Module 5 Ethnic Culture 模块精品备课

课件24张PPT。Module 5Module 5
Ethnic CultureCultural CornerNative AmericansRead the passage about Native Americans and Australian Aborigines. Then fill in the form.Native Americans
and Australian AboriginesAsiaAsiaBetween12,000and 25,000 years agoMore than 40,000
Years agoBetween1.8 million and 10 million, became smaller and smallerAbout 350,000, became smaller and smallerThick straight black hair, dark eyes, brown skinHunting,fishing,speaking
many languages,many
kinds of societyHunters and gatherers,
ceremonies.Read the passage and answer the questions.1. In what way are the Native American and the Australian Aborigines’ cultures similar?They both moved from Asia to where they now live. Both groups were hunter-gatherers. The populations of both groups decreased after the arrival of western colonists.2. Are there any similarities between these cultures and those of the Chinese minorities, which you have read about in this module?Read the passage again and tell whether the sentences true or false.Native Americans came across from Asia somewhere between 15,000 and 25,000 years ago.
2. Europeans arrived in America in the 15th century. FT3. Native Americans had the same color of hair as we Chinese.
4. Native Americans in the west lived by fishing and hunting.
5. Battles and diseases made the population of the Native American much smaller. TTT6. It is generally thought that the native people of Australia came from somewhere in Africa more than 40,000 years age.
7. It was the leaders who made their decisions together among the Native Americans.FFWrite a paragraph about the Jinuo ethnic group. Use the following information to help you.Population: around 18,000
Native region: Jinghong area of Yunnan
Language: a Chinese-Tibetan language,
no written script; Chinese
mostly spoken todayEconomy: agricultural economy---
farming, fishing
Main crops: rice, maize, tea
Staple foods: rice, maize, beans; three
meals a day
Houses: on mountain slopes, made
of bamboo or wood;
people with the same
surname share the same
house---20 or 30 families;upper floor---living area
ground floor---animalsCostume:women--- colorful
jackets, short black skirts;
men--- short white jacket, white or blue trousersMusic:good singers and dancers; drum very important instrument; December--Sun-drum Dance — older people play special drum, people dance round drumWork in Pairs. Choose an ethnic minority that interests you and find out about their culture, using books, magazines and the Internet.TaskWrite an article about an ethnic minority.Below are topics that can be included in your article:native region population history language architecture costume religion economy main crops and foods music
interesting traditions festivals课件45张PPT。Module 5Module 5
Ethnic CultureRead the sentences and underline the V-ed forms.(a) Spoken by fewer and fewer people these days, the Naxi language may disappear in the future. (because)
(b) Seen from above, the old town is a maze of canals, little bridges and tiny streets. (when)Grammar (1)V-ed form as adverbials(c) Passed from father to son, the music has not changed for eight centuries. (because)
(d) Looked at from a distance, the Xishan Hills resemble a sleeping beauty. (when)(e) Completely rebuilt, the town would not be so interesting. (if)
Now rewrite the sentences, beginning
with the words given in brackets
above.
Example: Because it is spoken by fewer
and fewer people these days, the Naxi
language may disappear in the future.b) Seen from above, the old town is a maze of canals, little bridges and tiny streets. (when)
When it is seen from above, the old town is a maze of canals, little bridges and tiny streets. c) Passed from father to son, the music has not changed for eight centuries. (because)
Because it is passed from father to son, the music has not changed for eight centuries.d) Looked at from a distance, the Xishan Hills resemble a sleeping beauty. (when)
When they are looked at from a distance, the Xishan Hills resemble a sleeping beauty.
e) Completely rebuilt, the town would not be so interesting. (if)
If it were completely rebuilt, the town would not be so interesting.Summary: the functions of v-ed form as adverbials.过去分词(past participles) 或过去分词短语(past participial phrases) 作状语是英语中常见的语言现象, 可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 (1) 作时间状语。
e.g. Seen from the top of the hill, our school looks beautiful.
Heated, liquids can be changed into gases.
作时间状语时, 过去分词若同时表被动和动作完成, 可换用现在分词的被动完成式; 过去分词若只表被动, 不表完成,不可与现在分词的被动完成式换用。e.g. Discussed (Having been discussed) many times, the problems were settled at last. (过去分词既表被动又表完成)
Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful. (过去分词只表被动) 　
相当于when引导的状语从句.如果两个动作同时发生, 可在分词前用when, while等使其时间意义更明确(2) 作原因状语。
e.g. Attracted by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 相当于as, since, because引导的从句, 这类状语多放在句子前半部分。(3) 作条件状语。
e.g. Given another chance, he will do better.
Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
相当于if, unless引导的从句。(4) 作让步状语。
e.g. Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
Exhausted by the climbing, the old man was determined to get to the top of the hill.
相当于though, although引导的从句。(5) 表方式或伴随情况。
e.g. Followed by some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
He stood there silently, moved to tears.
作状语表示方式或伴随情况时,过去分词可用并列句代替。
e.g. The hunter left his house, followed by his dog.
= He was followed by the dog.注意过去分词作状语, 其逻辑主语须与句子的主语保持一致, 它们之间存在着被动关系。
e.g. Given better attention, the trees
could grow better.
若管理得好一些, 这些树木会生长得
更好些。(2) 有时, 为了明确时间、条件、让步或原因等, 分词前面可加连词when, if, unless, once, although或副词如deeply, completely, greatly等。
e.g. Sugar, when mixed with water,
dissolves quickly. 糖与水混合很快就溶解。
Although tired, I must go on working.
我虽然累了, 但必须继续干。(3) 过去分词短语还可以和介词 “with”或 “without” 连用。
e.g. You should go to sleep with the light
turned off.
Without anything left in the kitchen,
we decided to eat out. (4) 如果分词的逻辑主语与所修饰的句子的主语不一致，就要有自己的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。
e.g. The test finished, we began our holiday.
More time given, we should have done
it much better. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box.know give invite lose visit1) When ______ in spring, the hills are covered with flowers.
2) ______ as one of the loveliest places in China, Yunnan is now visited by many tourists.visitedKnownPractice3) ____ in the tiny streets, we decided to ask for help.
4) ______ into a Naxi home, you should accept with pleasure.
5) If _____ something you don’t want to eat, just refuse politely.givenInvitedLostComplete the following sentences, using the given words.1) _____ (face) with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.
2) ___ (put) into use in April 2004, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.FacedPut3) When ______ (offer) help, one often says “Thank you.”or “It’s kind of you.”offeredWrite complete sentences with the correct form of the words.1. discover/only recently/old town/ be/still very quiet
Discovered only recently, the old town is still very quiet.2. visit/large numbers/tourists/old town/ can get very crowded
When visited by large numbers of tourists, the old town can get very crowded.
3. build /side/ mountain/ village/ be/very attractive
As it is built on the side of a mountain, the village is very attractive.4. cook/traditional way/ food/ be/ delicious
When cooked in a traditional way, the food is delicious.Translate the sentences using V-ed form.(1) 因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。
(2) 工作提前完成了，他非常满意。Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! He was satisfied, with the work finished ahead of time. (3) 教授走进了教室, 学生跟在身后。
(4) 这样的机会一旦失去了, 恐怕不会再
来了。
(5) 他静静地坐在那里, 眼睛看着湖面。The professor came into the classroom, followed by his students. Once lost, such a chance might never come again. He sat there silently, (with) his eyes fixed on the lake. Match the phrasal verbs with their meanings.come across
make up
hear of
go on
put sb.up
fall for
think over fall in love with
meet or find
continue
let sb. stay in your home
consider
be a certain part of sth.
know aboutGrammar (2) Phrasal verbsComplete the sentences with the phrasal verbs above.1. If you ___________ a good book on Yunnan when you’re in the bookshop, can you buy it for me?
2. I’ll _________ your suggestions but I’m not sure I agree with them.come acrossthink over3. A friend of mine went to Yunnan and ______ a Dai woman. They’re married now.
4. I know a lot about the Dai people but I’ve never _______ that custom.fell forheard of5. An old man offered to ____us __ in his house.
6. Non-Han people ________ nearly 30% of Yunnan’s population.
7. I’m so interested in what you’re saying. Please _____.puts upmake up go onChoose the best answers.1. It seems difficult to ____ “hurt” from “injure”in meaning. A. judge B. tell C. divide D. separateBPractice2. What a pity! I missed to meet my boss at the airport because my car was ___ in the traffic jam. A. broken up B. kept back C. held up D. kept up C3. The girl __ forward to buying a new gold watch.
A. referred to look
B. referred to looking
C. referred to looks
D. referring to looksC4. To everybody’s surprise, the fashionable young lady ___ to be a thief.
A. found out B. proved out C. put out D. turned outD1. If _____ to look after luggage for
someone else, inform the police at
once.?? (江西2013)
A. asked???????? ? ??? B. to ask???????????????
C. asking?? ?? ????????? D. having askedA2. There are some health problems that,
when _____ in time, can become
bigger ones later on. ?(浙江2013)
A. not treated????????
B. not being treated???????
C. not to be treated ??????
D. not having been treatedA3. Anyone, once _____ positive for H7N9
flu virus, will receive free medical
treatment from our government.????
(福建2013)
A. to be tested ?????B. being tested
C. tested ???????????? D. to testC4. _____ in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children’s love of art.? (安徽2013)
A. To found????????? B. Founding?
C. Founded?????????? D. Having foundedC5. I got to the office earlier that day,
_____ the 7:30 train from
Paddington.?? (2013 大纲全国卷)
A. caught??? ???????
B. to have caught?
C. to catch?? ???? ?????
D. having caught?DFinish the exercises 1-4 on page 115.课件32张PPT。Module 5Module 5
Ethnic CultureIntroduction1. How many provinces are there in our country?
2. Can you find Yunnan Province in the map?3. Are there many ethnic minorities in this province? Give some examples.
4. Which provinces share a border with Yunnan?1Can you explain the name
of Yunnan?Beautiful clouds
in the south.Quiz2Name at least three neighbor
provinces of Yunnan.Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Tibet.3The capital city of YunnanKunming4Can you guess
which ethnic
minority she is?Dai.Describe her in your
own words.5Choose the natural wonder which is not in Yunnan.A. Yulongxueshan MountainB. Stone forestC. Tiger Leaping GorgeD. West Lake 6Name at least 5 ethnic
minorities living in Yunnan.Dai, Yi, Miao, Hui, Zhuang, Tibetans, Mongols, Yao, Bai, Hani, Naxi, Jingpo, etc.Miaozu DongzuHanizuBaizuYaozuBuyizuListen. What musical instrument
is being played?Hulusi.7Guess who she is.A famous dancer for dancing as a peacock.1. Who is she?2. Which minority?Yang LipingBai.8border capital ethnic minority province region share TibetWork in pairs. Say what you know about the province of Yunnan. Use the words below and the fact file to help you.ethnic minoritiesDaizuBaizuNaxizuYizuLijiangStone forestNatural wondersYulong Xueshan MountainTiger Leaping gorgebelt
brightly-colored costume
native
silverDescribe what the Dai woman is wearing in the photo. Use these words:Work in pairs and do the quiz.
1. ______ adj. associated with the place of one’s birth
2. ______ v. heir; receive property, a title, etc.
3. _______ adj. of different kinds
4. ____ v. manage; cause to be in operationnativeinheritdiverserunVocabulary5. _________ adv. clearly seen or understood
6. ______ v. set right; put in order; regulate
7. ________ n. things owned; possessions
8. ______ adj. of race or the races of mankindapparentlyadjustpropertyethnicWork in pairs. Introduce a kind of ethnic culture you are familiar with.课件25张PPT。Module 5Module 5
Ethnic CultureListening&VocabularyWork in pairs and answer the questions. bucket pineapple rainforest
religion splash1. Can you describe a pineapple? It is an orange-yellow colored fruit, cylindrical in shape, with a tuft of pointed green leaves at the top.2. What kind of plants grow in a rainforest?
Trees, bushes, ferns and orchids are some of the common species.
3. What do buckets often carry?
Water, milk.4. If you are in a restaurant, and you splash your drink on someone, what should you do?
You should apologise.Listen to the conversation about a trip to Xishuangbanna. Number the topics in the order they are mentioned. (a) costume (b) dancing
(c) houses (d) food (e)Water-Splashing Festival
(f) animals (g) language3 7 4 6 5 1 2Listen again. Choose the correct answers. 1. Simon tells his friend that Xishuang- banna is ________. A. an amazing place B. an interesting place C. a strange place.A2. Simon says that there are little villages___. A. in the rainforests
B. in the mountains
C. in the fields
3. Simon saw ______. A. tigers and elephants
B. wild elephants
C. no wild animalsA B4. One third of the people in Xinshuangbanna are____. A. Dai people B. from different ethnic groups C. Dai or Bai people
5. The Dai men wear____. A. white and blue trousers B. white or blue shirts C. white or blue trousers. AC6. Simon bought_____.
A. a skirt for his girlfriend
B. a belt for himself
C. a belt for his girlfriendC7. During the Water-Splashing Festival, if someone splashes water on you, ___. A. it’s supposed to bring you good luck B. you have to change your clothes C. it means the new year has begunA8. In the restaurants _______. A. Dai men play on drums B. Dai women play on large drums C. Dai women dance and sing
9. Simon’s friend says _______. A. he may go to Xishuangbanna B. he doesn’t know what he’s doing
next year C. he will definitely go to XishuangbannaB AEveryday EnglishComplete the conversation with the words and phrases in the box.I guess tasty green with envy apparently how come gorgeous
what do you reckon1. A: I’ve decided to travel round Yunnan
for a year.B: _________? You’ve just started a new job.
A: Well, I’ve inherited some money.
B: Lucky you---I’m ______________! But why Yunnan?
A: I’ve read a lot about it and it sounds absolutely ___________.
B: ______, if I had the money, I’d do the same as you.How comegreen with envygorgeousI guess2.
A: Try this dish here. _________________?
B: It’s OK. In fact, I think it’s very ______.
A: __________, it’s the restaurant’s best dish.tastyApparently What do you reckonSpeaking and FunctionWays of asking for more information.Check the expressions from the listening passage to ask for further information.What are (the local people) like?
Tell me more.
Go on.
This is fascinating!
I’m fascinated.
How come? √

√

√
√Doesn’t it (get very hot in summer)?
I’d love to heat more about (the houses).
What about (the food)? √
√Work in pairs.Student A: Imagine that you have recently visited Yunnna. Tell student B about it.
Student B: Listen to Student A and use the phrases above to get further information.Work in pairs or small groups. Discuss
the questions.
1. Which would you prefer to visit, the Lijiang region of Xishuangbanna? Say why.
Example: I’d like to visit both places, but if
I had to choose one, I’d choose
Xishuangbanna because I’d love
to see the Dai houses.2. Do you think it is important that
ethnic minority cultures should
continue? Say why.
Example: I think it’s very important. People should be allowed to have their own culture. Why should people change the way they’ve lived for hundreds of years?Finish the exercises 8-10 on page 118.Module 5 Ethnic Culture
I．模块教学目标
技能目标 Skill Goals
▲Ordering ideas
▲Talking about ethnic minority cultures
▲Reading for specific information
▲Writing a paragraph about the Jinuo ethnic group
▲V-ed form as adverbial and phrasal verbs
▲Ways of asking for more information
II. 目标语言
功
能
句
Ways of asking for more information
What are the local people like?
Tell me more.
Go on.
This is fascinating!
I’m fascinated.
How come?
Doesn’t it get very hot in summer?
I’d love to hear more about the houses?
What about …?
Everyday English
I guess
I’m green with envy.
I’ll think it over.
I really fell for the place.
What do you reckon?
词
汇
1. 四会词汇
adjust, ethnic, costumes, environment, identity, minority, native, bright-colored, belt, varied, maze, run, inherit, property, custom, hatch, bucket, splash, crop, opera, maize, farm, fish, script, ouch, hammer, foolish, lame, hop, tyre, firm, jungle, soul, ox, spear, sleeve, necklace, jewellery, arch, framework, fasten, loose, fibre, corn, spade, tool, chick, rooster, fold, furnish, mat, teapot, bare, waist, widow, nephew, garage, rainbow, gatherer, garment, pineapple, mosquito, rigid
2. 认读词汇
rainforest, diverse, cobbled, apron, hieroglyphic, apparently, awkward, pierce, aborigine
3. 词组
in use, has a population of, in the distance, set off, make up, seen from above, be well worth, how come, green with envy
4. 重点词汇和短语
run, fish, fasten, adjust, furnish, region, ethnic minority, border, astonish, knowledge, in use, has a population, come across, make up, hear of, go on, think over, fell for
语
法
Past participles as adverbial
Seen from above, the old town is a maze of canals, …
Passed from father to son, the music has not changed for eight centuries, …
When looked at from a distance, the Xishan Hills resemble a sleeping beauty.
Completely rebuilt, the town would not be so interesting.
Spoken by fewer and fewer people these days, the Naxi language may disappear in the future.
重
点
句
子
The old town is on the side of a mountain and opposite it is the 5500-metre Yulong Xueshan Mountain, its peak covered with snow.
Seen from above, the old town is a maze of canals, little bridges and tiny cobbled streets that tourists get lost in.
They sit in small circles in the square, with their babies on their backs, completely uninterested in the tourists.
However different we may appear to be at first, we are all the same, all equal.
With the arrival of the Europeans, there were many battles over land, and the Native American population became much smaller, partly because they died from European disease.
Today, Aborigines make up just over 1.5% of Australia’s population.
III. 教材分析与教材重组
教材分析
本模块以Ethnic Culture为话题，以听、说、读、写等多种方式谈论了我国云南省纳西等少数民族的秀美风光和传统文化。我国是一个多民族的国家，而云南省又是是我国少数民族最多的省份。丽江地区是一块神奇、美丽而宁静的土地。通过本模块的教学不仅要让学生了解风景秀丽，历史古老，民风淳朴，文化灿烂的丽江，更重要的是培养学生热爱祖国大好河山，热爱各族人民，奋发努力，刻苦学习，建设我们伟大中华的高尚情操。
INTRODUCTION Vocabulary and speaking 以小组交流的方式来完成三个任务性的活动。一是介绍你所了解的云南省；二是描述图中傣族女子的着装；三是说出你所知道的云南少数民族的情况。www.21-cn-jy.com
READING AND VOCABULARY（1）READING部分以一个大学刚毕业的名叫SIMON WAKEFIELD的日记形式真实的记述了他对云南美丽的丽江地区大研古城的美好印象。这里有圣洁的玉龙雪山，滔滔的金沙江，古朴，典雅，幽静的纳西风格的民居鳞次梯比，清清的溪流穿城过巷，一座座小桥如彩虹横跨小溪，排排垂柳在清风中摇弋。无数小巷弯弯曲曲，纵横交错，晃若迷宫。古城中店铺林立，各式商品琳琅满目，尤其是那晶亮闪光的各式铜器及花样翻新，款式新颖的各色皮革时装，吸引着众多的游客。更为令人难于忘怀的是哪深邃悠扬享誉世界的纳西古乐！怎不令人留恋忘返。21·世纪*教育网
GRAMMER（1）（v-ed form as adverbials）通过相关的语法练习，旨在使学生学习理解运用过去分词作状语的用法。【出处：21教育名师】
SPEAKING部分要求学生通过小组讨论，表述他们所学过的丽江和纳西族，并表达自己的观点。在理解课文的前提提高同学们的语言表达能力。
1.5 VOCABULARY AND LISTENING该部分有三项任务：Task 1 小组合作问答；Task 2听一个去西双版纳的旅游的对话而后排序；Task 3 再听，验证判断是否正确。遵循听力能力培养的规律，提高学生听力水平。
1.6 GRAMMER（2）（Phrasal verbs）旨在使学生理解运用几组短语动词。
1.7 EVERYDAY ENGLISH让学生通过完成对话来学习有关日常用语。
1.8 SPEAKING AND FUNCTION (Ways of asking for more information) 设计了三个任务性活动，以小组合作方式来学习征求更多信息的各种表达。
1.9 READING AND VOCABULARY（2）让学生了解我国另一个少数民族白族（the Bai ethnic group）丰富学生有关少数民族的知识，巩固有关词汇。
1.10 WRITNG 根据提供的信息写一篇有关我国少数民族基诺族的短文，学会运用有关民族文化的词汇和表达。
1.11 READING PRACTICE提供一篇阅读材料并配了七个练习。
1.12 CULTURE CORNER 是一篇有关北美的印第安人和澳大利亚的土著人简介，有助于学生的知识面的拓宽和相关词汇的扩充，使学生对有关民族的词汇和表达更熟悉。
1.13 TASK 通过对各种信息源的查找资料作好准备，让同学们在小组讨论的基础上，写出自己感兴趣的一个少数民族的概况。
1.14 MODULE FILE 部分简要总结了本模块所学的重点词汇、短语、语法、重要句型及日常用语。
教材重组
2.1口语课 将INTRODUCTION、SPEAKING 和EVERYDAY ENGLISH三部分形成一节口语课。因学生不熟悉该话题，故第一课时给学生充分索积有关材料之后，激活相关话题词汇和信息，进行有效的口语训练为阅读课，积累话题词汇和有关知识。
2.2阅读课 READING AND VOCABULARY (1) 和 (2)两部分整合为一体，设计成一节阅读课。
2.3 听说课 将教材中的LISTENING AND VOCABULARY、SPEAKING AND FUNCTION和WORKBOOK中Listening a整合为一节听说课。
2.4 综合课（1）将READING PRACTICE 和CULTURAL CORNER二者整合而成第一节综合课。
2.5综合课（2）把WRITING 和TASK 与WORKBOOK 中的Reading and Writing整合为第二节综合课。
3. 课程设计与课时分配（经教材分析，本模块可分为六课时完成）
1st Period Speaking
2nd Period Reading
3rd Period Listening & speaking
4th Period Extensive Reading
5th Period Writing

IV．分课时教案
The First Period Speaking
Teaching goals教学目标
1. Target language目标语言
a. 重点词汇和短语
ethnic minority, border, capital, province, region, share, Tibet, rainforest, diverse, belt, brightly-coloured, costume, native, silver, tasty, apparently, gorgeous
b. 重点句式
What do you reckon …
I guess …
How come …
2. Ability goals能力目标
Enable the students to talk about the province of Yuannan.
3. Learning ability goals学能目标
Help the students learn how to talk about Yuannan.
Teaching important points教学重点
Teach the students to learn more about Yunnan.
Teaching difficult points教学难点
How to help the students to set off an animated discussion about the topic.
Teaching methods教学方法
A map of China, discussion and pair work.
Teaching aids教具准备
A computer and a projector
Teaching procedure and ways教学过程与方式
Step I Lead-in
Teacher goes into the classroom with a mysterious smile.
T: Boys and girls. I am very glad to tell you a good piece of news. Can you guess what it is? (Stop for a moment) You can’t guess it! Next week we are going to make a social investigation for a week.
S: Really? Great! But where are we going? What are we going to investigate? Do we have to write findings report?
Show a map of China to the whole class and ask some students to find the target place.
T: OK. Next week we are going to make a social investigation about ethnic culture. And now you must know where we should go. Right. We are going to Yunnan. Why are we going to Yunnan to make this investigation? Can you guess?
S: Because Yuanan is the home to 25 ethnic minorities, most diverse region of China.
T: Right. So we are going to Yunnan. Now you should make some preparation for this investigation.
Step II Introduction
Let the students look at the map of China and then ask some questions.
T: Boys and girls! Who can tell me where Yunnan Province is?
S: Yunnan Province is in the southwest of China.
T: Do you know the meaning of the name of Yunnan?
S: Yunnan means beautiful clouds in the south. How wonderful the name is.
Let the students look at the information on page 57. Then let them work in pairs.
S1: Geographical Location and Administrative Area Division
Yunnan borders on Guizhou province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in the east, Sichuan province in the north, Tibetan Autonomous Region in the northwest, Myanmar in the west and Laos, Vietnam in the south. Geographically, Yunnan is connected with the rest of the Asian Continent in the north and faces the Southeast Asian Peninsula between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean in the south. Because of its geographical location, the Southeast monsoon and Southwest monsoon as well as weather conditions in the Tibetan Plateau affect Yunnan. As a result, Yunnan has a diversified natural environment.
Of the 4060-kilometer border Yunnan shares with its neighboring countries, the Sino-Myanmar section runs 1997 kilometers, Sino-Laotian section 710 kilometers and the Sino-Vietnamese section 1353 kilometers. Along this borderline there are 8 prefectures and ethnic minority autonomous prefectures and 26 border cities and counties. Yunnan has long been a gateway of China to countries in Southeast Asia. There are over 20 roads leading to these countries. People of 15 ethnic groups in China and their folks of the same ethnic origin in other countries live respective on each sides of the border. Yunnan lies in close vicinity to Thailand, Cambodia, Bangladesh and India.
Yunnan ranks the 8th in the whole country in terms of its territory which is 394000 square kilometers (1864.8 kilometers from the east to the west and 900 kilometers from the south to the north), covering 4.1 % of the whole territory of China. Of the total area of the province, about 84% are rugged mountains, 10 are highland and hills and 6% is lowland and valleys. While Yunnan is at an average elevation of about 2000 meters, the elevation reaches 6740 meters at the highest in contrast with an elevation of 76.4 meters at the lowest.
Altogether Yunnan Province has 17 prefectures and cities, 127 counties(towns), among which are 8 ethnic minority autonomous prefectures(Chuxiong Yi Nationality Autonomous Prefecture, Honghe Hani and Yi Nationality autonomous Prefecture, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Nationality Prefecture, Xishuangbanna Thai Nationality Autonomous Prefecture, Dali Baizu Nationality Autonomous Prefecture, Dehong Thai and Jingpo Nationality Autonomous Prefecture, Nujiang Lisu Nationality Autonomous Prefecture, Diqing Tibetan Nationality Autonomous Prefecture), 7 prefectures (Zhaotong, Qujing, Yuxi, Simao, Baoshan, Lijiang, Lincang), and two cities directly under the jurisdiction of the provincial government (Kunming and Dongchuan). There are 8 prefectures and 27 counties bordering on foreign countries.
S2: Population and Ethnic Groups
By the end of 1996, the total population in Yunnan Province had reached 40.41 million. Yunnan has an ethnic minority population of more than 13.6 million-the second largest in China next to Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It is one of the three provinces(Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou) in China whose ethnic minority population exceeds 10 million. Of the 55 minority groups in China, 51 inhabit in Yunnan. There are 25 ethnic minority groups living in compact communities, and their respective population 5000. Of these minority groups 15 are indigenous to Yunnan, ranking the first place in China in terms of the number of indigenous ethnic minority groups, namely the Bai, the Hani, the Thai, the Lisu, the Wa, the Lahu, the Naxi, the Jingpo, the Bulang, the Pumi, the Nu, the De'ang, the Dulong and the Jinuo. Yunnan is a land of ethnic diversity. As its ethnic policies set by the State are vigorously implemented in the province, its people of different groups live and work happily and harmoniously together, ensuring ethnic unity and social stability on this frontier land.
It is reported that the population of Yunnan is approximately 42 million in 2003. There are 25 registered minorities, including the Zhuang, Hui, Yi, Miao, Tibetans, Mongols, Yao, Bai, Hani, Dai, Lisu, Lahu, Wa, Naxi, Jingpo, Bulang, Pumi, Nu, Achang, Benglong, Jinuo, and Dulong. By the end of 1996, the population of Yunnan reached 40,415,000, of whom the Han took up 66.82 percent with a total population of 25,882,000; ethnic minorities took up 33.18 percent with a total population of 12,853,000. Among the 16 sub-provincial prefectures, Qujing has the largest population and Diqing the smallest.
S3: Mineral Resources
Known as the "Kingdom of Nonferrous Metals", Yunnan boasts huge reserves of various minerals. Of 142 minerals already discovered, the reserve of 92 kinds have been proved, distributing in over 1274 mines. The reserve of 54 minerals are listed among China's top ten biggest reserves. Yunnan's superiority of minerals stands on the reserves of nonferrous metals: the reserves of aluminum, lead, zinc and tin are the biggest in China, the reserve of copper and nickel are in the third place. Yunnan also abounds in other mineral resources: it has rich reserves of iron, manganese, titanium, chromium and vanadium among other ferrous metals; of noble metals and rare metals, the reserves of indium, thallium and cadmium are in the first place in Chine; its reserves of silver, germanium and platinum are in the second place in the whole country. As for energy resources, its coal reserves are in the seventh place in China; and for industrial chemicals, it is the tenth in the country in reserves of phosphorus, salt, manganese, solvate, iron pyrite, calcium carbide and serpentine. Based on nonferrous metals, mining industry in Yunnan flourishes with substantial development in mining, ore dressing and smelting industries, making Yunnan an important production base of tin, copper, lead, zinc and phosphorus in China. 21世纪教育网版权所有
S4: Biological Resources
Known as the "Kingdom of Flora", Yunnan boasts the biggest variety of plants in China. Almost all the species of plants that grow in tropical, subtropical, temperate, and even frigid zones can be found in Yunnan. Of the approximately 30000 species of higher plants in the whole country Yunnan claims 274 families, 2076 genuses and 17000 species among which approximately 10000 are tropical and subtropical plants, 2000 are medicinal herbs and 400 are spices from 69 families. In addition, there are 2100 species of ornamental plants of which over 1500 are floriferous and quite a few of them are rare species, indigenous only to Yunnan. Because of its unique climate and geographical environment, Yunnan is home to wide variety of wild animals: this marvelous fauna kingdom breeds and multiplies animals of various species living in frigid, temperate and tropical climates including 1737 species of vertebrate, 10000 species of insects. Among the vertebrates there are 300 species of beasts, 793 species of birds, 143 species of reptiles, 102 species of amphibians and 366 species of freshwater fish. In fish category, 5 families, 40 genuses and 249 species are indigenous to Yunnan. For the animals and birds, 46 species are listed as state-protected like golden monkey, Asian elephant and 154 species as under second-grade protection. In Yunnan, various rare animals and plants are carefully protected and rationally utilized. Tobacco, rubber, tea, sugar cane, medicinal herbs and tropical fruits are produced on a large-scale. Flower, coffee and spices production are on the rise.
S5: Energy resources
Yunnan abounds in energy resources. The prospect for developing hydro-power looks extremely good. Covering six water systems, Yunnan has over 600 rivers and lakes which provide an annual water supply of 222.2 billion cubic meters and an estimated hydropower reserve of 103.64 million kilowatts which is capable of generation 394.45 KWH of electricity annually. In the development of its hydro-power resource, Yunnan has many advantages, including:(a) there are high possibilities of setting up large-sized as well as giant hydro-power stations;(b) there is a high rate of success in identifying projects since there is and ample room for selection; (c) the construction scale of reservoirs are relatively small with limited inundating areas resulting in higher technological and economical indicators. The development of Yunnan's abundant hydropower resources is progressing as planned. Built on the Lancang River with an installed capacity of 1.25 million kilowatts, the Manwan Hydropower Station is now in operation. Construction is under way for the 1.35 million kilowatt Dachaoshan Power Station. In addition, Yunnan also boasts great prospects for the development and utilization of light energy, wind power and geothermal energy. With its coal reserve ranking the ninth biggest in China, Yunnan is one of the major coal producers in south China.
S6: Economic and Social Development
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, and in particular since the adoption of the policy of reform and opening up, Yunnan has under gone rapid economic and social development. Along with the successful implementation of three Five-Year Plans, Yunnan has gone through great changes and substantially increased its economic strength.With an economic growth rate of about 10 % for over 10 consecutive years, Yunnan's GDP reached 147 billion Yuan in 1996 to jump to the 17th place in China from its 22nd place in 1980. Infrastructures like energy, telecommunication and transportation continue to improve and there is marked acceleration in the industrialization process. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period(1991-1995), the gross value of industrial output grew at an average rate of 13.7 % annually effecting and increase of 8 percentage point in GDP of the whole province. A rational distribution of the economy is taking shape with the readjustment of industrial structure and the emergence of some new backbone industries. Agriculture continues to grow, consolidating and reinforcing its position as the foundation of the economy. Sustainable development in rural economy has brought about continuous bumper harvests which reached 12.46 million tons in 1996.
Yunnan is opening up to Southeast Asia and to the world, guided by the opening-up policy of the Central Government and with Southwest China as its support, Kunming city as its center and the open border cities as its frontier. Foreign trade is booming in Yunnan. By the year 1996, the total volume of Yunnan's imports and exports had reached 2.059 billion U.S. dollars. By then, there were 1450 foreign-invested enterprises which attracted 850 million U.S. dollars of actual foreign investment. For 4 consecutive years since 1993, Yunnan Province has successfully hosted the China Kunming Export Commodities Fair in cooperation with other provinces in Southwest China. With strengthened Lancang-Mekong Subregional economic cooperation, Yunnan province is becoming a gateway and frontier of Southwest China to the outside world. Alongside the burgeoning economy, living standards and the quality of life have been substantially improved for people of all ethnic nationalities in Yunnan with continued development in education, science and culture. There are now over 170 scientific research institutes and a group of high-level scientific researchers in Yunnan, and there are now 26 institutes of higher learning and 27000 primary and middle schools. Students in these universities(schools) reach 6 million. 97.4%of the children in the province go to school at school age. There are now over 6400 health institutions of various kinds of which 1540 are located in rural areas, providing intensive medical and health care for most people in Yunnan.
Yunnan is emerging from a poor, backward frontier province into a well-to-do province in China. Yunnan is well-posed for the advent of the 21st century.
S7: About Capital city – Kunmimg
Kunming city is the provincial capital of Yunnan Province, which has an area of 15.6 thousand square kilometers and a population of 3.6 million.
?Kunming is situated at the high plateau of the eastern part of Yunnan Province. To the south is the biggest Dian Lake of Yunnan Province. It belongs to the subtropical plateau monsoon climatic zone; the annual average temperature is 14.7 and the yearly precipitation, 1024 mm. It is rich in phosphorus, salt mine and quartz and other such mineral resources as mirabilite, iron, bauxite, copper, coal, etc; it is also rich in ground water and geothermal energy resources.
?In the field of industries, priority is given to the development of machinery, metallurgy, textile and building materials, among which the industries of smelting nonferrous metals and tobacco processing form one of the main production basis of their kinds in China. The productions of machine tool, optical instruments and meters, electrical machinery, cigarette, phosphorus, phosphate fertilizer, the melting of lead, copper and zinc have captured an important share in the domestic market.
?In agriculture, paddy rice, oil, flue-cured tobacco, sugar cane, fruits, sericulture and live pigs are produced in abundance. Fresh water fishery is cultivated in the Dian Lake.
?Kunming City has a good transport service in traffic and has been linked with more than 30 cities, domestic and abroad, by air.
?Kunming City is China's famous historic cultural city. Because it is evergreen everywhere like spring all the year round with flowers blooming everywhere, the city is known as "City of Spring" or "City of Flowers". It is indeed a well-known site for sightseeing and a summer resort. The Dian Lake and the Stone Forest are the two State Major places of historic interest and scenic beauty.
S8: Climate
Yunnan has a diverse climate, embracing temperate, tropical and rigid zones in one province. Kunming, the capital city, is marked by a pleasant spring weather which prevails year round while it is also notable for the abrupt change into winter weather caused by rain. Dali's climate is somewhat similar to that of Kunming. Lijiang has a rather cold climate whereas Xishuangbanna is rather hot for most of the year.
S9: History
Yunnan is one of the crasles of life on the earth. The discovery in Chengjiang County in 1994 of the Maotianshan Zoolites of the early Cambrian Period, which were about 5.3 hundred million years ago, is regarded in the international paleobiological world as one of the most amazing discoveries of the 20th century. Yunnan is one of the important birthplaces of human beings. Since 1956 this has been proved by the discoveries of Lama anthropoid fossils in Kaiyuan (14 million years ago), in Lufeng (8 million years ago), and in Hudie in Yuanmou (about 3-4 million years ago). The pithecanthropus discovered in Yunnan in 1965 (1.7 million years ago) is up to now the earliest fossil of human beings in both China and Asia, thus indicating the beginning of Chinese history.
These materials are just only for teachers’ reference.
Step III Describing what the Dai women wear
Help the students deal with Activity 2. Describe what the Dai women wear.
T: Do you know something about the Dai Ethnic Group
S: Dai minority people is the biggest ethnic minority group in locality, has a population of around 300000, accounts for 35% of total in Xishuangbanna. They live in most basin and plain areas in the prefecture. Dai people believe in Hinayana Buddhism and animism. The Dai is an ethnic group with a long history. Their ancestors were one tribe of the Baiyue people. The Dai people were addressed differently in different periods of time. They call themselves “Dai”. “Dai" means "people who ardently love freedom and peace". WATER-SPLASHING FESTIVAL is New Year Day of Dai people, the most important festival of them. Different from our New Year, they celebrate it in June, Dai people have their own calendar, their June is our April. Water-splashing Festival lasts 3 days, from April 13th to 15th.
T: Who can describe what the Dai women are wearing?
S: Dai Ethnic women often wear short coats with tight sleeves and broad skirts, like peacocks showing their tails. These clothes, beautiful and colorful, maybe the most beautiful in the world, outlined their slim figures completely. Their underwears are usually multi-colored or red-colored, and their coats, with fronts or bisect fronts, usually light yellow, light green, snow white, sky blue, etc, are often short and tight with round collar and narrow sleeves. Some of them are even made of flesh-colored materials which are hardly to recognize if you don’t take a good look. The front and back sect of the coats are waist long with a silver sash bound around the short-sleeved shirt and the narrow opening of the broad skirt over the lower part of the body. The dresses of Dai ethnic women fully show the beauty of waistline, breast and hip of females, which give people a natural, graceful, elegant kind of bearing. 傣族妇女的穿着打扮，是全世界最美丽的，它就像孔雀开屏一样，五彩缤纷，美不胜收，令人叹为观止。傣族妇女一般喜欢穿着窄袖短衣和统裙，把他们那修长苗条的身材充分展示出来。上面穿一件百色或绯色内衣，外面是紧身短上衣，圆颈窄袖，有大襟，也有对襟，有淡黄、浅绿、雪白、天蓝等多种色彩。有不少人还喜欢用肉色就料缝制，若不仔细看，还看不出袖管，前后衣襟刚好齐腰，紧紧裹住身子，再用一根银腰带系着短袖衫和统裙口，下着长至脚背的统裙，腰身纤巧细小，下摆宽大。傣族妇女的这种装束，充分展示了女性的胸、腰、臀“三围”之美，加上所采用的布料轻柔，鲜艳明快，会给人一种婀娜多姿，潇洒飘逸的感觉。
T: Who can tell me more about it?
S: The Dai women's clothes have a variety of styles. In the Xishuangbanna area, women often wear white, sky-blue or pink tight underwear with Jewel-collared short skirt outside, with buttons on the front or on the right. The shirt has long and slim sleeves which wrap on the arms tightly. It is thin and narrow at the waist, exposing part of skin at the lower back. The lower clothes are usually a tight skirt, which is long and can even reach the feet. This kind of clothes well reveals the beautiful figure of the Dai women. Many Dai women wear a silk girdle around their waists. It is said to be very precious, because it is passed down by mothers from generation to generation. The girdle is actually a love token. If a girl gives the silver girdle to a young man, it means she has fallen in love with him. The Dai women are particular about their hair style. They wind their long hair into a bun on the top of the head, and fix it with only a beautiful crescent-moon-shaped comb.
Step IV Activity 3
Help the students to do Activity 3 on page 57 in pairs. Let them say what they know about the ethnic minorities in Yunnan. Step II S2 (Population and ethnic groups) can be referred to. www-2-1-cnjy-com
Step V SPEAKING
About Lijiang
Tell the students more about Lijiang and the Naxi people. Help them do SPEAKING on page 61. Show the following on the screen.21*cnjy*com
T: In our class who have been to Lijiang? Can you tell us something about it? Nobody in our class? Now let me introduce Lijiang to you. Please look at the screen.
Show the following on the screen.
If you are the first time here in Lijiang Ancient Town, the bridges, rivers and houses probably make you think you have come to the southern part of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In fact, however, it is on the plateau of 2,400 meters high. 　　21*cnjy*com
At the center of the ancient town of Lijiang is the Square Street. It’s said to be shaped as a seal of a prefect, symbolizing an omnipresent power. In fact, the street is a marketing square developed from an open－air fair in the countryside. In the past, the bronze wares, Tibetan knives and Yunnan tea carried here by trains of horses from the ancient tea－and－horse road and Yunnan tea were exchanged with other things in this place or transferred from here to the other places.
For thousands of years, trains of horses from north and south had experienced arduous journeys along the lofty ridges and towering mountains in southwest China. So a famous tea－and－horse road in the Chinese history was formed under the horses’ hoofs. The ancient town of Lijiang is surrounded with mountains. So it is hard to get to. However, as recorded in the historical archives, it had been a thriving trading place as early as in the Yuan Dynasty. On the spotted-stone street are the tracks over thousands of years. There would be no the thriving scene in the history of the ancient street without the trains of horses coming and going. The ancient street stretches out with the Square Street as its center. Starting from the Song Dynasty, the Naxi people had begun to build their settlement in here. They had built streets and houses along the natural course of the river. “The arrangement of the ancient streets in Lijiang is different from that of Beijing. It’s not in a regular and square shape. It’s based on the natural conditions. The streets make a good use of the rivers and topography. The arrangement’s effective. The main streets are connected to the river. So every household can enjoy enough water. Thus, a harmonious relationship has been formed between nature and human beings,” said Xie Ninggao, professor of Urban Environment Department of Peking University. In the ancient town of Lijiang there is a “street-washing” activity every once in a while. The so-called “street-washing” is to open the water gate to the Western River of the Square Street. Then the river water makes use of the physical momentum and flows along the streets so that every household can clean the street with brooms.???? The Ancient Street of Lijiang also enjoys a reputation of not dusty in drought and nor muddy on a rainy day. ? Walking along the Ancient Street of Lijiang, you will never lose your way if only you can find the Jade-dragon Snow Mountain in the north. Although bordered to the snow mountain, the inner climate of the town is as warm as spring. And the arrangement of the spotted-stone bricks should not be ignored, it plays a role of road mark.? “If you see three stone-paved roads before you, just go ahead according to your direction. You’ll never reach a dead end and backtrack. The road represents a culture of road mark,” said Li Afan, vice-director of Lijiang Bureau of Town Construction. Today, people in this place not only can enjoy the antique style of the architectures in the Ming and Qing Dynasties but also can sense the cultural spirit of multiple nationalities such as Han, Tibet and Naxi. The ordinary streets have reflected the wisdom of the Naxi people and their pursuit of a happy life.? In 1997, the ancient town of Lijiang was included in the list of the world cultural heritage approved by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, which makes it a common wealth of the entire mankind.
T: If you come here, you can also visit the Tiger Leaping, the first bend of Yangtze River and Yulong Snow Mountain. Now I think you must know something about Lijiang. Work in pairs to discuss the two questions. If you went to Lijiang, what would you do and how long would you stay?
S1: If I went there, I’d stay in the old town, of course, and I’d attend to the performance of the Naxi Orchestra, like Simon Wakefield, and listen to the Naxi Ancient Music.
S2: If I went there, I’d stay in the old town, of course, and I’d walk along the tiny cobbled streets, like Simon Wakefield, and watch the Naxi women doing business.
S3: If I went there, I’d stay in the old town, of course, and I’d walk along the three rivers which run through the city, like Simon Wakefield, and listen to the sound of rushing water.
S4: If I went there, I’d stay in the old town, of course, and I’d visit the Tiger Leaping Gorge, a dream place for adventurers. The Tiger Leaping Gorge with a drop of 3000 metres is believed to be the world’s deepest canyon.
…
T: What parts of the Naxi culture sound most interesting in your opinion? Say why.
S1: I think it’s fascinating that the Naxi Ancient Music is famous all over the world. That’s very unusual.
S2: I think it’s fascinating that the Naxi language is the only hieroglyphic language still in use. That is over 1,000 years old.
S3: I think it’s fascinating that the Naxi believe that they came from a creature called Tabu, who helped them hatch from magic eggs. That’s an interesting story.
…
T: Now you know Yunnan is a colorful place. In the south of Yunnan, Xishuangbannan is most attractive because of Dai nationality and the tropic forest. The girls in Dai nationality are most beautiful in China. While in the north of Yunnan, Lijiang is becoming a new travel star. Lijiang is an ancient city with Naxi nationality which has been a branch of Tibet, with old tradition and art. In addition, the food Yunnan is rather delicious. Next class we are going to Lijiang — the old town of Lijiang. Are you interested in it? Class is over.
Homework
1. Preview the next section “Simon Wakefield’s Yuannan Diary”.
2. Surf the Internet to get more information about the OLD TOWN OF LIJIANG.
The Second Period Reading
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language目标语言
a. 重点词汇和短语
varied, landscape, maze, cobbled, run, inherit, property, custom, apron, hieroglyphic, in use, hatch, on the side of, a maze of, run through, be covered with, seem from above, passed from father to son, learn so much about, has a population of, crop, opera，agricultural, ceremony, farm, fish, maize, opera, script, torch
b. 重点句式
The old town is on the side of a mountain … its peak covered with snow.
Seen from above, the old town is a maze of canals …
For example, it is the women who run Naxi society …
2. Ability goals能力目标
Enable the students to talk about the impression of the old town of Lijiang according to Simon Wakefield’s Yunnan Diary.
3. Learning ability goals学能目标
Help the students learn how to describe the old town of Lijiang with the target language.
Teaching important points教学重点
Enable the students learn to describe a well-known Chinese custom or place-using diary.
Teaching difficult points教学难点
Enable the students learn how to describe a well-known Chinese custom or place using diary.
Teaching methods教学方法
Skimming, scanning, listening and discussing.
Teaching aids教具准备
A map of China, computer and a projector.
Teaching procedures and ways 教学过程与方式
Step I Lead-in
Imagine that you have recently visited Yunnan. Tell the students your experiences of visiting it.
T: Last year I had a happy summer vacation. After a national meeting in Dalian last July 18, I flied to Kunming by way of Chongqing. I stayed in Yunnan for two weeks. I visited the Stone Forest, Xishuangbanna and then flied to Lijiang airport. At the airport, a beautiful Naxi girl named Ximei met us. She was good at singing and dancing. As our guide, for six days she led us to visit a lot of places such as Yulong Xueshan Mountain, Tiger Leaping, First Bend of Yangtze River and the Old Town of Lijiang. I was astonished by how varied the landscape is. The Old Town of Lijiang gave me a deep impression. Lijiang is located in north-west Yunnan. It is a very famous scenic spot, and a wonderful place for traveling. 25 July, in the little rain, my friends and I arrived at the old town with tired bodies. I suddenly became excited when my foot stepped on the stone street. Many red lanterns were hung in corners. To be exactly, I had two periods in the Old Town of Lijiang. During the first three days, I walked around every day, every street, every bridge, every nice shop, and so forth. I would like to touch every square of the old town’s skin. Morning, we were woke up by the sun light. Our days began with a special food named Sifang-bing, which only sold in Old Town, made of flour and vegetables or meat. You could saw the old doing exercises in the large square and a few tourists came from different places. Everybody here is in the leisure mood. Following the river running in the town, you can bring yourself to any place you want to. There are lots of shops selling clothes, scarves, food, ornaments …oh it is a shopping heaven for you. Everyday thousands of people flooded into the town. They make the little place boiling, the center square, the bar street, the Dong ba street. Then after 2 o’clock at the night, with few persons, the town shows her true color to you, peaceful, relaxing, comfortable. The night of Lijiang is my dream-land. The last night we went to watch the performance of the Naxi old music. The Naxi old music is famous all over the world. It was reported that 38 countries invited these old men to play ancient songs, songs such as The Water Dragon Is Singing, Wind from the river and The Sheep on the Hill. Speaking of the old music, a famous man must be mentioned. His name is Xuan ke (宣科). He was an English teacher in Lijiang Middle School who was done wrong in prison for more than 20 years. It was he who found and made the Naxi old music famous all over the world. I will remember Lijiang, remember the snow mountain, remember my friends for ever.
Step II Reading
At first let the students do Activity 1 & 2 on page 58 after reading the text.
T: Now please go through the diary individually and finish Activity 1&2 in pairs.
Five minutes later. Ask the students read the passage again and answer the questions.
Show the following questions on the screen.
1 In what way is the Yunnan landscape varied?
2 What about Lijiang?
3 Why do tourists get lost in Lijiang?
4 In what way are Naxi women unusual?
5 What does the Naxi woman wear? What is unusual about the clothes?
6 What is unusual about the Naxi language?
7 How do the Naxi believe their people started?
8 Why is Naxi music famous?
9 In what way does Simon say that people are all the same?【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
This time let the students discuss these questions in pairs. After their discussion, show the possible
answers on the screen.
S1: Yunnan is a colorful place. The different geographic landscapes from the tropic forest to jokul bring Yunnan plenty of travel resource. In the south of Yunnan, Xishuangbanna is most beautiful in China. It is very tropical. While in the north of Yunnan, Lijiang is an ancient city with Naxi nationality which has been a branch of Tibet, with old tradition and art. Lijiang is at the foot of the 5,500 metre Jade Dradon Snow Mountainon( Yulong Xueshan Mountain, its peak covered with snow), by the side of flowing Jinsha River.
S2: Lijiang is located at the northwest plateau of Yunnan, which used to be the place where the Silk Road across the southern ancient China and ancient Yunnan-Tibet tea-horse trade route met. It is a land full of magic, beauty and tranquility. Across the land of 20,000 square meters, there are solemn snow-capped mountains, roaring rivers, steep valleys, dense forests, crystal clear lakes and wide dams as well. Beautiful scenery, time-honored history, simple life style and splendid culture are right the words for the city.
S3: Lijiang is half new town and half old town. Seen from above, the old town is a maze of canale, little bridges and tiny cobbled streets. The wooden houses, the tiny cobbed streets, the canals and little bridges are almost the same to the tourists for the first time here. Perhaps they will get lost in the old town of Lijiang which is also known as Dayan Town in Lijiangba.
S4: The Naxi culture is fascinating. Generally speaking, men run the society. But the Naxi ethnic group live in a society which is run by Naxi women. Naxi women inherited all property. Naxi women have long been in charge of business and family life. Particularly in the Yongning area, north of Lijiang, in areas around Lugu Lake, lives a sub-group of Naxi called the Mosuo who continue to follow the motherly customs. Children adopt the mother’s, not the father’s surname. Female elder oversee significant issues like marriage, family life, property and disputes. In Naxi relationships, both partners are free to have different companions and cohabitation without marriage is widely accepted. A boyfriend is allowed to openly stay overnight at his girlfriend’s home. If a child is born to the couple and they do not wed, the woman – as head of the family – will raise their child. The women rear farm animals, brew wine and weave cloth. If they are not on the way to the market or running errands, they are playing cards or chess with friends, knitting or babysitting their grandchildren. Women also make decisions on matters like property and marriage when they arise.
S5: The women wear blue blouses and trousers covered by a blue or black apron. In Dayan you can see Naxi women wearing "moon and star" capes, the seven cloth disks on the back representing the seven stars of the Big Dipper（北斗七星）. If you look close, you will notice a bigger disk on each shoulder. They represent the sun and the moon. Naxi women, wearing their blue pleated skirts and sheepskin shawls decorated with seven stars and seven ribbons, add a lingering charm to the ancient town.
S6: The Naxi language is also called Dongba Culture. The mystical Dongba hieroglyph is known as "the only living hieroglyph in the world". It is the only living hieroglyphic language still in use and is over 1,000 years old. The traditional dongba training is passed down from generation to generation. The training includes translating Dongba scriptures based on the Naxi language, the world's only surviving pictographic language still in use today. Time is running out. The civilization and its traditions are dying out. It is reported that Members of the Naxi ethnic group living in southwest China's Yunnan Province will soon enjoy government protection for their ancient Dongba culture. Meanwhile, the county government has also been urged to take advantage of the local cultural school to inherit and develop the culture.
S7: The Naxi believethat they came from a creature called Tabu, who helped them hatch from magic eggs. They know this from some pictures in a few copies of ancient books put together in the 10th century.
S8: The Naxi music is an ancient music stemming from Tang and Song poetry. This ancient form of music gradually disappeared in the course of history, but it was preserved here in the relatively isolated region of Lijiang. The old Naxi music with noble elegant lingering charm is thought to be the "living fossil of the Chinese classical music". From generation to generation, the music has not changed for eight centuries. The ancient songs such as The Water Dragon Is Singing《水龙吟》,Wind from the River《浪淘沙》and The Sheep on the Hill《山坡羊》were played in Emperor Palace in Tang Dynasty. The old Naxi music is also invited to performance in 38 countries. It is very famous today in the world. You should remember a great English teacher -- XUAN KE. It is he who makes the NaxiAncient Music famous today. If you want to know Lijiang, at first you must know who is XuanKe ? Because Lijiang is famous for him. I have been very glad to have met him at his wooden music hall.
T: The genius in music—Xuan Ke　Xuan Ke is an old man. He likes music very much. My guide told me he had been
salted down for 20 years. He had never abandoned in imprisonment. His father was the first person who could speak English there. And he had graduated from a mission school, so he can speak English very fluently. When he came out of the prison, he organized the Naxi music band. I was very excited to see Xuan Ke that day. The Naxi Ancient Music was played in a wooden house. I think it is very old with two floors. At 8:00 in the evening, the concert began. Xuan Ke was stepping to the stage slowly. The applause broke out in the whole hall. He was wearing a long gown and always with a smile on his face. He is very humorous and graceful. He hated the popular music and likes the classic music. On the stage the players are all old men with white hair. The music called us back to Tang and Sun dynasty, and we all lost ourselves in the wonderful music.Xuan Ke is not only the director of the band but the announcer of the concert.
(http://vote.cctv.com/program/xwyyzz/20040519/101093.shtml)
S9: Although people may seem very different from you, we all laugh, cry, and need love and friendship. So Simon Wakefield says that people are all the same, all equal.
Step III Post-reading
This time help the students to do Activity 4&5. Let them discuss in pairs.
T: Now I think you must know more about the Old Town of Naxi. Now next let’s do Activity 4&5 on page 60.
Suggested answers to the Questions of Activity 5.
Suggested answers:
Property means thing or things one owns, so if someone owns property, usually we can say he/she owns money, houses, cars, land, stocks. If possible, he/she might own companies or factories.
Chinese Lantern Festival is on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month because the first lunar month is called yuan-month and in the ancient times people called night Xiao. The 15th day is the first night to see a full moon. So the day is also called Yuan Xiao Festival in China. According to the Chinese tradition, at the very beginning of a new year, when there is a bright full moon hanging in the sky, there should be thousands of colorful lanterns hung out for people to appreciate. At this time, people will try to solve the puzzles on the lanterns and eat yuanxiao (glutinous rice ball) and get all their families united in the joyful atmosphere.
People can inherit two kinds of things: substance property and spirit property. Substance property usually refers to money, buildings, land, some personal things. Spirit property refers to some ideas, some traditional customs,etc.
4. In an orchestra, piano, violin, guitar, saxophone and harp (竖琴), etc are played.
5. When we say all people are equal, first, everyone should be treated equally, with equal rights and liberties. Next, individuals should have equal opportunities in society. No matter where they were born or who their parents are, they should have equal chance of being considered for jobs, promotion, etc.
6. Yes, I listened to a performance of Naxi music last summer. It was wonderful! A lot of guests from all over the world went to listened to it. I also knew the director Xuanke.
7. Naxi literature is rich in form and content. The “Dongba Scripture”, a religious work, dates back to the Tang Dynasty. Written in the pictographic script, it describes the various aspects of life of the Naxi people during their long transition from slavery to feudalism. It is extremely important for the study of Naxi literature, history and religion.Naxi architecture, sculpture and painting have reached fairly high standards. Moreover, they are mixed with the traditional styles of the Hans and Tibetans. Some famous buildings preserved in Lijiang, such as the "Dabao Palace," "Glazed Hall," "Dading Pavilion" and "Five-Phoenix Chamber," were all built during the Ming Dynasty.
8. It is the Naxi ancient music that astonishes me about the Naxi culture. The Naxi culture is particularly famous for its music.
Step IV Passage analyzing
Help the students to analyze the writing techniques of the passage.
T: It is clear that this passage can be divided into six parts. The passage is written in diary forms of literature according to the time and space of his traveling. He chose the typical cases and typical characters to extend the theme. Who can tell me what the each part tells us.
S1: Part 1 Yunnan impression
S2: Part 2 Appearance of the Old Town of Lijiang
S3: Part 3 Social system of Naxi -- the position of Naxi women
S4: Part 4 The Naxi language -- a living hieroglyphic language
S5: Part 5 the well-known Naxi Ancient Music
S6: Part 6 the writer’s thoughts
T: Good. What should we learn from this passage?
S: We have learnt more about beautiful Yunnan Province. And we also know about the Old Town of Lijiang listed as one of the World Cultural Heritage sites by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The unique landscape and ethnic culture have made the ancient city a hot Chinese tourist destination. We should better protect the ancient city of Lijiang. Lijiang is not only a great treasure of China, but also of the world.
T: Very good.
Step V Explanation Help the students to deal with some difficult language problems. T: Do you have any language questions? S: I don’t understand these three sentences in the passage. The first is Seen from above, the old town is a maze of canals, … and the second is Passed from father to son, the music has not changed for eight centuries, … Here I don’t clearly understand the two past participles. What are the two past participle used as?
T: Good questions. Here the two past participle phrases Seen from above and Passed from father to son are used as adverbials. The past participle phrase can be used elliptically for a adverbial clause. The first is used as a clause of time when the old town is seen from the above and the second is used as a clause of cause and reason because the music has been passed from father to son. It is the grammar (1) of this model. V-ed form is used as adverbials. Now please turn to page 60. Let’s look at the GRAMMAR (1).
Help the students read the sentences and understand them. And then try to rewrite the sentences with a clause as the beginning. You can also have another lesson to deal with this GRAMMAR.
Step VI Homework
T: After class please read The Bai Ethnic Group on page 65 and then finish the two exercises with your partner.
1. Finish READING AND VOCABULARY (2).
2. Preview the SPEAKING AND FUNCTION ON PAGE 64.
The Third Period Listening & speaking
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language目标语言
a. 重点词汇和短语
bucket, pineapple, rainforest, religion, splash, costume, Water-Splashing Festival,
b. 重点句式
What are the local people like?
How com?
I’d love to hear more about …
What about …?
Which would you prefer to visit, the Lijiang region or Xishuangbana?
2. Ability goals能力目标
Enable the students to learn about the New Year Water-Splashing Festival and describe where Papua New Guinea is by listening.
Enable the students to ask for more information.
3. Learning ability goals学能目标
Help the students learn how to ask for more information.
Teaching important and difficult points教学重难点
Teach the students how to understand the specific information by listening.
Teaching methods教学方法
Listening, speaking, individual and cooperative learning.
Teaching aids教具准备
A computer and a projector.
Teaching procedures and ways 教学过程与方式
Step I Greeting and Revision
Help the students READING AND VOCABULARY (2). Ask the following questions about the Bai Ethnic Group.21教育网
T: I think you must have read the passage on page 65. Now answer my several questions. You can show the questions on the screen or ask the questions one by one.
Q1: What’s the population of the Bai ethnic group? What’s their native region and main city?
The Bai ethnic group has a population of around two million, 90% of whom live in Yunnan. Their native regon is the Erhai region of Yunnan, and its main city is Dali.
Q2: What about their economy, main crops and staple foods?
The Bai have an agricultural economy, their main crops being rice, wheat, beans and cotton. Their staple foods are pork, rice and wheat.
Q3: What’s their traditional costume of the Bai?
The Bai prefer the colour white, and Bai women wear white and red costumes, while the men wear white shirts and long wide trousers.
Q4: Do you know something about their Torch Festival?
The Bai Torch Festival is the most well-known Bai festival. During this festival, a tree, known as the torch tree, is burnt. Young mothers and their children walk round the tree three times for good luck, while others wish for a happy life for the village. Children then light torches and run through the fields.
Step II Listening and vocabulary (Page 62)
Make sure the students understand the words. Then let the students work in pairs and answer the questions.
T: Here I’ll give you three minutes to discuss in pairs and then I’ll ask some of you to show your answers.
Three minutes later, encourage the students to report their answers to the four questions..
S1: A pineapple is a large juicy tropical fruit with sweet yellow flesh and a prickly skin.
S2: The rainforest is green and growing and lively. In the rainforest it is warm all year long, and there is lots of rain, often over 100 inches of rain per year. Since sunshine and rain are two of the things that plants need to grow, you can see why the rain forest is home to many, many plants. In fact, more than half of the world's different species of plants live in the rainforest. The major plants in a tropical rainforest are trees. There are more types of trees in the rainforest than there are anywhere else. Rainforest trees have tall straight trunks and smooth bark. The taller ones have a canopy of leaves up to 100 feet above the forest floor. The lower ones have a canopy of leaves about 60 feet above the ground.
Another type of rainforest plant is the epiphyte. Epiphytes are plants that grow on trees instead of on the ground. Orchids, bromeliads, and ferns are rainforest epiphytes. Bromeliads are interesting plants that have leaves that form a holding tank for water. These leaf tanks can hold from less than a pint to more that 10 gallons of water. These little tanks of water are home to whole communities of small creatures including bacteria, mosquitoes, tadpoles, and other animals. There are also tiny epiphytes that live on a leaf including mosses, liverworts, and lichens.
Vines are also important rain forest plants. Lianas are woody, climbing vines. They start as a ground plant and grow up the trees to the canopy. There are around 2,500 species of rainforest vines. The pitcher plant is a climbing plant that traps bugs in its pitcher for dinner.
There are large tropical rainforests in South America, Africa, and Asia. At one time rainforests covered 14 % of the Earth's surface, but now the area has been reduced to only 6%. This is because large areas of rainforest have been cleared to build farms and ranches, and because other large areas have been cleared as trees were harvested. This is the same thing that happened to most of our North American forests many years ago.
S3: A bucket is a kind of round open container with a handle for often carrying or holding liquids, water, milk, oil, sand, rice, etc.
S4: If we splash our drink on someone in a restaurant, we should make our apologies to the other immediately. Don’t look for any excuse. You can say: Please excuse my carelessness in upsetting the drink. Or I’m so sorry to splash my drink on you.
T: Good. Next let’s listen to the conversation about a trip to Xishuangbanna. Let’s see what is splashed on people in the New Year Water-Splashing Festival.
Step III Listening (1)
Play the tape and let the students follow the tape. See if they can understand what is
meant by stressed. If the students can’t understand it, play the tape a second time or a
third time and get the students to repeat the conversation. Ask the students to do
exercises 2 and 3. Then check the answers in class.
…
Step IV SPEAKING AND FUNCTION
Let the students remember the expressions to ask for further information first and then do Activity2
T: Let’s work in pairs. Imagine that one of you has recently visited Yunnan. Now tell the other about it.
One possible version:
SB: I’ve heard that you’ve recently visited Yunnan. Would you like to tell me something about it?
SA: Ok, Yunnan is a colorful place. It is well-known for its pleasant climate, beautiful scenery and colorful ethnic customs. And there are almost 24 minorities.
SB: 24 minorities! This is fascinating! I know that Dai ethnic group mainly gather in Xishuangbanna and the girls there are most beautiful in China.
SA: Right. In addition, there are Lahu, Naxi, Jinuo, Tibetans, Zhuang and Hui etc.
SB: What about Kunming, the provincial capital of Yunnan?
SA: The city is known as “City of Spring” or “City of Flowers” because it is evergreen everywhere like spring all the year round with flowers blooming everywhere. And there are also many beautiful sites as the Dian Lake, the Stone Forest, Black Dragon Pond and Tranquility Hot Spring, etc.
SB: I’m fascinated! Have you been to Lijiang, which is very famous now?
SA: I am lucky. Lijing is an ancient city with Naxi ethnic group with old tradition and art.
SB: Tell me more.
SA: The streets there are not in a regular and square shape. They are based on the natural conditions. People there not only can enjoy the antique style of the architectures in the Ming and Qing Dynasties but also can sense the cultural spirit of multiple nationalities such as Han, Tibet and Naxi.
SB: Go on.
SA: And in 1997, the ancient town was included in the list of the world cultural heritage approved by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
SB: Wonderful! What’s the food there like?
SA: Rather delicious. If you are in Yunnan, you will have the opportunity to taste traditional local specialities such as the Yunnan Ham, Cured Chicken, Long Rice Noodle and Fragrant tea.
SB: Oh! How I wish I would go to Yunnan one day!
T: Now this time let’s discuss the questions of Activity 3. Work with your partner. The first question: Which would you prefer to visit, the Lijiang region or Xishuangbanna? Say why.
Ss: I’d like to visit both places, but if I had to choose one. I’d choose the Lijiang region because I’d love to see the Old Town of Lijiang/the Ancient Town of Lijiang (also called Dayan Town or the Town of Big Ink Slab); to listen to the Naxi ancient music; to visit the famous great person Xuanke; to climb the Jade Drahon Snow Mountain (Yu Long Xueshan Mountain); to see the Tiger Leaping Gorge; to visit the first bend of Yangtze Rive.
Ss: I’d like to visit both places, but if I had to choose one, I’d choose Xishangbanna because I’d love to see the New Year Water-Splashig Festival / the Torch Festival / the bamboo house built off the ground by the Dai people / Closing-door, Opening-door festival / White Stupa / Tropical Botanical Garden / Wild Elephant Valley / Tropical Flower & Plant Garden / Ethnic Minority Villages (Major ethnic Minorities: Dai, Aini, Bulong, Lahu, Jinnuo, Yao ).
T: Xishuangbanna is a beautiful land, both in nature and human. I wish all of us will visit Xishuangbanna in the future. Do you think it is important ethnic minority cultures should continue? Say why.
Ss: I think it’s very important. People should be allowed to have their own culture. Why should people change the life / the traditional custom they’ve had for thousands of years.
Ss: I think it is important that ethnic minority cultures should continue. They have a long history of their own old tradition and art, their own architecture, their own dialect, religion, scriptures (hieroglyphic language), paintings, music, dances, ritual implements and religious services, different festivals etc.
T: Culture is the soul of ethnic minority. They are our national historical and cultural heritages. Each of ethnic minorities is one of the big families of our country Great China. We should love them and unite them. Let’s together make our contribution to our great country.
Step V Listening (2) (Page 118)
Let the students turn to page 118 and read Activities 8-10 quickly. Now play the tape and let the students listen to the conversation about Papua New Guinea. Play the tape a second time and get the students to understand sentence by sentence. Let them describe where Papua New Guinea is. Play the tape a third time and get the students to check the true sentences the whole class.
Step VI Homework
Finish GRAMMAR (1) on page 60, GRAMMAR (2) on page 63 and Grammar on page 115. Preview READING PRACTICE on page 67 and CULTURAL CORNER on page 69.
The Fourth Period Extensive reading
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language 目标语言
a. 重点词汇和短语
in the distance, adjust to, pull out, lame, firm, jungle, soul, rigid, fasten, loose, tool, fold, furnish, bare, awkward, pierce, for a moment, be furnished with, whereas, make up
b. 重点句型
…lame for a moment, I hopped around to the driver’ side.
In the distant was an ox working in the field.
Out of the jungle came an old woman.
Over the hills beyond was the most beautiful rainbow.2-1-c-n-j-y
2. Ability goals 能力目标
Enable the Ss to retell the experience during the journey in jungle.
Enable the Ss to know the similarities and the differences between the Native American and Australian Aborigines. 21·cn·jy·com
3. Learning ability goals 学能目标
Help the Ss know how to predict the writer’s intention and how to look up details in the passage.【版权所有：21教育】
Teaching important points 教学重点
Rewrite the passage “No Problem” as a short factual report or a newspaper article.
Teaching difficult points 教学难点
Help the Ss know the similarities between the cultures of the NA, AA and the Chinese minorities.
Teaching methods 教学方法
Fast reading and discussion.
Teaching aids 教具准备
Some slides, a project and a computer.
Teaching procedures & ways 教学过程与方式
Step I Presentation
T: Imagine that you get into a difficulty on your journey in a jungle. For example, the tyre of your car is flat. And you can’t find anybody on your way. What can you do?
S1: I’ll call a garage to get help.
S2: I’ll leave my car to find help on foot.
S3: I’ll stay there to wait for help.
T: Very good. Today, we’ll read a passage about the experience of the writer. Let’s find out how the writer does in the difficult situation.21教育名师原创作品
Step II Pre-reading
T: First, look at the title of the passage “No Problem”. What kind of passage do you expect it to be?
Ss: will give their guesses. Don’t tell them right or wrong. Let them look at some extracts from the passage on the slide. (Exercise 2 above the passage)
T: Now I’ll give you 5 minutes. Please work in pairs to join the sentences together to get a whole passage. You can add something if necessary.
This task is to cultivate the imagination of the Ss.
Step III Skimming
In this part, let the Ss read the passage quickly and try to get the main idea. Show the
question on the screen. Check the answer with the whole class. Explain why this
answer is right.
T: This passage is mainly written to tell the story where the writer had the difficulty on their journey. What’s the difficulty?
S1: Their tyre was flat and they were trying to change the wheel, but it was stuck firm.
T: Very good! And then came an old woman, who invited them to her home. What happened later?
S2: Her son came home and helped to contact a garage. At last, they got rid of the difficulty.
T: Ok. So, we can tell which answer is right.
Ss: a.
Step IV Scanning
Ask the Ss to read the passage again quickly and accurately and meanwhile guide the Ss to guess the meanings of the new words and to get the details.
T: Now I’ll give you a couple of minutes to read the passage again quickly and silently. Try to find out the answers to the questions on the screen. (Exercise 4 on P68)
Let the Ss read themselves in limited time.
T: Ok, time is up. Let’s check the answers.
Check the answers individually.
T: Well done! Now, work in pairs to complete the sentences in your own words.
Show the sentences on the screen. (Exercise 5 on P68)
Suggested answers:
The region they were traveling through was remote because they drove ten hours along the road but couldn’t see anybody.
The old woman was a local because she wore traditional clothes, lived in the jungle and led a farm life.
The writer didn’t speak her language because he couldn’t speak local language.
The man in the photo was probably her son or nephew because he looked much too young.
The man suggested they wait by the car because the repairing workers would arrive twenty minutes later.
Step V Explanation
In this passage, the Ss should pay attention to some patterns and some colorful words. Let the Ss discuss in groups of four.
T: First, look at the sentences on the screen. (Exercise 6 on P68) Talk about how you might say them in a more neutral way and what is the effect of the colorful words.
Suggested answers:
I cried out in pain.
It rained heavily.
We had driven ten hours without seeingModule 5 单元测试题
第二部分：英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）
第一节：语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。www.21-cn-jy.com
Living in a community made up of various races is an exciting experience. Such a community is like a small world 21. ________ there are many lifestyles and races. We usually know about the cultures and beliefs of people not belonging to our race through books and newspapers, but when we live in a community 22. ________ (compose) of many races, we have the opportunity to contact people of various races and 23. ________ (direct) learn about their cultures. In this way, we have a(n) 24. ________ (good) understanding about their ways of life. For example, in Singapore, which is known 25. ________ a multiracial country, Chinese, Malays, Indians and others live together. They’ve learned a lot about the cultures and beliefs of other races. They’ve also absorbed others’ 26. ________ (custom) to their benefits.
Besides, living in a multiracial community teaches us how to respect the views 27. ________ beliefs of other races. We learn to be tolerant, to understand and appreciate those 28. ________ do not belong to our race. We learn how to live in peace and harmony with those whose ways of life are different from 29. ________. As a result, we come to know about different countries and better understanding 30. ________ (promote) among the peoples.www-2-1-cnjy-com【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
第二节：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
★★★☆☆
When the Egyptians built the pyramids (金字塔), they included mazes to catch thieves. Even if thieves managed to ?31 ?a pyramid, they would probably ?32 ?find their way out. In 1986 the Fulks family of Fredericksburg, Virginia, decided to create a maze in their ?33 ?on the Belvedere Plantation. Donnie Fulks and his four sons cut some ?34 ?here and there through the tall corn. Soon this “Maize Maze” was so ?35 ?that the Fulkses found themselves ?36 ?a new maze each year as a new crop filled the field. 【版权所有：21教育】【版权所有：21教育】
Some people return each year. To make it ?37 ?for them, each corny maze is somewhat different from the ??38 ?ones. In 1998 the Fulks family ?39 ?the world-famous maze designer Adrian Fisher to create a huge maze ?40 ?15 acres, or 650,000 square feet. Each new pattern(图案) was first ?41 ?on a computer, and the one used in 2001 had to be ?42 ?eighteen times before it was just right. After it was finished, Donnie Fulks and his sons took a detailed ?43 ?of the pattern divided into squares, and then started the cutting job.
People from all over the country come out to the Belvedere Plantation to try to find their way through the Fulks family’s maze. It is ?44 ?while the corn is tall, from mid-July through early November. Visitors are given flags to ?45 ?their progress and to wave for help if they are ?46 . It always makes people ?47 ?when they find their way to the end. Built into the 2001 maze were several ?48 . Sixty speakers provided music throughout the journey. Just to be ?49 , the 2001 maize maze started ?50 ?the cornfield, making it the world’s only inside-out maze!?
31. A. build???? ????????????? B. enter?? C. search ????????????? D. damage
32. A. even???? ????????????? B. just???? C. never? ??????????????D. still
33. A. woods???????? ?????? B. cottage?? ? C. shelters????????????D. cornfield
34. A. paths??? ????????????? B. grasses?????? C. crops? ???????????? D. rocks
35. A. familiar??????? ?????? B. popular?????? C. complex??????????? D. confusing
36. A. discovering? ?????? B. creating C. solving???????????? D. expecting
37. A. comfortable? ?????? B. frightening C. convenient? ?? ?D. challenging
38. A. funny????????? ?????? B. small?? C. previous?????????? D. following
39. A. invited???????? ?????? B. allowed C. ordered????????????? D. promised
40. A. owning??????? ?????? B. clearing C. covering???????????? D. flooding
41. A. put up????????? ?????? B. worked out C. found out????????? ?D. brought up
42. A. moved???????? ?????? B. explained C. counted???????????? D. changed
43. A. cleaning????????????? B. packing C. drawing??????????? D. rolling
44. A. open???? ????????????? B. quiet?? C. empty ??????????? D. closed
45. A. make??? ????????????? B. slow?? C. watch ???????????? D. mark
46. A. busy???? ????????????? B. lost???? C. sick??? ?? ????????? D. tired
47. A. anxious ????????????? B. curious?????? C. wise?? ????????????? D. excited
48. A. surprises ? ? ? ? ?B. solutions???? C. doubts ? ? ? ?? ?D. puzzles
49. A. simple????????? ?????? B. normal?????? C. different??????????D. faraway
50. A. in the center of??? B. on the way to【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
C. on the edge of??? ?????? D. in the direction of
第三部分：阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
A ★☆☆☆☆
Excellent athletes are often thought of as brave fighters, seemingly unbeatable as they succeed in their sports. But throughout history, many famous faces have battled diseases before, during, or after they made a name for themselves.
?
Lou Gehrig
Lou Gehrig had his baseball career cut short by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Examination of Rawhide — a movie starring(由……主演) Lou Gehrig — showed that he still functioned normally in January 1938. However, the diagnosis (诊断) of ALS was soon confirmed a year later. He was so loved and well-known that ALS became known worldwide and the disease is now commonly referred to as “Lou Gehrig’s disease”. 　　21*cnjy*com21cnjy.com
?
?
?
Muhammad Ali
In 1984, arguably the greatest boxer in history was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, a condition affecting the central nervous system. However, Ali continues to remain as active as possible, lighting the torch at the 1996 Summer Olympics and attending President Barack Obama’s inauguration (就职典礼). He has also been an activist for Parkinson’s research and set up the Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center in 1997.【出处：21教育名师】21世纪教育网版权所有
?Wilma Rudolph
Wilma Rudolph was considered as the fastest woman in the world after winning three gold medals in track-and-field in the 1960 Olympics. What makes people more surprised was that she was paralyzed (使瘫痪) by the poliovirus as a young child. She eventually recovered, but her left foot was slightly disabled. By the time she was 12, she had also survived several other serious illnesses. 21教育名师原创作品21·cn·jy·com
?Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
In November, 2009, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, who was named one of 50 greatest players in NBA history, announced he had chronic myeloid leukemia, a slow-growing cancer of the white blood cells. He had been living with the disease for nearly a year before he decided to go public and become an advocate(倡导者) to raise awareness.
Abdul-Jabbar has also been an actor, a basketball coach and a best-selling author.
51. Which of the following athletes suffered from Parkinson’s disease?
A. Wilma Rudolph.?????
B. Muhammad Ali.
C. Lou Gehrig.???????? ???????????
D. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.
52. Both Lou Gehrig and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar _____.21·cn·jy·com21·世纪*教育网
A. once played a role in a film
B. survived their diseases in the end
C. abandoned sports soon after the diagnosis
D. were little-known before catching the diseases
53. What can we learn about Wilma Rudolph?
A. She was famous as an athlete and actor.
B. She was diagnosed with polio in 1960.
C. Her left foot didn’t fun_ction well until she was 12.21教育网21教育网
D. Her childhood was full of illnesses.
B ★★☆☆☆
Raeann Sleith began making bracelets (手链) when she was six. Family and friends loved her designs and asked for more. When admirers suggested that Raeann sell her bracelets, she realized she wanted to do just that — and donate? (捐赠) the money to help kids with special needs, like her brother Derek.　　21*cnjy*com
Raeann’s older brother, Derek, has cri du chat syndrome. Children with cri du chat usually have problems understanding ideas and might have a hard time learning to talk. Many also have weak muscles (肌肉) that can cause problems with walking or using their fingers to pick things up. The term cri du chat means “cry of the cat” in French. Babies with cri du chat often have a high-pitched cry that sounds like that of a little cat.21世纪教育网版权所有【出处：21教育名师】
Over the years, Derek’s teachers helped him learn sign language and gestures. They also taught him skills such as recognizing letters, cutting with scissors, and understanding basic math. Raeann wanted to donate money to Derek’s school. “I just wanted to help my brother,” she says, “and the people who help him.”
At first, Raeann focused on creating jewelry that would raise awareness for cri du chat. But people started requesting bracelets to wear as a symbol of support and awareness for a variety of other diseases and disorders. To create those symbols, Raeann researched the color most often associated with raising awareness for the disease or disorder, such as pink for breast cancer or orange for leukemia.
In the end, it turned out to be a great idea. In only a few years, Raeann has donated more than $30,000 to local charities. Raeann’s mom says that working on the bracelets has developed the generosity and kindness that already existed in her daughter. Raeann plans to keep making bracelets and raising dollars for charities. “I just want to keep going on with it,” she says, “to help my brother more.”
54. Paragraph 2 is mainly about _____.
A. the origin of the term cri du chat
B. the research on cri du chat syndrome
C. the treatment for cri du chat syndrome
D. the characteristics of cri du chat syndrome
55. The bracelets Raeann Sleith has made _____.
A. are decorated with colorful jewels
B. represent different kinds of diseases
C. are very popular all over the world
D. add up to more than 30,000
56. Which of the following can best describe Raeann Sleith? 21*cnjy*com
A. Caring and generous.??????? ? ???
B. Honest and responsible.
C. Polite and determined.???????
D. Creative and humorous.
57. The main purpose of the text is to _____.
A. tell us the story of a loving girl
B. show us how to make bracelets
C. introduce a kind of rare disease
D. ask us to donate to local charities
C ★★☆☆☆
Russian nesting dolls have been enjoyed by people of all ages for more than one hundred years. The Russian word for the doll is “matryoshka”, the traditional design being that of a young Russian woman dressed in Russian native costume with a scarf on her head. The first four letters, “matr” is the Russian word for Mother. So the nesting doll represents both the national motherland and actual motherhood and fertility. This explains why the traditional set is painted like women, ending with the smallest — a baby. 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
Nesting dolls are typically all the same cylindrical (圆筒状的) shape, yet painted as many different characters. They are made into Father Christmas, Easter bunnies with eggs, political figures, animals, career dolls, Disney figures and more, the favorite being the traditional family of nesting dolls. The number of a set of dolls is usually 5 or more, decreasing in size, placed one inside the other, usually ending with the innermost doll of a baby which does not open. In some sets of 12 or more, the smallest can be so tiny that a magnifying glass (放大镜) has to be used for painting the faces.
These dolls are the most famous Russian national souvenir; however, they did not originate from the country which made them popular. Sergei Maliutin, a painter from Russia who worked at a folk craft workshop, saw a set of Japanese wooden dolls representing the Seven Gods of Fortune in 1890. This inspired him to create his own set of eight dolls, consisting of the outermost being of a girl holding a rooster, five inner girl dolls, one boy doll and the smallest, a baby.
The Russian nesting dolls were then shown at the World Exhibition in Paris and they earned a bronze medal. Afterwards, other craftsmen in Russia began making these dolls. Now they can be found in craft shops and online stores. If you find yourself in a quandary as to what to get someone as a gift, just consider the Russian nesting dolls.
58. How is Paragraph 2 mainly developed?
A. By analyzing causes.???????? ???
B. By following time order.
C. By giving descriptions.???????????? ???
D. By making comparisons.
59. Which of the following sets of nesting dolls was made by Sergei Maliutin?
60. The underlined part “in a quandary” in the last paragraph can best be replaced by “_____”.
A. in a way????????? B. in a puzzle?????????? C. in a word????????? D. in a hurry
61. What would be the best title for the text?
A. How to make Russian nesting dolls
B. Sergei Maliutin and his nesting dolls
C. The true meaning of “matryoshka”
D. An introduction to Russian nesting dolls
D ★★★☆☆
The first ever human head transplant (移植) is now possible. Dr. Sergio Canavero believes that the technology now allows doctors to carry out the Frankenstein-style procedure, which has been tested out on animals since 1970. Up until now there has been no way to successfully reconnect the spinal cord (脊髓), leaving the subjects paralyzed from the point where the transplant was connected.
Recent advances have meant that reconnecting the spinal cord is now possible, and it is believed that the breakthrough means that previously deadly diseases could be cured. However, other experts cannot accept the idea. Professor Anthony Warrens, from the British Transplantation Society, said, “Connecting a head to a body is impossible for human beings today. The whole idea is bizarre.”
In 1970 Robert White successfully transplanted the head of a rhesus monkey (恒河猴) onto the body of a second rhesus, and Dr. Sergio Canavero, a member of the Turin Advanced Neuromodulation Group, has suggested a similar method. “The greatest technical difficulty in such an attempt is of course the reconnection of spinal cords between two creatures. It is my opinion that the technology only now exists for such linkage (连接),” he said. “It is argued that several up to now hopeless medical conditions might benefit from such procedure.”
He believes that a team of 100 could perform the operation in 36 hours — at a cost of ￡8.5 million. Both heads would have to be removed at the same time, and reconnected within an hour. “This is no longer science fiction. It could be done today — now. If the operation is done it will provide a few people with a great amount of extra life,” he said. “The only reason I have not gone further is lack of a huge amount of money for the operation.”
However, Dr. Calum Mackellar, from the Scottish Council on Human Bioethics, added, “This sounds like something from a scary movie.”
62. What has been the key to human head transplant?21cnjy.com
A. The choosing of human heads.
B. The reconnection of spinal cords.??
C. Lack of a huge amount of money.
D. Strong disagreement of the public.
63. The underlined word “bizarre” in Paragraph 2 probably means _____.
A. exciting????? ? B. clear???? ? C. strange????? ?????? D. unpleasant
64. Robert White’s experiment on rhesus monkeys shows _____.
A. the possibility of reconnecting the spinal cord
B. the difference between animals and humans
C. a breakthrough in human head transplant
D. some unsolved technical difficulties
65. The last but one paragraph mainly talks about _____.21·世纪*教育网
A. the operation of human head transplant
B. the development of transplant technology
C. how to perform the operation successfully
D. whether the operation is worth performing
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Headaches
A headache is a pain in the head which almost everyone feels at one time or another. Almost half of all people have a headache at least once a year. Most headaches are not dangerous but they get in the way of your work and disturb your life. www.21-cn-jy.com
?66
Tension (紧张) headaches usually cause a slight to strong pain in the head. Many people describe such headaches as a tightening feeling. Some headaches cause a dull pain that can last for hours. They appear anywhere from the front to the back of your head.
About 20% of all headaches are migraines, which are strong headaches that can cause extreme pain. ?67 ?You will have a feeling of sickness in the stomach, and sometimes you may see flashes of light shortly before migraines attack.
Causes of headaches
?68 ?Even though the exact causes of a headache are not clear, most of them are caused by the widening of blood vessels (血管) combined with chemicals that are set free around them. Nerves send pain messages to your brain. There are many factors that can lead to a headache, such as lack of sleep, stress, smoking or watching TV for a long time. ?69 ?
How to fight off headaches
Pain relievers (止痛剂) and other drugs are often used to ease(缓解) headaches. Many people take aspirin when they have a headache. Doctors also suggest that patients should relax when they experience a headache. In some cases, changing your diet may result in relieving pain and weakening headaches. ?70 ?This may not make headaches disappear completely but it can help make you feel better.
A. Types of headaches
B. Warning signs of migraine sufferers
C. They can last as long as a couple of days.
D. Headaches are a disorder of the nervous system.2-1-c-n-j-y
E. And you should exercise regularly and get a lot of fresh air.
F. There are so many natural ways to relieve a violent headache.21教育名师原创作品
G. Sometimes headaches can also be caused by injuries and sadness.
第四部分：写作（共两节，满分35分）
第一节：短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：
?????? 1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
?????? 2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Great changes had taken place in the way of communication in people’s life. In past, people kept in touch with each other mainly by writing letters or use the public telephone. But now almost everyone have their own mobile phone. What’s even more, people have easy access on the Internet. It allows them to send and receive e-mails whenever we like. With these changes, people’s work has been made much efficient. It used to taking several days to hear of each other, and now it takes only several minutes, even if they are in two different countries.
第二节：书面表达（满分25分）
你校英文报的Ethnic Culture专栏现向广大同学征稿。请你根据所给提示写一篇介绍基诺族的英语短文给校报投稿。21*cnjy*com
少数民族
基诺族，基诺意为“舅舅的后代（descendant）”
分布
云南省南部
历史
1979年被确认为中国的第56个民族
人口
约25,000人，主要从事农业，善于种普洱茶
文化艺术
有丰富的神话传说、故事和诗歌，民间音乐及刺绣（embroidery）很有名
注意：1. 词数100左右；
????? 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
That’s all. Thank you.
参考答案:
21. where ? ? ? 22. composed 23. directly ?? ?? 24. better ? ? 25. as
26. customs ? ??? 27. and ? ?????? 28. who ?????? ? 29. ours ?????? 30. is promoted
31-35 BCDAB?? ?? 36-40 BDCAC ?????? 41-45 BDCAD?
46-50 BDACA ? ? ?51-55 BADDB ?????? 56-60 AACAB??
61-65 DBCAA?? ?? 66-70 ACDGE
短文改错：
71. ... had taken place ...??? ?????? had?→?have
72. In past ... ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?past前加the
73. ... use the public ...???? ???? ?? use?→?using2-1-c-n-j-y
74. ... everyone have ...???? ????? ? have?→?has
75. What’s even more ... ? ? ? ?去掉even
76. ... on the Internet. ? ? ? ? ? ??on?→?to
77. ... whenever we like. ? ? ? ? we?→?they
78. ... much efficient. ? ? ? ? ? ?much?→?more或much后加more
79. It used to taking ... ? ? ? ? ? taking?→?take
80. ... hear of ... ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? of?→?from
One possible version:
The Jinuo ethnic minority is one of the ethnic groups in?China. Jinuo means “descendants of the uncle” in Jinuo language.2·1·c·n·j·y2·1·c·n·j·y
In 1979 the Jinuo ethnic group was officially recognised as the 56th ethnic group in?China. It has a population of about 25,000, most of whom live in the south of?Yunnan?Province. They make a living mainly by farming. The Jino people have a long history of tea-growing and the famous Pu’er tea grows in their mountains.
In Jinuo culture there are plenty of fairy tales, stories and poems. Meanwhile, its folk music and embroidery are very famous.【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】www-2-1-cnjy-com
课件47张PPT。Module 5Module 5
Ethnic CultureReading & Vocabulary (2)(1) How many ethnic groups are there in
Yunnan?
(2) Can you guess which ethnic group do
the people in the above pictures
belong to?
(3) Which city do they mainly live in?
(4) What’s their most famous festival?Read the passage and complete the sentences.1. Although the Bai people have their dialect, ________________________ ______.
2. The Bai grow ________________ __________.
3. Bai houses resemble __________ ___________________. they mostly speak Chinese
today rice, wheat, beans and cotton traditional
Chinese architecture4. The Bai people meet in ___________.
5. The Bai like to wear ______________.
6. They are known to be good at __________________.
7. Tea is served three times during ___________________.
8. Young mothers walk round the torch tree in order to _____________.Yunhe halls white and red singing and dancing the Bai tea ceremony have good luckRead the text carefully. Then fill in the following form and discuss the answers.around two million Erhai region of Yunan dialect (that resembles Chinese) agricultural economy rice, wheat, beans and cotton pork, rice and wheat in the style of traditional Chinese architecture women wear white and red costumes; men wear white shirts and long white trousers the Bai tea ceremony, the Torch Festival opera Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box.1. There is very little industry here. It’s mostly a(n) ___________ region.
2. He took a(n) _____ and lit it.agricultural ceremony crop farm (v.) fish (v.) maize opera script torchagriculturaltorch3. The Chinese _____ is much more difficult to learn than the spoken language.
4. The _____ always ends with a very interesting _________.
5. Is _____ a(n) _____ that is grown in this province?
6. In many region, people live by _______ and _______.ceremony maizecropfarming fishingoperascript1. The Bai ethnic group has a population of around two million, 90% of whom live in Yunnan.
population的用法：
① 说某地有多少人口时：
somewhere has a population of…
The population of somewhere is…
e.g. The population of this village is 2,000. Language Points② 询问某国、某地有多少人口时，用
“How large...?” 或 “What...”。
e.g. What (How large) is the population
of this area?
这个地区有多少人口?
③ 当主语表示“人口的百分之几、几
分之几”时,谓语动词用复数形式。
e.g. 75% of the population of this village
are peasants. 2. The Bai have an agricultural economy, their main crops being rice, wheat, beans and cotton.
独立主格结构。相当于and their main crops are rice, wheat, beans…e.g. Spring coming on, the fields turn green.
Time permitting, we shall go boating in the lake.3. Known as good singers and dancers, the Bai have an opera, which combines both music and dance.
combine…with… 联合;结合;合并
e.g. Combine Chinese traditional
medicine with Western medicine.
Some films combine education with
recreation.Reading practiceLook at the title of the passage. What kind of passage do you expect it to be?
a report (b) an advertisement
(c) travel brochure (d) A storydLook at some extracts from the passage. What’s the passage about?(a) …I dropped the hammer onto my foot.
(b) It was pouring with rain…
(c) We had a flat tyre…
(d) Out of the jungle came and old woman.
(e) “She’s got a spear. ”(f) “Can you help us?”
(g) Our hostess poured some tea, and
watched as we drank.
(h) “Can we contact a garage?”
(i) Suddenly, there was a tap at the door.It is a story about people with a flat tyre in the jungle who are helped by the locals.Read the passage and finish the following exercises.Decide what the writer’s intention is.
The write wants to __________.
(a) describe a meeting between travellers and villagers in the jungle
(b) draw attention to the dangers of travelling (c) describe life in a remote village
(d) show in an amusing way how mobile phones can be found in the most isolated placesChoose the best answer to the
questions.
1. To be lame means _____.
(a) to have an injured foot
(b) to have an injured arm
(c) to be frustrated
(d) to be unsure what to do2. They saw the woman who was carrying
something long and thin, and _____.
(a) they were relieved to see her
(b) they were scared because they thought it was a spear
(c) they knew she would be able to help them
(d) they thought she would be able to mend the flat tyre3. The writer and George give the
impression that they _____.
(a) knew the region very well
(b) were experienced explorers of jungles
(c) were expert car mechanics
(d) were travelling between two towns in a remote jungle region4. Harvest is the time when ____.
(a) you sow grain for crops
(b) you make the grain into flour
(c) you collect crops from the fields
(d) you measure the crops you have collected5. By the end of the passage ____.
(a) it was still raining
(b) it had stopped raining
(c) it had stopped raining and the sun had come out
(d) the rain was stoppingComplete the sentences in your own
words.
1. The region they were travelling through was remote because ______________
________________________________.
2. The old woman was a local because _______________________________. they had driven for ten hours without seeing anyoneshe was wearing traditional clothes3. The writer didn’t speak her language because _______________________.
4. The man in the photo was probably her son or nephew because _______________________________.
5. The man suggested they wait by the car because ___________________
_________________________________.he spoke to her in Englishhe was too young to be her husband the people from the garage were coming in twenty minutesLook at some extracts from the
passage which use “colorful” words.
Think how you might say them in a
more neutral way.
1. I howled in pain
2. It was pouring with rain.I screamed/shouted with pain.It was raining heavily/a lot.3. We had driven ten hours without
seeing another soul.
4. She stared at it.
5. He pilled out a mobile phone.
6. The sun pierced the clouds.
We had driven for ten hours without seeing anyone.She looked at it hard.He took out a mobile telephone.The sun shone through the clouds.1. In the distance was an ox working in a
field.
把地点状语提到句首，倒装语序。
e.g. Out of the jungle came an old woman.
Over the hills beyond was the most
beautiful rainbow. 【例题】
(a) In the dark forests ____, some large enough to hold several English towns.
A. stand many lakes
B. lie many lakes
C. many lakes lie
D. many lakes stand (b) On the top of the books ____ the photo album you’re looking for.
A. is B. are
C. has D. have【拓展】
distance常见短语：
in the distance 在远处
from the distance 从远处；
keep sb. at a distance
与某人保持一定距离；冷淡某人 2. My eyes had to adjust to the darkness
inside.
我的眼睛不得不适应帐篷里的黑暗。
adjust vt. 调整，使……适于。
e.g. She carefully adjusted her clothes and her hair before going out. 常见用法：
① adjust to 适应；调节。
e.g. Astronauts in flight must adjust to
weightlessness (失重).
② adjust oneself to 使自己适应于……
e.g. He can’t adjust himself to the whirl
of modern life in this big city. 3. The tent was furnished with a few mats on the floor, and a low table with a teapot. be furnished with 备有; 安装有
e.g. The room was furnished with some old tables, a blackboard, and an old stove.
The room was furnished with the simplest essentials, a bed, a chair, and a table. 4. She picked up a photo and showed it to
us. ① 拣起；拾起
e.g. He is always picking up very heavy
things just to show off his strength.
②（无意中）学会
e.g. She soon picked up French when
she went to live in France.③ 收听到
e.g. I was able to pick you up on the short wave radio.
④ 搭载，接
e.g. The car stopped to pick me up. ⑤ 恢复(健康)
e.g. After staying in hospital for long, the patient was advised to go to the seaside to pick up his health. ⑥ 用较少的钱买到
e.g. She picked up a valuable first edition at a village book sale.
⑦ 偶然结识
e.g. He picked up the girl at a bus stop. Finish the exercises 11-14 on
page 118.印第安人
印第安人又称美洲原住民，是除爱斯基摩人外的所有美洲土著居民的总称。意大利航海家C·哥伦布航行至美洲时，误以为所到之处为印度，因此将此地的土著居民称作“indians”，以后虽然发现他的错误，但习惯称法已经普及了，所以英语和其他欧洲语言中称印地安人为“西”印度人，在必要时，为了区别，称真正的印度人为“东”印度人。汉语翻译时直接把“西印度人”这个单词翻译成“印第安人”或“印地安人”，免去了混淆的麻烦。此人种分布于南北美洲各国，属蒙古人种美洲支系。使用印第安语，包括十几个语族，至今没有公认的语言分类。 人种体质： 印第安人，黄种人，美洲最古老的居民。据传在15000—25000年前由亚洲经白令海峡陆续迁入，分布南北美洲。在极北部有埃斯基摩人和阿留申人；在北美有阿塔巴斯干人、阿尔贡金人、易洛魁人、苏人和马斯科基人等；在中美有阿兹特克人、玛雅人、加勒比人、奇布查人等；南美有印加人、瓜拉尼人和阿拉乌干人等。语言属印第安语族。最先种植玉米、马铃薯、向日葵、棉花、金鸡纳树等作物，对人类做出贡献。16世纪前，多半尚处于母系氏族阶段，也有少数像玛雅人、阿兹特克人和印加人等已形成早期奴隶制国家和有相当高的文化。16世纪起遭欧洲殖民者的摧残和杀戮，发展中断，人口下降。现有3200余万人。主要从事农业。北美约剩80余万人，大都被赶入保留地，生活艰苦。在中美和南美一般都受所在国统治者的歧视和同化。 婚俗 酋长印第安人的婚礼带有浓厚的民族色彩。婚礼地点多选择在印第安人聚居区公共建筑物里举行，一般是一幢较大的木头房屋。举行婚礼时，亲朋好友，左邻右舍，村中居民纷纷来到木房里，众人席地而坐，互致问候。男女老幼身穿民族服装，款式新颖，色泽艳丽。虽然印第安人性情开朗，但婚礼场合却显得非常安静，即使说话也是轻言细语。 其他 由于历史原因，现在大多数印第安人都生活在偏僻的农村地区。和玛雅人一样，其他印第安民族也大都保留着自己传统的生活习俗。印第安人做饭时，仍喜欢使用质地粗糙的陶罐、石碗、木勺。有人生病时，他们采来草药，或将其点燃对病人进行烟熏，或煮汤为病人沐浴。他们至今喜穿富有本民族特色的传统服装。尤卡坦半岛的玛雅妇女不分老幼都身着宽松的白色绣花裙，头戴色彩艳丽的鲜花；男人则身穿宽松的白色衣裤，头戴草帽，脚穿草编凉鞋。中部高原上的印第安妇女爱穿绣花罩衫和竖条纹的宽大长裙，上身披一种叫“雷博索”的多用披巾。这种披巾既可遮阳，也可御寒，还可背小孩、包东西。极富民族特色的服饰成为印第安人一个明显标志。许多印第安人仍住在原始的房屋里。在尤卡坦半岛，玛雅人在树林中开出一块平地，就地取材，把粗树枝一根根固定在地上，围成一个大圆圈，把棕榈树的大叶子搭在上面，房子就盖好了。 文化： 其实，玛雅人就是印第安人大家庭的一员。墨西哥一共有56个印第安民族，总人口约占全国人口的10％，大约有1000万人。过去，印第安人一直是墨西哥这片土地上的主人。他们创造了举世闻名的奥尔梅克、玛雅、特奥蒂瓦坎、托尔特克、阿兹特克等古代印第安文化，墨西哥因此而成为印第安古文化的一个中心。只是1519年西班牙殖民者侵入墨西哥后，由于被屠杀和混血，印第安人才成了墨西哥的少数民族。 玛雅文化是世界最著名的古代文化之一，有美洲印第安文化摇篮之称。玛雅文化发展的地域包括现今墨西哥东南部的尤卡坦半岛、危地马拉的提卡、洪都拉斯西部的科潘、瓦萨克通（已知最古老的玛雅城市）、以及伯利兹和萨尔瓦多部分地区，共约32.5万平方公里。 玛雅文化的发展分三个时期：前古典时期（约公元前1500-公元317年），古典时期（公元317-889年）和后古典时期（889-1697年。1697年最后一批有组织的玛雅人被西班牙人征服）。 玉米农业是古代玛雅人最主要的经济活动。他们采用原始刀耕火种的耕作方式，最早培植了玉米和甘薯等农作物，并掌握了饲养火鸡、狗和密蜂的技术，织布用龙舌兰纤维和木棉，并能制作彩陶。在商业上，玛雅人主要进行以物易物的贸易活动，有时以可可豆作为通用货币。 玛雅人还在建筑、雕刻、绘画艺术、象形文字、天文、历法和数学等领域取得了卓越的成就。 约在公元前1500年初，玛雅人进入定居的农业生活时代。公元前后，逐步形成城邦。公元300－900年左右是玛雅文明发展的鼎盛时期，先后出现了大小100多个城邦。这些城市人口众多，组织完善，建筑宏伟，文化丰富。宗教在玛雅文化中占有十分重要的位置，举行盛大祭祀活动的庙宇建筑在作为祭坛的金字塔上，蔚为壮观。供奉牺牲品是玛雅人祭拜的重要形式，包括食品、饰品乃至活人。 21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有
玛雅人无论在半身雕塑还是在浅浮雕方面都取得了较高造诣。玛雅绘画一般采用壁画形式，其中人物的刻画富有表现力。此外，陶器和金属盘上也有绚丽的画面。 公元前后，玛雅人独立创造了象形图画文字，他们将树皮条压平并浸透树胶，然后涂上一层熟石灰，在树皮条上绘画，书写象形文字、数字、众神和动物形象。古玛雅文由800多种图形和符号组成，文字与彩色图画并列在一起，图文并茂。许多抄本中记载了玛雅人的历史、神话传说和历法等，但绝大多数被西班牙殖民者当作“魔鬼的 作品”付之一炬。迄今仅保存下来三本玛雅文古抄本，均被收藏在欧洲的博物馆中。除抄本外，古玛雅文还保存在石柱、石碑和古建筑的铭文之中。玛雅人十分重视历史，每隔20年并在一些城邦内树立一个石柱，用玛雅文记载重大事件。因此，玛雅文化是美洲古代历史上唯一有明确纪年可为依据的文化。玛雅人立柱记史的传统绵延1200多年，后因西班牙殖民者入侵而中断。 玛雅历法产生于公元前，该历法以13天为一周，20天为一月，18个月为一年，外加5天为禁忌日，一年365天，52年为一轮回。玛雅历法比古希腊历法和罗马历法更精确。玛雅人还建造了一些天文观象台，可以推算出日蚀时间以及月亮和行星的运行周期。 玛雅人在数学方面成就显著，他们通过手指和脚指的共用来进行计算，采用二十位计算法。特别值得一提的是，玛雅人懂得应用零的概念比欧洲早七、八百年。 在玛雅文化的后古典时期，由于飓风、瘟疫和战乱等天灾人祸，古玛雅文明迅速衰落，所有大城市都被遗弃。当西班牙人入侵时，尤卡塔半岛上的玛雅城邦已是支离破碎、衰微破败的景象。 如前所说，玛雅文化是美洲最先进的古文化之一，它在物质和文化方面的成就十分可观，至今仍对墨西哥和中美洲部分国家产生着重要影响。但与同时代的欧洲大陆先进文明相比，显得原始而落伍。因此，16世纪西班牙入侵时，脆弱的玛雅文化遭到严重的摧残
澳大利亚土著人
土著人的来源
大约在1.5亿年前，冈瓦那古大陆开始分裂为数块向不同的方向飘移，形成后来的非洲，南美洲，印度次大陆，澳洲大陆和南极洲。从1.3亿年前至今，澳洲大陆一直被海洋包围。在澳洲土生土长的动物群里根本没有灵长类(如猴和猿)，而人类是由猿进化而来，因此，澳洲土著人只能是由其它大陆迁移来的。
那么，土著人是什么时候来到澳洲的呢?迄今为止，已在澳洲发现的最老的几处土著人遗址大约为四万多年。其中最有名的是芒戈湖(Lake Mungo)，在那里发现了很多被掩埋的火堆、遗弃的贝壳、动物骨头，还有几具土著人骨骼。这些骨骼在埋葬前已被烧过，据说这是世界上最早的火葬纪录。1996年在澳洲西北部的一处土著人遗迹，有人用热释光的方法测定其年龄为12万年。但很多科学家表示怀疑，因为这种方法不是非常严密的，误差可以很大。现在，绝大多数考古学家仍认为最早的土著人大约是在五万多年前到达澳洲的。
这些土著人的祖先需要木筏或独木舟渡过大海。距澳洲大陆最近的就是北边的印度尼西亚的一串岛屿。在过去的数万年里(包括5万多年前)曾有过几次低海面时期，那时的海岸线当然比今天的更向海中推进，那时的巴布亚新几内亚和澳洲大陆连为一体，而澳洲距最近的印尼的南部岛屿仅为50多公里。虽然这个距离使人无法直接看到对岸的土地，但丛林大火的浓烟可上升数千米，百公里外都可看见。土著人的祖先很可能就是从这些最短的“海路”来的。
那么，土著人的祖先又是些什么人呢？尽管澳洲土著人皮肤黑色，但他们的直接祖先并不是非洲人而是亚洲人。澳洲土著人来自两大不同的血缘系统或种群。一种称作“粗状人(Robust)”，头盖骨厚重，骨骼粗大，身材较矮。另一种称作“瘦长人(Gracile)”，头盖骨薄，骨骼细，身材较高。现在的澳洲土著人大多属于“粗状人”，而在芒戈湖发现的土著人遗骸则属于“瘦长人”。当然还有中间类型，是由两大种群的通婚造成。从这两大种群说明，至少有两批原始人来自不同的地方，他们在五万多年前分别踏上了澳洲大陆。另外，至少在四千多年前还有一批人来到澳洲，带来了澳洲野狗(丁狗Dingo)和细石器。“瘦长人”的头骨很像一些亚洲的古人，比如中国南方的“柳江人”和菲律宾的古人。“粗状人”则更接近印度尼西亚的爪哇人和索罗人(Solo Man)，也和周口店的“北京人”有不少相似处。21教育网21世纪教育网版权所有
土著人的分布
土著人的祖先自踏上澳洲大陆，就散布在各个地方。因此大约在两万年前，土著人就已经生活在澳洲各种各样的环境里，从海岸带到河流、湖泊沿岸，从寒冷的雪山到干旱炎热的内陆。在澳洲的很多地方都发现了早于1．5万年的土著人遗迹。当欧洲人200多年前到达澳洲时，土著的人口估计至少在30到50万，他们分作许多相对隔绝的群落，仅土著人的语言和方言就多达500余种。每个土著群落都有自己的领地，在食物丰富的湿润地区领地较小，从几十到上百平方公里，而在环境较严酷的干旱内陆，每个群落的领地可达数千至上万平方公里。土著人被称作“游猎”的原始人，但他们总是在自己的领地里游猎，而且路线很有规律，多是与某个季节在某些地点有某种特别的食物有关。据研究，200多年前在很多地区土著人的人口已经和食物资源接近平衡，一旦发生灾荒，比如干旱，土著人往往立即采取杀婴来控制人口。21cnjy.com21·cn·jy·com
生活方式
在长达五万多年的生活里，土著人始终是以狩猎和采集为生。他们大多是捕鱼能手，不仅能用木制的鱼叉还会修水坝拦鱼，编鱼篓织鱼网捉鱼。在狩猎时他们主要捕杀小型动物，像蜥蜴、鸟类、小袋鼠、负鼠(Possum)等。他们采集野果、草籽、根茎、鸟蛋、贝壳，甚至飞蛾和虫子。 21·cn·jy·com21教育网
澳洲是块“幸运的土地”，他们能很容易的获取食物。在条件好的湿润地区和沿海，一个土著人只要一个小时就能获取足够一天的食物。在环境恶劣的干旱内陆也只需要四、五个小时。而且，土著人的食物种类多、营养充足。很多科学家都指出，按照传统方式生活的土著人享受着比欧洲人多得多的空闲时间和营养更加丰富的食物。以原始人类的标准，他们的生活是富足的。可是，也许正因为这种容易得到的富足，澳洲土著人始终没有跨出人类发展中极为关键的一步，即从猎人和采集者变为牧人和农夫。 www.21-cn-jy.comwww.21-cn-jy.com
一、两万年前的土著人并不比其它大陆上的古人类落后，他们有多种石器、标枪、树皮船，还有举世无双的“飞去来器”。大约四千多年前他们进入了“细石器时代”，他们有磨制的小型石器，有装了木柄的石斧、石刀、有带倒钩的鱼叉，还有杀伤力极强的“致死标枪”，上面装有多达几十个由燧石作成的小刀刃。但是和其它大陆的古人类相比，他们的“装备”中少了一样重要武器，即弓箭。
他们虽然不是农夫，但他们也照料和经营他们的土地，不是用锄头而是用火把。经常的烧荒使枯枝落叶化为肥料，火后新生的嫩芽新叶不仅是他们的“蔬菜”，也更适合很多的动物。总之，经常的小规模的烧荒使土地有更高的“生产力”，也避免了日积月累枯枝落叶形成的易燃“燃料”最终带来毁灭性的大火灾。后来的白人用了100多年才弄懂了这个道理。 21世纪教育网版权所有2·1·c·n·j·y
土著人的精神生活非常丰富。他们有大量的空闲时间用来“集会”，他们的舞蹈、音乐独具特色，大多都是宗教仪式的一部分。澳洲从南到北许多地方都留下了土著人的岩画、壁画，那些流畅的线条、图案和生动的人物、动物极具特色。他们虽然没有文字，但他们有大量口头留传的神话故事和关于祖先的传说，两者完全融合在一起形成了土著人的原始宗教。 2·1·c·n·j·y
虽然土著人群落是一个以狩猎采集为生的原始社会，但他们却发展出了相当复杂的“上层建筑”，他们不仅有相当严密的婚姻制度和“法律”，还有一整套“理论”解释周围的世界万物和自身起源。虽然他们的经济还基本上处于“原始公有制”的水平，但交换甚至借贷已经频繁的发生于不同土著人群落之间。随着对土著文化的深入研究，科学家们还会不断有新的令人惊奇的发现。澳洲土著人就像“活化石”一样，展示了人类原始社会的许许多多细节。【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
走向何方
200多年前(1788年)，英国开始在澳洲建立殖民地。土著人被驱赶出他们的领地，许多土著人被屠杀。在20世纪初，土著人口曾下降到不足两万人。直到本世纪60年代土著人才在法律上取得了和其他澳大利亚人一样的平等地位。到70年代澳大利亚政府才放弃了对待土著人的“同化政策”。现在，土著人口已经回升到20万以上，有的居住在偏远内陆的土著人保留地，有的住在城市的“贫民区”。21·世纪*教育网21cnjy.com
目前，只有在北领地的土著人社会，还在继续使用土著人自己的语言。而在其它许多地方的土著人已经“丢失”了他们自己的语言和他们的大部分文化传统。虽然在最近的几十年里土著人对自己的命运有了越来越多的自主权，但他们仍然深陷在困惑之中：应当像“现代人”一样生活呢，还是恢复和保持他们原有的生活方式?应当“溶人”现代社会呢，还是自己生活在～起，甚至“自治”，和澳大利亚社会保持距离?不仅土著人自己，整个澳大利亚社会也还没有找到一致的和满意的答案。但不管怎样，现在整个澳大利亚社会越来越意识到土著文化的极高价值，而土著文化也越来越得到应有的尊重和保护。
纳西族
民族概况
我国的纳西族主要聚居于云南省丽江纳西族自治县、维西、中甸及。
农业是纳西族的主要经济部门，主要种植大米、玉米、土豆、麦类、豆类和棉、麻。金沙江“河套”地带，是著名的林区。玉龙山区植物种类繁多，以享有“植物仓库”之称闻名于世。 2·1·c·n·j·y【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
中华人民共和国成立后，纳西族人民在中国共产党的领导下，顺利地进行了土地改革，完成了社会主义改造，并于1961年成立了丽江纳西族自治县。纳西族人民绎讨40多年的开发建设，发生了翻天覆地的变化有了自己的大学生和科技人员。以往纳西族地区缺医少药，经常流行多种疾病和瘟疫；现在医疗卫生人员遍及乡村，基本上消灭了流行的疾病，人民的健康水平显著提高。
风俗习惯
丧葬自古通行火葬，清末后部分地区开始盛行土葬。
纳西族男子的服装大体与汉族相同。丽江纳西族妇女身穿大褂，宽腰大袖，外加坎肩，系百褶围腰，穿长裤，披羊皮披肩，缀有刺绣精美的七星、旁缀日、月，表示勤劳之意。宁蒗纳西族妇女着长可及地的多褶裙、短上衣、青布大包头，佩大银耳环。 21教育网21cnjy.com
宗教信仰与重要节日
纳西族传统节日有“正月农具会”、“三月龙王庙”会(现为物资交流会)和“七月骡马会”。此外，还有春节、清明节、端午节、中秋节、火把节等。
纳西族主要聚居于云南省丽江纳西族自治县，其余分布在维西、中甸、宁蒗、德钦和四川盐边、盐源、木里及西藏的芝康等县。纳西族原是中国西北古羌人的一个支系，大约在公元三世纪迁徙到丽江地区定居下来。 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
早在一千多年前，纳西族创造了这个民族珍贵的文化遗产—东巴象形文字和用这种文字写成的东巴经。东巴象形文字，纳西语叫做“森究鲁究”，被中外学者誉为“纳西族古代的百科全书”。1957年设计了拉丁字母形式的文字。
纳西族主要从事农业，畜牧业,、手工业也有发展，“丽江马”闻名全国。现已有机修、采煤、发电、化肥、电机、轻工等中、小企业。金沙江两岸出产多种药材和特产。 21·世纪*教育网21世纪教育网版权所有
纳西族普遍信奉“东巴教”，一部分人信仰喇嘛教。
习俗
纳西族热情好客，每当猎获归来，凡路遇的行人都可分得一份猎物。贵客临门，主人要做六样或八样菜进行款待。 21cnjy.com21教育网
忌讳有：骑马到寨前必须下马，也不能把马拴在祭天堂的地方；不能登踏三脚架，也不能翻弄灶里的灰；祭天堂、祖先、战神时、忌外人观看。忌在门槛上坐和用刀斧在门槛上砍东西。有的地方还忌在家里唱山歌；不许杀耕牛、驮马和报晓的雄鸡；忌食狗肉。 www-2-1-cnjy-com21·cn·jy·com
婚俗
纳西族男女社交大都在节日期间进行，男女青年相识后，通过媒人撮合，双方家长合完八字，男方就请媒人送给女方茶二筒，糖四盒或六盒、米二升，有的地方还要加上砣盐两个，以表示山盟海誓，算是订婚，订婚时要摆定婚宴，婚礼要进行3-5天，届时男、女双方都要置办酒席。席上分上八位，下八位，均由新郎跪请客人入座，然后奏乐上菜，上至第三道菜时，主婚人敬酒；第五道菜时，新郎、新娘向客人敬双杯酒。宴毕主人及亲属要站在门外关客。
食俗
纳西族一日三餐。早餐一般吃馒头或水焖粑粑，中餐和晚餐较为丰富，一般都有一两样炒菜和咸菜、汤等，特别喜食当也回族的牛肉汤锅和干巴。 不论平坝或山区，蔬菜品种较多，四时应市，山区广种洋芋、蔓菁和瓜豆，并以当地的土特产做成各种风味名菜。如：清蒸虫草鸭、贝母鸡、天麻鸡等。其中纳西族传统名菜“酿松茸”是用松茸菌帽，酿入肉泥，蒸熟后做为祭祀、特别是祭祖的一道专用菜肴。 21世纪教育网版权所有www.21-cn-jy.com
肉食以猪肉为主，大部分猪肉都做成腌肉，尤以丽江和永宁的琵琶猪最为有名，可以保存数年至十余年不变质。外出劳动携带麦面粑粑或糌粑寺。就餐时围桌而坐，冬天喜移至向阳地方就餐。 www.21-cn-jy.com21·世纪*教育网
典型食品主要有：丽江火腿粑粑、麻补、雪莲花拼盘、丽春铜火锅、丽江火烤粑粑等。
节庆
纳西族以农历记年。主要节日有春节、清明节、端阳节、中秋节、火把节、“三月龙王庙会”、“七月骡马会”等。不少节日如：春节、清明、端午、中秋等均与当地汉族大致相同，春节是最大的传统节日，并且伴有许多祭祀活动。
除年节外，纳西族还有许多祭祀活动。其中最为隆重的是“纳西祭天大”，祭天大一般都选在正月上、中旬，届时要选好祭天场，由东巴教掌教人任祭司，并宰杀轮流喂养的祭天猪，各家各户都要捐大麦、小麦用来酿酒，做饵块。祭时用全牲大祭，在场者均要洗手执香肃立。祭毕，用猪血灌肠、猪头、内脏烧汤，熟后按户分食。大祭后三天，还要进行以各家各户为单位的小祭。还有“祭三朵（本族保护神）”，纳西族认为三朵是属羊的，每年二月八日和八月羊日，要用全羊祭，丽江地区的纳西族祭三朵还要带着火锅到风景秀丽的地方野餐。
纳西族的天文历法
根据已翻译的二十多卷《东巴经》的记载，古代关于天象的专有名词即有数十种之多。《创世纪》里还出现了专管气象、星辰和历法的忍劳、苏陀、尼罗、吉阿等人的名字；从《巴格图》和《十二生肖的来历》等经书上看，纳西族早就对四方四隅(类似汉族的八卦)有了较为明确的概念；确定了二十八宿的方位和用阴阳“精畏”(“五行”)配合十二生肖推算六十花甲的方法；创制了以月亮圆缺定月，每月三十天，一年十二个月，共三百六十天的历法，并用十二属相来记日、记月和记年。民间还从对天象及生物活动观察，摸出一套关于风、雨、花、雪，以及布谷鸟、野鸭、大雁、白鹤等的活动规律，来分别季节的特征，不误农时地进行农事活动。21·cn·jy·com2·1·c·n·j·y
Grammar (动词的过去分词作状语)
过去分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。表示时间、原因、条件、让步的过去分词相当于相对应的状语从句。其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致，过去分词与逻辑主语一般是被动关系。【出处：21教育名师】
1. 作时间状语.
When heated, water can be changed into steam.水加热后可以变成蒸汽.
注意:作时间状语时,过去分词如果同时表被动和动作完成,常可换用现在分词的被动完成式;过去分词如果只表被动,不表完成,则不可与现在分词的被动完成式换用.如:
Discussed (Having been discussed) many times, the problems were settled at last.
在讨论了多次之后,问题终于解决了. (过去分词既表被动又表完成)
Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.21世纪教育网版权所有21·世纪*教育网
从山上看这个公园非常漂亮. (过去分词只表被动) 　 　
相当于when引导的状语从句.如果两个动作同时发生,可在分词前用when, while等使其时间意义更明确21教育网www-2-1-cnjy-com
2.作原因状语:
Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. (Since/ As she was given by the famous detective...)21·世纪*教育网
有了著名的侦探的指点,姑娘不再害怕了.
Frightened by the noise in the night, the girl didn't dare to sleep in her room. (Because she was frightened by the noise...)www.21-cn-jy.com
姑娘被夜里的响声吓坏了,不敢在自己的屋里睡觉了.
Done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes.21教育名师原创作品21*cnjy*com
他匆忙做的作业错误百出.
相当于as, since, because引导的从句,这类状语多放在句子前半部分.
3.作条件和假设状语.
Given more attention(If they had been given more attention), the cabbages could have grown better.
如果再精心一些,这些大白菜还可以长得更好.
Compared with you, we still have a long way to go.
和你相比,我们还有很大的差距. 　
相当于if, unless引导的从句.
4. 作让步状语：
Beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged.
(Though they were beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged.)
相当于though, although引导的从句
5.作方式或伴随情况状语.
The hunter left his house , followed by his dog.
猎人离开了屋子,后面跟着他的狗.
She sat by the window, lost in thought.
她坐在窗前,陷于沉思.
作状语表示方式或伴随情况时,过去分词可用并列句代替.如:
The hunter left his house, followed by his dog. (= He was followed by the dog.)
注意：1. 过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作.
(1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好.
　　【注意】written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). 【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
(2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.
因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音.
2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致.
(1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题.
(given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ,即 I 被再给一个小时.)
(2) Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. 【出处：21教育名师】
从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.
(seen 为过去分词作状语,表"被看",由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是"我们",因为"我们"应主动看城市.) 21*cnjy*com　　21*cnjy*com
【注意】如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构.
(1) The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了.
(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语. )
(2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.
(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.)
3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句.
(1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了. (caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句 _____________________________________________) 【版权所有：21教育】2-1-c-n-j-y
(2)Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.( grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句_____________________________________________)
　【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语.
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.
4. 过去分词作状语的位置
过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开.
He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently.
他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶.
Exercises for V-ed form
1. Read the sentences and underline the V-ed formswww-2-1-cnjy-com
(a) Spoken by fewer and fewer people these days, the Naxi language may disappear in the future.
(b) Seen from above, the old town is a maze of canals, little bridges and tiny streets.
(c) Passed from father to son, the music has not changed for eight centuries.
(d) Looked at from a distance, the Xishan Hills resemble a sleeping beauty.
(e) Completely rebuilt, the town would not be so interesting.
2. Rewrite the sentences in Exercise 1, beginning with the words given :2·1·c·n·j·y
1) ______________________________________________________, the Naxi language may disappear in the future. (because)
2) _______________________________________________________, little bridges and tiny streets. (when)
3) _______________________________, the music has not changed for eight centuries. (because)
4) _______________________________, the Xishan Hills resemble a sleeping beauty. (when)
5) _________________________________, the town would not be so interesting. (if)
3. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the given verbs.
know give invite lose visit
1) When ___________ in spring, the hills are covered with flowers.
2) _________________ as one of the loveliest places in China, Yunnan is now visited by many tourists.
3) ________________ in the tiny streets, we decided to ask for help.
4) ______________ into a Naxi home, you should accept with pleasure.
5) If ______________ something you don’t want to eat, just refuse politely.
4. Write complete sentences with the correct form of the words
1) discover/ only recently/ old town/ be/ still very quiet21世纪教育网版权所有
____________________________________________________________
2) visit/ large numbers/ tourists/ old town/ can get very crowded
_____________________________________________________________
3) build/ side/ mountain/ village/ be /very attractive2·1·c·n·j·y
_____________________________________________________________
4) cook/ traditional way/ food/ be delicious
_____________________________________________________________
5. Choose the best answer:
1. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
2. The research is so designed that once ______, nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun 2-1-c-n-j-y21cnjy.com
3. The first textbooks _______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 【版权所有：21教育】
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
4. The Olympic Games, _______ in 776 BC, did not include women players until 1912.
A. first holding B. to be first held C. first held D. to be first holding
5. Prices of daily goods _______ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
6. Don't use words, expressions or phrases ______ only to people with specific knowledge.
A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known
7.－ How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
－ The key _______ the problem is to meet the demand _______ by the customers.
A. to solving; making B. to solving; made C. to solve; making D. to solve; made
8. ______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 21·cn·jy·com
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
9. _______ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A. Being founded B. It was founded C. Founded D. Founding
10. ______ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
11. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ______ as 3M.
A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known
12. ______ time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having B. To give C. Giving D. Given
13. Mr Smith, ______ of the ______ speech, started to read a novel.
A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring
14. China is a ______ country and we should introduce _______ science and technology from the _______ countries. 21·cn·jy·com
A. developed; advanced; developed B. developing; advanced; developed
C. developing; advancing; developing D. developed; advancing; developing
15. Because of my ______ English, I can't make myself ______.
A. broken; understand B. broken; understood
C. break; understood D. breaking; understanding
16. What do you think of the play _______ by Class Three, Grade Two?
A. to be put on B. put on C. being put on D. having been put on
17. The old man walked in the street, ______.
A. followed by his son B. followed his son
C. and following his son D. and followed by his son 21教育网
18. I saw him _______ behind the tree, thinking.
A. sat B. seated C. seating D. seat
19. Most of the people _______ to the party were famous scientists. 　　21*cnjy*com
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
答案与解析：
　　1. C 。 see 为感官动词，作宾语“ the plan ”的补足语， carried out 和 the plan 之间为被动关系。
　　2. D 。实际上这里的“ once begun ”是“ once the research is begun ”的省略形式。在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，如果从句的主语与主句的主语一致，可以省略从句的主语和助动词 be 。 21cnjy.com
　　3. D 。用过去分词 written 作后置定语表示被动意义，而且表示该动作已经完成。
　　4. C 。“ first played ”作定语，修饰 the Olympic Games ，被修饰语与修饰语之间是被动关系。 www.21-cn-jy.com
　　5. B 。过去分词短语作定语表示被动意义。 A 项为谓语形式， C 项是不正规的分词形式， D 项表示主动意义。 21教育名师原创作品
　　6. D 。过去分词短语作定语，表示被动意义。
　　7. D 。此题可以先填第二个空。根据语义关系，第二个空应填表示被动意义的过去分词，因此可以排除 A 和 C 。再看第一个空，该空应填动词不定式，表示一个尚未发生的动作。因此， D 为正确答案。 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
　　8. C 。过去分词短语作状语，表示原因。短语“ (be ) lost in thought ”意为“陷入沉思”。
　　9. C 。过去分词短语作状语，表示原因。“ Founded in 1636, …”可转换为“ As Harvard was founded in 1636, …”
　　10. A 。过去分词短语作状语，表示条件，“ Given …”相当于“ If he is given the general state of his health, …”，故答案为 A 。
　　11. B 。空白处填入 known 之后构成过去分词短语，用作定语，“ known as 3M ”相当于一个非限制性定语从句“ which is known as 3M ”。
　　12. D 。此空填入 Given ，表示被动意义。过去分词短语“ Given time ”可以转换为“ If he is given time ”，表示条件。
　　13. A 。第一个空填 tired 表示主语所处的状态，第二个空填 boring 表示“ speech ”的特征，所以答案为 A 。
　　14. B 。 developing 意为“正在发展中的……”， developed 意为“发达的……”， advanced 意为“先进的”，这三个分词在句中都作定语。
　　15. B 。第一个空填 broken 作定语，修饰 English ，第二个空填 understood ，作宾语 myself 的补足语，表示被动意义。
　　16. B 。“ put on by Class Three, Grade Two ”为过去分词短语作定语，修饰 the play ，表示被动意义，且动作已完成。
　　17. A 。因为 the old man 与 follow 之间是被动关系，而 followed 表示的动作是由 by 后面的 his son 完成的，所以答案为 A 。 【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
　　18. B 。 seated 是过去分词，作 him 的宾语补足语。 seat 表示“坐”的状态时常用 be seated ；表示“坐”的动作时用 seat sb / oneself 。此句中 seated 表示宾语 him 的状态，故答案为 B 。
　　19. A 。 invited 表示“已经被邀请来的……”， invited to the party 是过去分词短语作定语，修饰 the people 。