2015年广东高考二轮语法复习

2015年广东高考二轮语法复习-----虚拟语气
【学习目标】
1. Master the grammar rules and important points about Subjunctive Mood firmly; promote your ability of solving problems.
2. Learn to analyze and solve problems by self-study and cooperation.
3. Set up your confidence of conquering grammar and experience the pleasure.
【语法导学】
1、虚拟条件句
（1）与现在事实相反：If从句: … did / were… 主句：would（should, could, might）do…
eg. If I had enough money, I would buy the car. （But I haven’t enough money.）如果我有足够的钱我就买这辆车（但是我没有足够的钱）。
If it were not so late, we could have coffee.如果不是太晚的话，我们咖啡了。（事实是：太晚不能喝）。
（2）与过去事实相反：If从句:… had done…主句：would（should, could, might）have done…
eg. If they had invited me, I would have gone to the party. （But they didn’t invite me.） 如果他们邀请我，我就去误会了。（事实是：他们没有邀请我，我也没去）。
比较：They didn’t invite me; otherwise, I would have gone to the party.他们没有邀请我，不然的话我就去参加舞会了。
（3）与将来事实相反：If从句: …did（were）/ were to do / should do … 主句：would（should, could, might ）do…
eg. I’m sure to succeed this time. If I failed (were to fail / should fail), I would try again. 这次我一定会成功的，如果万一失败了我就再试一次。
What would happen if the sun dropped tomorrow? 如果明天太阳掉下来会怎么样？（太阳不会掉下来）
（4）过去现在混合：(我们通常称之为“错综条件句”)
eg. If you had taken the doctor’s advice, you wouldn’t be in hospital now（you would be well now）. 如果你当时听医生的，你现在就不会在医院了。（事实是：没有听，所以现在住院了）
（5）如果if省略，从句要倒装（were / should/had提前）：
Had they time, they would help us. 如果他们有时间他们会帮助我们的。（事实是：他们没有时间不能帮助我们）
（6) 用介词短语代替条件句：
We would not have succeeded without your help. 如果没有您的帮助，我们是不会成功的。（事实是：您帮助了我们，我们成功了）
But for the police, we would have been trapped in the heavy snow.要不是警察，我们就困在大雪中了。（事实是：没有被困）
2、宾语从句中的虚拟语气：
1） wish
现在：I wish I had your brain.我要是有你那样的脑瓜就好了。
过去：We wish we had arrived there an hour earlier.我们要是提前一小时到那就好了。
将来：How I wish that I would/could/might go to the moon some day. (不能用should) 我是多么希望有一天能飞到月球啊！
2） command, order, insist (坚持要求), demand, request, require, suggest(建议), propose, prefer, recommend, advocate等接宾语从句，从句谓语动词用（should）do。
但是：insist “坚持说”、suggest “暗示” 都不用虚拟语气：
He insisted that he was a Party member and (should) be sent to the front. 他说他是党员，坚持上前线。
What he said suggested he was very angry. 他说的话表明他很生气。（真生气）
注意：与此项有关的表语从句、同位语从句、主语从句等同样用（should）do：
My suggestion is that he (should) do the exercises first. 我的建议是他应该先做练习。
这样的名词有：advice, demand, order, proposal, request, requirement, suggestion等。
3) would rather+宾语从句，从句用虚拟语气。
现在和将来：I would rather you came tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。（很可能不来）
过去： Mr. Smith would rather he had finished the job yesterday. Smith先生宁愿他昨天就把工作做完了。
3、主语从句中的虚拟语气：（should）do
It is necessary（important）that a student should have good manners. 学生有礼貌是必要（主要）的。
It was a pity that you should be so careless. 太可惜了，你竟然这么粗心。
It will be suggested that he should finish his homework today. 建议他应该今天做完作业。
4、情态动词中的虚拟语气：
should（not）have done, could have done, might have done, need（not）have done, would rather have done等表示过去应该（能够/可能/有必要/宁愿等）干而未干。
5、其他句型：
（1）It is（high）time that we went home / should go home . 我们该回家了。
（2) He talks as if/though he knew everything. 他谈起来就好像什么都知道似的。（事实是：他不知道）
（3）If only I had known the truth early. 要是我早知道真相就好了。
（4）He took his raincoat with him in case/for fear that he should be caught in the rain.
他带了雨衣，以免遭雨淋。
【考点梳理与专项训练】
1. 虚拟语气在 if 条件句中的应用
（1) If I _______(be) you now, I would not buy that abstract painting.
（2) If it ________________ (not be) for the snow, we ___________ (climb) the mountain yesterday.
（3) I am sure to succeed this time. If I ________ / ______________/ _______________ (fail), I would try again.
（4) If he hadn’t gone out in the storm, he_______ be alive now.
（5). But for your help, I couldn’t_________(succeed).
（6) _________ ____________ _________ no gravity(如果没有重力), there would be no air around the earth.
（7) _________more careful(如果船长能更小心的话), his ship would not have sunk.
答案：
（1）were （2)had not been could have climbed （3)failed / were to fail / should fail
（4) would be （5) have succeeded （6)If there were （7) Had the captain been
2. 虚拟语气用于宾语从句中
【1】wish在宾语从句中的应用：
① I wish he ________(be) here now.
② I wish we __________(know) each other two years ago.
③ I wish I ______________(have) a large house with a beautiful garden in the future.
答案：①was ② had known ③ would/could/might have
【2】 would rather在宾语从句中的应用：
①I would rather you ___________(come) tomorrow.
②I would rather you ____________ (be not) here now.
③I would rather I _______________(stay) at home last night.
答案：① came ②were not ③ had stayed
【3】表示命令/要求/建议 ( demand, order, propose, request, command, suggest, insist ) 等词的后面从句用 (should+) do
①--- The experiment was not successful. --- I suggest you _____ (try)again.
②The teacher demanded that our homework ________ (finish)before eleven.
A. must finished B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished
③He insisted that he ________ (be) a Party member and _____________(send) to the front.
答案：① try ② be finish ③ was (should) be sent
3.虚拟语气在主语从句、 表语从句的用法
(1) It is important that we________________ (attend) the meeting.
(2) My advice is that she______________ (wait) till next week.
答案：1）should attend 2) should wait
4. 特殊句型
(1) It is high time that we __________________/_______________(concentrate) on our study.
(2) When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it______________(break).
(3) The old man treats the boy as if he ________(be)his own son.
(4) He talked as if he______________(be)there himself.
(5) If only I __________(be) a millionaire.
(6) If only I ____________(go) there by taxi then.
答案：(1)should concentrate / concentrated (2)were broken (3)were (4)had been (5) were
(6) had gone
【考点探究】
要求：研读语法条目和相应练习后，在小组交流展示的基础上，进一步归纳总结虚拟语气的疑难考点。
1.虚拟语气在非真实条件句的用法。(if条件句)
2.虚拟语气在宾语从句的用法。
① wish; ② would rather; ③suggest, insist, demand, require, request, command, order…
3.虚拟语气在主语从句、表语从句及同位语从句的用法
4.特殊句式
5.情态动词表虚拟 (见情态动词中的虚拟语气)
【情系高考】
1. I’m going to Europe on vacation together with John if I______ find the money.
A. can B. might C. would D. need
2. We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold _____ us a ride home.
A. didn’t offer B. wouldn’t offer C. hasn’t offered D. hadn’t offered
3. If we ______ adequate preparations, the conference wouldn’t have been so successful.
A. haven’t made B. wouldn’t make C. didn’t make D. hadn’t made
4. If my car______ more reliable, I would have driven to Lhasa instead of flying last summer.
A. was B. had been C. should be D. would be
5. Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she______ there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.
A. lives B. would live C. has lived D. were to live
6. We_______ the difficulty together, but why didn’t you tell me?
A. should face B. might face C. could have faced D. must have faced
7. Don’t handle the vase as if it______ made of steel.
A. is B. were C. has been D. had been
8. We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we______ more places of interest yesterday.
A. visited B. had visited C. would visit D. would have visited
9. Sorry, I am too busy now. If I ______ time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.
A. have had B. had had C. have D. had
110. Jack is a great talker. It’s high time that he _______something instead of just talking.
A. will do B. has done C. do D. did
11. Had they known what was coming next, they _______second thoughts.
A. may have B. could have C. must have had D. might have had
12. I actually believe that we________ in Xi’an now if you hadn’t been caught drunk driving last month.
A. would be B. would have been C. were D. had been
13. ---What happened to the young trees we planted last week?
--- The trees_______ well, but I didn’t water them.
A. might grow B. needn’t have grown C. would have grown D. would grow
14. Luckily the man missed the high speed train to Wenzhou, or he______ have been killed in the accident.
A. must B. would C. should D. might
15. _______ a little earlier this morning! I missed the bus by only a minute and waited half an hour for another.
A. If I had got up B. If I got up C. If only I had got up D. If only I got up
16. It’s too bad that my computer has got a new virus. If only I ________ that programme !
A. didn’t run B. haven’t run C. hadn’t run D. wouldn’t run
17. The weather turned out to be fine. I ________ the trouble to carry the umbrella with me.
A. should have taken B. needn’t have taken
C. mustn’t have taken D. could have taken
18. What a pity. If I had caught that flight, I _______ over the Pacific Ocean now.
A. would fly B. would have flown C. would be flying D. were flying
19. I wish that I ______to go to Jim’s party, for I have to do some extra work tonight.
A. hadn’t agreed B. haven’t agreed C. wouldn’t agree D. won’t agree
20 ---Will you accept the job offer?
---If I ________ five years younger, I ________it.
A. were; would have taken B. have been; would take
C. were; would take D. had been; would have taken　
2015年广东高考二轮语法复习-----非谓语动词
【学习目标】
1. 熟记非谓语动词的基本用法，掌握考点；提升活用非谓语动词的能力。
2. 自主探究，动脑思考；体会总结不同语境下活用非谓语动词的技巧。
3. 积极高效，挑战自我；体验成功的喜悦。
【语法导学】
I.概况
I. 包括：不定式； 过去分词；现在分词；动名词（现在分词；动名词合称为V-ing Form）
Ⅱ. 句法功能：
主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
宾补
不定式
√
√
√
√
√
√
过去分词
×
×
√
√
√
√
现在分词
×
×
√
√
√
√
动名词
√
√
√
√
×
×
III. 具体用法：
1．不定式与动名词作主语与表语的区别：
（1）不定式表示具体的，一次性的动作；动名词表示抽象的，经常性的动作。
Walking is a good form of exercise.走是锻炼的好方法。
如果不定式或动名词短语作主语，常用作形式主语。
It’s hard for us to finish the work in a day.我们用一天的时间干完这活太难了。
It’s no use complaining about it.抱怨是没用的。
（2）逻辑主语：
不定式的逻辑主语：It’s +adj. +for/ of sb. to do…
动名词的逻辑主语：
The president’s / His attending the meeting himself gave us a great deal of encourage.
（形容词性物主代词/名词所有格+动名词作主语）
The discovery of new evidence led to the thief(’s)/ his(him) being caught.
（形容词性物主代词/名词所有格/代词宾格+动名词作宾语）
2. 定语：
不定式作定语：
(1）不定式与被修饰词存在逻辑上的动宾关系：（动作将要发生）
注意：a. 如果不定式动作由句子的主语发出，不定式用主动形式；如果不定式动作并非由句子的主语发出，不定式用被动形式。
Do you have any clothes to wash? (主语洗 )
Do you have any clothes to be washed? (被别人洗) 你有衣服要洗吗？
Do you have anything to be taken to Beijing? 你有什么东西要带去北京吗？
b. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点，工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. Bronwns 家有一幢很舒服的房子住。
The professor is easy to get along with.
(2) 不定式与被修饰词存在逻辑上的主谓关系：（不定式通常用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词。）
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.她是奥运会上第一个获得金牌的女运动员。
(3）不定式与被修饰词存在逻辑上的同位语关系：（不定式用来修饰的词是抽象名词，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, habit, fact, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time等。）
Do you have the ability to read and write English?你有读写英语的能力吗？
现在分词作定语：分词动作与被修饰词为逻辑上的主谓关系，常表示分词动作正在进行或持续发生。Do you know the person talking to our head teacher?你认识正在和我们班主任讲话的那个人吗？
过去分词作定语：
及物动词的过去分词表示被动完成；We have known the plan discussed yesterday.我们已经知道了昨天讨论的那个计划。
不及物动词的过去分词仅表示动作完成。(the fallen leaves)
3. 状语：
（1）不定式可以作目的、原因、结果状语 （常表示意想不到的结果）。
Helen had to shout to make herself heard above the sound of music. (目的状语)为了让人们听见Helen不得不大声喊以压过音乐的声音。
I am sorry to hear about your failure. (原因状语)听到你失败的消息，很替你难过。
He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left. (结果状语)他匆匆忙忙赶到火车站，结果发现火车已经离开了。
（2）分词作主语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则一般不能使用分词作状语。
Seeing from the hill, we can get a good sight of the city. (时间状语)从山上看，我们能看到整个城市。
Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful. (时间状语)从山上看，城市很美。
Bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog. (原因状语)被咬了两次后，邮递员拒绝给我们送信，除非把狗拴起来。
Being repaired, the car can’t be used. (原因状语)因为正在修理所以车不能用。
Generally speaking, when taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (条件状语)一般说来这种药品要按说明服用是没有副作用的。
（3）独立主格结构（ 作状语）
名词 /代词 + V-ing / V-ed / adj./ adv./ to do sth. / prep. phrase
There being a good chance for him to go abroad, he tried his best to catch it.有一个他出国的好机会，他尽力抓住这次机会。
Homework finished, he went out to play basketball.作业做完了，他出去打篮球。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天就去拜访你。
（4）with 的复合结构 （ 作状语和后置定语）
with + 宾语 + V-ing / V-ed / adj./ adv./ to do sth. / prep. phrase
With production up by 60%, the company has another excellent year. (状语)由于产量增长了百分之六十，所以公司又有一个好年景。
Who was that woman with a baby in her arms? (后置定语)怀里抱着孩子的妇女是谁？
4. 宾语补足语： to do sth. / doing / done / being done
Mother got me to go to the shop and buy some salt.妈妈要我去商店买盐。
It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running.机器响着你就走了，你不对呀！
I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.我低头看脖子发现项链没了。
I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.当我经过小女孩的房间时，听到她在唱英语歌曲。
Ⅱ 考查重难点
纵观历年高考试卷中有关非谓语动词的考题，可以发现高考对非谓语动词的考查主要是从以下几个方面来进行的：
1． 作状语时，doing, having done, having been done 和done的区别
(1) doing表示非谓语动作与谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，且表示一个主动的动作。
例如：The students left the hall, laughing and talking．学生们离开了大厅有说有笑。
Hearing the news, we jumped with joy. (几乎同时发生)听到消息后我们高兴地跳了起来。
having done表示非谓语动作在谓语动作之前发生，且表示一个主动的动作。
例如： Having finished his homework, he went to bed.做完作业后，他上床睡觉。 （3） having been done表示非谓语动作在谓语动作之前发生，且表示一个被动的动作。
例如： Having been told that some guests were coming, they got the room ready．因为有人告诉他们有客人要来，他们把房间打扫干净。
（4） done 表示被动和完成：Built in 1891, the bridge is still in good condition. (状语)尽管建于1891年，这座桥至今安好无损。
【典例分析】① _______ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
答案及辨析A：根据hotline与put…into use 之间的被动关系可排除B和C；being out表示“正在使用”，这与in April 2000是矛盾的，故A为正确选项。
② _______ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated
答案及辨析C：根据Australia与 separate 之间的被动关系可排除B项；A项表示“正在被分开”通常不用作状语，C项，表示该被动动作发生在谓语动作has之前符合题意。
2．作定语时，done, being done和to be done的区别
This is a discussed problem. 这是一个已经讨论过的问题。（已经完成的被动动作）
This is a problem being discussed. 这是一个正在讨论的问题。（正在进行的被动动作）
This is a problem to be discussed. 这是一个将要讨论的问题。（将要进行的被动动作）
注意：being done表示一个正在进行的被动动作。常作定语，宾语，但很少作宾补，状语。
The book being written is meant for children.正在写的那本书是给孩子们写的。
【典例分析】Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company,______ as 3M.
A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known
答案及解析B：knowing表示主动，首先排除A；being known表示“正在被知道”；
to be known 表示将要被知道；known表示已经被知道，根据句意可知B项正确。
3．作感官动词的宾补时doing, (to) do和done的区别
Did you hear anyone singing in the next room ? 你听到有人在隔壁唱歌吗？(主动、进行)
Did you ever hear anyone sing the song in English? 你曾听过有人用英语唱过这首歌吗？
(主动、已经完成或动作的全过程)
Did you hear the song sung in English? 你听过这首歌用英语唱过吗？(被动、已经完成)
注意：下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上to. 五看see, watch, notice, observe, look at 三使：make, let, have 二听：listen to, hear一感觉：feel
4．作宾语时，doing与to do的区别
（1)只能用-ing形式作宾语的常用的动词有：
dislike, delay, deny, mind, miss (错过), enjoy, escape (逃避), excuse, practice, pardon, permit, suggest, stand(忍受), consider(考虑)，keep, advise, admit, acknowledge(承认), allow, appreciate (欣赏、感激), avoid (避免), risk(冒险) , resist(抵制) / recommend(建议), finish, forbid, imagine
（2)只能用to do作宾语的常用的动词有：afford, agree, aim, choose, dare, decide, decline(拒绝), refuse, desire, determine, fail, offer, expect, hope, wish, manage, plan, pretend, promise, seek, tend, threaten等。
（3）部分词汇如prefer, hate; begin, start; continue; intend, attempt(试图),bear(忍受)等词用
－ing形式和to do作宾语时意义相同。例如：
He started learning/to learn English at the age of three．
like/love稍有区别：I like swimming. (表示习惯性经常性的动作)
I like to swim tonight. （表示具体的行为）
(4) 意义不同的动词有：
①remember / forget
②regret
注意：regret to say/ inform/ tell you 很遗憾地告诉你
③try ④mean
⑤go on
⑥want / need /require
⑦ stop doing 停止正在干的事情 stop to do （to do 做状语）停下来去干另一件事
【典例分析】When asked by the police, he said that he remembered _____ at the party, but not______.
A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave
答案及解析C：remember not leaving意思是“记得没有离开过”，remember not to leave意思是“记住不去做某事”；句意“当被警方询问时，他说他记得参加了舞会，但是不曾离开过”。故C正确。
5．-ing形式作伴随状语与不定式作目的状语
作伴随状语的-ing形式与谓语动词的动作同时发生（前面常常带一逗号）；而作目的状语的不定式的动作要比谓语动词的动作后发生（前面不能用逗号）。例如：
She wrote to the editor, hoping that the editor would be able to help her．她给编辑写了封信，希望编辑能帮助她。
She reached the top of the hill and stopped there to rest on a big rock．她到了山顶在那里停下来，坐在一块大石头上休息。
【典例分析】The secretary worked late into night, _______a long speech.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
答案及解析B：根据work与prepare的时间关系排出A项 the secretary与prepare是主动关系排除C项；D项是谓语形式，根据句子结构也能排除，B项与work同时，主动，因此正确。
6．-ing形式和不定式作结果状语的区别
A number of new machines were installed in the factory, thus resulting in an increase in production. （意料之中的结果）工厂里安装了许多新机器，因此产量得到了提高。
He hurriedly finished his breakfast and went running to the station, only to find the train had left half an hour before. （意料之外的结果，前面的only 有时省略）他匆忙吃完早饭跑去车站，却发现火车一小时前就已经走了。
【典例分析】① Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _____ a record US$ 57.65 a barrel on April 4.
A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching
答案及辨析B：A项是谓语动词可以排除；D项一般不作状语也可排除；C项作目的状语时往往指意外的结果B项作结果状语表示一定逻辑的结果，正合题意；
② The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______ the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
：首先根据The news reporters 和tell的被动关系排除A和C；不定式一般表示一个出乎意外的结果，to be told符合语境，故B正确；而过去分词一般不作这样的结果状语。
7．非谓语动词的否定式：not/ never + 非谓语动词
I must apologize for not letting you know ahead of time.我必须向你道歉，因为没有事先告诉你。
Not having done the work well, we decided to try again.因为没有做好，他决定再做一遍。
The patient was warned not to eat oily food after the operation.医生警告病人手术后不要吃油腻的食物。
【典例分析】_____ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
A. Not completing B. Not complete C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
答案及辨析C：本题考查-ing的否定式。首先根据complete与have to stay 的动作先后确定–ing用完成式，再根据-ing的否定式可确定正确选项是C。
8. 非谓语动词的复合结构　
(1) 不定式的复合结构：由“for/of sb. to do”构成，在句中一般作主语和宾语。例如：
It is necessary for us to start at once．我们有必要马上开始。 It was cruel of him to beat the poor child．他竟然打那可怜的孩子，真是太残忍了。
(2) 动名词的复合结构：(以Tom为例)
由“Tom’s doing”或“his doing”构成，在句中一般作主语和宾语。
Tom’s being ill made his mother worried．Tom病了这使得他母亲很担心。 Your coming here will help us a lot．你的到来会给我们很多帮助。
作宾语时，也可以用“Tom doing” 或“him doing”形式
He insisted on his son’s / his son going on to college．他坚持让儿子上大学。
Would you mind my/me opening the window？我打开窗户你介意吗？
(3) with 复合结构：
He sat under the tree with his eyes looking upward and his fingers crossed．他坐在树下眼睛盯着上面上手交叉。
With so many eyes fixed upon her, the girl was too nervous to say anything．由于那么多眼睛盯着她小女孩紧张的说不出话来。
（4）独立主格结构：
The driver seeing a tree lying across the road ahead, the bus was stopped．当公共汽车司机看到前面横着一棵树时他把车停了下来。
It being a fine day, they went out for a walk．因为天气好，他们出去散步。
【典例分析】① With a lot of difficult problems _____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
答案及辨析C：本题考查with复合结构，难度极大。A项的settled表示“问题已经被解决了”，这与下文的is having a hard time相矛盾；D项的being settled表示“问题正在被解决”与下文也是矛盾的；而to settle的意思是“将要解决”，用主动形式表示被动意义，因为settle的动作执行者是president在句中已经出现，应选C项。
② I really can’t understand ____ her like that.
A. you treat ` B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating
答案及辨析D：understand的用法是接-ing作宾语，故排除B项；you treating是动名词的复合结构，当然也可以用your treating 形式，故D项正确。
Ⅲ 非谓语动词应注意的几个问题：
1. 过去分词不能作主语和宾语。
2. having ( been) done 通常作状语, 表示分词的动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，不作主语和定语。
Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. 告诉他很多次后，他还是重复犯同样的错误。
3. 动词不定式的完成时(to have done)表示：
①动作已经完成。 ②动作发生在谓语动词之前。
Bell is considered to have invented the first telephone.人们认为是Bell发明了第一部电话。
4. 特殊疑问词(how, where, what, whether, when, who) + to do相当于名词，在句中作主语、宾语等。
He showed us how to do the work.他给我演示了怎样做这次作业。
I don’t know what to do.我不知道该怎么做。
5. 关于不定式符号to:
（1)不定式在介词but, other than后面时，如果介词之前有实意动词do的某种形式，则介词后面的不定式不带to(如: do nothing but +V原形)； 否则就要带to (如: have no choice but +to do) 。
另外，can’t choose but(只得), can’t help but(不得不), can’t but, had better, would rather等后面的不定式也要省略to。
（2)有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, want, be glad/happy; would like/love 等之后。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been，则这些词要保留。
I haven’t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.我还没去过香港，但是我想去。
---Are you on holiday? 你在度假吗？
---No, but I’d like to be.没有，但我想。
6. sb/sth be said/ known/ reported/ considered/ believed/ thought +不定式
He is said to have gone abroad. =It is said that he has gone abroad.据说他出过国。
7. 有些非谓语形式作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。
例如: generally speaking一般说来; frankly speaking坦白说; judging from/by 根据…来判断；
to tell you the truth说实话; considering / given考虑到,
supposing / assuming/providing / provided that 如果,假使
【高考真题】
1. The next thing he saw was smoke _______from behind the house.
A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. risen
2. The island, _______ to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to.
A. joining B. to join C. joined D. having joined
3. Sarah pretended to be cheerful, ________ nothing about the argument.
A. says B. said C. to say D. saying
4 Look over there— there’s a very long, winding path______ up to the house.
A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead
5. Passengers are permitted _______only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.
A. to carry B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carried
6. _______into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated
7. On receiving a phone call from his wife _______ she had a gall, Mr.Gordon immediately rushed home from his office.
A. says B. said C. saying D. to say
8. Claire had her luggage______ an hour before her plane left.
A. check B. checking C. to check D. checked
9. More highways have been built in China,_______ it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
A. making B. made C. to make D. having made
10. It’s important for the figures______ regularly.
A. to be updated B. to have been undated C. to update D. to have updated
11. Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, ______ on your feet.
A. to keep B. keeping C. having kept D. to have kept
12. Tsinghua University, ________ in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
A. found B. founding C. founded D. to be founded
13.The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable________.
A. held B. holding C. be held D. to hold
14. Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some _______ a life span of around 20 years.
A. having B. had C. have D. to have
15. Even the best writers sometimes find themselves _______ for words.
A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost
16. If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city ______ by their enthusiastic supporters.
A. being cheered B. be cheered C. to be cheered D. were cheered
17. Recently a survey ______ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.
A. compared B. comparing C. compares D. being compared
18. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier ______ into small pieces.
A. break B. breaking C. broken D. to break
19. The ability _______an idea is as important as the idea itself.
A. expressing B. expressed C. to express D. to be expressed
20. The players ________from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.
A. selecting B. to select C. selected D. having selected
21. Do you wake up every morning______ energetic and ready to start a new day?
A. feel B. to feel C. feeling D. felt
22. _______around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people.
A. Gather B. To gather C. Gathering D. To be gathering
23. More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced_______ people’s concern over food safety.
A. to raise B. raising C. to have raised D. having raised
24. Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself_______ of his own dreams.
A. reminding B. to remind C. reminded D. remind
25. Lydia doesn’t feel like _______ abroad. Her parents are old.
A. study B. studying C. studied D. to study
26. Simon made a big bamboo box_______ the little sick bird till it could fly.
A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep
27. _______ an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous.
A. Offer B. Offering C. Offered D. To offer
28. It’s no use _______ without taking any action.
A. complain B. complaining C. being complaining D. to be complained
29. The rare fish,_______ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea.
A. saved B. saving C. to be saved D. having saved
30. At one point, I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam. Then I changed my mind, _______that he could do nothing to help.
A. to realize B. realized C. realizing D. being realized
31. Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, e-mailing…but we seem ______ the art of communicating face-to-face.
A. losing B. to be losing C. to be lost D. having lost
32. Mrs. White showed her students some old maps______ from the library.
A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing
33. With Father’s Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank___ presents for my dad.
A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought
34. I have a lot of readings_______ before the end of this term.
A. complete B. to complete C. completed D. being completed
35. The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already______ for a meal to be cooked.
A. laid B. laying C. to lay D. being laid
36. It rained heavily in the south, _______ serious flooding in several provinces.
A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause
37. I had great difficulty ________ the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.
A. find B. found C. to find D. finding
38. Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues________ with her stories.
A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amused
39. ________ the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.
A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached
40. That is the only way we can imagine _______ the overuse of water in students’ bathrooms.
A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce
41. _______ at my classmates’ faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.
A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked
42. I’m calling to enquire about the position_______ in yesterday’s China Daily.
A. advertised B. to be advertised C. advertising D. having advertised
43. The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, _______ the students to return to their classrooms.
A. enabling B. having enabled C. to enable D. to have enabled
44. ________ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.
A. Seen B. Seeing C. Having seen D. To see
45. His first book_______ next month is based on a true story.
A. published B. to be published C. to publish D. being published
46. The lady walked around the shops, _______ an eye out for bargains.
A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep
47. There were many talented actors out there just waiting________.
A. to discover B. to be discovered C. discovered D. being discovered
48. Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, _______supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake.
A. sending B. to send C. having sent D. to have sent
49. In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained______ abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.
A. sticking B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck
50. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if_______ regularly, can improve our health.
A. being carried out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
51. The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and ______less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat.
A. being weighed B. to weigh C. weighed D. weighing
52. He had a wonderful childhood, _______ with his mother to all corners of the world.
A. travel B. to travel C. traveled D. traveling
53. We were astonished______ the temple still in its original condition.
A. finding B. to find C. find D. to be found
54. —It’s no use having ideas only. — Don’t worry. Peter can show you____ to turn an idea into an act.
A. how B. who C. what D. where
55. Alexander tried to get his work_______ in the medical circles.
A. to recognize B. recognizing C. recognize D. recognized
56. Though_______ to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome.
A. surprised B. was surprised C. having been surprised D. being surprised
57. Listen! Do you hear someone_____ for help?
A. calling B. call C. to call D. called
58. Dina, _____ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.
A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle
59. So far nobody has claimed the money ______in the library.
A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered
60. A great number of students_______ said they were forced to practice the piano.
A. to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioning
61. In many people’s opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant_______.
A. to deal with B. dealing with C. to be dealt with D. dealt with
62. The lawyer listened with full attention, _______ to miss any point.
A. not trying B. trying not C. to try not D. not to try
63. The news shocked the public, ________ to great concern about students’ safety at school.
A. having led B. led C. leading D. to lead
64. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one ______ first is the library.
A. repaired B. being repaired C. repairing D. to be repaired
2015年广东高考二轮语法复习—— it, as, with 用法

【学习目标】
熟记it, as, with的语法条目，掌握考点；提升灵活运用能力。
自习学习，合作探究；体会不同语境下活用it, as, with的技巧。
人人参与；激情投入，享受攻克难关的快乐。
【语法导学】
it 的用法
1. 指代时间、距离、天气等，如：
It is half past two now. (指时间)
It is 6 miles to the nearest hospital. (指距离)
A lovely day, isn’t it? （指天气）
2. 指代前面提到过的事物、群体、想法；性别不明；也可指代未指明但谈话双方都明白的事情或情况。如：
There is only one Gone With The Wind in the bookshop, so I have to buy it. （指代前面提到过的事物）
—Who is knocking at the door? —It is me. （性别不明）
If I can help it, I don’t like working late into the night. (未指明但谈话双方都明白的事情)
3. 可以用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。如：
He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well.
It worries me the way he keeps changing his mind.
It is said that all of them have gone to the cinema.
4. 用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，如：enjoy, like, love, appreciate, dislike, hate, don’t mind, feel like,即这些动词后面的宾语从句前要加it。如：
I hate it when I have to speak in French on the phone.
I can’t help it if he is always late.如果他总是迟到，我也没办法。
I would appreciate it if you could immediately make an reply to me.
如果你能尽快答复我，我将不胜感激。
5. it 还可在介词后占用宾语的位置，然后通过that引出一个介词宾语从句。如：
Please see to it that (=make sure that) you bring enough money when you go out.
出门时请务必带够钱。
You can count on/depend on/rely on it that he is very smart. 你就相信吧，他非常聪明。
6. 其他常用句式
1）It +is/has been+时间段+since引导的从句：意为“自从……以来已多久了”，主句多用一般现在时和现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。
It is fifteen years since she left Shanghai. 自从她离开上海以来有十五年了。
It is fifteen years since she lived in Shanghai. 自从她离开上海已有十五年了。（她不住上海已有15年了。）
2）It+is/was/will be+时间段+before引导从句：主句中的谓语动词用肯定式时，意为“过多长时间才……”。主句中的谓语动词用否定式时，意为“没过多长时间就…”。
It was not long before she learned these poems by heart. 没过多久她就熟记这些诗了。
It will be hours before he makes a decision. 他需要好几个小时才能做出决定。
3）It+be+时间点 +when引导的从句：这个句型中，it指时间，且表示时间的名词前没有介词（时间一般为具体时间）。
It was already 8 o’clock when we got home. 当我们到家的时候已经八点了。
It will be midnight when they get there. 要到半夜他们才能到那儿。
7. 用于强调句型中（详见特殊句式专题）。
It was at 8 o’clock that we got home. 我们是在八点到的家。
as 的用法
1. as 作介词 “作为”,“当作”
As a teacher, I’ll devote all myself to my students.
2. as 作副词 “与……等同”，“像”，如：
He doesn’t play half as well as his sister.
As before, he remained unmoved.
This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.
3. as 作连词
①引导时间状语从句。“当…的时候”，“一边……一边……”，“随着”。
I watched her as she combed her hair.
As the day went on, the weather got worse.
②引导原因状语从句。“因为”，“由于”。
As you weren’t there, I left a message.
③引导方式状语从句。“如同”，“按照”。
Do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。
④ 引导让步状语从句。 “尽管”，“虽然”。
Young as I am, I already know what career I want to follow.
Child as she is, she knows a lot.
Quiet student as he is, he is very active.
Much as I like it, I will not buy it.
Try as he would, he couldn’t open the door.
⑤ 引导比较状语从句。“像……一样”“as…as” “not so/as…as”结构中的第一个as是副词，第二个as是连词。
John plays football as well as, if not better than, David.
Henry is as good a worker as Peter.
It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.
人们普遍认为，教学是一门科学，同时也是一门艺术。
4. as 作关系代词
① 引导限制性定语从句。“像……的人或物”。常用于such...as, 和
the same...as 的结构中。
He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. (定语从句)
他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明孩子。
He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him. (结果状语从句)
他是一个如此聪明的孩子以至于人人都喜欢他。
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
② 引导非限制性定语从句。代替整个主句，从句的位置可在主句前、主句中或主句后，常用逗号与主句分开。
The Beatles, as many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.
5. as 通常后接be/ do + 主语。“也一样”。
He’s a doctor, as was his wife before she had children.
6. as的相关短语：
① as to/ as for “至于”， “提到……”
As to/ as for correcting our homework, he always makes us do it ourselves.
② as if/ as though “好象”，“似乎”，“仿佛”
He looks as if he were an artist. (与现在事实相反)
He behaved as if nothing had happened. （与过去事实相反）
③ as it is “照现状看”， “看样子”
We were hoping to finish it by next week—as it is, it may be the week after.
我们本希望在下周完成——看样子可能要下下周才行。
④ as long as “只要”；as soon as “一……就……” ；as well as既……，也；
as far as远及，as far as I know据我所知，as far as I’m concerned就我而言
⑤as is often the case “情况往往如此”
He shouts when he gets angry, as is often the case.他生气时就大叫，这是常有的情形。
⑥as follows “如下”
My plan will be carried out as follows. 我将按下面的办法来实施我的计划。
⑦so as to（不能在句首）=in order to（可在句首、句中、句末）“为了”
⑧such as to “达到这样的程度以至…”
His illness was not such as to cause anxiety.
他的病还不至于达到令人焦虑不安的程度。

with的用法
1.with 复合结构的构成。 以下O (object)代替宾语。
① with + O + 介词短语 The teacher came in, with a smile on her face.
② with + O + doing With you standing here, I can’t work.
③ with + O + done The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind.
④ with + O + to do With so many things to settle, he can’t spare time for a holiday.
⑤ with + O + adj. With no buses available, he has to take a taxi.
⑥ with + O + adv. He fell asleep with the light on.
⑦ with + O + n. Lu Xun fought against the enemy with a pen his weapon.
2.with 复合结构的作用: 作状语和后置定语。
1. 作状语。
① 伴随状语 The master walked up and down with a ruler under his arm.
② 原因状语 With his mother away, he cooked the meal by himself.
③ 方式状语 With those helping him, he managed to finish the work ahead.
④ 条件状语 With a good coach instructing, we are sure to win the match.
2. 作后置定语。
One family lived in a house with tall trees all around.
Who was the woman with a baby in her arms?
【体验高考】
1. ______ seems to be a strong competition in China for senior high students to enter college or university.
A. What B. Which C. It D. That
2. _______ disappeared as time went on that he was afraid of climbing high mountains.
A. Which B. That C. What D. It
3.—I saw no more than one motor car in that shop. Will you go and buy _____?
—No, I’d rather find ____ in other shops.
A. it, one B. it, it C. one, it D. one, one
4. No one knows exactly when our ancestors started talking, but new evidence suggests______ might have happened a long time ago.
A. which B. what C. it D. they
5. —Did you reach the top of the mountain? —Yes. Even I myself didn’t believe I could make_______.
A. that B. it C. myself D. them
6. I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
A. this B. that C. it D. one
7.With nothing _______ to burn，the fire became weak and finally died out.
　A. leaving???????????? B. left　 　 C. leave?????????????? D. to leave
8. The girl sat there quite silent and still with her eyes _______ on the wall.
A .fixing????????????? B. fixed　 　 C. to be fixing??????? D. to be fixed
9. I live in the house with its door _________ to the south.
　A facing????????????? B. faces　 　 C. faced??????????? ??? D. being faced
10. They pretended to be working hard all night with their lights____.
A. burn??????????????? B. burnt　 　 C. burning?????? ?????? D. to burn
11. _____production up by 60 %, the company has had another excellent year.
A. As B. For C. With D. Though
12.— Do you think we can get there on time? —Yes, _____ the car doesn’t break down.
A. even if B. unless C. until D. so long as
13.—I’m sorry I can’t reach the book on the shelf.
—Please have somebody else who is___________ get it.
A. tall enough to B. tall enough C. as tall as you D. too tall to
14. Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada, _______ this was a memory she especially treasured.
A. as B. if C. when D. where
15. His plan was such a good one _______ we all agreed to accept it.
A. as B. that C. so D. and
16. My English teacher’s humor was ________make every student burst into laughter.
A. so as to B. such as to C. such that D. so that
17. ________, the students remain optimistic and try hard to achieve their goals.
A. As they are faced with fierce pressure B. As fierce pressure that they are faced with
C. Fierce as they are faced with pressure D. Faced with fierce pressure as they are
18. We feel _____our duty to make our country a better place.
A. it B. this C. that D. one
19. Looking around the town, he felt as though he_____ away for ages.
A. has been B. was C. is D. had been
2015年广东高考二轮语法复习———代词
【学习目标】：
1. Master the grammar rules about the pronoun firmly.
2. Be able to use them flexibly by active cooperation.
3. Be absorbed in your study with extreme passion and enjoy the pleasure of success.
一、代词的定义：代词（pron）是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。
二.、代词的分类：英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。
1.人称代词: 主格作主语，宾格做宾语，表语。
主格
I
we
you
he
she
it
they
宾格
me
us
you
him
her
it
them
但是：—I’m a little thirsty. —Me, too.（口语中有时用宾格代替主格）
2.物主代词:
形容词性
my
our
your
his
her
its
their
名词性
mine
ours
yours
his
hers
its
theirs
3. 反身代词：
单数
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
复数
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
4. 指示代词:
this, that, these, those, such, same 作主语、宾语、表语、定语：
that和those可代替前面提到的名词（特指）；泛指用one和ones（可数）。
The cost of my car is higher than that of yours.
These machines are better than those we made last year.
5. 相互代词: each other 和one another.
6. 疑问代词: who，whom，whose，what和which.
7. 关系代词: who，whom，whose，that，which，as.
8. 不定代词（重点）:
all，both，each，every, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any, one. 以及由some-，any-，no-, every- 等构成的复合不定代词。例如：something, somebody, someone， anything, anybody, anyone, everything, everybody, everyone等。
三、学生的易错点和考试的重点：
1. which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内。
There are so many kinds of computer on sale that I can’t make up my mind which to buy.
You can buy what you like.
2. whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，whom作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替whom，但在介词后只能用whom, 例如：
Who/Whom did you meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了谁？（作动词宾语）
Who/Whom are you taking the book to? 你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）
To whom did you speak on the campus? 你在校园里和谁讲话了？（作介词宾语不能用who取代）
Could I speak to _____ is in charge of International Sales, please? (C)
A. anyone B. someone C. whoever D. no matter who
3. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能做形容词，只能作定语。
I have no idea about it.
There is no student in the room.= There is not a student in the room.
4. all “都”，指三者以上。
all 的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
All goes well.一切进展很好。 All flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了。
5. both　“都”，指两者
6. neither　“两者都不”　 1） neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
of the two boys is to blame. 两个男孩都不应受责备。　 2） neither… nor其谓语采用就近原则。Neither Tom nor his parents like this kind of film.
3） 可用于下列句型，避免重复。 She can’t sing，neither can he. 4） 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。He can’t sing，nor dance，nor skate.
7. either 两者之中任何一个（与单数连用）。
8. 1）none “无”: none作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可。多与of 构成短语 none of。既可指人又可指物。 在答语中，none可单独使用。 None 可以回答how many 和how much的提问。
—How many students are there? —None. 　　　　　 　 —Are there any pictures on the wall?　—None.
2）no one 只能单独使用，只指人。谓语动词用单数。可以回答who 的提问。
—Did any one call me up just now?　—刚才有人打电话给我吗? —No one. --没有。
9. some 一些: 多用于肯定句，可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
当做"某一"解时，也可与单数名词连用。（= a certain）　 You will be sorry for this some day. 总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。　Some person / A certain person has seen you break the rule. 某一个人看到你违规了。 some 用于疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。
— Could you give some ink?
10. any “一些”：any 多用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。 any可用于肯定句，含有“任何”的意思。
Here are three novels. You may read any.　这有三本小说，你可任读一本。11. anyone 和 any one;everyone和everyone
anyone, everyone 等只能指人，不能指物，且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接 of 短语，可用 any one, every one (即分开写), 既可指人，也可指物。
Every one of us has adictionary.
12. one，that 和it:
代词
复数
指代上文提到的名词
是否有定语
特指或泛指
it
they/ them
同名同物（可数、不可数）
无
特指
one
ones
同名异物（可数）
无前置或后置定语
泛指
that
those
同名异物（可数、不可数）
后置定语
特指 （ 多用于比较结构中）
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.　你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
13. one/another/the other / others/ other 的区别：
1) 泛指另一个用another。another用于三个或者三个以上。 another day 改天2) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。3) 一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。如果除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。Some
…others
…others…
如图所示?
○???????○○●○○ ○????????●●●● ○○ ○○●●
One another one the others some others
14. every 和each:
1) every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概念。　　 Every boy in our school works hard.　我们学校的学生都很用功。　　 Each student may have one book.　每个学生都可有一本书。 2 ) every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。　　 Every student has to take one=Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one. 3) every 有反复、重复的意思，如 every two weeks, every other week = every second we等；
15. few, little, a few, a little :
few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词　 a few / a little 为肯定含义，“还有一点” few / little　为否定含义，“没有多少了”。
16. 固定搭配: only a few =few “只有几个”
quite a few =many “相当多”
many a (=many)“很多”
Many books were sold. = Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。
not a bit 一点也不
not a little 很多
none but“仅仅，只有”
None but the best is good enough for Tom. 只有最好的才配得上汤姆。
more than one “不止一个”
nothing but =only 仅仅，只是
anything but 绝不
be something of 是个……人物
17.not+all,both,ever...或all, both, every...+not表示部分否定
体验高考
1. I got this bicycle for ______: My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one.
A. everything B. something C. anything D. nothing
2. The employment rate has continued to rise thanks to the efforts of the local government to increase_____.
A. them B. those C. it D.that
3. We have various summer camps for your holidays. You can choose______ based on your own interests.
A. either B. each C. one D. it
4. Since people are fond of humor, it is as welcome in conversation as _______else.
A. anything B. something C. anywhere D. somewhere
5. Surprisingly, Susan’s beautiful hair reached below her knees and made______ almost an overcoat for her.
A. them B. her C. itself D. herself
6. I knew that_______ would ever discourage him; he would never give up wanting to be a director.
A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing
7. —Would you like tea or coffee? — ________, thank you. I’ve just had some water.
A. Either B. Both C. Any D. Neither
8. —Silly me! I forgot what my luggage looks like. ---What do you think of _______over there?
A. the one B. this C. it D. that
9. There is_______ in his words. We should have a try.
A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything
10. Why don’t you bring_______ to his attention that you’re too ill to work on?
A. that B. it C. this D. him
11. To stay awake, he finished a cup of coffee and ordered_______.
A. the other B. other C. the others D. another
12. I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don’t have enough money to buy__________.
A. one B. it C. this D. that
13. I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldn’t face ________ day like that.
A. other B. another C. the other D. others
14. －I’ve read another book this week.
－Well, maybe _____ is not how much you read but what you read that counts.
A. this B. that C. there D. it
15. Charles was alone at home, with ___________ looking after him.
A. someone B. anyone C. not one D. no one
16. The CDs are on sale! Buy one and you get completely free.
A. other B. others C. one D. ones
17. —Could you tell me how to get to Victoria Street?
—Victoria Street? _____ is where the Grand Theatre is.
A. Such B. There C. That D. This
18. Make sure you’ve got the passports and tickets and ______ before you leave.
A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing
19. — Which of the two computer games did you prefer? —Actually I didn’t like _______.
A. both of them B. either of them C. none of them D. neither of them
20. The English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from _____ spoken in England.
A. which B. what C. that D. the one
21. — How do you find your new classmates?
— Most of them are kind, but ______ is so good to me as Bruce.
A. none B. no one C. every one D. some one
22. The two girls are getting on very well and share ______ with each other.
A. little B. much C. some D. none
23. — Do you want tea or coffee?
—__________. I really don’t mind. A. None B. Neither C. Either D. All
24. To know more about the British Museum, you can use the Internet or go to the library, or ______.
A. neither B. some C. all D. both
25. Isn’t it amazing how the human body heals ______ after an injury?
A. himself B. him C. itself D. it
2015年广东高考二轮语法复习—动词的时态和语态
【学习目标】
1. 扎实掌握动词的时态和语态的基本用法，并能灵活应用。
2. 通过合作探究，分析总结，疯狂记忆等方法提高自己的实际应用能力。
3. 运用所学句型自由表达自己的感情并激情投入，全力以赴，体验学习的快乐。
【考点分析】
1.对下列十种时态的考查：
一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 现在完成进行时 过去完成时 将来完成时 过去将来时
2.既考查时态又考查语态；
3.考查动词的及物与不及物；
4.考查主动形式表示被动意义；
5.考查动词词组在被动语态中的介词问题；
6.对被动语态习惯句型的考查。
【知识点归纳】
I. 动词时态和语态的构成形式
主动语态的构成
一般现在时
一般过去时
do/does,( is/am/are )
did,(was/were)
现在进行时
过去进行时
is/am/are doing
was/were doing
现在完成时
过去完成时
has/have done
had done
现在完成进行时
过去完成进行时
has/have been doing
had been doing
一般将来时
过去将来时
will/shall do
is/am/are going to do
is/am/are（about）to do
would/should do
was/were going to do
was/were（about）to do
被动语态的构成
一般现在时
一般过去时
is/am/are done
was/were done
现在进行时
过去进行时
is/am/are being done
was/were being done
现在完成时
过去完成时
has/have been done
had been done
一般将来时
过去将来时
will/shall be done
is/am/are going to be done
is/am/are（about）to be done
would/should be done
was/were going to be done
was/were（about）to be done
II. 动词时态的用法
1. 一般现在时
①一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等;
②主句是一般将来, 时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来;
I’ll go there after I finish my work.
我干完活就去那。
If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there.
如果明天下雨，我就不去那。
③在以here, there开头的句子里，go, come等少数动词的一般现在时表示正在发生的动作;
There goes the bell. 铃响了。There comes the bus. 汽车来了。Here she comes. 她来了。
2. 现在进行时
①表示正在进行的动作。
②表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。
She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。
My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。
③代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。
The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滚滚向东流。
The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。
④与always, forever, constantly, continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感彩。
He is always helping others. 他总是肯帮助他人。
She is always forgetting something. 她老是忘记某些事情。
⑤大多数动词可用于进行时，但也有些动词不用于进行时。
常见的有：
▲感觉类：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear
▲情感类：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear
▲心态类：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, know
▲所有类：have, contain, won, hold, belong to等。
3. 现在完成时
①表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作；
I have met him before.我以前见过他。（对现在的影响或结果是：我认得他）
He has gone home.他已经回家了。（对现在的影响或结果是：他现在不在这里）
②表示从过去开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用；
He has learned English for six years. 他学英语已有六年了。
③在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作。
When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.如果你学会了英语，你就会发现它是通往丰富知识的桥梁。
We’ll start at six if it has stopped raining by then.如果到六点雨停的话，我们就那时出发。
注意：这里的现在完成时强调从句动作在主句动作之前完成, 如果两个动作同时或几乎同时发生, 则不必用完成时；试比较：
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.我一收到她的来信，我就告诉你。
She will call you when she gets home.她到家就给你打电话。
⑤短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start, break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。
要译“他参军已经三年了”不能说：He has joined the army three years.可采用：
▲“ago法”：He joined the army three years ago.
▲“延续法”：He has been in the army for three years.
▲“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
4.现在完成进行时
用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（或今后还要继续下去）的动作；
He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.他从八点开始一直在做数学题。
5.一般过去时
表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为；
He often sang when he was a boy.在他孩童时，他经常唱歌。
She went to the cinema last night with her boy friend.她昨晚和男朋友一起去看电影了。
6.过去进行时
①表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）；
He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.他昨天一整天都在备课。
②表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行；
They were still working when I left.我离开时他们还在干。
③用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生；
I was writing while he was watching TV.他看电视的时候，我正在写东西。
④过去计划、安排好的将来动作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等）；
He said she was arriving the next day.他说她明天到。
⑤与always, forever, constantly, continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感彩。
Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself.雷锋同志总是想着别人，从不考虑自己。
⑥过去进行时可用来描绘故事发行的背景。
The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.狂风呼啸，大雨倾盆。
7.过去完成时
①表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。
He had shut the door before the dog came up.他关上门不让狗进来。
②表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.十岁时他就已经学会了500个英语单词了。
He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.我们知道时他已经病了一周了。
③过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望(只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose，wish, want等动词）。
I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.
我本来想昨天拜访你的，但是下雨了（让我不能来）。
注意：过去完成时必须以过去某一时刻为基点，即“过去的过去”。因此只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它；
▲before, after本身表示时间的“前”“后”明显，因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
He (had) left before I arrived.我到之前他就去了。
8.一般将来时
①现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态
Tom will come next week.汤姆下周来。
He will be here tomorrow.他明天来。
②事物的固有属性或必然趋势
Oil will float in water.油总是漂在水上。
Fish will die without water.没有水鱼就会死掉。
③对将来某个动作的安排、计划
He is going to speak on TV this evening.他打算今晚在电视上作演讲。
9.将来完成时
用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。
We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.到本学期末我们就学完了第二册了。
10.过去将来时
①过去某一时刻后将要发生的过去动作或过去的意图打算 (主要用于宾语从句中）；
She was sure she would succeed.她有把握成功。
I thought you would come.我认为你回来的
把一般将来时中的助动词变成过去式，便成了过去将来时的表达形式。
②表示过去经常发生的动作。
When he was young, he would go swimming他小时候经常去游泳。.
注意：would与used to的区别：would只表示过去，不涉及现在，而used to表示“过去常常”要与现在比较，即现在不是这样了。
11.要求一定时态的固定的句型
①be doing sth. when…...(正在做某事，这时突然……)
I was reading a book when the bell rang.我在读书这时门铃响了。
②be about to do sth. when…... (正要做某事，这时突然……)
We were about to leave when the telephone rang.我们正想离开这时电话响了。
③It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that…
It’s the first time I’ve seen her.这是我第一次见到她。
We have been there three times.我们去那已经三次了。
如果句中有比较确定的时间状语，则服从时间状语的要求。
Last year I saw him many times.去年我见到他好几次。
④It is/has been… since…
It is (has been) two weeks since I came here.我来了两周了。
She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.她说她干完工作已经五个小时了。
⑤Hardly… when…No sooner… than…
Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.我们刚收完庄稼，天就下雨了。
I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed. 我刚进门，门就关上了。
III.被动语态的用法
被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象。一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。其构成为 “be+及物动词的过去分词”。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。含有情态动词（can, may, must, have to等）的谓语变为被动语态时，由情态动词+be +动词的-ed形式。含有"be going to , be to, used to, be about to"等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为”be going to （be to, used to, be about to）+ be +动词的-ed形式构成”。
1.被动语态的适用范围
①当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。
This jacket is made of cotton. 这件上衣是用棉料做的。
②为了强调动作的承受者时。
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求参观者不可触摸展品。
③出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者。
You are said to be active recently. 据说你最近很积极。
常用于如下句型：
It's not known that… ……不得而知 It's said that… 据说……
It's reported that… 据报道…… It's not decided that…尚未决定
It's believed that… 据认为…… It's announced that…据宣布……
2.被动语态的句型
①常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）
He was scolded by the English teacher.他被英语老师训了一顿。
②主语＋get＋过去分词＋其他成分
The boy got drowned last summer.那男孩去年夏天被淹死了。
She got fired because of her faults.由于过错她被开除了。
使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者”
在现代英语中大量地出现了由"get+及物动词的过去分词"构成的被动语态，这就叫做get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。
▲get+及物动词的过去分词
get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的
-ed形式连用，构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身，常指“最后，终于，突然发生”等意义。
He got wounded in the battle. 他在战斗中受伤了。
The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 男孩在回家的路上受伤了。
③带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为被动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。
She lent me a bike.(被动：I was lent a bike(by her). 或A bike was lent to me(by her).
④情态动词＋be＋过去分词
This problem must be worked out in half an hour.这道题必须在半小时内做出来。
⑤双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其他成分
These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.这些杂志不准带出阅览室。
3.主动表示被动的几种情况
①不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态
常见动词是：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。
This knife cuts well.这把刀好用。
These books sell well.这些书好卖。
The pen writes smoothly.这支钢笔写起来流畅。
Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。
The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。
②一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。常见动词look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等
The apples taste good.这些苹果味道好。
The flower smells wonderful这花闻起来很香。.
The news proved/turned out true.这消息证明是真的。
Cotton feels soft.棉花摸上去很软。
4.不可变为被动语态的几种情况
①当句子的宾语是反身代词时(因为反身代词不可作主语)
He can dress himself. 他能自己穿衣服。不可变为Himself can be dressed by him.
②当句子的宾语是相互代词时(因为相互代词不可作主语)
We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.
③动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用于被动式
He lost heart.我们互相帮助。他失去了信心。不可变为Heart was lost by him.
类似lose heart词组的还有make a face, keep silence, keep words, lose in thought等等
④take part in, belong to, own, have, hate, fail, contain等表状的态动词没有被动语态。
She took part in the sports meet.她参加了运动会。不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.
⑤当have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时。
Our class has twenty ipads. 我们班有20台拖拉机ipads。
The hall can hold 2000 people. 这个大厅能容纳2000人。
⑥当某些及物动词（如leave, enter, join等）的宾语是表示处所、地点或组织时
The students entered the classroom one by one. 学生们陆续地进了教室。
My brother joined the Party two years ago. 我哥哥2年前入了党。
⑦当句子的宾语是同源宾语时。
The Browns live a happy life. 布朗一家过着幸福的生活。
⑧当句子的宾语为行为者（主语）身体上某一部分时。
I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。
He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence. 他跨越栅栏时伤了脚。
⑨当用非谓语动词作宾语时。
He likes studying English. 他喜欢学习英语。
I wish to go there myself. 我想亲自去那里一趟。
注意：少数以不定式（短语）做宾语的动词（如agree, feel, decide, think等）可以变为被动句，但不能以不定式（短语）直接做被动句的主语，而要借助it为先行主语，将不定式（短语）置于谓语动词之后。
He has decided to go and study abroad.
→It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。
5.含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢。
Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.你必须多注意你的书写。
跟踪训练
1. Edward, you play so well. But I you played the piano.
A. didn’t know B. hadn’t known C. don’t know D. haven’t known
2. When you are home, give a call to let me know you _________safely.
A. are arriving B. have arrived C. had arrived D. will arrive
3.（2011 新课标卷） When Alice came to, she did not know how long she _____ there.
A. had been lying B. has been lying C. was lying D. has lain
4. (2011 大纲卷） If you don’t like the drink you ______just leave it and try a different one.
A. ordered B. are ordering C. will order D. had ordered
5.（2011 北京卷）Experiments of this kind _______ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.
A. have conducted B. have been conducted C. had conducted D.had been conducted
6. It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they ＿＿for me.
A. had done B. did C. would do D. were doing
7.（2011 北京卷）—That must have been a long trip.
—Yeah, it __________ us a whole week to get there.
A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taking
8. The way the guests ___ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the service.
A. treated B. were treated C. would treat D. would be treated
9.（2011上海卷） After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team _____ four days later.
A. rescued B. was rescued C. has rescued D. had been rescued
10. The church tower which will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished.
A. has restored B. has been restored C. is restoring D. is being restored
11. Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets ____out.
A. would sell B. had been sold C. have been sold D. was selling
12.（2011山东卷）She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child _____ everything!
A. had been eating B. had eaten C. have eaten D. have been eating
13.（2011江西卷）We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody ______ into the office during the night.
A. broke B. had broken C. has broken D. was breaking
14.（2011 江苏卷）—I hear you ______ in a pub. What’s it like?
—Well, it’s very hard work and I’m always tired, but I don’t mind.
A. are working B. will work C. were working D. will be working
15.（2011 江苏卷）－Tommy is planning to buy a car.
－I know. By next month, he ______enough for a used one.
A. saves B. saved C. will save D. will have saved
16.（2011安徽卷）—I didn’t ask for the name list. Why ______on my desk?
—I put it there just now in case you needed it.
A. does it land B. has it landed C. will it land D. had it landed
17. Daniel's family their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.
A. are enjoying B. are to enjoy C. will enjoy D. will be enjoying
18.（2011福建卷）Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they____ from China.
A. receive B. are receiving C. have received D. had received
19.（2011四川卷）All visitors to this village _________ with kindness.
A. treat B. are treated C. are treating D. had been treated
20. （2011浙江卷）The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant ______ in his place but luckily, everything was going on smoothly.
A. gave B. gives C. was giving D. had given
21. Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair ________ all day. Could you speak to her now?
A. phones B. has phoned C. has been phoning D. phoned
22.（2011辽宁卷）By the time Jack returned home from England, his son_____ from college.
A. graduated B. has graduated C. had been D. had graduated
23.（2011天津卷）On her next birthday, Ann ________married for twenty years.
A. is B. has been C. will be D. will have been
24.（2011陕西卷）His first novel ________ good reviews since it came out last month.
A. receives B. is receiving C. will receive D. has received
25.（2011重庆卷）That piece of music sounds quite familiar. Who _________the piano upstairs?
A. has played B. played C. plays D. is playing
26.（2011重庆卷）Look at the pride on Tom’s face. He _______ to have been praised by the manager just now.
A. seemed B. seems C. had seemed D. is seeming
27. Would you please keep silent? The weather report _________ and I want to listen.
A. is broadcast B. is being broadcast C. has been broadcast D. had been broadcast
28.（2011湖南卷）In 1942, Columbus_______ on one of the Bahama Islands, but he mistook it for an island of India.
A. lands B. landed C. has landed D. had landed
2015年广东高考二轮语法复习构词法
I．合成法（Compound）由两个或两个以上的单词合成的新单词，占英语词汇总量的20%以上，这些新生词的含义可以根据它所包含的单词的含义推断出来。
?? 例如：classmate同班同学schoolmate校友；roommate室友；workmate同事。 再如：homework家庭作业homemade家制的；homecoming回家；想家；hometown家乡homesick想家的；思乡的。
???? 1.合成名词：
?????? （1）n.+n. sportsman, bathroom, spaceship, workshop
?????? （2）n.+-ing water-skiing, sightseeing, sunbathing
????? （3）adj.+n. blackboard, midnight, barefoot, highway
????? （4）v.-ing+n. living-room, swimming-pool, starting-point
????? （5）adv.+v. output, income, down-fall, outbreak
????? （6）v.+adv. get-together, break-through, tryout
????? （7）v.+n. postcard, pickpocket, salesman
????? （8）n.+v. daybreak, earthrise, waterfall
????? （9）n.+v.+er story-teller, peace-lover, trouble-maker
????? （10）prep./adv.+n. underground, afternoon, upside
????? （11）other formations fisherman, breakfast, editor-in-chief
???? 2.合成形容词：
????? （1）adj/num+n.-ed blue-eyed, middle-aged, four-legged
????? （2）n.+v.-ed heart-broken, man-made, state-owned
????? （3）n.+adj. ice-cold, self-confident, world-famous
????? （4）adj.+n. open-air, half-way, full-time, second-hand
????? （5）n.+v-ing English-speaking, hardworking, peace-loving
????? （6）adj./adv.+v-ed well-educated, newly-published, wide-spread
????? （7）other formations: take-away, face-to-face, arm-in-arm, upset
???? 3.合成动词：（1）n.+v.??? moonwalk, self-design, typewrite
???????????????? （2）adj.+v.??????? dumbfound, whitewash, ill-treat
???????????????? （3）adv./prep. + v.?? overcome, underline, overtake
???? 4.合成副词: however, maybe, indoors
???? 5.合成代词: himself, everyone, something
II．转化法（Conversion）单词的词类发生转化，而词形不变。
??? 1.n.→v. to face a difficulty ;to film a story
??? 2.v.→n. a firm stand, go to a show;have a talk/chat/swim/look/rest/glimpse
??? 3.adj./adv.→v. to empty the dust-bin
?III．派生法（Deprivative） 词根加上前缀或后缀，改变单词的词义或词类。词缀分为前缀和后缀两种。在大多数情况下，前缀往往改变词根的词义，而后缀更多改变的是原词根的词性。?1.常用前缀
a-使；离；向;??????? awake摇醒； apart使分离,
anti-反；防止：antitank反坦克,； anticlockwise逆时针
auto-自；自动：automation自动化； autobiograph 自传
bi- 双：bicycle 自行车；bisexual 两性的
co- 共同；互相：co-exist 共存
com-con-共；加强：combine 联合；confirm 使加强
dis- 否定；离；完全：disallow 不准；disroot 根除；disarrange 搞乱
in- im-il- 无，向内，加强：incorrect 不正确，impulse 冲动；lleagal非法的
inter- 在 ……之间：international 国际,internet 互联网,interview采访,interact 互动
micro- 微：microbe 微生物 microscop 显微镜
mini- 微小：minibus 小巴,miniskirt超短裙,minister 大臣部长
neg- 不，非：neglect 忽视,negate 否定
non- 不，非：non-party 无党派的,non-stop 不间断,
out- 在外，除去：outlaw 逃亡者, outroot 根除
over- 超出，反转：overweight 超重,overthrow 推翻
post- 在后：postwar 战后,postern 后门
pre- 在前：preface 前言
re- 重复，相反：recall 回忆,react 反应
tele- 远：television 电视
trans- 超过，透过：translate 翻译,transport 运输
un- 否定：unfair 不公平的
up- 向上：upset推翻,upstairs 在楼上
uni- 单一：unicyle 独轮车;uniform 制服
2.?常用后缀
-ability,-ibility ……能力，……性：stability稳定, sensibility敏感性
-able,-ible 能……的：unable无能力, terrible 可怕的
-an 人，籍贯……的：African 非洲的 publican旅店主
-ant ,ent 人，……的，助手：assistant 助手, excellent 优秀的
-ary 地点；人；事物：library 图书馆, military 军事
-ation,-ition 动作，性质，状态：modernization 现代化 visitation 访问, addition 附加物
-craft 技巧，工艺：aircraft飞机, handicraft 手艺
-cy 形状，状态，职位：secrecy 秘密状态, fancy 幻想
-dom 形态，领域：freedom ,kingdom
-ed 有……的：cultured, puzzled
-ence, -ency, -ee行为，性质，状态：difference 差别,frequency 频率
-er, -eer, -or 人：killer 杀手,engineer 工程师,doctor 医生；employee雇工
-ern 地点，方位：eastern 东方的,cavern 洞穴
-ese 人，语言 国籍：Chinese, Japanese
-ess 女子，雌性：actress 女演员
-hood 状态，身份：childhood 童年,livelihood 生计
-ic 学术，职业，……的：music 音乐,atomic 原子的
-ics 学术：physics 物理学,optics 光学
-ion 物品：cushion 坐垫,expression 表达
-ism 主义，宗教： communism共产主义Islamism 伊斯兰教
-ist ……者：communist共产主义者,dentist 牙医,pianist 钢琴家
-ive 人，物，……的：native 本地人,attractive 有吸引力的
-less 无……的：careless 粗心,homeless 无家可归的,fearless 无畏的,
-logy 学：zoology 动物学,biology 生物学
-ment 状况，物，组织：movement 运动,treatment 治疗,development 发展,department部门
-ness 抽象名词：darkness, kindness, happiness
-ous 有……的：famous, dangerous危险
-ship 状况，事物：friendship, leadership, professorship, horsemanship马术师资格
-sion, -tion 动作，性质，状态：expansion 扩展,description 描述
-th 状况，第……youth, health, fifth，
-ty ...十 specialty 专业,safety安全,fifty
-ure 状况，物：pleasure快乐,picture,
-y 状况，学术，小……的：harmony和谐,botany 植物学,baby
IV．缩略法Abbreviation
1. 首字母缩略：USA; UN,;UK; POB; VIP; Aids
2. 缩短词：examination (exam); mathematics(math);photograph(photo);telephone(phone)
advertisement(ad); airplane(plane);refrigerator(fridge)
3. 拼缀词：smog 烟雾= smoke+fog; motel汽车旅馆 = motor+hotel,
brunch 早午餐= breakfast+lunch常见品牌名的英语含义
?雪碧（饮料）Sprite 小妖精 乐百氏（饮料）Robust 健壮的
爱多（无绳电话）Idle 闲着的
联想（电脑）Legend 传说 司麦脱（衬衫）Smart 潇洒的
天能（领带）Talent 天才
舒肤佳（香皂）Safeguard 保护者 纳爱斯（香皂）Nice 美好的
英克莱（自行车）Incline 喜爱 四通（打字机）Stone 石头
汰渍（洗衣粉）Tide 潮流 雷达（电蚊香）Raid 袭击;搜捕
飘柔（洗发水）Rejoice 欣喜 神浪（服装）Sunland 太阳地
富绅（衬衫）Virtue 美德 苏泊尔（压力锅）Super 特级品
雅戈尔（衬衫） Younger 更年轻的 美登高（冰淇淋） Meadow gold 金草地
耐克（鞋）Nike 胜利女神 捷安特（自行车）Giant 巨人