新概念英语第三册句法汇总课件(共325张PPT)

(共325张PPT)
词汇语法清单
高级语法
第一节 时态和语态
第二节 非谓语动词
第三节 虚拟语气
第四节 定语从句
第五节 名词性从句
第六节 状语从句
第七节 主谓一致
第八节 特殊句型
时态
1.一般现在时 do/does
2.现在进行时 be(is am are) doing
3.一般过去时 did
4.过去进行时 was/were doing
5.现在完成时 has/have done
时态
6.过去完成时 had done
7.一般将来时 shall/will do
8.过去将来时 should/would do
9.现在完成进行时 has/have been doing
10.过去完成进行时 had been doing
时态
11.将来进行时 shall/will be doing
12.过去将来进行时 should/would be doing
13.将来完成时 shall/will have done
14.过去将来完成时 should/would have done
时态
15.将来完成进行时 shall/will have been doing
16.过去将来完成进行时 should /would have been doing
时态
一般现在时
表示经常性或习惯性的动作 I always travel by underground.
表示现在状况 He is ill now.
表示客观真理 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
表示计划或安排将要做的事情 The concert begins at 7 pm.
时间状语标志：always, often. usually, sometimes, every day, now and then=from time to time
(1)请写出下列动词的第三人称单数形式
动词原形 get want push go identify talk watch miss mix catch
动词单数
gets
wants
identifies
talks
watches
misses
mixes
catches
goes
pushes
(2)请翻译以下句子
① 我的书都在沙发上。
②她每周都会和她的朋友们去逛街。
My books are on the sofa.
She goes shopping with her friends every week.
(3). 用所给动词的正确形式及助动词填空
1. We often _____ (play) in the playground.
2. He ____ (get) up at six o’clock.
3. ___ you (brush) your teeth every morning
4. What he usually (do) after school
5. Danny (study) English, Chinese, Maths, Science and Art at school.
6.She (watch) TV with his parents every evening.
play
gets
brush
Do
do
does
studies
watches
时态
一般过去时
表示过去某个时间发生动作
She bought her friend a present yesterday.
表示过去一段时间经常性动作
He often played football when he was young.
时间状语标志：a moment ago, three days ago, (the day before) yesterday, the other day, in the past, last night/Friday/week/month/year
①我们上周去了公园，玩得很开心。
③她三年前放弃了教学。
⑤我小时候喜欢看漫画书。
We went to the park and had a good time last week .
She gave up teaching three years ago.
When I was a child, I enjoyed reading comic books.
时态
一般将来时
表示将要发生的动作，will用于各种人称; shall只用于第一人称
I shall/will get better grades next time.
Your parents will be glad to hear that you return home.
时间状语标志：soon, next week/month/year, (the day after) tomorrow, in two days/months
时态
一般将来时
"am / is / are going to+动词原形”用来表示事先考虑过的将要发生的动作
Jean is going to meet me at the airport.
时态
一般将来时
”be doing”表示根据现在计划或安排做某事
常用动词：join, leave, go, come, start, begin, arrive, stay, take
I am taking Jane out of dinner tonight.
时态
一般将来时
be+(about) to do, 表示近期内要做的事情
注意：不能与时间状语连用
The new school year is about to start.
She is going to see her parents next week.
He is going to do the housework tomorrow.
他明天要做家务。
她下周要去看她的父母。
我会尽我最大努力帮助你。
I will do my best to help you
时态
难点：主将从现
（1）时间状语从句
when, whenever, since, till, once, as soon as, while, as ,before, after
I will be an English teacher when I grow up.
时态
难点：主将从现
（2）条件状语从句
if, unless, as long as, so long as
If I have extra money, I will pay the bill for you.
时态
现在进行时
目前在做的动作 He is studying physics very hard these days.
现阶段在进行动作 I hear you are writing a novel.
与always, forever, constantly，continually表达有感彩的词汇 He is forever asking silly questions like a stupid guy.
时间状语标志：today, now, right now, these days, this week, at present, at this moment
我现在正在写作业。
她正在和我的朋友们聊天。
I’m now.
She with my friends.
我的弟弟妹妹们正在沙发上看书。
My brothers and sisters on the sofa.
doing my homework
are reading books
is chating
时态
过去进行时
过去某个时刻正在进行动作 We were taking photos on the mountains.
过去某段时间内的动作 I was talking about the new book yesterday morning.
时间状语标志：at that time, at that moment, this time yesterday, the whole morning
时态
将来进行时
将来某个时刻正在进行动作
When I get home, my mother will be cooking dinner.
计划将来要发生的事情
She will be studying French at college this time next year.
时间状语标志：at 8 am tomorrow, in the next three weeks, this time tomorrow/next week/next year
时态
现在完成时
已经完成某事，过去的动作对现在有影响
We have just come back from the United States.
表示过去某一行为持续到现在，可能继续持续下去
They have been best mates since school.
时间状语标志：already, yet, just, before, lately, recently, ever, never, once, twice
时间状语标志：since+时间点，so far, up to now, for+时间段，in the past few years
时态
现在完成时
have been to 曾去过某地，现在已经不在
have gone to 已经去了某地，现在可能还在去的路上
My father has been to Beijing.
My father has gone to Beijing.
时态
现在完成时
固定句型：It is the+序数词+time that sb have/has done sth
“这是某人第几次去......”
It is the first time that his painting has been displayed to the public.
时态
过去完成时
“过去的过去”：过去某个时间开始一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作
I had read half of the book by yesterday.
By the time they finished the job, we had reached more.
时间状语标志：by, before, until, by the end of等介词短语
时间状语标志：by the time, before, when引导时间状语从句
He said that he had read these two books.
I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
他说他已经读完这两本书了。
我以为我一个星期前就把这封信寄出去了。
时态
By the time “到......为止”
By the time +一般现在时，主句用将来完成时
By the time you get back, I will have finished the housework.
By the time+一般过去时，主句用过去完成时
By the time he returned home, the meal had been served on the table.
时态
过去完成时
固定句型：It was the+序数词+time that sb had done sth
“这是某人第几次去......”
It was the second time that I had met the same kind of problem.
时态
过去完成时
固定句型：no sooner+过去完成时+than+一般过去时
hardly+过去完成时+when+一般过去时
scarcely+过去完成时+when+一般过去时
一......就......
They had no sooner reached the office than it began to rain.
=They had hardly reached the office when it began to rain.
=They had scarcely reached the office when it began to rain.
时态
过去完成时
表示过去未曾实现的愿望，与动词intend, mean, plan, hope, wish, want, think, expect连用
I had meant to come ,but something happened.
时态
将来完成时
表示将来某时刻之前或某动作前已经发生的动作
We shall/wiil have met that manager by next Monday.
表示一个持续到将来某时之前或某动作发生之前的动作
By next Monday, she will have studied here for three years.
时间状语标志：by+将来时间
(1) — I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.　　
— I think so.He for it for months.　
A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing
(2) She said she __________ the principle already
A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen
(3) Now that she is out of job, Lucy going back to school，but she hasn’t decided yet.　　
A. had considered B. has been considering
C. considered D. is going to consider
D
B
D
(4)He asked me _____ during the summer holidays.
A. where I had been B. where I have been
C. where had I been D. where have I been
(5)When you come tonight at eight o'clock, I _____ eight lessons.
A. would review B. shall review
C. shall have reviewed D. shall be reviewing
(6) So far this year we a fall in house prices.
　 A. saw B. see C. had seen D. have seen
A
C
D
(7) On her next birthday, Ann ______ married for twenty years.
A. is B. has been C. will be D. will have been
(8) —I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he _______ enough for a used one.
A. will have saved B. will be saving C. has saved D. saves
(9) I _____ 900 English words by the time I was ten。
A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. have learned
C
A
C
时态
现在完成进行时
过去某一时间开始持续到现在，并且继续持续下去
I have been waiting for an hour, but he still hasn’t turned up.
时间状语标志：all day/month, this month/week/year, these days, recently/lately, in the past few+时间段，since+时间点，for+时间段
时态
过去完成进行时
过去某个时间或动作之前一直进行的动作
He had been writing this novel up to that time.
过去将来时：过去某事看将来要发生的动作
John said he would have a rest the next day.
语态
语态：主动语态、被动语态
通过动词呈现
他打开了这扇门。
He opens the door.
The door is opened by him.
主动语态：主语是动作执行者
被动语态：主语是动作承受者
被动语态
用法：
不知道谁是动作的执行者
He is asked to explain the rules of the game.
强调动作的承受者时
The tiger was killed by him.
被动语态
常见句型：
It is/was +动词过去分词+that 据......
=sth is/was+动词过去分词+to do
It is said that the company will take relevant measures.
=The company is said to take relevant measures.
被动语态
不及物动词无被动语态：appear, die, happen, lie, remain, occur, come true, break out, take place
The sort of things don’t happen in real life.
静态动词无被动语态：last, benefit, dislike, join, mean, have, possess, lack, cost, equal, become, suffer, look like, consist of, belong to, feel like
The game lasts about an hour.
被动语态
一般现在时被动语态：主语+am/is/are+过去分词
Children are warned not to swim alone.
一般过去时被动语态：主语+was/were+过去分词
Most problems were solved through teamwork.
被动语态
一般将来时的被动语态：主语+shall/will be+过去分词
The new traffic laws will be strictly enforced next month.
现在进行时的被动语态：主语+am/is/are being+过去分词
The traffic accident is being looked into.
被动语态
过去进行时的被动语态：主语+was/were being+过去分词
The restaurant was being redecorated when I came last time.
现在完成时的被动语态：主语+have/has been+过去分词
The house has been painted again.
被动语态
过去完成时的被动语态：主语+had been+过去分词
He had been asked not to tell anyone about the thing.
将来完成时的被动语态：主语+shall/will have been+过去分词
The task will have been finished by the end of this week.
被动语态
过去将来完成时的被动语态：主语+should/would have been+过去分词
John said the letter would have been finished by supper.
过去将来时的被动语态：主语+should/would be+过去分词
The loudspeaker announced that the flight would be delayed.
被动语态
主动表被动
系动词look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove
The building looks very beautiful.
不及物动词表示物体属性，open, close, lock
The door doesn’t close.
被动语态
主动表被动
be to blame “理应受责备”
Who is to blame
be+adj.+to do
The question is difficult to answer.
被动语态
主动表被动
be worth doing “值得做某事”
The movie is worth watching.
need, want, require “需要”
The house needs cleaning.
将以下主动句转化为被动句
1. His mother told him not to waste time on fishing.
→ He was told not to waste time on fishing (by his mother).
2. Father gave me a present at Christmas.
→ A present was given to me at Christmas (by my father).
3. This factory produces machine tools.
→Machine tools are produced (by this factory).
4. We should take measures to reduce the price.
→Measures should be taken to reduce the price(by us).
1. 一轮明月(bright moon)被浓云(heavy clouds)遮住(cover)了。
The bright moon was covered by heavy clouds
2. 那扇门被他弟弟打开了。
The door was opened by his brother.
3. Tom上周五借走了我所有的漫画书（comic book）。
All of my comic books were borrowed by Tom last Friday.
4. 到现在为止(so far)，他们已经种了二百棵树了。
So far, two hundred trees have been planted (by them) .
将以下句子用被动语态翻译出来
非谓语动词
非谓语→不能做谓语的动词
形式：现在分词 doing
过去分词 done
不定式 to do
非谓语动词之不定式
肯定式：to + 动词原形
It’s nice to meet you.
否定式：not to + 动词原形
He told me not to leave this room.
非谓语动词之不定式
句法功能：
作主语 To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
常常将to do放在句尾，it做形式主语
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
非谓语动词之不定式
句法功能：
It +be +adj.+ for/of sb. to do sth.
当adj.描述的是不定式行为的特征，此时用for .
常用的形容词有easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better等
It's so nice (for me) to hear your voice.
非谓语动词之不定式
句法功能：
It +be +adj.+ for/of sb. to do sth.
当adj. 描述主语的品质特征,此时用of . (大多数情况下，of 描述的是人)
常用的形容词有kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish等
It's very kind of him to help us.
(1) It is easy _______ her to learn English well.
(2) It's foolish ________ me to make such a mistake. .
(3) it's necessary________ us to mind our manners.
(4) It's clever________ you to work out the maths problem.
(5)It's very considerate ________you to do such a thing for the old lady.
for
of
for
of
of
1. It is necessary ______us to learn to wait. (of/for)
2. It was careless ______me to break the cup . （of/for)
3. It took them 1,000 yuan _________this table. (buy)
4. It is my pleasure _________ the box for you. (carry)
5. 轮到我们打扫教室了。
6. 确保大家的安全是我的工作。 (中译英)
7. 学会说好英语需要花很长一段时间
It's my job to ensure everyone's safety
It's our turn to clean the classroom.
of
for
to buy
to carry
It takes a long time to learn to speak English well.
非谓语动词之不定式
句法功能：
做表语
The purpose of his visi is to learn about the details of the project.
主语多为 duty / wish / hope / idea / plan / ambition/ dream / work / job/ aim /purpose等名词
非谓语动词之不定式
作宾语：考察固定搭配
口诀： 三个希望两答应，两个要求莫拒绝； 设法学会做决定，不要假装在选择。
三个希望两答应：hope，wish，want，agree，promise
两个要求莫拒绝：demand，ask，refuse
设法学会做决定：manage，learn，decide
不要假装在选择：pretend，choose
非谓语动词之不定式
I would like to have a cup of tea.
Don’t forget to buy me two tickets to the zoo.
当在believe，find，consider，make，think，feel后做宾语时，it做形式宾语，to do放在句尾
I find it difficult to work with him.
=I find to work with him is difficult.
非谓语动词之不定式
动词+疑问词+不定式
常用动词：decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell等
I don't know whether to answer his letter.
He forgets what to do next.
非谓语动词之不定式
句法功能：作定语
放在被修饰的名词或代词后面
I will always be the man to help you.
She is a pleasant fellow to work with.
当被修饰词和动词为动宾关系时，且为不及物动词，加上相应介词
动宾关系
主谓关系
非谓语动词之不定式
句法功能：作状语
表目的
To get there on time, we set out at five in the morning.
He goes there to enjoy the fresh air.
放在句首需要逗号隔开，放在句尾不需要
非谓语动词之不定式
句法功能：作状语
表结果
too...to...=adj./adv/ enough to do 表示“太......以至于......”
He is too young to carry the box.
=He isn’t old enough to carry the box.
非谓语动词之不定式
句法功能：作状语
表结果
only to do 表示出乎意料的结果
I went to see her, only to learn she had gone abroad.
非谓语动词之不定式
句法功能：作状语
表结果
so + adj. / adv. +a/an+ n. + as + to do
This is so interesting a story as to interest children.
such +a/an+ adj. / adv. + n. + as + to do
She is such a good girl as to help you make great progress.
非谓语动词之不定式
句法功能：作状语
表原因
放句末， 说明主语某种心情、情感
常见glad, pleased, sad, worried, sorrow, excited等
I’m very glad to have the opportunity to work in your company.
非谓语动词之不定式
句法功能：作宾语补足语
常见动词：advise, allow, believe, cause, challenge, compel, declare，encourage, forbid, force, find, hire, induce, instruct, invite, like, order，permit, persuade, remind, request, require, select, send, suppose, tell，train, urge等
We believe him to be guilty.
结构：动词+宾语+宾语补足语
非谓语动词之不定式
句法功能：作宾语补足语
动词多为感官动词、使役动词。使役动词( let, have, make)后边宾补时，省去to, 但是在被动语态中要还原to。
make sb. do sth. = sb. is made to do sth.
一感：feel 二听：hear, listen to
三使：make, let, have 四看：see, notice, watch, look at
非谓语动词之不定式
句法功能：作宾语补足语
动词多为感官动词、使役动词。使役动词( let, have, make)后边宾补时，省去to, 但是在被动语态中要还原to。
make sb. do sth. = sb. is made to do sth.
John’s mother makes him play the piano every day.
=John is made to play the piano every day.
非谓语动词之不定式
句法功能：作宾语补足语
固定结构：had better do sth 最好做某事
would rather do sth宁愿做某事
may/might as well 不妨
I may as well start at once. 我还不妨马上就动身。
非谓语动词之不定式
句法功能：作宾语补足语
固定结构：cannot help but do 情不自禁做某事
This experience is so meaningful that I cannot help but share it with you.
do nothing but do/have nothing to do but do 除了......无事可做
I had nothing to do but paint in my room.
非谓语动词之不定式
句法功能：作主语补足语
常见动词：seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
He wants to be more excellent.
练习： 请判断不定式在句子中做了什么成分
(1). All I did was to give him some advice . ( )
(2). His dream is to travel all over the world. ( )
(3).Lucy needs a friend to play with . ( )
(4).He was the last guest to arrive . ( )
(5). It’s interesting to read a science fiction . ( )
表语
表语
主语
定语
定语
(6)He was glad to see you. ( )
(7)My father offered to buy a computer for me. ( )
(8)Fever can make people feel weak and sleepy. ( )
(9)The doctor asked him to have more fruit and vegetables. ( )
(10) I think it not easy to solve this problem. ( )
(11) To earn his tuition(学费), he does a part-time job. ( )
(12)They came home, only to find their car lost. ( )
原因状语
宾语
宾补
宾语
目的状语
结果状语
宾补
非谓语动词之不定式
一般式强调同时发生，进行式强调同时发生且正在进行，完成式强调有先后顺序
时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing /
完成式 to have done to have been done
非谓语动词之不定式
Thousands of young people are learning to ski.
They seem to be having a meeting.
The expedition is said to have reached the South Pole.
learn与ski同时发生
此时正在开会
reach发生在say之前
非谓语动词之现在分词
Reading is an art.
He came to the party without being invited.
有时态和语态变化
非谓语动词之现在分词
句法功能：作主语
Reading is of vital importance in language learning.
注意：动名词作主语，谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式
非谓语动词之现在分词
句法功能：作主语
用 it 作形式主语，把动名词短语置于句尾作后置主语
It is no use telling him not to worry.
非谓语动词之现在分词
句法功能：作主语
常见句型：It is no use doing sth. 做某事是没有用的
It is no good doing sth. 做某事是没有好处的
It’s a waste of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间的
It is worth doing sth. 做某事是值得的
非谓语动词之现在分词
句法功能：作主语
复合结构作主语
Nixon’s visiting to China marked a new year between US and China diplomatic relations.
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
非谓语动词之现在分词
动词不定式和现在分词做主语区别
现在分词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作
It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.
It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that.
非谓语动词之现在分词
句法功能：作表语
对主语说明、解释
His favourite exercise is playing football.
表示修饰物
The film is exciting.
非谓语动词之现在分词
句法功能：作宾语
考察固定搭配
口诀：喜欢、考虑不可免(enjoy,consider,escape,avoid)
停止，放弃太冒险(stop,give up,risk)
反对想象莫推延(mind,imagine,delay,put off)
非谓语动词之现在分词
句法功能：作宾语
考察固定搭配
口诀：要求完成是期望(require,finish,look forward to.)
建议继续要勤练(suggest,go on,practise)
不禁原谅要坚持(can’t help,excuse,insist on)
非谓语动词之现在分词
动名词和不定式在动词后意思不同：
forget doing sth 忘记做了某事 forget to do sth 忘记去做某事
doing做过，to do未做
注意：mean to do sth打算做某事 mean doing sth 意味着某事
be used to doing 习惯做某事 be used to do sth 被用来做某事
非谓语动词之现在分词
句法功能：作宾语
考察固定搭配
be good at doing, put off doing sth...
介词后加doing
非谓语动词之现在分词
to后加doing：be/get used to习惯于
stick to坚持
object to/be opposed to反对
lead to导致
devote to献身于
非谓语动词之现在分词
be sentenced to被判处……(徒刑)
when it comes to当提及
look forward to盼望
add to加上
get down to着手做
be addicted to对……上瘾
be/get accustomed to习惯于
adjust to/adapt oneself to适应
非谓语动词之现在分词
句法功能：作定语
表示被修饰词的某种用途
a walking stick = a stick for walking
修饰名词时性质、状态或动作 a sleeping child
非谓语动词之现在分词
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done haveing been done
一般式动作同时发生，完成式有先后顺序
非谓语动词之现在分词
I forgot having told her the news.
I approve of his joining in the project.
tell发生在forget之前
approve与join同时发生
非谓语动词之现在分词
做状语
Sleeping on the sofa, I heard a loud noise outside the window.
Hearing the news, they jumped for joy.
Having finished his homework, the boy was allowed to watch TV.
doing前后动作同时进行，having done有先后顺序
sleep和hear同时发生
hear和jump同时发生
finish发生在watch TV前
非谓语动词之现在分词
（finish）his speech, he answered our questions.
(studied) hard, he got good grades in physics.
(give) such a book, we should read it carefully.
Having finished
Studying
Having been given
非谓语动词之过去分词
形式：V-ed 否定：not+V-ed
句法功能：
作定语
All the broken furniture has been repaired up to now.
The suggestion presented to the committee was adopted.
单个过去分词放在名词前
过去分词短语放在名词后
非谓语动词之过去分词
考点：分词做定语
The （cry）girl was said to have failed the exam.
The door (lock) is old.
方法：看旁边的名词和所填词之间主被动关系
crying
locked
非谓语动词之过去分词
句法功能：
作表语
.修饰人，人的表情（look，expression，smile）
I am very pleased with the result of the experiment.
The expression on his face is quite delighted.
非谓语动词之过去分词
考点：分词做表语
The speech was very (move).
We were (disappoint) about his poor performance in the latest competition.
方法：看主语是人还是物，人/人的表情，表语V-ed；物，表语V-ing
moving
disappointed
非谓语动词之过去分词
句法功能：
作状语
Built thirty years ago, the house still looks very beautiful.
He sat there, lost in thought.
Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
非谓语动词之过去分词
考点：分词做状语
（see） from the hill, the city looks beautiful.
（see） from the hill, I appreciate the beauty of the city.
方法：看逗号后的主语和所填词之间主被动关系
Seen
Seeing
非谓语动词之过去分词
考点：分词做状语之独立主格
The signal （give）, the bus started.
Tom （go）to the teacher's office, Sam went by（路过）.
注意：分词的逻辑主语与句子逻辑主语不一致时候，看分词逻辑主语和所填词的主被动关系，主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
given
going
非谓语动词之过去分词
句法功能：
作宾语补足语（动词+宾语+宾语补足语）
感官动词feel, notice, observe, see等和使役动词let，make等
She observed a man caught by the policeman.
I had my computer repaired yesterday.
非谓语动词之过去分词
考点：分词做宾补
You had better get the task (do) as soon as possible.
She saw a guy (walk) on the opposite side of the road.
方法：看宾语和宾补之间主被动关系
done
walking
非谓语动词之过去分词
考点：with+宾语+宾补
With our country （build）better and better, Liu’s spirit will be passed on generation after generation.
With the woman (walk) in the rain, a baby is in her arm.
方法：看宾补和所填词之间的主被动关系
built
walking
(1)I heard someone me. (call)
(2)I heard my name . (call)
(3)We found the snake the eggs. (eat)
(4)We found the eggs by the snake.(eat)
(5)You’d better have the dangerous building . ( pull down)
(6)You must make yourself when you talk in front of the class. (hear)
(7)He could hear someone around in the room above.(move)
用所给单词的适当形式填空
calling
pulled down
called
eaten
moving
eating
heard
非谓语动词
doing：表主动、表进行
done：表被动、表完成
to do：表目的、表将来
1) ( hear) the good news, he jumped with joy.
2) (give) a operation, the patient recovered from illness very quickly.
3) Once (publish), this dictionary will be very popular.
4) （laugh）and (talk), they went into the room.
5) Please fill in this form, (give) your name, address, etc.
6) ( see) from the top of the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
1. 根据括号中所给单词的适当形式填空
Hearing
Given
Laughing
talking
giving
published
Seen
7) He sat at the table, (read) China Daily.
8) ( give ) more time, we could do it much better.
9) ( pay) more attention, the child will be happier.
10) (choke) by heavy smoke, he could hardly breathe.
11) (tell) many times, he still couldn’t understand.
12) (walk) in the street, I saw a friend of mine.
13). He looked (worry) after reading the letter.
reading
Paid
Choked
Walking
Told
Given
worried
2、根据汉语意思，在空格处填入恰当的词。
(1) 书一有货，我就通知你。
I ’ ll keep you the moment the book is available.
(2) 他醒来结果发现他的汽车被偷了。
He woke up his car .
(3). 在这个发达的国家里，你很少听到有人讲脏活。
You seldom hear rude words __________ in this ___________country.
only to find
informed
stolen
spoken
developed
(4). 我的英语很差，恐怕无法让别人理解我。
poor at English, I'm afraid I can't make myself .
(5). 他匆忙离开家，留下很多事没做。
He left home in a hurry, many things .
(6)在下班回家途中，他非常恐惧的看到一个被打死的男孩躺在路边。
On his way home from work, he was to see a boy to death lying by the road.
Being
understood
leaving
undone
frightened
beaten
(7) 我喜欢把窗户开着睡觉。
I like to sleep with the windows .
(8)因为有很多工作要做，我们不得不熬夜
With too much work ， we have to stay up through the night.
(9)老师站在一旁，那个女孩感觉有点不自在
With the teacher beside, the girl felt a bit uneasy.
open
to do
standing
定语从句
关系词：关系代词、关系副词
分类：限制性定语从句、非限制性定语从句
定语从句（Attributive Clause）的分类？
限制性定语从句（Restrictive Attributive Clause）
非限制性定语从句（Non-restrictive Attributive Clause）
有逗号
没有逗号
What is attributive（定语）？
美丽的 花朵
a beautiful flower
可爱的小孩
a cute child
多彩的 城市
a colorful city
adj.
n.
Pre-attributive
（前置定语）
Post-attributive
（后置定语）
a beautiful girl
a colorful world
an exciting game
a girl receiving the letter
the boy under the tree
the book recommended by the teacher
单个形容词
短语
短
长
What is attributive clause（定语从句）？
句子： 主句 + 从句
Football is the sport which I like best.
先行词
关系词
连接主从句
代替先行词
充当从句成分
定语从句如何来？
Do you know the boy He is playing the guitar.
Do you know the boy who is playing the guitar.
Last week Mary wore the dress. I give it to her.
Last week Mary wore the dress which I give to her.
关系词代替先行词
定语从句结构
I have a friend who is visiting the Great Wall now.
She is helping the boy who was buried in the earthquake.
He went to the gym where he was used to exercise.
先行词（名词或代词）+关系词+从句（定语从句）
关系词：关系代词、关系副词
原则：当定语从句缺成分（不是状语），用关系代词
当定语从句缺成分（状语），用关系副词
做法：先行词放入从句中，缺什么补什么
关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose
关系副词：when, where, why
定语从句
定语从句关系代词
关系词：关系代词that、which
The robot was a toy that/which I bought last Friday.
从句：I bought... last Friday
that/which在从句中充当宾语
The computer that/which was in the classroom was broken.
从句：... was in the classroom
that/which在从句中充当主语
主+谓+...+状
从句缺宾语
...+谓+表
从句缺主语
关系词：关系代词who、whom
He is the boy who won the game.
从句：... won the game
who在从句中充当主语，且指人
Mary is the girl whom you know well.
从句：you know...
whom在从句中充当宾语，且指人
...+谓+宾
从句缺主语
主+谓+...
从句缺宾语
关系词：关系代词whose
This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.
从句：... name is known
whose在从句中充当定语
He has written the book whose cover is Mr. Xu.
从句：...cover is Mr. Xu
whose在从句中充当定语
主+谓
主+谓+表
scientist’s name is known
book’s cover is Mr. Xu
......的
n.（先行词）+关系词+n.:关系词往往填whose
1. I have a friend __________ likes listening to Classical music.
2. Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress I gave her.
3. The man ________ leg broke in a match used to be a football player.
4. Kevin is reading a book is too difficult for him.
5. The family I’m staying with lives in town.
在下列空白处填写正确的关系代词
that/who
that/which
that/which
whose
that/which
6. I know the student _________ article was published.
7. Betty, ________ has never been abroad , is studying English very well.
8. My parents live in a house ___________ is more than 100 years old.
9. The boy with ______ John spoke is my brother.
10. All I need is your permission.
whose
who
that/which
whom
that
定语从句
定语从句关系副词
关系词：关系副词when
——表时间
I will never forget the day I first saw you.
我不会忘记那一天
我第一次遇见你
我不会忘记我第一次遇见你的那一天。
when
关系词：关系副词when
——表时间
I will never forget the day I first saw you.
when
I will never forget the day I first saw you.
介词+which
先行词
从句
将先行词放入从句中
I first saw you the day.
on
on
which
when表示时间，只能跟在表时间的名词后。相当于on/in/at which。（大部分情况下是on which）
I found mother cooking for me when I got home.
I will never forget the time when I spent my childhood in the country.
判断下面哪个是定语从句？
第一个是时间状语从句，第二个是定语从句。
关系词：关系副词where
——表地点
This is the cinema he watched the film yesterday.
这是电影院
他昨天看电影
这是他昨天看电影的电影院。
where
关系词：关系副词where
——表地点
This is the cinema he watched the film yesterday.
where
This is the cinema he watched the film yesterday.
介词+which
先行词
从句
将先行词放入从句中
He watched the film yesterday the cinema.
in
in
which
where表示地点，只能跟在表地点的名词后。相当于in/at which。 （大部分情况下是in which）
He returned to the small town where he was born.
They will go where they are happy.
判断下面哪个是定语从句？
第一个是定语从句，第二个是地点状语从句。
补充：
当先行词为stage，situation，case，point等表示抽象地点名词，且定从缺状语时候，用where或in which引导。
They have now reached the stage where they have to seperate with each other.
他们如今已经到了不得不分手的阶段。
关系词：关系副词why
——表原因
This is the reason he was late yesterday.
这是原因
他昨天迟到
这是他昨天迟到的原因。
why
关系词：关系副词why
——表原因
This is the reason he was late yesterday.
介词+which
先行词
从句
将先行词放入从句中
He was late yesterday the reason.
for
for
which
This is the reason he was late yesterday.
why
why表示原因，只能跟在表原因的名词后，通常是reason一个词。相当于for which。
I don’t know the reason for which he said these words.
We stayed at home for it was raining outside just now.
判断下面哪个是定语从句？
第一个是定语从句，第二个是原因状语从句。
当从句完整时候，考虑关系副词（在从句中做状语）
This is the place he works.This is the place we visited last year.
That was the time he arrived.Do you still remember the time we spent together
This is the reason he went.The reason he gave us was quite reasonable.
易混点:
什么时候用关系代词，什么时候用关系副词？
where
when
why
that/which
that/which
that/which
二、“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句
1.关系代词的确定
当先行词是人时，用介词 + whom 引导定语从句：
Do you know the girl with ________ our teacher is talking
当先行词是物时，用介词 + which引导定语从句：
This is the room in ___________ my grandmother used to live.
whom
which
二、“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句
2. 介词的确定
根据先行词的搭配关系：
(1) I still remember the day _______ _______ I met TFboys.
(2) I will never forget the farm _______ ______ I worked with you.
(3) The money _______ _______ you were to buy food is gone.
on which
on which
with which
(on the day 在那天)
(on the farm 在农场)
(with the money 用钱)
二、“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句
2. 介词的确定
根据谓语动词或形容词的搭配习惯
(1)Do you like the book _______ _______ she spent $10
(2) Do you like the book _______ _______ she paid $10
(3) The West Lake, _______ _______ Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.
on which
for which
for which
二、“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句
2. 介词的确定
根据句子的意思来确定
(1)Air, _________ which man can’t live, is really important.
空气非常重要，没有了它人类便不能生存。
(2) This is the man _______ whom my brother has worked for ten
years.
这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那个人。
without
with
二、“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句
2. 介词的确定
表示“所有”或“整体的一部分”时通常用介词 “of”
(1)He has two sons, _____________ graduated from Peking University.
他有两个儿子，他们都毕业于北京大学。
(2)Tom wrote many children’s books, nearly half __________ were
about campus culture.
汤姆写了很多儿童书籍，其中将近一半是关于校园文化的。
both of whom
of which
定语从句关系词复习
指原因
关系代词
指代事物
指时间
指地点
所属关系
指代人
关系副词
who, whom
which, that
whose, of which
where
when
why
注意：what不能引导定语从句
4. 只能用that引导的定语从句
1) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
e.g. There were only five new models that were on shown.
2) 先行词为all, much, little, none, anything, everything, something, nothing等不定代词，只用that，不用which。
e.g. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
3) 先行词被形容词最高级-est/ most以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very, every等修饰，关系代词常用that, 不用which, who或whom。
e.g. Mozart’s music is the best (that) I’ve ever heard.
4) 先行词分别指代人和物的两个并列词组时，只用that。
e.g. The boy and the little dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
5) 当先行词被the same修饰，用that表示同一件物品，用as表示相类似的一件物品，不能用which。
e.g. This is the same one that you had before.
This is the same one as you had before.
6) 当关系代词在从句中做表语，只能用that，也可省去，不能用which。
e.g. China is no longer the country that it was.
7) 避免与which重复使用。
e.g. Which is the car that was made in Beijing
( ) 1. This is all ____ I know about the matter.
A. that B. what C. who D. which
( ) 2. Is there anything else _____ you require
A. which B. that C. who D. what
( ) 3. The last place _____ we visited was the Great Wall.
A. which B. that C. where D. it
A
B
B
1. 在下列选项中选出正确答案
5. 只能用which引导的定语从句
1) 在非限定性定语从句中，且宾语的关系代词不能省略。
e.g. The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
2) 如果关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语，介词可以提前至关系代词前，关系代词只能用which或whom。
e.g. We depend on the land from which we get our food.
定语从句
非限制性定语从句
不能用that引导
Yesterday she sold her car, which she bought a month ago.
去掉后，句子意思完整
These apple trees, which I planted three years ago, have not borne any fruit.
定语从句
非限制性定语从句
前后有逗号隔开
These apple trees, which I planted three years ago, have not borne any fruit.
可以补充说明整个句子
Ms Liu decided that we could have a class trip to the park this Sunday, which was exciting.
定语从句
as引导定语从句
常用于固定搭配：as is often the case 情况常常如此
as often happens 正如经常发生那样
as is known to us all/as we all know 众所周知
as might be expected/as was expected 正如预料的那样
as has been mentioned/said before 如前所述
定语从句
as引导定语从句
As is known to us all, China is a developing country.
As might be expected, the result of the experiment was not satisfactory.
As has been mentioned before, reading is a good way of learning English.
As often happens, the hall became very crowded.
名词性从句
主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
名词性从句之主语从句
主语从句
Find and discuss the functions of noun clauses.
① Who he is doesn’t concern me.
② What he said is unbelievable.
③ Where we shall do the test is still under discussion.
④ When we will hold the sports meet is still unknown.
⑤ How he got in touch with Tom is not clear.
⑥ That light travels faster than sound is known to us all.
⑦ Whether she likes the present is not clear to me.
从句在句中充当主语成分，在谓语动词前
名词性从句之主语从句
it作为形式主语，真正主语置于句末
常见搭配：It’s possible / important / necessary / clear … that …
很可能 / 重要的是…… / 必要的是…… / 很清楚……
It’s said / reported … that … 据说 / 据报道……
It’s been announced / declared that … 已经通知 / 宣布……
It seems / appears / happens … that … 显然 / 明显 / 碰巧……
It’s no wonder that … 并不奇怪 / 无疑……
It’s a pity that … 遗憾的是……
It’s a fact / a common knowledge … 众所周知……
It’s a common saying … 俗话说
“if” 不能引导主语从句，应由“whether”引导
主语从句的“that” 一般不能省略
“what” 引导主语从句时，谓语动词：
(1) 常与其后作表语的名词一致
(2) 根据句子的语境而定
· What you left are only several old books.
· What you said is of great importance.
· What he says and does doesn’t concern me.
· What he says and does don’t agree.
名词性从句之宾语从句
宾语从句
Find and discuss the functions of noun clauses.
① I hope (that) everything is all right.
② I wonder why she refused my invitation.
③ I can’t imagine what made him act like that.
④ I want to know when we will hold the sports meet.
⑤ I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work.
⑥ They don’t know whether / if to go there.
从句在句中充当宾语成分，在及物动词和介词后
名词性从句之宾语从句
宾语从句
that (常可省略), whether, if
连词： who, what, which, whoever, whatever
when, where, why, how
The teacher told his class that light _______ faster than sound.
1.当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，宾语从句的谓语动词可以用所需要的任何一种时态。
2.当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，宾语从句的谓语
动词要用相应的过去时态，但当宾语从句叙述的内容为客观真理时，仍然用一般现在时。
travels
名词性从句之宾语从句
在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”结构中，宾语是that引导的宾语从句时，通常用it做形式主语，宾从放在句末
常见动词为find，feel，think，consider，make，believe，suppose等
I think it urgent that we should build a shelter for the homeless.
名词性从句之宾语从句
doubt宾从
在肯定句中，接whether或if引导宾从
I still doubt whether/if the practical value of this project really exists.
在否定句中，接that引导宾从
We don’t doubt that this will have an effect on him.
( ) 1. It's so dark. I can't find out ______ it's a boy _______ a girl.
A. if, and B. that, and C. either, or D. whether, or
( ) 2. He told me _______ she would catch the early bus.
A. which B. whether C. if D. that
( ) 3. Mrs. Green asked me_______ I would go with her.
A. what B. which C. why D. that
( ) 4. We consider it impossible _______ they could know how to operate a computer.
A. what B. which C. why D. that
( ) 5. I don't know _______ the coat _______ cheap enough.
A. if, is B. where,were C. that ,was D. if, were
D
A
C
D
D
名词性从句之表语从句
表语从句
从句在句中充当表语成分，在系动词后
Find and discuss the functions of noun clauses.
① The fact is that we have lost the game.
② The question is what we should do.
③ The problem is how we should carry out the plan.
④ The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
⑤ The reason why he was late was that he missed the bus by one
minute this morning.
⑥ My suggestion is that we (should) tell him the truth.
名词性从句之表语从句
连接词：that / whether / as if / as though
(if 不引导表语从句)
连接代词：who / whoever / which / whatever
连接副词：when / where / why / how
名词性从句之表语从句
1. 在表语从句中，表“是否” 时，只能用“whether” 不能用“if”。
2. 一般情况下,“that”不能省略。
3. It is / was why …
4. The reason (why … / for …) is / was that …
1. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ____ I disagree.
A. why B. where C. when D. how
2. — I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
— Is that ____ you had a few days off
A. why B. when C. what D. where
3. ____ she couldnn’t understand was ____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that
4._____made the school proud was ____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
A. What; because B. What; that C. That; what D. That; because
练一练
B
A
A
B
名词性从句之同位语从句
I have no idea
when he will get married.
how they can get the treasure.
where the concert will be held.
who is fit for the work.
why it happened.
which pen is mine.
what we should do next.
whom they are talking about.
whether it’ll rain tomorrow.
that our football team won the game.
同位语从句
从句在句中充当同位语成分，在抽象名词后
常见抽象名词：idea, belief, fact, truth, rumour, news
名词性从句之同位语从句
We expressed the hope that they would come to China again.
We expressed the hope that they had expressed.
同位语从句和定语从句的区别
同位语从句: that 只起连接作用，不作任何成分；
定语从句: that 是关系代词，起连接作用，充当宾语和主语。
2. 同位语从句:与前面的名词是同位关系，对名词进行补充说明；
定语从句:与前面的名词是所属关系, 对名词进行修饰, 加以限定。
3. 同位语从句: that 不能省略；
定语从句: that 在从句中作宾语时, 可以省略。
名词性从句之同位语从句
The fact that they won the game pleased all of them.
The news that they told us cheered us all.
Suddenly the thought came to me that he could go blind.
The thought that suddenly came to me is terrible.
(that clause = the fact)
（同位语从句）
(that 指代 the news)
（定语从句）
（同位语从句）
(定语从句）
1. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
2. It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information ____ has been put forward.
A. while B. that C. when D. whether
3.She heard a terrible noise，____ brought her heart into her mouth。
A.when B.which C.what D.that
4.I can't stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly。
A.when B.which C.what D.that
( )
( )
( )
( )
B
B
D
B
状语从句
时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句
状语从句
简单句+连接词+简单句
当人们睡觉的时候，呼吸有点缓慢
When people are asleep, they breathe a little slowly.
状语从句之时间状语从句
状语从句之时间状语从句
When I arrived home, my mom was sleeping.
当我回到家时，我母亲正在睡觉。
As soon as I arrived home, Tom closed TV.
我一回到家，汤姆就关了电视。
状语从句之时间状语从句
固定句型：
sb was/were doing sth when sth happened “当某人正在做某事时候，某事突然发生”
He was cooking supper when we arrived.
It will (not) be +一段时间+before “要过......才”
It will be two hours before the lecture ends.
状语从句之时间状语从句
no sooner ... than, scarely / hardly / barely ... when “一......就......”
若 no sooner, scarely / hardly / barely 位于句首，需倒装
I had hardly finished my housework when you arrived home.
Hardly had I finished my housework when you arrived home.
我刚做完家务，你就回家了。
倒装倒前面
状语从句之地点状语从句
He is the best student wherever he studies.
他在哪学习都是最好的学生。
谚语：Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
状语从句之原因状语从句
because和since不能与so连用
Because you studied hard, you got a better score.
因为你努力学习了，所以你获得了一个更好的成绩。
状语从句之原因状语从句
for 引导的分句只能后置。
Jack must be ill, for he looks like listless.
杰克一定是生病了，因为他看起来无精打采的。
状语从句之让步状语从句
even though
although, though 等与 but 不可同时使用
Although my grandfather has lots of money, he doesn't feel happy.
尽管我的祖父很有钱，但他并不感到幸福。
状语从句之让步状语从句
疑问词+ever=no matter+疑问词
No matter what he did, nobody liked him.
=Whatever he did, nobody liked him.
无论他做了什么，都没人喜欢他。
注意：在名词性从句中，不能用no matter+疑问词
I will eat whatever you give me.
状语从句之让步状语从句
as 引导的从句，需使用倒装。
Ugly as he is, many girls love him.
丑陋如他，都有很多女孩喜欢。
while 引导让步状语从句时，和 although 等意思相同，但只能用于句首。
While I agree with your plan, I have no money to practice.
尽管我赞同你的计划，我却没有钱去实施。
Although/Though he is ugly
though可以倒装也可以不倒装
although不能倒装
状语从句之方式状语从句
Do it the way you wanted.
按你想做的方式去做。
He said nothing as if he didn't care about it.
他什么都没说，就好像不感兴趣一样。
状语从句之比较状语从句
as 和 than 引导的比较状语从句中，常常省略谓语。
I'm as tall as Jack (is). 我和杰克一样高。
I run faster than Jack (does). 我比杰克跑得快。
状语从句之目的状语从句
I study hard, so that I won't fail the exam.
我努力学习是为了不在考试中落榜。
状语从句之目的状语从句
目的状语从句可以变成不定式做后置定语
He set out early so that he could attend the wedding on time.
=He set out early to attend the wedding on time.
He is working hard in order that he can achieve the goals.
=He is working hard to achieve the goals.
状语从句之结果状语从句
He is so angry that no one want to speak to him.
他怒火中烧，以至于没人想跟他说话。
He is so angry that he can't speak.=He is too angry to speak.
他太生气了以至于说不出话。
so/such...that...=too..to...
状语从句之条件状语从句
If it is rainy tomorrow, we shall stay at home.
如果明天下雨，我们就呆在家吧。
状语从句之条件状语从句
难点：only if 引导真实条件句，“只要”
if only 引导虚拟条件句，“要是......就好了”
Only if you study hard will you get a better score.
只要你努力学习，你就能获得一个更好的成绩。
If only you had studied hard, you would get a better score.
要是你努力学习了（已经不可能了），你就会获得一个更好的成绩（也已经不可能了）。
练习
1.I ’ ll let you know ____ he comes back.
A. before B. because C. as soon as D. although
2. She will sing a song ____ she is asked.
A. if B. unless C. for D. since
3. We will work ____ we are needed.
A. whenever B. because C. since D. wherever
4. Read it aloud _____ the class can hear you.
A. so that B. if C. when D. although
5._____ you go, don't forget your people.
A. Whenever B. However C. Wherever D. Whichever
C
A
D
A
C
6. It is about ten years _____ I met you last.
A. since B. for C. when D. as
7. They will never succeed, _____ hard they try.
A. because B. however C. when D. since
8. _____ still half drunk, he made his way home.
A. When B. Because C. Though D. As
9. _____ she was very tired, she went on working.
A. As B. Although C. Even D. In spite of
10. Busy _____ he was, he tried his best to help you.
A. as B. when C. since D. for
A
B
C
B
A
11. _____ we got to the station, the train had left already.
A. If B. Unless C. Since D. When
12. I learned a little Russian _____ I was at middle school.
A. though B. although C. as if D. when
13. _____ the rain stops, we' 11 set off for the station.
A. Before B. Unless C. As soon as D. Though
14. She was _____ tired _____ she could not move an inch.
A. so, that B. such, that C. very, that D. so, as
15. We didn ’ t go home _____ we finished the work.
A. since B. until C. because D. though
D
D
C
A
B
16. I'll stay here _____ everyone else comes back.
A. even if B. as though C. because D. until
17. Although it's raining, _____ are still working in the field.
A. they B. but they C. and they D. so they
18. Speak to him slowly _____ he may understand you better.
A. since B. so that C. for D. because
19. You'll miss the train ______ you hurry up.
A. unless B. as C. if D. until
20. When you read the book, you' d better make a mark _____ you have any questions.
A. at which B. at where C. the place D. where
D
A
B
A
D
主谓一致
语法一致、意义一致、就近原则
主谓一致之语法一致
主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式
主语是复数形式，谓语必须采取复数形式
Kid’s idea about the problem is very interesting.
Kid’s ideas about the problem are very interesting.
主谓一致之语法一致
当and或both ...and ...连接两个或两个以上的名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
Tom and Mike are good friends.
汤姆和迈克是好朋友。
Both Lucy and Lily are students.
露西和莉莉都是学生。
主谓一致之语法一致
不 定 代 词 either,neither,each, one, the other, another, anybody, anyone, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
Is there anything wrong with your bike
你的自行车有什么毛病吗
主谓一致之语法一致
由each, each...and each...,every, every...and every ...作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
Each boy and each girl was given a new uniform.
给了每一个男孩和每一个女孩一件新校服。
主谓一致之语法一致
主 语 后 接 有 with, along with, together with, as well as , including, besides, like, except, but等词或短语时，谓语动词的数由主语的单、复数形式决定。
Mr. Green with his wife and two daughters is coming to Beijing.
格林先生将和他的夫人及两个女儿一块儿来北京。
主谓一致之语法一致
a number of+名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;
the number of+限定词+名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
A number of trees were cut down.许多树木被砍倒了。
The number of the students in our class is 32.我们班的学生人数为32。
中心词为number
主谓一致之语法一致
“a lot of (lots of,plenty of,a pile of,piles of,most of)+名词”和“分数或百分数+名词”等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于名词。
如果是不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数形式;
如果是可数名词复数，则谓语动词用复数形式。
Lots of people have been there. 很多人去过那儿。
主谓一致之语法一致
由“a pair(a kind,a series ...)+of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式
“pairs(kinds ...)+of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
A pair of sunglasses is lying on the table.
桌子上放着一副太阳镜。
主谓一致之语法一致
某些只有复数形式的名词(如clothes, trousers, shorts, pants, shoes, gloves ...)作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
My glasses were worn out.
我的眼镜坏了。
主谓一致之语法一致
不定式或动词-ing形式作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
Reading is learning.读书就是学习。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
练习
1.My sister with my parents dumplings when I got home yesterday evening.
A.are making
B.is making
C.was making
D.were making
C
练习
2.In our school library there a number of books and the number of them growing larger and larger.
A.is; are
B.has; is
C.are; is
D.have; are
C
练习
3.—The price of vegetables so quickly these days.
—Oh, no, but I don’t think so.
A.afford
B.rises
C.improves
D.raise
B
练习
4.Climbing hills of great help to our health.
A.was
B.were
C.is
D.are
C
主谓一致之意义一致
由and连接的两个名词作主语,如果是指同一概念(即and后面无冠词),则谓语动词用单数形式。
The teacher and writer is coming to give us a talk next week.
The teacher and the writer are coming to give us a talk next week.
一个人
两个人
主谓一致之意义一致
表示金钱、价格、时间、距离、长度等复数名词、词组作主语时,一般被看作一个整体,谓语动词常用单数形式。
Five years is a long time.
五年是一段很长的时间。
主谓一致之意义一致
集体名词(如family, team, crowd, company, class, group, government ...) 如果表示整体概念,则谓语动词用单数形式，如果表示集体中的成员,则谓语动词用复数形式。
My family are going on vacation next month.
我们一家人下个月要去度假。
主谓一致之意义一致
people,police,cattle等集合名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
The police are helping a girl find her parents.
警察正在帮助一个女孩找她的父母。
练习
1.Two months a long time. We can visit our grandparents during the vacation.
A.am
B.is
C.are
B
练习
2.—David has been away for more than 25 days.
—I miss him very much. You know, 25 days short.
A.is
B.isn’t
C.are
D.aren’t
B
练习
3.The singer and writer from Japan.
A.are
B.is
C.come
D.have
B
主谓一致之就近原则
由either ...or ...,neither ...nor ...,not only ...but (also) ..., not ...but ...或or连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词与较近的主语保持一致。
Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to meeting my uncle.
不只是我父母,我也盼望看到我叔叔。
主谓一致之就近原则
there be ...中的动词be常与最近的主语在数上保持一致。
There is a table and three chairs in Tom’s room.
在汤姆的房间有一张桌子和三把椅子。
练习
1.—What would you like to have for supper
—Either noodles or rice OK. I don’t mind.
A.are
B.were
C.is
D.was
C
练习
2.Neither Tom nor I interested in playing the game.
A.am
B.is
C.are
D.be
A
练习
3.There many new words in Lesson Nine, so it is very easy.
A.is
B.aren't
C.isn't
D.are
B
特殊句式
感叹句、祈使句、强调句、倒装句、反意疑问句
特殊句式之感叹句
由what或how引导，句末感叹号
What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！
What a nice day it is! 多么好的天气啊!
What an interesting book that is! 那是一本多么有趣的书啊！
特殊句式之感叹句
What+形容词+可数名词复数形式+主语+谓语！
What beautiful flowers they are! 多么美丽的花啊！
What good teachers they are! 他们是多么好的老师啊！
特殊句式之感叹句
What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语！
What fine weather it is! 多好的天气!
特殊句式之感叹句
How +形容词+主语+谓语！
How hot it is today! 今天天气真热啊！
How beautiful the flowers are! 这些花多么美丽啊！
特殊句式之感叹句
How+副词+主语+谓语！
How fast he runs! 他跑得多快啊!
How hard they work! 他们工作多么努力啊！
特殊句式之感叹句
How+主语+谓语！
How time flies! 光阴似箭！！
How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！
How old a building that is!
那是一栋多么破旧的楼房啊！
特殊句式之祈使句
动词原形开头，否定前面加Don’t或Never
Do be careful again.
Don’t/Never say that again.
Don’t let her upset you.
特殊句式之强调句
强调动词：do/did/does+动词原形
I called you several times this morning but I couldn’ get through.（变成强调句）
I did call you several times this morning but I couldn’ get through.
特殊句式之强调句
强调除了动词外成分：It is/was +被强调部分+that/who（强调人）+剩余部分
I told her the good news.
（强调I）
（强调the good news）
It was I that told her the good news.
It was the good news that I told her.
特殊句式之强调句
It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+剩余部分
It was not until the morning that the noise stopped.
一般疑问句：Was it+被强调部分+that+剩余部分？
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+is/was it that+其他？
Was it Sally that phoned just now
It was yesterday that I bought a book.
强调句型的一般疑问句：
Was it yesterday that I bought a book
强调句型的特殊疑问句：
When was it that I bought a book
1. It is _____ who wants to see you
A. him
B. he
C. his
D. himself
2. It was _____ who respected(尊敬) all their teachers.
A. them
B. their
C. they
D. themselves
B
C
3. --- Who is Mary
--- It was ____that I talked about.
A. he
B. she
C. her
D. they
陈述句：I talked about her.
强调的部分如果是人称代词，看情况选择其主格或宾格。
C
强调部分为状语（介词短语）：
It was through Jack _____ Mary got to know Bob .
A. who B. whom C. how D. that
It was on October 1st 1949 _____ new China was founded .
A. which B. when C. as D. that
D
D
3. It _____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago .
A. was
B. are
C. were
D. had been
4. It _____ at Christmas that John Smith gave Mary a handbag.
A. must have
B. will be
C. might have been
D. may have had
A
C
时态一致
强调句型的一般疑问句：
陈述句：Mary gave me the new book.
It was Mary that/who gave me the new book.
强调句：
疑问句：
Was it Mary that gave me the book
特殊句型之倒装句
完全倒装、部分倒装
特殊句型之倒装句
正常语序：主语+谓语
倒装语序：谓语+主语
特殊句型之倒装句
完全倒装
there与appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等一起构成这类表示“存在”和“处于”等意义的句型
There stand some tall buildings near the lake.
There appeared to be a man in uniform in the distance.
特殊句型之倒装句
完全倒装
用于here, there, now, then, thus等副词引导的句子
Look, here comes Santa Clause!
注意：如果主语是人称代词，则不用倒装
Here they come.
特殊句型之倒装句
完全倒装
表示方位、声音等意义的副词开头的句子
Out rushed the runner.
注意：如果主语是人称代词，则不用倒装
Back they fought.他们还击了。
特殊句型之倒装句
完全倒装
地点状语提前，谓语是be, sit, exist, lie, stand等动词
Under that tree sits a beautiful girl.
那棵树下坐着一位美丽的姑娘。
(1)在桌子下面睡着一只白色的猫。
(2)门后面站着一个女孩。
(3)窗户的前面坐着一位老妇人。
Behind the door stands a girl.
In the front of the window sits an old woman.
Under the table sleeps a white cat.
将以下句子翻译成英文
特殊句型之倒装句
完全倒装
谓语是be，表语提前的句子
Happy are those who are contented.
Lucky is she who was admitted to a famous university last year.
特殊句型之倒装句
完全倒装
用于Long live…等固定结构中
Long live the People's Republic of China! 中华人民共和国万岁！
Long live the world peace! 世界和平万岁！
(1).________ playing soldiers.
A. Inside the room were two boys B. Inside the room two boys
C. Were two boys inside the room D. Inside the room was two boys
(2).Over _______ , dead.
A. rolling the goat B. rolled the goat C. did the goat roll D. the goat rolled
(3).______ and the lesson began.
A. In came Mr Brown B. Mr Brown in came C. In came he D. came in Mr Brown
在以下四个选项中选出正确选项
A
B
A
(4) The door opened and there ________ .
A. enters an old man B. entered an old man
C. did an old man enter D. an old man entered
(5) —Where is my shirt, mum
—_________.
A. There is it B. There it is C. There is D. Here is it
(6)._______ who was wounded in the stomach.
A. Among them were a soldier B. Among them was a soldier
C. Among them a soldier was D. Among they was a soldier
B
B
B
特殊句型之倒装句
部分倒装
以may开头的表示祝愿
May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！
May you have a good time! 祝你们玩得开心！
特殊句型之倒装句
部分倒装
用于以so/neither/nor开头的句子，表示前面所说的肯定情况也适用于另一人(或物)，或者对前面所说的否定内容表示同样的看法。
He can send emails to his former classmates and so can she.
Tom don't know what to do next, neither/ nor do I.
特殊句型之倒装句
部分倒装
注意：如果是表示按照别人的意思做了什么事，so不用提前。
His mother told him to go to the film, and he did so.
特殊句型之倒装句
部分倒装
注意：如果后一句只是单纯地重复前面句子的意思，而不是表示前一句主语的情况同样适用于后一句主语，则无需用倒装。
- It is cold today. 今天很冷。
- So it is and so was it yesterday. 确实是很冷，昨天也很冷。
特殊句型之倒装句
部分倒装
注意：如果前面所说的内容既有肯定又有否定，或前后的谓语动词形式不一致时，用“It is the same with +主语”结构或用“So it is with +主语”结构。
He worked hard, but didn't pass the exam. So it was with his sister.
他很努力，但没有通过考试。他妹妹也是这样。（既有肯定又有否定）
特殊句型之倒装句
部分倒装
表示否定意义的词或短语开头的句子
Never had I found him in such a good mood.
No sooner had he handed in his paper than he realized his mistakes.
(1) I would never do something like that.
(2) He say nothing before he left.
(3) He seldom goes to the cinema.
将以下句子改为部分倒装句
Never would I do something like that.
Nothing did he say before he left.
Seldom does he go to the cinema.
特殊句型之倒装句
部分倒装
以often, always, particularly, once, many times, many a time, now and then, every other day等作状语的词或短语位于句首的句子
Always will I seek the seeds of triumph in every adversity.
我将永远在每一个逆境中寻找胜利的种子。
特殊句型之倒装句
部分倒装
only+状语位于句首的句子
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.
注意：only位于句首如果修饰的是主语而不是状语，不用倒装
Only this brave young man can fulfill the dangerous task.
1.只有用这种方法我们才能解决问题。
2.只有当他有空时，他才会来看我们。
3.只有那个男孩才能打开这扇门。
Only in this way can we solve the problem.
Only when he is free will he come to see us.
Only that boy can open the door.
4.Only in this way______make progress in your English.
A.you B .can you C.you be able to D.will you able to
5.Only when the meeting was over ______go back to meet his friends.
A.he could B.he was able to C.was he able to D.was able to he
B
C
特殊句型之倒装句
部分倒装
以not only开头的句子
Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.
注意：当位于句首的not only...but also...连接主语成分时，不用倒装
Not only Tom but also many others enjoy reading the book.
特殊句型之倒装句
部分倒装
“so(such)that”结构中的“so(such)”位于句首
So quickly did my colleagues finish their work that they were given a bonus.
Such was his anger that he lost control of himself.
① So loudly______that ____hear her clearly.
A.did she speak;could everyone B.did she speak;everyone could
C.she spoke;could everyone D.she spoke;everyone could
② 这本书非常重要，无论如何都要出版。(at any cost无论如何, publish出版)
B
This book is so important that it must be published at any cost.
So important is this book that it must be published at any cost.
Such a important book is this that it must be published at any cost.
特殊句型之倒装句
部分倒装
当让步状语从句使用连词though或as时，可使用倒装
Child as he is, he can tell right from wrong.
Shortest as he is, he is the richest of the three.
Although he is a child
冠词去掉
尽管她已经老了，但是她坚持每天打篮球。(坚持：insist on)
Old as she is, she insists on playing basketball every day.
他虽说有耐心，也不想等这么久的公交车。
Patient as he is, he doesn't want to wait so long for the bus.
他虽然成功，但不骄傲。
Successful as he is，he is not proud.
特殊句型之倒装句
部分倒装
表示方式、程度的副词位于句首
Well do I remember the day when I joined the League.
非谓语动词 + be + 主语
First to unfold was the map of the world.
在以下四个选项中选出正确选项
(1). So difficult _________ it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.
A. I did find B. did I find C. I have found D. have I found
(2). The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once __________ with each other.
A. they had quarrelled B. they have quarrelled
C. have they quarreled D. had they quarreled
(3). __________ can you expect to get a pay rise.
A. With hard work B. Although work hard
C. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard
B
C
C
(4). _________ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar
for further research.
A. So curious the couple was B. So curious were the couple
C. How curious the couple were D. The couple was such curious
(5). Not only __________ interested in football but __________ beginning to show an
interest in it.
A. the teacher himself is; all his students are
B. the teacher himself is; are all his students
C. is the teacher himself; are all his students
D. is the teacher himself; all his students are
B
D
(6). At no time and under no circumstances the dream!
A. should we abandon B we should abandon
C. we didn’t abandon D. should we abandoned
(7) _______ and caught the mouse.
A. Up the cat jumped B. The cat up jumped
C. Up jumped the cat D. Jumped up the cat
(8) Hardly ______