2024年中考英语复习专题 初中英语语法六大时态总结

2024年中考英语复习专题★★初中英语语法——六大时态
概念：英语中表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态，需用不同的动词形式表示，这种不同的动词形式称为时态。
一．一般现在时
1. 结构
①主单三+动单三；②主非单三+动词原形
2. 含义&用法
1）表示经常性习惯性发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示频率的副词连用。
常用的频率副词： always, often, usually, seldom, never, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays. 频率副词在句中通常放在行为动词前，系动词、助动词后。
例如: He often goes swimming in summer.
I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2）表示主语具备的性格、特征和能力等。
例如：All my family love football.
My sister is always ready to help others.
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
3）表示客观真理、客观存在、自然现象。
例如：The earth moves around the sun.
　 Shanghai lies in the east of China.
4）在复合句中，当主句是一般将来时，时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来。（主将从现）
例如： I'll tell him the news as soon as he comes back.
If you take the job, they will talk with you in greater details.
3. 动词单三变化规则
① 一般情况+s make-makes
② 辅音字母加y结尾变y为i+es study-studies
③ x,s,ch,sh,o结尾+es mix-mixes wash-washes watch-watches go-goes
④ have变has
二．一般过去时
1. 结构
①主语+was/were+其他；②主语+动词过去式+其他
2. 含义&用法
1）表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间里发生的动作或状态。常和表示过去的时间状语yesterday, just now, the other day, in 1982, ago, last week(year, night…), at the age of 5, once upon a time等连用
例如：Where did you go just now
I bought a present for my mother yesterday.
2）表示在过去，经常或反复发生的动作。常与often, always等表示频率的副词连用。
例如：When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。
3. 动词过去式规则变化ps: 动词过去式不规则变化请自行记忆
① 一般情况+ed cook-cooked
② 辅音字母加y结尾变y为i+ed study-studied
③ 不发音e结尾直接+d dance-danced
④ 辅元辅重读闭音节双写尾字母+ed plan-planned shop-shopped
4. 注意点
1. 当没有明显的时间状语时，但描述几个相继发生过的动作,用and或者but等连接的情况
例如：I invited him to come to my party but he refused.
2. since从句中常用一般过去时
例如：It is four years since we bought the computer.
The family have lived there since they moved to China in 2000.
三．一般将来时
1. 结构
结构1：主语+will+动词原形+其他
结构2：主语+be going to +动词原形+其他
2. 含义&用法
1） 表示将来时间里要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…), soon, in a few minutes, in the future, the day after tomorrow等连用。
例如：I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.
2）表示说话人对于将来的看法、假设和推测，通常用于be afraid, be/feel sure, hope, know, think等后面的从句。（结合语境）
例如：I think she’ll go back home for supper.
Maybe she’ll go to the gym.
3）be going to表示将来。表示说话人的打算、计划、安排或根据迹象判断很可能发生的事情。
例如：What are you going to do tomorrow
The play is going to be produced next month.
4）go, come, start, move, leave, arrive, fly等位移动词的进行时态可表示即将发生的动作。
例如：I'm leaving for Beijing.
四．现在进行时
1. 结构：
主语+am/is/are+动词现在分词
2. 含义&用法：
1）表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生或进行的动作。常与now, at this moment, at this time等时间状语连用。注：如果句首有警示性动词look, listen等，通常情况下为现在进行时。
例如：We are waiting for you now.
Listen! The bird is singing in the tree.
2）表示现阶段（说话前后一段时间内），一直在进行的活动。说话时动作未必正在进行。
例如：Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）
五．现在完成时
1. 结构：
主语+助动词have/has+动词过去分词done
2. 含义&用法
1）发生在过去的动作，对现在仍有影响。强调对现在的影响。往往同模糊的时间状语连用, 如already, yet, just, before, ever, never, so far, up to now, until now, in the past few years/months/weeks/days, during the last three months等。
例如：Mr. Wang has just come back from America.
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet
Peter has written six novels so far.
I haven't received your letter up to now.
Tom has been busy in the past few years.
注意点：
★have/has gone to, have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别
have/ has gone to 去了某地，人还未回来 （常出现在询问“某人在哪里”的对话中）
have/ has been to 去过某地, 人已经回来了 （常与ever, never, before, just, 次数等词连用）
have/ has been in 待在某地 （常与表一段时间的时间状语连用，如“since, for, how long”）
e.g. She has been to Shanghai before.
She has been in Shanghai for ten years.
Where is Amy She has gone to Qingdao.
2）现在完成时还可用来表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在，常与for或since等表示一段时间的状语连用。for与一段时间连用，since与时间点连用。注意：since后接过去时的时间状语或过去时的句子。
e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice since 1970.
I haven’t seen her since she left Shanghai.
I have been away from home for 10 years.
注意：现在完成时非延续性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
常见的非延续性动词及与之对应的延续性动词或“be+表语”结构（动作 — 状态）
come / go / arrive / get / reach / move --- be in/at open --- be open die --- be dead close --- be closed become ---be borrow --- keep fall ill--- be ill
buy --- have leave ---- be away (from) begin / start ---- be on fall asleep --- be asleep end/finish ---- be over marry---be married join --- be in / be a member of
例：吉姆买这支笔已有两年了。
Jim bought this pen two years ago.
Jim has had this pen for two years.
Jim has had this pen since two years ago.
Jim has had this pen since 2020.
It is two years since Jim bought this pen.
六．过去进行时
1. 结构：
主语+was/were+动词现在分词(-ing)
2. 用法：
1）表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作。动作发生的特指时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明，如at this time yesterday, at 7:00 yesterday, last night, from seven to nine, at that time和when或while引导的时间状语从句等。
My family were watching TV at that time yesterday.
When I arrived, Tom was talking on the phone.
What were you doing at 9:00 o’clock yesterday morning
注意：1）以while引导的时间状语从句中，从句与主句的动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，while常译为“当……的时候，同时”。
Tom was doing his homework while his sister was watching TV.
2）短暂性动词不能用过去进行时。常见短暂性动词: arrive/reach, return, leave, go, come, open, fall, die, get up, go to bed, wake up, buy, sell ...
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