2024届高考英语二轮专题复习 牛津译林版（2019）第三讲　名词和数词课件(共44张PPT)

(共44张PPT)
专题二　需要“变形”的名词、数词、形容词和副词
第三讲　名词和数词
考点分类突破
考点一　名词
(一)
Mr Smith is very busy because he runs several companies①.He works seven days① a week and 12 months② a year.In his spare time he likes watching football matches③.He likes eating tomatoes④ but he doesn't eat vegetables with leaves⑤.He has two pet horses⑥ and he often rides them with his friends on Mr Black's farm⑦ because he thinks the scenery of the farm⑧ is very beautiful.Mr Black is a friend of his⑨，who raises some cows and goats.
语境导入
注释：
1．可数名词变复数
①以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es；以元音字母加y结尾的名词，加-s。②以-th结尾的名词加-s。③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要加-s，如stomach)。④以-o结尾加-es 的单词有：英雄(heroes)、土豆(potatoes)、番茄(tomatoes)，其他多直接加-s。⑤以-f或-fe结尾的词，多变f或fe为v，再加-es。但也有直接加-s的单词，如：屋顶(roof)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)。⑥更多的可数名词是直接加-s。
2．名词作定语
往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。
多为单数名词作定语，但woman，man作定语时，要用复数形式表达复数概念。
3．名词的所有格
⑦有生命名词，不以-s结尾的名词加-'s；以-s结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加-'。⑧无生命名词，通常用of所有格表示。⑨双重所有格的构成形式为：“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或者“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。
(二)
To learn more knowledge①，I have to do lots of homework① every day and have no time① to have fun② or do housework①.Last week we had an exam but I didn't perform well.However，my teacher said that I had made great progress②.So this exam is not a failure③.On the contrary，it is a success③ in a way.
注释：
①不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用。
②fun，weather，progress，advice，information为永久性不可数名词，前面不能加不定冠词，也不能具体化。
③抽象名词具体化：
表示情感、情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事的时候，可以在前面加不定冠词，如a surprise，a comfort 等。
表示“一……”的概念时，常与动词构成词组，名词前常常有形容词。如have a good time，have a good knowledge/command of 等。
Ⅰ.名词的数
1．名词单数变复数的规则变化
重难精析
变化规则 例词
一般情况加-s map→maps
girl→girls
house→houses
mouth→mouths
变化规则 例词
以-th结尾的，加-s month→months
truth→truths
以-s，-x，-sh，-ch结尾的，加-es class→classes
box→boxes
brush→brushes
match→matches
但是stomach(胃)的复数是stomachs；ox(公牛)的复数是oxen
变化规则 例词
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，变y为i加-es city→cities
country→countries
party→parties
factory→factories
变化规则 例词
以“元音字母＋y”结尾的，直接加-s boy→boys
toy→toys
day→days
变化规则 例词
以“辅音字母＋o”结尾的，一般加-es；少数加-s或-es均可；少数只加-s tomato→tomatoes
potato→potatoes
hero→heroes
Negro→Negroes
mango→mangoes
volcano→volcano(e)s
mosquito→mosquito(e)s
piano→pianos
photo→photos
变化规则 例词
以“元音字母＋o”结尾的，加-s radio→radios
zoo→zoos
bamboo→bamboos
以-f，-fe结尾的，通常变f或fe为v，再加-es；也有的直接加-s；还存在两种复数形式的 half→halves　leaf→leaves
shelf→shelves　thief→thieves
wolf→wolves　wife→wives
life→lives　knife→knives
roof→roofs　chief→chiefs
handkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchieves
变化规则 例词
合成名词变复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变成复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变成复数 son-in-law→sons-in-law
passer-by→passers-by
story-teller→story-tellers
go-between→go-betweens
grown-up→grown-ups
2.名词单数变复数的不规则变化
变化情况 例词
特殊变化 child→children
foot→feet
tooth→teeth
mouse→mice
man→men
woman→women
注意：由man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women，如an Englishman→two Englishmen；但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans
2.名词单数变复数的不规则变化
变化情况 例词
有些名词的单复数有不同的拼写方法 细菌：bacterium(单数)→bacteria(复数)
资料、数据：datum(单数)→data(复数)
现象：phenomenon(单数)→phenomena(复数)
Ⅱ.名词的所有格
1．有生命的名词，其所有格一般在名词后加-'s。
his father's boss 他爸爸的老板
2．表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等无生命的事物后也可加-'s，表示其所有格。
today's paper今天的报纸
England's shore英国的海岸
the car's design这辆车的设计
3．在某些习惯用语中，也需要加-'s所有格。
a stone's throw近在咫尺
keep sb. at arm's length与某人保持距离；不亲近某人
be at one's wits' end黔驴技穷
4．如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词后加-'s，如果不是共有的则两个名词后都要加-'s。
Jane and Mary's mother 简和玛丽的妈妈(共有，暗示简和玛丽是姐妹关系)
Jane's and Mary's mothers 简的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈(不是共有，分别指两位妈妈)
5．双重所有格：“a/two/some ...＋名词＋of＋名词's/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格，“of＋名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物。
a friend of her mother's 她妈妈的一个朋友
two photos of hers 她的两张照片
[点对点练习]　单句语法填空
1．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ___________(population) and homes of giant pandas，and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
2．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we ______ (human) are.
3．(2021·全国甲卷)Supposedly you can do it in two hours，but we stopped at the different gates and ___________ (watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.
populations
humans
watchtowers
4．(2020·浙江卷)Later，they learned to work with the _______ (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，making use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their fields.
5．(2020·浙江卷1月)For Japan，the _______ (number) are more striking—22 in 1950，46 today and 53 in 2050.
seasons
numbers
考点二　数词
Mr Smith is sixty① years old and yesterday was his 60th② birthday.He still remembers in the 1990s③ when he was in his thirties③，he drank dozens of④ bottles of beer a day.However，he spent thousands of④ dollars in hospital.Later，two fifths⑤ of his spare time was spent in taking exercise.
语境导入
注释：
①数词的基本形式为基数词。②表示数词的顺序往往用序数词。大部分是在基数词的基础上加-th。以-y结尾的基数词变序数词，把-y变成-ie＋-th。③“in the＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“在某个世纪几十年代”。“in one's＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“在某人几十多岁时”。④具体数字＋dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million 等词时，后面直接加名词复数；表示笼统数目时，用dozens/scores/hundreds/thousands/millions of＋名词复数。⑤分数表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于1时，分母序数词加-s，如：1/3：one third，2/3：two thirds。
Ⅰ.基数词和序数词
1．表数量的数词叫基数词，如one，two，three ...
2．表顺序的数词叫序数词，如first，second，third，fourth，fifth ...
Ⅱ.基数词变序数词的规则
1．一二三要单独记：one→first，two→second，three→third
2．th要从四加起：four→fourth，five→fifth ...
3．eight少个t：eight→eighth
4．nine删除e：nine→ninth
5．ve用f来代替：five→fifth，twelve→twelfth
6．ty变成tie：twenty→twentieth
重难精析
Ⅲ.序数词的使用
1．序数词在句中主要作定语，一般情况下序数词前要加定冠词。
Monday is the second day of a week.
星期一是一周的第二天。
2．序数词前有时加不定冠词，表示“又一、再一”，相当于another。
Would you like a second cup of tea
你还想再来一杯茶吗？
I had a third apple.
我(吃了两个苹果后)又吃了一个苹果。
3．first，second等有时可表示一批人或物。
The first milu deer came from China in the 1860s.
最早的一批麋鹿是在十九世纪六十年代从中国引进的。
[点对点练习]
1．The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations says about one _____ (three) of the food produced worldwide each year is wasted or lost.
2．It was the_______(one) time that I had been to the Great Wall.
third
first
考点分层演练
层级一　基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．(2022·新余高三一模)Viewers said it was not the film itself that moved people，but the ______ (hero) of the war years who fought for our country and people，without considering their own safety or even lives.
2．(2022·通辽新城第一中学模拟预测)China saw over 10 million livestreaming marketing activities in the first half of this year，attracting over 50 billion _____ (view)，the report noted.
3．(2022·南宁模拟)In addition，the ________ (hostess) cooking will guarantee you a wonderful chance of tasting delicious Chinese food.
heroes
views
hostess'
4．(2022·通化冲刺卷)The article concludes that ________ (parents) education affects their children's future.
5．(2022·日照市五莲县一中模拟)All __________(student) homework must be corrected on.
6．(2022·湖北模拟)In 2013，with the help of two other crew members，Wang Yaping delivered the country's first space lecture，making China，following the United States，become the ______ (two) country to carry out a space lecture.
7．(2022·玉溪模拟)The elevator broke down and we had to walk up to the _____ (ten) floor.
parents'
students'
second
tenth
8．(2022·廊坊市模拟)Each year，________ (hundred) of the animals are killed for their fur.
9．(2022·通化三测卷)I'm a frequent traveller and I eat out _____ (two) a day.
10．(2022·平度市模拟试题)It has been snowing，roughly every _____ (three) day，for as long as I've had the flu.
11．(2022·呼和浩特市一模)According to the plan，the high-speed railway will have two branch _____ (line)—one is to Yanqing Station，the other is to Taizicheng of Chongli，where the Olympic village lies.
12．(2022·江西模拟预测)The paper was used for sealing up holes in walls and _____ (roof) in the cold and freezing winter.
hundreds
twice
third
lines
roofs
13．(2022·咸阳二模)February 22 is the day with the ____ (many) “two” numbers this year.
14．(2022·恩施期中)What's ____ (many)，hot weather may reduce learning in both the short term and long term.
15．(2022·宜宾市第四中学模拟)The better we get into good eating habits，the _______ (happy) our life will be.
most
more
happier
层级二　语篇提能练
(一)
微语法填空(用括号内单词的正确形式填空，注意特殊词形变化)
Gardeners cannot always tell how much rain has fallen. Your garden area may seem 1.________ (complete) wet after a strong，short period of rain. But if you put your finger a short way into the ground，you might find very dry soil. Because watering—not too much and not too little—is one of the 2.________ (key) to a successful garden，it helps to get more 3.________ (inform) about rainfall.
As a general rule，plants need about 25.4 millimeters of water per week for healthy 4.________ (grow). You can easily measure this with a rain gauge (计量器)，which can tell you how long to water to put the desired amount of water onto the garden. It is best to water most 5.________ (plant)，like tomatoes，at their roots and in the morning，before the sun has become hot. Any water that falls 6.________ (direct) on your plants will dry during the day and you will not have the problem of plant diseases. When you can，water your garden slowly so the liquid can go 7.________ (deep) into the soil.
1．completely　考查词性转换。 设空处作状语修饰形容词wet，表“彻底地；完全地”，故填completely。
2．keys　考查名词的数。 空前是one of the，故空处用复数名词，填keys。
3．information　考查词性转换。 设空处作get的宾语，故该空用名词，information “信息”，是不可数名词，故填information。
4．growth　考查词性转换。 设空处作介词for的宾语，故此处填名词growth。
5．plants　考查名词的数。空前是most，故可数名词plant应用复数形式，填plants。
6．directly　考查词性转换。设空处作状语，修饰谓语falls，应用副词，故填directly。
7．deeper　考查比较级。 根据语境“慢慢地浇水，这样水可以更深入土壤”可知，此处用比较级，故填deeper。
(二)
语法填空(在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式)
There used to be a legendary (传奇的) family responsible for the construction of imperial (皇家的) buildings，1.________ (include) many of China's current UNESCO world heritage sites for over 200 years. Their family name was Lei， 2.________ (respectful) called “Yangshi Lei”，a term for the emperor's head architect.
The story of Lei family started in the early days of the Qing Dynasty 3.________ Lei Fada and his relatives from Nanjing were ordered 4.________ (rebuild) Taihe Palace in the Forbidden City. With his 5.________ (significance) skills，his reputation began to spread widely. Lei Jinyu，his son，also made great 6.________ (achieve) like Yuanmingyuan.
From 1736 to 1796，the 7.________ (four) generation of Lei family designed many buildings from that time. Until the last architect of the family 8.________ (take) office in the 20th century，they had completed famous buildings such as the Temple of Heaven，the Summer Palace，and the Chengde Mountain Resort.
In 2007，UNESCO added “Yangshi Lei” into 9.________ list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Humanity，for its influence 10.________ Chinese traditional architecture. The architecture of the family will be shining through the ages.
【语篇解读】　本文介绍了传奇的雷氏家族。雷发达是明末清初的一位建筑工匠，曾参与故宫太和殿等工程的重建。其后代继承其业，在工部样房主持宫廷建造工作达200余年，圆明园和颐和园中大部分建筑均为雷氏设计，被誉为“样式雷”。
1．including　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，include在句中充当非谓语，且表主动意义，故填including。
2．respectfully　考查词性转换。空处修饰其后的非谓语动词called，作状语，应用副词，故填respectfully。
3．when　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处是定语从句，先行词“the early days of the Qing Dynasty”，指时间，从句中缺少时间状语，故用关系副词when。
4．to rebuild　考查非谓语动词。句意：雷氏家族的故事起源于清朝早期，当时南京的雷发达和他的亲戚被命令去重建紫禁城的太和殿。order sb.to do sth.“命令某人做某事”，是固定搭配，故填to rebuild。
5．significant　考查词性转换。空处作定语修饰空后的名词skills，应用形容词，故填significant。
6．achievements　考查词性转换。空处在句中作宾语，且空前是形容词great，故空处应填名词，make great achievements“取得伟大成就”，故填achievements。
7．fourth　考查数词。根据语境可知，此处表“第四代”，故填序数词fourth。
8．took　考查动词的时态。分析句子结构可知，空处为时间状语从句中的谓语动词，根据句中的时间状语“in the 20th century”可知，该句应用一般过去时，故填took。
9．the　考查冠词。根据句意及后文的“the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Humanity”可知，此处表特指，应用定冠词，故填the。
10．on　考查介词。one's influence on ... 意为“……对于……的影响”，为固定搭配，故填on。
层级三　语法写作练
1．形容词的名词化表达
某些形容词可以用“be of＋抽象名词”来表达。例如：be important＝be of importance；be beneficial＝be of benefit; be valuable＝be of value; be helpful＝be of help; be useful＝be of use; be interesting＝be of interest
典例　(经典高考题)这里是我关于这次旅游的一些建议，希望会对你有益。
Here are some suggestions about this trip，which I hope will be of benefit to you.
运用　(2021·全国甲卷)毫无疑问，故宫提供了一个进入中国木结构建筑的窗口，这有助于外国人更多地了解中国文化。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
There's no doubt that the Palace Museum offers a window into Chinese wooden architecture，which is of help for foreigners to know more about Chinese culture.
2．副词的名词化表达
某些表示情绪的副词可以用“介词＋名词”短语表达。例如：angrily＝with anger; anxiously＝with anxiety; curiously＝with curiosity; comfortably＝in comfort; peacefully＝in peace; hurriedly＝in a hurry; joyfully＝with joy
典例　(2020·浙江卷1月)当Poppy看到小狗时，她欢快地叫了起来。
When Poppy saw the small puppy，she barked with joy.
运用　(2020·浙江卷7月)我们万分焦急地等待着救援的到来。
_______________________________________________
We waited for being rescued with great anxiety.
3．活用带有比较级的句型
(1)the＋比较级 ...，the＋比较级 ...
典例　(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)我听到的鼓励越多，我就越有劲。
The more encouragement I heard，the more energetic I felt.
运用　(经典高考题)你知道，我们练习得越多，比赛时我们表现得就越好。
__________________________________________________________________________
As you know，the more we practice for it，the better we will perform in the match.
(2)“否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义
典例　(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)约翰认为没有什么比帮助别人自力更生更有意义的事情了。
John thought nothing was more meaningful than helping others earn a living by themselves.
运用　(2021·浙江卷6月)我意识到没有什么比把这119美元给我的家人更有意义了。直到我把钱交给爸爸的时候，我才知道了成长的真正意义。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I realized nothing was more meaningful than contributing the 119 dollars to my family.Not
until I handed my dad the money did I know the true meaning of growing up.
谢谢大家！