所修饰的名词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动形式，也可用被动形式，意义差别不大。但有时其含义有所不同，试比较：
There are a lot of letters to write/to be written this evening.今天晚上有许多信要写。
There is nothing to see.没什么东西（可）值得看。(nothing worth seeing)
There is nothing to be seen.看不见什么东西。(nothing there at all)
He has a child to look after.他有个孩子要照看。（自己照看,by himself）
He has a child to be looked after.他有个孩子要照看。（自己照看或由别人照看）
二、动词不定式作结果状语
1.动词不定式作结果状语的用法
（1）动词不定式作结果状语时，在动词不定式前面加上only，构成only to do结构，用以引出意想不到的或不愉快的结果，表示说话人并不希望它发生。
Yesterday I went to see her only to learn that she had gone abroad a week before.昨天我去看她，不料听人说她一周前出国了。
The traveler looked up suddenly to find a leopard in the tree.那旅人猛然抬头一看，发现树上有一只豹子。
（2）动词不定式作结果状语时，常用于一些特定的句型结构中：
too…to do…太……而不能做……
so/such…as to do 如此……以至于…
enough to do 足够……做某事
never to do sth.再也不做某事
The meeting room is too small to hold fifty people.这间会议室太小了，装不下50人。
She is so proud as to look down upon others.她如此骄傲以至于看不起别人。
We are not old enough to vote and to be voted.我们太小,还不能选举和被选举。
He left his hometown when he was ten, never to return.他十岁的时候离开家，再也没有回来。
2.使用动词不定式作结果状语的特殊情况
（1）在某些情况下，动词不定式可以直接在句中作结果状语。
Where have you been to be so delighted 你去了哪儿,竟如此高兴？
He did excellent work to be general manager of the famous company.他工作非常出色，后来成为这家著名公司的总经理。
（2）在某些表示对人进行表扬或批评的形容词后常接不定式表示结果。此类形容词有：right, polite, crazy, generous, good, kind, nice等。
He was generous to lend us a large amount of money.他为人慷慨，借给了我们一大笔钱。
She was very kind to show us the way.她非常友好,给我们指了路。
大单元综合试题训练
一、语法填空
1. I tried to persuade him _____ (go) there with us, but he refused.
2. I believe our country will become more and more ________ (power) in the future.
3. When being constructed, children's websites should make an _____ (adjust) to these problems.
4. Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an _____ (inspire) to her family.
5. Last night she saved a little girl _____ falling into the water.
6. He _____ (finish) the hard work by the end of last month.
7. I tried to give her something _____ (drink) but she refused. Maybe she didn't like the taste.
8. Tom hurried to the cinema, only _________ (tell) the film had been cancelled.
9. If I were you, I would not involve myself _____ their tough problems.
10. The Chang'e 5 probe is China's first unmanned lunar probe _____ (return) with the samples of the moon's surface.
二、翻译句子
11.明天为我们做演讲的那个大师, 今天晚上将到达。
The master _____ _____ _____ _____ for us tomorrow will arrive tonight.
12.张桂梅的愿望是让贫穷的女孩走出大山。(不定式作表语)
Zhang Guimei's wish is _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____.
13.他本来计划说服他的弟弟, 结果被告知他已经下决心了。
He had planned to persuade his brother, _____ _____ _____ _____ he had made up his mind.
14.鉴于他是刚从大学毕业的新人, 他已经做得很好了。(given that)
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____, he has done a good job.
15.他在冲浪比赛中获得了一等奖, 这使我们每个人都很兴奋。(that引导的主语从句)
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ excites every one of us.
三、阅读理解
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes(基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle-raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation(突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation—not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. "They are simply a stranger to the land," said Rodney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders," Dr. Jubilado said. "I could see them actually walking under the sea."
In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. "It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population," said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
16. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in Paragraph 1
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.
B. New knowledge of human evolution.
C. Recent findings of human origin.
D. Significance of food selection.
17. Where do the Bajau build their houses
A. In valleys. B. Near rivers. C. On the beach. D. Off the coast.
18. Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau
A. They could walk on stilts all day. B. They had a superb way of fishing.
C. They could stay long underwater. D. They lived on both land and water.
19. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B. Highlanders' Survival Skills
C. Basic Methods of Genetic Research D. The World's Best Divers
四、七选五
Sports days! These two words can inspire both joy and tension in the hearts of students everywhere. ①_____ And it's also the chance to bag a prize or two. For others, it might feel like they have to take part in something they aren't good at.
Today, more and more schools have recognized the importance of exercise. Many of them have non-competitive sports days. They hope that by making sports days less competitive, children of all abilities will be encouraged to take part without fear of losing. Exercise and fitness is important for everyone, no matter how good at sport you are. ②_____
However, some people feel that it's important that sport has champions and that learning to lose is just as important as learning how to win. ③_____ A sports day is an obvious example. It is your chance to really prove yourself!
④_____ According to a 2017 survey by Families Online, 82% of parents say they prefer "traditional" competitive sports days. Many adults feel that children can learn valuable lessons in both winning and losing. It's also an opportunity for some children to show off their physical and sporting skills.
People have different ideas about whether it is the winning or the taking part that counts when it comes to school sports days. ⑤_____ We want to know your ideas.
A. What's the point if no one wins
B. Should sport just be about winning
C. For many, the sports day can be a great day of fun.
D. So, should the school sports day be competitive or not
E. Everyone should be celebrated for trying and playing their part.
F. There are lots of people who agree with the idea—parents in particular!
G. Many parents are worried that their kids can get injured when doing sports.
答案以及解析
1.答案：to go
解析：考查不定式。try to persuade sb. to do sth.意为“劝说某人做某事”，故本空应用不定式作宾语补足语。
2.答案：powerful
解析：考查形容词。句意：我相信我们国家在未来会变得越来越强大。本空在句中作表语，故应用形容词powerful。
3.答案：adjustment
解析：考查名词。句意:在创建儿童网站时应针对这些问题进行调整。根据空前的不定冠词an可知设空处应用名词单数形式。make an adjustment to...对……作出调整。
4.答案：inspiration
解析：考查名词。句意:珍妮弗是她家里的第一代大学毕业生，她对她的家人是一种鼓舞。本空被不定冠词an修饰，应用名词单数形式，表示“鼓舞人心的人”，故填inspiration。
5.答案：from
解析：考查介词。句意:昨天晚上她救下了一个眼看要落人水中的小女孩儿。save...from.意为“拯救……免于……”。故填from。
6.答案：had finished
解析：考查过去完成时。句意:到上个月底为止，他已经完成了那项艰苦的工作。根据句中的by the end of last month 可知，此处表示到过去某个时间点为止已经发生的动作，应用过去完成时，故填had finished。
7.答案：to drink
解析：考查不定式作定语。句意:我试图给她一点喝的东西，但她拒绝了，或许她不喜欢那种味道。本空修饰不定代词something，应用不定式作后置定语。
8.答案：to be told
解析：考查不定式作结果状语。句意：汤姆急匆匆地赶到电影院，结果却被告知电影已被取消了。根据句意可知，本空表示“意料之外”的结果，且动词tell和句子主语Tom之间为逻辑上的被动关系，故本空应用不定式的被动形式作结果状语。
9.答案：in
解析：考查介词。句意:如果我是你，我不会把自己卷入他们棘手的问题当中。involve sb. in sth.是固定搭配，意为“使某人卷入某事，把某人牵扯到某事里”，故填in。
10.答案：to return
解析：考查不定式作定语。句意:嫦娥五号探测器是中国首个携带月面样本返回的无人月球探测器。本空修饰空前的名词probe，被修饰词前又有序数词first修饰，故本空应用动词不定式作后置定语。
二、
11.答案：to; make; a; speech
12.答案：to; let; poor; girls; walk; out; of; the; mountain
13.答案：only; to; be; told
14.答案：Given; that; he; is; fresh; from; university
15.答案：That; he's; won; the; first; prize; in; the; surfing; competition
三、
16.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的"We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes, they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years."可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B项符合以上说法，故选B项。
17.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的"The巴瑶族, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts in coastal waters."可知，巴瑶族人把房子建在沿海区域。D项符合以上说法，故选D项。
18.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的"We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders"可知，让Jubilado感到吃惊的是巴瑶族人能在水下待更长的时间。C项符合以上说法，故选C项。
19.答案：A
解析：标题判断题。根据文章的主要内容,尤其是第二段中的"On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation—not to air or to food, but to the ocean."可知，本文主要讲述巴瑶族人为了更好地适应海上的生活，身体结构发生了变化，所以A项适合作本文标题，故选A项。
四、
答案：CEAFD
解析：①细节句。根据空上句"这两个词可以在各地的学生心中激起喜悦和焦虑"和空后的"For others, it might feel like they have to take part in something they aren't good at."可知，本段分别介绍喜欢运动和畏惧运动的人，再根据空后句"并且还有机会获得一两个奖品"可知空处说的是喜欢运动的人的感受，所以C项"对许多人来说，运动会是很有趣的一天"符合文意。C项中的"For many"和本段最后一句中的"For others"形成呼应，故选C项。
②细节句。由上两句"他们希望通过减少运动会的竞争性，激励不同能力水平的孩子都参加运动，而不必担心失败。运动和健康对每个人来说都很重要，无论你在运动方面有多擅长"可知，其主要是说非竞争性运动的益处在于让所有孩子不必担心失败，尽情地运动。E选项"每个人都应该为自己的努力和发挥作用而庆祝"承接上文，继续介绍非竞争性运动给孩子带来的益处。故选E。
③过渡句。由上句"然而，一些人认为运动中有冠军很重要，学会输和学会如何赢一样重要"和下句"这一点在运动会上体现得很明显，它是你真正证明自己的机会"可知，上下文讲赢的重要性，A选项"如果没有人赢，那有什么意义呢 "承接上文，呼应下文，强调要看重赢。故选A。
④主旨句。空处位于段首，推断为本段的主旨句，起到引领全段的作用。根据后文"据《家庭在线》2017年的一项调查，82%的父母表示他们更喜欢‘传统的’竞技运动会。许多成年人认为孩子可以从输赢中学到宝贵的经验"可知，本段是在讲大部分父母都同意上段提到的观点。F项"有很多人同意这个想法，尤其是父母"是对本段的高度概括，符合文意。故选F。
⑤过渡句。根据后句"我们想知道你的想法"可推断，空处应是提了一个问题，此处才会说想知道你的想法。再根据上句"当谈到学校运动会时，是获胜重要还是参与重要，人们对此有不同的看法"可知，本段主要是在讨论学校运动会，所以应该是针对学校运动会提问。D项"那么，学校运动会是否应该是竞争性的呢"紧扣上文，提出问题，引出下文，承上启下，符合语境。故选D。
2Unit 2 Let's celebrate!
大单元思维知识整合
一、重点单词
1. honour v. 向……表示敬意
2．harvest n. 收成
3．decoration n. 装饰物
4. freedom n. 自由，自由权利
5．participate v. 参加，参与
6．vote v. 投票，表决
7. regardless adv. 不管，不顾
8. regard v. 认为，看作
9．envelope n. 信封
10．regular adj. 频繁的，经常的
11．complain v. 抱怨，不满，发牢骚
12．warning n. 警告，警示，告诫
13．indicate v. 表明，显示
14．request n. 请求，要求
15．wave v. 挥手，招手
16．attract v. 吸引，引起……的兴趣
17．competition n. 比赛，竞赛
18．formal adj. 正式的
19．host n. 东道主，主人
20．occasion n. 场合，时刻
21．editor n. (报纸、杂志的)主编，编辑
22．admit v. (不情愿地)承认
23. effort n. 力气，精力
24．loss n. 失去，丧失
25. eve n. 前夕，前一天
26．adult n. 成人，成年人
27．process n. (为达到某目标的)过程，进程
28. exist v. 存在，实际上有
29．citizen n. 公民，市民
30．audience n. 听众，观众
31．joy n. 欢欣，愉快，喜悦　　
二、重点短语
in memory of 为了纪念……
regardless of 不管；不顾；不理会
be based on 以……为基础
regard ...as ... 把……视作……
be addressed to sb. 写信给某人
complain about 抱怨……
wrap ...up (用纸、布等)把……包起来
be dressed as 打扮成……
if necessary 如果有必要的话
be keen on 喜爱，热衷于
have nothing to do with 和……无关
interact with sb. 和某人互动
sell out 售完，卖光
rather than 而不是
三、重点句型
1. As is known to us, there exists a generation gap between the young and the old.
do/does/did＋动词原形构成强调句，意为“确实；的确”，用来加强谓语动词的语气，但须符合以下两个条件：
（1）句子是肯定句；
（2）句子的时态为一般现在时或一般过去时。
2. That is why Letters from Father Christmas could be the perfect book for those who regard Christmas as a special time of year. (That/This/It is why+结果那/这就是为什么……；why引导表语从句，表示结果。)
（1）This/That is/was why ... 这/那就是……的原因(why引导表语从句，表示结果)
（2）This/That is/was because ... 这/那是因为……(because引导表语从句，表示原因)
（3）The reason why ... is/was that ... ……的原因是……(why引导定语从句并在从句中作状语；that引导表语从句，表示原因)
3. The letters did, however, change as Tolkien's children got older. (did起强调作用，强调谓语动词change，意为“的确”。)
谓语动词只有两种时态能强调，即一般现在时和一般过去时。在一般现在时中，do有人称的变化，第三人称单数用does，一般过去时do 变成did。其他时态的强调通过重读谓语动词来体现。
4. May Day is a festival to celebrate the start of summer，with celebrations held across Europe and in parts of North America. (with复合结构)
with+宾语+宾补，常在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、方式、条件或伴随等。具体形式主要有：
（1）with+宾语+现在分词（主动或正在进行）
（2）with+宾语+过去分词（被动或已经完成）
（3）with+宾语+动词不定式（尚未发生）
（4）with+宾语+形容词/副词/介词短语（状态）
5. The children must have been very excited as they opened it. (情态动词+have done)
must have done表示对过去情况的肯定推测，仅用于肯定句中，否定句中要用can't couldn't have done，意为“不可能做了某事"。“情态动词+have done"结构：
（1）could have done本能够做某事而未做
（2）may/might have done可能做过某事
（3）should have done本该做某事而未做
（4）shouldn't have done 本不该做的某事却做了
（5）needn't have done 本没有必要做某事却做了
四、重点语法
情态动词
一、must 的用法
1.must 表示推测
①must表示推测时意为“一定，肯定”，推测的语气最强。
②must表示推测时只能用于肯定句，不用于否定句和疑问句。如果表示“一定不，肯定不”，应用can't,不能用mustn't, mustn't表示“禁止”。
You must be hungry after all that walking.走了这么远的路，你一定饿了吧。
The light in her room is still on; she must be at home now.她房间的灯还亮着，她现在肯定在家。She can't be at home. I saw her leave home ten minutes ago. She forgot to turn off the light.她不可能在家,10分钟前我看见她离开家了。她忘记关灯了。
③must表示推测时，可以推测现在的情况、正在发生的动作或过去已经发生的动作。
do/be一定……(对现在动作的推测）must +be doing一定正在做……(对此刻动作的推测）have done一定做过……(对过去动作的推测）
You must be very tired after your long journey.长途劳顿，你一定很累吧。（现在）
It's twelve o'clock. They must be having lunch.现在是12点，他们一定正在吃午饭。（此刻）
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.昨天晚上一定是下雨了，因为今早地面是潮湿的。（过去）
特别提醒must表示推测时很少用于将来的情况，如"他明天一定会来"不能说：
He must come tomorrow.可以说：It's certain/I'm sure that he will come tomorrow.
2.must表示义务、命令等must还可表示义务、命令等，意为“必须”，语气比should强烈。
其否定形式为mustn't(一定不要；不准，禁止)。
You must finish your homework this afternoon.今天下午你必须完成你的家庭作业。
You mustn't keep us all waiting.你一定不要让我们大伙等着。
3.表示与说话人的愿望相反或不耐烦，意为“偏要，偏偏”Must you make so much noise 你偏要弄出这么多的噪声吗 Why must you always interrupt me 你为什么非要打断我呢
二、can 和 could的用法
1.can/could 表示推测
①can表示推测时，表示理论上的可能性，实际上并未发生。用于疑问句和肯定句时，can意为“会，可能”；用于否定句时，can't表示“不可能”。
Can he be our teacher 他有可能是我们—的老师吗？
No, he can't be our teacher. Our teacher is travelling abroad.不，他不可能是我们的老师。我们的老师正在国外旅游呢。
Even experienced teachers can make mistakes.甚至有经验的教师也可能出错。
②could表示推测时不仅可用于疑问句和否定句，还可用于肯定句，could表示更加不确定的语气。
Don't eat it. It could be poisonous.不要吃它，它可能有毒。
The plane could be delayed by fog.飞机可能会因为雾晚点。
③can/couldn't可以推测现在的情况、正在发生的动作或过去已经发生的动作。
do/be不可能……(对现在情况的推测)
be doing不可能正在做……(对此刻动作的can't/couldn't+ 推测)
have done不可能做了……(对过去动作的推测)
That can't be Mary, she's in England.那不可能是玛丽,她在英格兰呢。（现在）
It's so late. They can't be reading in the library.这么晚了，他们现在不可能在图书馆里看书。（此刻）He can't have gone to Shanghai for I saw him a minute ago.他不可能去了上海，因为我刚才还看到他了。（过去）
2. can/could表示能力
can/could表示有能力做或能够发生，意为“能，会”。could是can的过去式，即表示现在用can/can't,表示过去用could/couldn't。
I can speak French, but I can't speak Japanese.我会说法语,但是不会说日语。
When I was young, I could climb any tree in the forest.年轻时，森林里的树我都能爬上去。
3.can/could 表示允许
can/could可表示允许，意为“能，可以”。在疑问句中could可代替can，语气更委婉。注意在回答中不可用could，通常用can。
Could/Can I use your pen 我可以用一下你的钢笔吗？
—Of course, you can.当然可以了。
Could/Can I go home now 我现在可以回家吗？
—Yes, you can.是的，你可以。
三、may 和might 的用法
1.may/might表示推测
①may/might表示把握不大的推测，用于肯定句和否定句，不能用于疑问句。
might不表示过去时态，只是语气上比 may更委婉，表示的可能性更小。
He may be very busy these days.他这些日子可能很忙。
Are you coming to Mary's birthday party 你会来参加玛丽的生日聚会吗？
I'm not sure. I might go to the concert instead.我不确定,相反我可能去听音乐会。
②may/might 可以推测现在的情况、正在发生的动作、过去已经发生的动作以及将来的情况。do/be可能……(对现在情况的推测）
be doing 可能正在做……(对此刻动作的推测）
may/might +have done 可能做过……（对过去动作的推测）（do/be 可能会……（对将来情况的推测）
Today is Sunday. She may not be in the office.今天是周日。她可能不在办公室。(现在)
They might be holding a meeting in the classroom.他们或许正在教室开会。(此刻)
2.may/might 表示征求同意或许可
may/might可表示征求同意或许可（在疑问句中表示“征求同意”，在陈述句中表示“许可”），意为“可以”。表示征求同意时，might 比may的语气更委婉。一般疑问句的肯定回答用may/can，但作出否定回答时要用can't/mustn't，表示“不可以，禁止”。
You may keep the book for two weeks.这本书你可以借两个星期。
May I watch TV after supper 晚饭后我可以看电视吗
Yes, you may/can.是的,你可以。
No, you mustn't/can't.不，你不能。
3.may常用于祈使句中，表示祝愿May you succeed!(=Wish you success!)祝你成功!
May your dream come true! 愿你梦想成真！
大单元综合试题训练
一、语法填空
1. _____ my opinion, you needn't apologize to him right away.
2. He admitted _____ (cheat) in the exam and said he regretted doing that.
3. Occasions are quite rare _____ I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
4. The _____ (retire) old man enjoys painting and planting some flowers in his daily life.
5. Though lots of difficulties exist _____ our everyday life, we shouldn't be afraid of them.
6. In general, the northerners are keen _____ noodles while the southerners are fond of rice.
7. China is making efforts _______ (promote) the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt.
8. The students are busy making preparations for the lecture because they will take part in the ________ (compete).
9. It is reported that last month many applicants _____ (attract) by the advertisement for engineers in the local paper.
10. _____ the request of students, the school invited an expert to give a lecture on how to select courses for high school students.
二、翻译句子
11.他知道, 取得好成绩和与同学友好相处都很重要。(as well as)
He knows it's important to get good grades _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ with classmates.
12.我认为成年人不会喜欢这种幼稚的装修。(否定前移)
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ this kind of childish decoration.
13.她花费了两个小时完成这个任务。(sth. take sb. some time to do)
The task _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____.
14.她是否会出国深造取决于她的家庭和她的态度。(depend on)
Whether she will go abroad to further her study _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____.
15.这个特殊时期, 如果你想获得更多关于世界的知识, 待在家里读书也是非常有用的, 不亚于到处旅行。(no less than)
During this special time, reading at home is helpful _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ if you want to get more knowledge of the world.
三、阅读理解
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula(芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much；I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, "food waste goes against the moral grain," as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month's cover story. It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away—from "ugly" (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, "if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world."
If that's hard to understand, let's keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time—but for him, it's more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished(有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don't think. "Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat, "Curtin says.
16. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
A. We pay little attention to food waste.
B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat.
D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
17. What is a consequence of food waste according to the text
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
18. What does Curtin's company do
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
19. What does Curtin suggest people do
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
四、七选五
As the most significant and traditional festival in China, Chinese New Year is associated with many traditions and customs. Some of these traditions are dying out, so people feel that the festival becomes less interesting and conventional. ①______
1. Kowtowing to Elders
Chinese New Year traditions regarding greeting are not like kissing, hugging, and handshaking in western countries. In the past, the first thing for a Chinese New Year visit started with kowtowing to the elders. .You need to kneel down to show respect and gratitude to the elders. ②______ Nowadays, the young generation rejects such a way of greeting, so the practice is abandoned gradually in modern cities, while in some rural areas, the tradition is still kept.
2. Staying Up on Chinese New Year's Eve
According to a legend, the fierce monster Nian would come to harm people and livestock(牲畜) on New Year's Eve, which would cause great damage to people's efforts of a whole year. ③______ When staying up all night, people would find something to kill time, such as chatting, watching TV, playing cards or mahjong. It is really difficult to stay awake for a whole night, so Chinese people are beginning to abandon this tradition.
3. No Sweeping or Dumping on the Lunar New Year's Day
In the old days, it was considered improper to sweep the house, or dump rubbish on the first day of the lunar year, for it indicated that all the good luck and fortune would be driven far away. ④______ Therefore, the practice is becoming obscure(鲜为人知的).
4. Opening-door Firecrackers
People will set off firecrackers in the early morning of Chinese New Year's Day. ⑤______ People wish to welcome the good luck inside when they open their doors in the morning. Some companies will also set off opening-door firecrackers when people return to work. The firecrackers lead to air pollution and also bring potential risk, so now this tradition is rarely seen.
A. Once they wake up, it is the first thing they do.
B. To avoid its attack, people would shut doors and stay awake.
C. The Spring Festival is a good chance for separated friends and families to get together.
D. Well, let's see the vanishing(消失) Chinese New Year traditions you may not know.
E. It is really physically challenging work if you have a big family and you happen to be the youngest.
F. However, people nowadays are likely to keep the house clean and tidy, especially when they have guests.
G. All the trash should be dumped afterwards, symbolizing all the poverty and hardship will be thrown away.
答案以及解析
1.答案：In
解析：考查介词。句意:在我看来,你不必马上向他道歉。in one's opinion在某人看来。
2.答案：cheating
解析：考查动名词。句意:他承认在考试中作弊了,并说他很后悔那么做。admit doing sth.表示“承认做过某事”。
3.答案：when
解析：句意为：我很少有机会陪孩子一整天。occasion意为"机会，时机"，作先行词时，如果关系词在从句中作时间状语，用when引导定语从句。
4.答案：retired
解析：考查形容词。句意:这位退休的老人在日常生活中喜欢画画和种些花。设空处作定语,修饰后面的名词man,应用形容词;根据语境可知设空处表示“退休的”,故填retired。
5.答案：in
解析：考查介词。句意:尽管我们的日常生活中存在许多困难,但我们不应该害怕它们。exist in存在于。
6.答案：on
解析：考查介词。句意:一般来说,北方人喜欢吃面条,而南方人喜欢吃米饭。be keen on喜爱。
7.答案：to promote
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意:中国正在努力促进长江经济带的发展。make efforts to do sth.努力做某事。
8.答案：competition
解析：考查词性转换。句意：学生们正忙着为讲座做准备，因为他们要参加竞赛。定冠词the后用名词形式。
9.答案：were attracted
解析：考查时态、语态及主谓一致。句意:据报道,上个月当地报纸上刊登的招聘工程师的广告吸引了许多申请者。本句中that引导主语从句,设空处在主语从句中作谓语。根据从句中的时间状语last month可知从句应用一般过去时。从句主语many applicants与attract为被动关系,从句应用被动语态。从句主语为复数形式,谓语也应用复数形式,故填were attracted。
10.答案：At
解析：考查介词。句意:应学生的要求,学校邀请了一位专家来作关于高中生应如何选课的演讲。at the request of sb.应某人的要求。
二、
11.答案：as; well; as; to; get; along; well
12.答案：I; don't; think; adults; will; like
13.答案：took; her; two; hours; to; finish
14.答案：depends; on; her; family; and; her; attitude
15.答案：no; less; than; traveling; around
三、
16.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段的最后两句可知，随着时间的推移，芝麻菜坏了，更糟糕的是，作者不假思索地买了太多东西；作者本可以用扔掉的东西做六份沙拉。由此可知，我们有时会无意中浪费食物。故选B。
17.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第一、二句可知，生产没人吃的食物会浪费种植食物所消耗的水、燃料和其他资源，这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。由此可知，食物浪费的一个后果是危害环境。故选B。
18.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的"Curtin is CEO...rotted in fields."可知，该公司回收食物并将其转变为健康食品。它通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，回收了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品会在地里腐烂。由此可推知，Curtin的公司把一些人们不想要的食物制作成可以吃的健康食物。故选D项。
19.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中Curtin 说的话可推知，Curtin建议人们只购买必需品。故选A项。
四、
答案：DEBFA
解析：①根据该空所在位置判断该空填入句应起到总领全文的作用，再根据文章主题内容"正在消失的新年传统"可知，D项(那么，让我们来看看那些正在消失的、你可能不知道的中国新年传统吧。)符合语境，可以衔接上下文。
②根据本段的小标题"向长辈磕头"可知本段主旨，再根据空前两句"在过去，中国新年拜年的第一件事就是向长辈磕头。你需要跪下来表达对长辈的尊敬和感激之情。"可判断，此处填入E项(如果你有一个大家庭，而你又恰好是辈分最小的，那真的是挑战体力的工作。)It指代kowtowing to the elders。
③根据本段小标题"在除夕夜守岁"可知本段主旨，再根据空前句"根据一个传说，凶猛的怪兽‘年’会在除夕之夜来伤害人和牲畜，这将对人们一整年的努力造成巨大的破坏。"和空后句"熬夜的时候，人们会找些事情来打发时间，比如聊天、看电视、打牌或打麻将。"可知，B项(为了避免它的袭击，人们关上门，保持清醒。)符合语境。
④根据本段小标题"不在农历新年当天打扫和倒垃圾"可知本段主旨，再根据空后句"因此，这种做法正变得鲜为人知。"中Therefore一词体现的因果逻辑关系可知设空处填入句应体现这种做法逐渐消失的原因。F项(然而，现在的人们很可能会保持房子的干净和整洁，特别是有访客的时候。)既体现了传统消失的原因，又体现了和空前句的转折关系，与上下文衔接紧密。
⑤根据本段小标题"开门炮"可知本段主旨，再根据空前句"在春节当天的清晨，人们会燃放鞭炮。"中的in the early morning和空后句"人们希望早上开门的时候能把好运迎进门。"中的when they open their doors in the morning两个时间状语可知放"开门炮"的时间，与A项(一旦人们醒来，做的第一件事就是这个)表述的时间相符，the first thing指放"开门炮"。
2Unit 5 On the road
大单元思维知识整合
一、重点单词
destination n. 目的地，终点
quit v. 离开(工作岗位、学校等)；离任
route n. 路线
aboard adv. 在船(飞机、火车)上
landscape n. (陆上的)风景，景致　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　 　 　
hike v. 在……徒步旅行，远足
luggage n. 行李
cash n. 现款，现金
flight n. 航班，班机
remote adj. 偏僻的，偏远的
engage v. 参与，参加
vehicle n. 交通工具，车辆
mass n. 大量，许多
gallery n. 美术馆，画廊
quest n. (长期的)寻求，探索，追求
profession n. (需要高等教育和训练的)专业，行业
previous adj. 以前的，先前的
dramatic adj. 激动人心的；给人印象深刻的
visa n. (护照上的)签证
budget n. 预算
transfer n. 转乘，换乘
currency n. 货币，通货
credit n. 赊购，信贷
souvenir n. 纪念品，纪念物
soccer n. 英式足球
二、重点短语
be determined to do sth.决心去做某事
in particular 尤其，特别
force sb. into (doing) sth.迫使某人(做)某事
make an impact on 对……造成冲击；对……产生影响
make a comment on 对……作出评论
be used to (doing) sth.惯于(做)……
over time 随着时间的推移
apply for 申请
in advance 提前
enngage in 参加(活动)
can't wait to do 迫不及待做(某事)
cheer sb. up 使某人振奋；使某人感到高兴
keep in touch 保持联系
at that 此外，而且
less than 少于
regard ...as ... 把……当作……
be determined to do sth.决心做某事
come true (梦想、愿望等)实现
work full time 全职
take every opportunity to do sth.抓住一切机会做某事
三、重点句型
1. There is no doubt that the Bernina Express is a journey for travellers who want to get back to nature ... (There is no doubt that ...毫无疑问……)
(1)There is no doubt that...意为“毫无疑问……”，that引导同位语从句，解释说明doubt的具体内容。
(2)There is some doubt about/whether ...怀疑……
拓展：
I don't/never doubt that ... 我不怀疑……，我相信……
I doubt whether/if ... 我怀疑是否……
no/without doubt 毫无疑问
2. It was then that I realised her seat was empty! (强调句型)
(1)强调句型的一般疑问句：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分？
(2)强调句型的特殊疑问句：疑问词(被强调部分)＋is/was＋it＋that＋句子其他部分？
(3)not ...until ...结构的强调句型：It is/was not until＋被强调部分＋that＋句子其他部分。
3. Maybe，but only if it doesn't look dangerous. (only if引导条件状语从句)
(1)only if意为“只有”，引导条件状语从句，only起强调作用。
(2)only if位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
拓展：
(1)if only意为“但愿……，要是……就好了”，常常表示强烈的愿望或遗憾。
(2)if only后的句子中谓语动词用过去时表示现在或将来难以实现的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。
4. At that time I discovered blogging and found that I took pretty good pictures. (and连接两个并列谓语discovered和found，而that引导的宾语从句作found的宾语。)
5. When I post the picture online，I will make a comment about how bad it is to feed wild crocodiles.
when引导时间状语从句，主句中how (bad)引导的宾语从句作介词about的宾语，宾语从句中it为形式主语，而to feed wild crocodiles为真正的主语。
四、重点语法
动词 ing形式作定语
一、表示属性、作用或用途
观察例句：
①There's always plenty to read in the waiting room.
②They set up an operating table in a small temple.
动词 ing形式作定语表示被修饰词的属性、作用或用途，作“供……用”讲，相当于介词for短语，常置于被修饰词之前。例如the waiting room＝the room for waiting；an operating table＝a table for operation。
二、表示动作或状态
观察例句：
①The youth of our country are often compared to the rising sun.
②The boy sitting beside Mr.Wang is our monitor.
③The houses being built are for the teachers.
(1)表示被修饰词的动作或存在的状态，与被修饰词之间为主动关系时用doing，与被修饰词之间为被动关系时用being done。
(2)表示动作或状态时，动词 ing形式在功能上相当于一个定语从句。如the rising sun＝the sun that/which is rising；the houses being built＝the houses that/which are being built。
(3)单个的动词 ing形式作定语时，常放在被修饰词之前；动词 ing短语作定语时，则放在被修饰词之后。
三、形容词化的动词 ing形式
观察例句：
①That must have been a terrifying experience.
②A good teacher knows how to turn a boring lesson into an interesting one.
③The disappointing boy is always making trouble in class.
有些动词 ing形式已经转化为形容词，常作定语修饰物，有时也可修饰人，表示“令人……的”。
大单元综合试题训练
一、语法填空
1. Interestingly, the more _____ (cheer) the music was, the faster their heart rates were.
2. I was putting on a performance on stage _____ someone came up and handed me a bunch of flowers.
3. The professor _____ (give) a speech about the universe now is from Harvard University.
4. With the popularity of Alipay and WeChat, paying ________ cash has gradually become a thing of the past.
5. _____ Mr. Green's credit, he managed to get the important ceremony organized even though the time was so limited.
6. They set up an _____ (operate) table and operated on the injured immediately.
7. I am travelling in Yunnan Province, and I decide to go _____ (hike) in the mountains.
8. _____ the help of the development of the technology, it is becoming a reality to use robots to deliver food to homes.
9. A study shows that to some extent, students who engage _____ after-school activities are happier than those who don't.
10. When I was about to stop running and quit the race, I heard the whole class cheering me _____, which gave me great strength to continue.
二、翻译句子
11._________________(就在那时) I realized her seat was empty!
12.事故就发生在我刚站过的地方。
The accident took place _______ _______ _______ stood.
13.现在轮到你陈述自己的观点了。
Now it is _______ _______ _______ state your point of view.
14.毫无疑问，他现在有人和他一起打乒乓球了。
There is no doubt that he has someone _______ _______ table tennis _______.
15.就在昨天，我们在一个美术馆偶遇。
_______ _______ _______ _______ we came across each other in an art gallery.
三、阅读理解
Leaving everything behind to go after true happiness takes courage, and Sophie Matterson has enough to go around. The 31-year-old enjoyed a good life in Brisbane, Australia, with a job in the TV and film industry, but it didn't make her in good heart. That's why she was determined to try a different path. Now she's trekking(长途跋涉) across the Australian continent with five camels(骆驼) and is the happiest she's ever been!
In 2016, Sophie changed jobs and ended up somewhere she never expected: milking camels on a farm in Queensland.
"What I wasn't anticipating was how much I would end up falling in love with these animals," she wrote. "What was only going to be a six-month break from my 'real job' turned into five years of running after camels around Australia and other parts of the world."
After taking tourists on camel treks for a while, Sophie decided to have an amazing adventure of her own. She planned out a 5,000-kilometer trip from Shark Bay to Byron Bay before catching and training five wild camels in January 2019. Then she was finally ready to explore her country with Mac, Delilah, Clayton, Jude, and Charlie!
As one might imagine, the trip can be lonely at times, but Sophie's camels make surprisingly good companions.
"It's extremely lovely and relaxing to camp with camels," she said. Best of all, she can see the great landscape!
Sophie hopes to arrive in Byron Bay in the next nine months. In the meantime, she'll be enjoying every second with her camel friends.
16. Why did Sophie give up her job in the TV and film industry
A. It was of no interest to her.
B. It took much courage to carry on.
C. She needed to move to another country for a new job.
D. She was unwilling to leave everything behind to go for it.
17. What does the underlined word "anticipating" in Paragraph 3 mean
A. Believing. B. Discovering. C. Trying. D. Expecting.
18. Where did Sophie get the camels
A. From a farm. B. From some friends.
C. From the wild. D. From some tourists
19. Which word can best describe Sophie
A. Thoughtful. B. Adventurous. C. Responsible. D. Confident.
四、七选五
Travel is one of the activities people carry out most often during their spare time. ①________ Maybe, for them, to broaden their horizons and to be happy and healthy, are more important than money. Travel can be a wonderful experience and a sweet memory. The following tips on travel may help you if you plan to travel later on.
Know more about the place you plan to visit. ②________ After making a decision, you should seek others' advice and try to know more about the place that you are going to, including how to get there, the cost, the sights you plan to visit and so on.
③________ Especially if you plan to take part in adventure activities, you may get injured. Once such an injury or accident happens to you, you may not have to suffer both physically and financially as long as you have travel insurance.
Do not forget medicines. ④________ They are necessary for a cold, infection, stomach upset, injuries, etc. Since you are travelling away from home, you may not have family members to care for you when you fall ill. So, take extra care of yourself and be ready for everything.
Mind your basic safety. It's easy to let your guard down when you travel. After all, you're more relaxed and there are so many new sights to focus on. However, nothing is more important than your life.⑤________
A. Consider travel insurance(保险).
B. Being a money-saving traveller is not easy.
C. So, watch out for your personal safety at all times.
D. Ask your classmates for opinions about where to go.
E. Although travel may cost a lot of money, most people like to travel.
F. Always remember to carry your first aid box and necessary medicines.
G. To enjoy a wonderful trip, you should think carefully about where to go.
答案以及解析
1.答案：cheerful
解析：考查形容词。句意:有趣的是，音乐越欢快，他们的心率就越快。分析句子结构可知，此句使用了“the +比较级...， the +比较级...”结构，表示“越……就越……”。设空处与空前的more一起构成比较级，再结合空后的was可知此处应用形容词作was的表语。由句意可知设空处表示“欢快的”，故填cheerful。
2.答案：when
解析：考查连词。句意:我正在舞台上表演，这时有人走上前来递给我一束花。was/were doing...when...为固定结构，意为“正在做……这时……”。故填when。
3.答案：giving
解析：考查现在分词作定语。句意:现在正在作关于宇宙的演讲的教授来自哈佛大学。句中已有谓语动词is，则设空处应用非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，"The professor is from Harvard University"为a speech about the universe now句子主干；作定语修饰空前的名词The professor。The professor与give为逻辑上的主动关系，因此用现在分词形式。
4.答案：in
解析： 考查介词。句意:随着支付宝和微信的普及，用现金支付已经逐渐成为昔日的事情了。in cash用现金。
5.答案：To
解析：考查介词。句意:值得赞扬的是，即使时间如此有限，格林先生仍设法组织好了这场重要的仪式。 to sb.'s credit为固定搭配，表示“某人值得赞扬(或尊重)”。
6.答案：operating
解析：考查动名词作定语。此处表示“搭起手术台”，设空处作定语修饰名词table，表示用途，故用动名词形式。
7.答案：hiking
解析：考查名词。go hiking为固定短语，意为“徒步旅行”。
8.答案：with
解析：考查介词。句意:在技术发展的帮助下，使用机器人将食物送到家中正在成为现实。 with the help of在……的帮助下。
9.答案：in
解析：考查介词。句意:一项研究表明，在一定程度上，参加课外活动的学生比那些不参加课外活动的学生更快乐。engage in为固定搭配，表示“参加，参与”。
10.答案：on
解析：考查介词。句意:当我就要停止跑步并放弃比赛的时候，我听到全班同学都在为我加油，这给了我巨大的力量继续比赛。cheer sb. on为固定搭配，意为“为某人加油”。故填on。
二、
11.答案：It was then that
12.答案：where I had
13.答案：your turn to
14.答案：to play， with
15.答案：It was yesterday that
三、
16.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的"with a job in the TV and film industry, but it didn't make her in good heart. That's why she was determined to try a different path."可知，索菲放弃了她在影视行业的工作的原因是这份工作没有让她开心，她对这份工作不感兴趣。故选A。
17.答案：D
解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段中索菲说的话可知，本来只是她的"真正的工作"中的六个月的休息，结果变成了在澳大利亚和世界其他地方追赶骆驼的五年。由此可知，索菲没想到(或没预料到)自己最终会爱上骆驼。所以推断 anticipating 与expecting意思接近，意为"预料"。故选D。
18.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段第二句中的"before catching and training five wild camels in January 2019"可知，和索菲一起旅行的五只骆驼是野生骆驼，所以索菲应该是从野外得到的骆驼。故选C。
19.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段可知，索菲放弃自己在影视行业的稳定工作，正在和五只骆驼一起穿越澳大利亚大陆；第四段中的"Sophie decided to have an amazing adventure of her own"谈到索菲决定去经历一次属于她自己的冒险之旅；最后一段谈到，索菲希望在接下来的九个月内到达拜伦湾。以上这些都需要"冒险精神和勇气"。由此推断出，索菲是有冒险精神的。故选B。A.体贴的；C.负责任的；D.有信心的。
四、
答案：EGAFC
解析：①细节句。根据空上文可知，旅游是人们在业余时间最常进行的活动之一;根据空下文中的"Maybe, for them， to broaden their horizons and to be happy and healthy are more important than money."可知，在旅行的人看来，他们通过旅行得到的回报比金钱更重要。分析选项可知E项"尽管旅行可能会花费许多钱，但是大多数人还是喜欢旅行"符合语境，空后一句相当于E项所述内容的原因。E项中的"travel"与空上文中的"Travel"对应;空下文中的"them"指代E项中的"most people"。
②细节句。根据段首句即本段主旨句"Know more about the place you plan to visit."可知，该段建议读者尽可能多地了解旅行目的地的相关信息。根据空下文中的"After making a decision， you should..."可知空下文是选好目的地之后需要做的事。结合选项可推测设空处与选择旅行目的地有关，G项中的"think carefully about where to go(仔细考虑去哪里)"符合语境，与空下文中的"making a decision"对应。故选G。
③主旨句。根据首段尾句"The following tips on travel may help you..."可知，本文为总分结构，后文介绍的是关于旅行的一些建议;再根据第二、四、五段的段首句可知，设空处也应以祈使句开头，作为本段的主旨句。根据后文中的"get injured"及"you may not have to suffer...as long as you have travel insurance"可知，本段建议读者出行前购买旅行保险，以防万一。由此可知A项"考虑旅行保险"符合语境。A项中的"travel insurance"为原词复现，与该段最后一句中的"travel insurance"相照应。
④细节句。根据段首句即本段主旨句"Do not forget medicines."可知，本段建议读者旅行时携带备用的药物。F项"始终都要记住带上你的急救箱和必需的药物"符合本段主旨，且与空后内容(它们对治疗感冒、感染、拉肚子、受伤等很有必要)联系紧密，故选F。F项中的"medicines"为原词复现，与空上文中的"medicines"相照应;空下文中的"They"指代F项中的"first-aid kit and necessary medicines"。
⑤细节句。由段首句即本段主旨句"Mind your basic safety."可知本段主要讲述个人安全问题。根据空上文中的"However, nothing is more important than your life."可知旅行时人身安全是最重要的。分析选项可知C项"所以，要时刻注意你的人身安全"与空上文联系紧密，空上文是C项内容的原因，且C项符合本段主旨，故选C。C项中的"safety"为原词复现，与段首句中的"safety"相照应。
2Unit 4 Stage and screen——2023-2024学年英语外研版（2019）必修第二册大单元思维强化
大单元思维知识整合
一、重点单词
female adj. 女(性)的
technique n. 技巧，手法
energetic adj. 精力充沛的，充满活力的
clap v. 拍(手)，鼓(掌)
edge n. 边缘
anger n. 愤怒，怒火
combine v. (使)结合，(使)组合
applaud v. (为……)鼓掌
grateful adj. 感谢的，感激的
extremely adv. 极度，极其
overcome v. 控制(感情)，克服(困难)
absorbed adj. 专心致志的
absolutely adv. 完全地，绝对地
appealing adj. 有吸引力的，有趣的
definitely adv. 确切地，肯定地
plot n. (书、电影、戏剧的)情节
rude adj. 粗鲁的，无礼的
transport n. 交通运输系统，运输方式
arrangement n. 安排，筹划
brief adj. 短暂的
escape v. (从危险或糟糕的处境中)逃离，逃避，摆脱
disappointed adj. 失望的，沮丧的
original adj. 原先的，最初的
awkward adj. 紧张的；不舒适的
behave v. 表现
normal adj. 正常的，平常的
responsibility n. 责任
absence n. 缺乏，没有
二、重点短语
be familiar with 对……熟悉
date back to 追溯到
get across 解释清楚，传达
transform ...into ... 把……变成……
on the edge of one's seat极为感动
tick all the right boxes 事情发展如人所愿，一切顺利
stay up 熬夜
put on 表演(节目)；穿上；增加体重
all too often 时常，经常是
end up 结果
result in 导致，造成
live up to 符合(标准)，不负(盛名)
to some extent 在某种程度上
in one's own right 凭借自身，靠自己
turn to 转向，求助于
stand out 突出，醒目，出色
be full of 充满
combine...with/and... 把……与……结合起来
as the saying goes 常言道；俗话说
play the part of... 扮演……的角色
can't wait to do sth. 迫不及待做某事
escape from 逃避；逃出
more or less 或多或少
to some extent 在某种程度上
三、重点句型
1. The voices themselves sounded really unique — some of the female voices were so high that I was sure they could break glass! (so ...that ...引导结果状语从句)
在so...that或such...that句型中，当so或such以及其所修饰的部分位于句首时，主句用部分倒装。
2. At first, I thought what I heard was a violin，but later I learnt that it was an instrument with two strings called jinghu.
(并列复合句。前一个分句中what引导的宾语从句作thought的宾语，其中what在宾语从句中又作heard的宾语；后一个分句中that引导的宾语从句作learnt的宾语，with two strings called jinghu作定语修饰instrument。)
3. It was so dazzling and energetic that I wasn't sure if the characters were performers or athletes! (复合句。so ...that ...引导结果状语从句，其中包含if引导的宾语从句。)
4. If so，why has one of the earliest and greatest works in Western storytelling，Homer's The Odyssey，never had an equally great movie based on it (if so 如果这样的话)
if so是if构成的省略句。类似的还有：
if not 如果不这样的话 if any 如果有的话 if necessary 如果有必要
if ever 如果曾经有的话 if possible 如果可能的话
在if，when，while，though，unless，as if等引导的状语从句中，如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句的谓语动词部分含有be动词，可将状语从句的主语和be动词省略。
5. This is something that even the highly successful Harry Potter movies can't escape from，with fans of the books disappointed not to see some of their favourite characters in the movie versions. (with复合结构)
常见的with复合结构：
(1)with＋宾语＋形容词/副词/介词短语
(2)with＋宾语＋doing(表主动、进行)
(3)with＋宾语＋done(表被动、完成)
(4)with＋宾语＋to do(表未做)
四、重点语法
动词 ing形式（现在分词）作状语
一、动词 ing形式作状语时的形式
观察例句：
They sat in the classroom，reading the books borrowed from the library.
Not having finished his homework，the boy was still doing it in the classroom.
Having been told several times，he still couldn't understand how to operate the machine.
(1)动词 ing(以do为例)从形式上可分为一般式(doing)与完成式(having done)，其被动语态分别为being done与having been done。
(2)动词 ing形式的一般式作状语，表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时或相继发生，其否定式为not doing。
(3)动词 ing形式的完成式作状语，表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。其否定式为not having been done。
二、动词 ing形式作状语的具体情况
1．时间状语
观察例句：
①Walking in the park，she came across an old friend.
②You should never take a chance while driving a car.
动词 ing形式作时间状语时，相当于时间状语从句，有时可在前面加上when或while。例①的Walking＝When she was walking。
[即学即练2]　用括号内动词的适当形式填空
2．原因状语
观察例句：
①Not knowing his address，I couldn't call on him.
③Being well taken care of，she recovered quickly.
动词 ing形式作原因状语时，相当于原因状语从句。例①的Not knowing＝Because I didn't know。
3．伴随或方式状语
观察例句：
①He sat in the armchair，reading a newspaper.
②He suddenly appeared in class one day，wearing sunglasses.
动词 ing形式作伴随或方式状语时，可以转换成并列成分。例①的reading＝and read。
4．条件状语
观察例句：
①Turning to the left，you will find a path.
②Taking more exercise，you'll become stronger and healthier.
动词 ing形式作条件状语时，相当于条件状语从句。例①的Turning＝If you turn。
5．让步状语
观察例句：
①Having tried many times，he still couldn't overcome the difficulties.
②Though lacking money，his parents managed to send him to university seventeen years ago.
动词 ing形式作让步状语时，相当于让步状语从句，例①的Having tried＝Although he had tried。有时可在动词 ing前面加上although/though，even if/even though等。
6．结果状语
观察例句：
①The boy fell off his bike，breaking his left arm.
②Their car was caught in a traffic jam，thus causing the delay.
动词 ing形式作结果状语时，表示必然的结果，通常放在句末，相当于so或so that引导的结果状语从句。例①的breaking＝so that he broke。有时为了突出结果，可在动词 ing前加上thus。
不定式作结果状语时，表示出人意料的结果，常与only，never连用。
7．评注性状语
观察例句：
①Generally speaking，children are naturally curious.
②Considering the budget，we have decided to give up the travel plan.
有些动词 ing形式用于句首，没有逻辑主语而独立存在，作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等，这被称为评注性状语。常见的评注性状语有：generally speaking一般说来，frankly speaking坦率地说，roughly speaking大致说来，judging from/by...根据……来判断，considering ...考虑到……，supposing...假如……等。
大单元综合试题训练
一、语法填空
1. The clever boy answered the question _____ (use) another way.
2. The magician transformed the ball _____ a rabbit in the performance.
3. _____ (fail) many times in training, Jenny didn't lose heart.
4. The audience watched the dancer's every _____ (move) on the stage.
5. There was a _______ (disappoint) look on her face when she saw the result.
6. The two prisoners are said _____ (escape), and the police are searching for them.
7. Only if we develop science and technology _____ our own right can we not be controlled by other countries.
8. You should exercise more so as to keep _____ (energy) and you can work more efficiently (高效地).
9. He didn't hear what the teacher said because of his _______ (absent) of mind, which made his classmates burst into laughter.
10. There are a lot of web celebrities (名人) selling their goods through live streaming these days, and they should take _______ (responsible) for what they promote.
二、翻译句子
11.在某种程度上，你并不适合这个工作。
You are not fit for the job ________ ________ ________.
12.他的计划以失败而告终，所有人都很失望。
His plan ended in failure, ________ everyone ________ at it.
13.由于所有数据都记在心里，他显得非常自信。
________ all the data ________ ________, he appeared to be very confident.
14.你能否详细描述一下所发生的一切？
Can you ________ ________ ________ of what has happened in detail
15.你表演如此出色，我们都无法相信这是真的。
You performed ________ ________ ________ we couldn't believe it was true.
三、阅读理解
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes' walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen—any screen—and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference," David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now："We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
16. What is the problem with the author's children
A. They often annoy the neighbours. B. They are tired of doing their homework.
C. They have no friends to play with. D. They stay in front of screens for too long.
17. How did David Bond advocate his idea
A. By making a documentary film. B. By organizing outdoor activities.
C. By advertising in London media. D. By creating a network of friends.
18. Which of the following can replace the underlined word "charts" in paragraph2
A. records B. predicts C. delays D. confirms
19. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Let Children Have Fun B. Young Children Need More Free Time
C. Market Nature to Children D. David Bond: A Role Model for Children
四、七选五
The earliest known music festival occurred in the 6th century BCE. After centuries' development, by the late 1960s, rock bands had begun to organize their own music festivals. Perhaps the first formal and well-known festival for rock was the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967, which brought rock bands to the attention of American audiences. ①_____ It started in 1968 as an event with about 10,000 people.
By 1970, the festival had grown to bring in more than 600,000 people, showing the popularity of music festivals to organizers. Many others also began to organize such events. The Summerfest Festival was established in 1968. ②_____ Interestingly, this festival made cities realize festivals could bring many benefits. This helped to spread the idea of creating not only music festivals but also other types of festivals, such as those related to food and films.
③_____ It drew so many people, making it the first large rock music festival. Labeled as "three days of love and peace", Woodstock featured many well-known energetic bands and artists, making rock music festivals known to many Americans and Europeans.
④_____ Many genres(类型) now have their own music festivals, ranging from classical music to heavy metal. Countries in every habitable continent have music festivals. Some focus on traditional, folk music. ⑤_____ Music festivals have become extremely popular venues that have become well established as part of summer culture.
A. Rock music is the reflection of history.
B. The Woodstock Rock Festival changed the form of rock concerts.
C. However, it focused not only on music but other events.
D. Another early rock festival was the Isle of Wight Festival.
E. Today, it's hard to imagine summer without music festivals.
F. What perhaps put music festivals on the map was the Woodstock Rock Festival in 1969.
G. Others are intended for younger audiences or those who prefer period-based music.
答案以及解析
1.答案：using
解析：考查现在分词作方式状语。句意：这个聪明的男孩用另一种方式回答了这个问题。句中已有谓语动词answered且句中没有连词，则设空处应用非谓语动词。根据句意可知，设空处表示方式，且句子主语The clever boy与use之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词作方式状语。
2.答案：into
解析：考查介词。句意：魔术师在表演中把那个球变成了一只兔子。根据句意可知，此处应用固定搭配transform...into… 意为“把……转变成……”。故填into。
3.答案：Having failed
解析：考查现在分词作让步状语。句意：虽然在训练中失败了很多次，但珍妮没有失去信心。句中已有谓语动词didn't lose，且逗号前后两部分之间没有连词连接，则设空处应用非谓语动词。根据句意可知，设空处在句中作让步状语，句子主语Jenny和fail之间是逻辑上的主动关系，且fail表示的动作发生在didn't lose之前，应用现在分词的完成式作状语。设空处位于句首，首字母应大写，故填Having failed。
4.答案：movement
解析：考查名词。句意：观众观看了舞蹈演员在舞台上的每一个动作。根据句意可知设空处作watched的宾语，应用名词；由句意可知设空处表示“活动，动作”，应用名词movement，且被every修饰，故用单数形式。
5.答案：disappointed
解析：考查词性转换。句意：她看到结果时，脸上有失望的表情。-ed结尾的形容词通常用于说明句中主语(人)的情绪，也可修饰事物，被修饰词多为look(表情)、smile(微笑)、cry(叫声)、voice(嗓音)等显示人的情感状况的名词。
6.答案：to have escaped
解析：考查动词不定式。句意：据说那两名囚犯已经逃跑了，警察正在搜捕他们。sb. be said to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“据说某人做某事”，此处应用动词不定式;根据句意可知，囚犯逃跑的动作发生在人们听说这件事之前，应用不定式的完成式，故填to have escaped。
7.答案：in
解析：考查介词。句意：我们只有自主发展科学技术，才能不受其他国家的控制。in one's own right 是固定搭配，意为“凭借自身”，故填in。
8.答案：energetic
解析：考查形容词。句意：你应该多运动，以便保持精力充沛，这样你才能更高效地工作。根据句意可知设空处表示“精力充沛的”，应用energy的形容词形式energetic；“keep +adj.”表示“保持……的”。故填energetic。
9.答案：absence
解析：考查词性转换。句意：因为他心不在焉，没听见老师说什么，这使他的同学们突然大笑起来。形容词性物主代词his修饰名词。absence of mind心不在焉。
10.答案：responsibility
解析：考查词性转换。句意：如今有很多网红通过直播售卖他们的商品，他们应该对自己所推销的商品负责。take responsibility for为……负责。
二、
11.答案：to some extent
12.答案：with, disappointed
13.答案：With, in mind
14.答案：give a description
15.答案：so wonderfully that
三、
16.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第三句"However， what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen—any screen—and stare at it for hours."可知，作者的孩子们的问题是他们在屏幕前待的时间太长了。
17.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句"He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people..."可知，大卫·邦德是通过拍一部纪录片宣传他的想法的。
18.答案：A
解析：词义推测题。根据前一句中的"He documented his journey"及画线词所在句可知，此处画线词意为“记录”。 record意为“记录”；predict意为“预测"；delay意为“推迟”； confirm意为“确认”。
19.答案：C
解析：标题归纳题。文章开头作者提出，现在很多孩子沉溺于电子产品，由此开始介绍电影制作人大卫通过纪录片向孩子们介绍大自然并鼓励孩子们亲近大自然，因此C项 “向孩子们推销大自然”为最佳标题。
四、
答案：DCFEG
解析：①细节句。根据空前的内容(也许第一个正式的著名摇滚音乐节是1967年的蒙特雷流行音乐节)以及空后的内容(这项活动始于1968年，有大约10，000人参加)可知，空前提出了最早的摇滚音乐节，空后的It指代本空提出的另一个音乐节，D项(另一个早期的摇滚音乐节就是怀特岛音乐节)符合语境，故选D。
②细节句。根据空前的内容(Summerfest音乐节在1968年成立)以及空后的内容(有趣的是，这个节日让城市意识到节日可以带来很多好处)可知，此处介绍的是Summerfest音乐节的情况，结合空后的"Interestingly"推断这个音乐节有与众不同之处。C项(然而它不仅专注于音乐，还专注于其他活动)符合语境，且C项中的"it"指代空前的"The Summerfest Festival"，故选C。
③主旨句。根据空后的(它吸引了很多人)及空后第二句的内容(以"三天的爱和宁静"为标签的伍德斯托克音乐节以许多著名且有活力的乐队和艺术家为特色，让很多美国人和欧洲人了解了摇滚音乐节)可知，本段是介绍伍德斯托克音乐节的情况，说明伍德斯托克音乐节使摇滚音乐节变得普及。F项(也许让音乐节出名的是1969年的伍德斯托克音乐节)符合语境，既引出了该音乐节，又介绍了它的影响，能概括本段主旨，故选F。
④主旨句。根据空后两句的内容(现在很多音乐类型都有它们自己的音乐节，从古典乐到重金属摇滚乐。每个可居住大陆上的国家都有音乐节)可知，音乐节已经成为人们生活中的一个重要部分。E项(现在，很难想象夏天没有音乐节会是什么样子)是对本段内容的高度概括，说明音乐节的重要性，可作为本段的主旨句，故选E。
⑤细节句。根据空前的内容(一些音乐节专注于传统的民间音乐)可知，G项(其他的音乐节是专为更年轻的观众，或者那些喜欢基于某一时代的音乐的人设计的)与空前句是并列关系，介绍了音乐节的多种类型。G项中的"Others"与空前句中的"Some"相呼应，故选G。
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