人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册Unit 3 Sea Exploration Learning About Language课件(共68张PPT)

(共68张PPT)
Unit 3 Sea Exploration
Learning About Language
Build up your vocabulary
Build up your vocabulary
Complete the passage using the words from the text.
There are many t__________ and legends about how seamen explored the oceans in the past. But how many of them are reliable The fact is that they needed multiple ways to keep safe after s__________ sail.
1. Using nature to help is the first and most useful form of exploration. This includes the North Star, Sun and clouds.
2. Using the weather. Experienced captains could see the b__________ between weather and dangers. Either they withdrew the fleets or e__________ their voyage.
3. Using the sea. Skillful sailors could use tides and currents to carry ships back to the shore or pass through narrow c__________.
These skills helped seamen explore the seas and discovered new lands. They needed not only the instruments but also courage and luck.
ales
etting
onds
xtended
hannels
Warm-up
Write down the word that matches each definition.
Then find the sentences containing these words in the text.
Activity 1
1 an imaginary story or an exciting description of an event
2 related to the king or queen of a country
3 to reach an agreement by discussion
4 to stop taking part in an activity
5 to make something longer or larger
6 a connection between people
7 a level of quality, ability, etc.
8 a deep passage of water used as a route for ships
tale
royal
negotiate
withdraw
extend
bond
league
channel
n.
adj.
v.
v.
v.
n.
n.
n.
1. tale
Marco Polo’s tales inspired European explorers to search for sea routes from west to east.
2. royal
African royal families sent gifts such as giraffes as gestures of friendship in return for gold, silk, and spices.
3. negotiate
Here, merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals, which also led to more awareness of each other’s cultures.
马可·波罗的故事激励了欧洲探险家寻找自西向东的海上航线。
非洲王室赠送长颈鹿等礼物以示友好，同时也是作为他们获得黄金、丝绸和香料的回赠。
在这里，来自中国和其他许多地方的商人汇聚一起，洽谈贸易协议，这也增进了对彼此文化的认识。
Activity 1
Write down the word that matches each definition.
Then find the sentences containing these words in the text.
4. withdraw channel
Although China withdrew from further expeditions after 1433, these land and sea routes remained active channels between other cultures for centuries.
5. extend
A trading route across the sea was also extended along the coasts of the Indian Ocean, centred around Ceylon (now Sri Lanka).
6. bond
The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade across the historic Silk Road areas, and strengthen the bonds between China and the rest of the world.
尽管1433年后中国停止了进一步的探索，但在随后的几个世纪，这些陆地和海洋路线仍是与其他文化之间的活跃通道。
以锡兰（今斯里兰卡）为中心的一条横跨海洋的贸易路线沿印度洋海岸延伸。
这项倡议旨在鼓励横跨历史悠久的丝绸之路地区的合作与贸易，同时加强中国与世界其他地区之间的联系。
7. league
These fleets were a sight to behold and were in a league of their own at that time.
这些船队在当时蔚为壮观，独领风骚。
Choose the appropriate words from the box to complete the following sentences.
tale royal negotiate withdraw extend bond league channel
1 Their common experience created a strong between them.
2 As a major figure in British politics, Churchill was in a of his own.
3 The deadline has been by two days.
4 I’m reading a book about folk and ancient legends.
bond
league
extended
tales
Complete the sentences with the correct
forms of the phrases in the box.
a sight to behold in hand withdraw from in return
1 Henry Norman Bethune devoted his life and profession to helping people without
expecting anything .
2 Last summer we visited an island in the Indian Ocean, whose rocky coastline and long
golden beaches were .
3 The tennis player several tournaments due to injury.
4 With lots of food and drink , they set off for their picnic.
in return
a sight to behold
withdrew from
in hand
Activity 2
find one’s way boredom reach out across the sea
set sail form the foundation tale motivate
Complete the passage below with the correct
forms of the words in the box. Then answer the questions.
In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese adventurer, made the first voyage around the world. On 14 June 2008, nearly 500 years later, a 16-year-old American boy, Zac Sunderland, on a similar journey. After 13 months, he returned with a new world record: the youngest person ever to sail around the world.
Zac grew up on a boat and learnt how to sail when he was four, which of his success. As a child, Zac read a book about Robin Lee Graham who had sailed around the world alone as a teenager in 1965. Zac was greatly inspired by Graham’s . After his 16th birthday, Zac started making plans for his journey. Using his own money, Zac bought a boat and set off.
set sail
formed the foundation
tale
Activity 3
is often a mixture of danger and . Zac had to
through heavy storms and get by on little sleep on his journey. It was boring to stay on a boat all day, so Zac read lots of books! He also emailed his family using his laptop, telling them about his experiences around the world.
When the journey ended, Zac’s adventure received widespread media coverage. At his press conference, he talked about how passion and courage made his dream come true. In his opinion, there’s so much that people can achieve with the right and ambition. Just go for it!
Reaching out across the sea
boredom
find his way
motivation
What problems did Zac meet in his journey
What made Zac’s journey successful
Compared to the great voyages in history, is Zac’s voyage meaningful Why
Ferdinand Magellan
Cultural Note
Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) was born in Portugal. In 1505, he set sail for India. He stayed in Asia for about eight years, taking part in the conquest of the city of Malacca, Malaysia. After returning to Portugal, he found that no one wanted to employ him, so he offered his services to the king of Spain, setting out an ambitious plan to reach the Spice Islands of Indonesia by sailing west instead of east—something which had never been done before. He left Spain in 1519 with five ships and 265 men. In this harsh journey, all but one of the ships was lost and most of the men died. Magellan himself was killed in a fight with the natives in the Philippines in 1521. Finally, in 1522, one of the ships was able to return to Spain with less than twenty men aboard.
Build up your vocabulary
Review useful structures
Phrases 短语
Grammar Ⅰ
英语中的短语是有一定意义但不构成独立从句或句子的一组词。从形式结构角度划分，英语的短语可分为：
英语短语的句法功能通常与对应的单词的句法功能类似，比如：
名词短语 （noun phrase） 动词短语（verb phrase）
形容词短语（adjective phrase） 副词短语（adverb phrase）
介词短语 （proposition phrase）
名词短语与名词功能相似，在句子中主要充当主语、宾语；
介词短语主要是充当定语、状语、补语。
例如：Most of the boys in my class like playing football.在这个句子中，most of the boys是名词短语，in my class是介词短语，like playing football是动词短语。
Phrases 短语
Grammar Ⅰ
短语动词（phrasal verbs）是一种固定的词组，一般由动词加介词或副词构成。常用的短语动词有以下几类：
动词＋副词。如：look out, take off, stay up
动词＋介词。如：look into, attend to, appeal to
动词＋副词＋介词。如：get along with, catch up with, do away with
动词＋名词＋介词。如：take part in, take care of, pay attention to
What are the part of speeches of the given
words and phrases
tale ___________________
motivate ___________________
boredom ___________________
set sail ___________________
in hand ___________________
in return ___________________
find one’s way _____________
withdraw from _____________
a sight to behold _____________
form the foundation _____________
reach out across the sea _____________
n.
v.
n.
verb phrase
preposition phrase
preposition phrase
verb phrase
verb phrase
noun phrase
verb phrase
verb phrase
Grammar Ⅰ
一、动词不定式的构成
基本形式：to do
否定形式:
not to do
不定式的时态、语态 时态 主动式 被动式
一般
进行
完成
完成进行
to do
to be done
to be doing
to have done
to have been done
to have been doing
Infinitives 动词不定式
Grammar Ⅱ
● to do 表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作 _______ 发生或在其 _______ 发生。
① I asked him to attend the meeting.
② The theme park, to be opened in 2025, will attract people all over the country.
同时
之后
二、动词不定式的时态和语态
01
Conclusion 1
① He seems to be reading English poems.
② He seems to be thinking deeply, without noticing me overpassing him.
● to be doing 强调动作正在进行，或与谓语动词动作________。
同时发生
02
Conclusion 2
二、动词不定式的时态和语态
① He is said to have translated the book into English last year.
② He claimed to have been badly treated in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.
● to have done 表示的动作在谓语动词 __________ 发生。
之前
03
Conclusion 3
二、动词不定式的时态和语态
① Her son is known to have been studying abroad for a while.
② She is said to have been writing the novel about New York for many years.
● to have been doing 表示在谓语动词 _____________________。
之前一直在进行的动作
04
Conclusion 4
二、动词不定式的时态和语态
1. 作主语：不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。
To see is to believe．
Not to get there in time is your fault.
注：常用it作形式主语，将to do放在谓语之后，使句子保持平衡。
句型1：It + 谓语 + to do
句型2：It’s + n + to do
It takes us an hour _______ (get) there by bus.
It is a great enjoyment _________ (spend) our holiday in the mountains.
三、动词不定式的句法作用
to get
to spend
1. It is very kind ___ you to give me some help.
2. It’s impolite ___ you to speak to the teacher like that.
句型3：It is adj for / of sb to do sth
It is + adj + for sb to do sth
It is + adj + of sb to do sth
（形容人的品质）
（形容事物的性质）
1. It is easy ______ me to finish this work before ten.
2. It is a great honor _______ us to be present at your birthday party.
＝ You are very kind to give me some help.　
＝ You are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.　
for
for
of
of
三、动词不定式的句法作用
2. 作表语
To do two things at a time is _________ (do) neither.
To see is _________ (believe).
1) 如果主语是不定式 （表示条件），表语也是____________（表示结果） （一致性）。
He is to marry Rose.
He was about ________ (enter) when he heard a cry.
2) be to do, be about to do 结构表示 时，系动词 be, appear, seem, prove后用 作 。
to do
to believe
to enter
将来
to do不定式
表语
不定式
三、动词不定式的句法作用
His wish is ________ (buy) a car in the near future.
The most important thing is __________ (take) measures to prevent the pollution.
3) 如果主语内容是以aim, duty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心的名词，不定式作表语对________的______作具体说明。
主语
内容
to buy
to take
三、动词不定式的句法作用
常见动词有：
want, decide, agree, wish, hope, promise, choose, need
3. 作宾语；如：want to do
I want to know this matter.
I don’t expect to meet you here.
接不定式作宾语
1. They wanted _______ (get) on the bus, didn’t they
2. He said he wished _______ (be) a professor.
3. I agreed ________ (go) there with the doctor.
4. My daughter preferred _______ (dance) when she was in her twenties.
5. He had promised ________ (give) me a hand.
to get
to be
to go
to dance
to give
口诀: 想要决定同意，希望许诺选择需要
三、动词不定式的句法作用
注意句型：it作形式宾语，如：find it + adj + to do
I find / feel to work with him interesting．
I find / feel _______ interesting to work with him.
注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语 ，而用it作 。
subject + find / think / feel / make / consider it + adj / n + to do sth
1.We thought __ better ______ (start) early.
2. Do you consider ___ better not _____ (go)
3. I feel __ my duty ________ (change) all that.
4. We think __ important __________ (obey) the law.
5. I know __ impossible ________ (finish) so much homework in a day.
it
宾语
宾补
it
it
it
it
it
to obey
to change
to finish
to start
to go
之后
形式宾语
三、动词不定式的句法作用
4. 作宾语补足语；如：tell sb to do sth
宾语与宾语补足语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的 。
1. Mother told me _____ come back before 10 o’clock.
2. I’ll get someone ________ (repair) the recorder for you.
3. What caused him _________ (change) his mind
4. I wish you _______ (come) as soon as possible.
5. He asked me _______ (do) the work with him.
to
to repair
to change
to do
to come
主语
谓语
宾
语
宾补
主谓关系
三、动词不定式的句法作用
advise, allow, ask
beg, cause (导致), expect
encourage, force
get, hate, invite
order, wish
want, warn, remind
promise, permit
persuade, request …
sb to do
三、动词不定式的句法作用
see
watch
look at
hear
listen to
feel
notice
observe
+
sb
do
doing
done
make, let, have
三、动词不定式的句法作用
+
sb be
seen
watched
looked at
heard
listened to
felt
noticed
observed
to do
made, let
三、动词不定式的句法作用
+
+
注意：当这类动词转为 时，其后的不定式则要加 “to”。
1. He is often heard ________ (sing) the song.
2. He was seen _________ (enter) the room.
to sing
to enter
被动语态
三、动词不定式的句法作用
不定式作定语时一般修饰________________。
1) I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
2) Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing
3) The meeting _____________ (hold) tomorrow is very important.
5. 作定语
eg. I have something to tell you.
to be held
将要做的事
三、动词不定式的句法作用
6. 作状语
1) I came here to see you．
2) We were very excited to hear the news．
3) He hurried to the school only to find nobody there.
4) To look at him, you would like him．
(目的)
(原因)
(结果)
(条件)
不定式作状语，表示 等。
目的、原因、结果或条件
三、动词不定式的句法作用
to do
subject
object
attributive
adverbial
object complement
predicative
agree, allow, invite, warn, happen to ...
I find / think / consider / feel it + adj to do ...
make it + adj to do sth
It is + adj + (for / of sb) to do sth.
It takes sb time to do sth
In order to / To ..., ... so as to ..., too ... to ..., enough to ..., only to ...
invite, allow, encourage
There is no need for sb to do sth ...
It is time (for sb) to do sth ...
Summary
1. It is possible (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers. (2021 全国甲)
2. Activities there range from whale watching to hiking and accommodations aim (have) a low impact on the natural environment. (2021 全国乙)
3. Much of this increase can be due to climate change. The findings show a critical need (invest) in disaster prevention. (2021 北京)
4. Mary became a baker at age 14, because her grandfather paid the local baker ________ (teach) her all the skills. (2021 天津)
to walk
to have
to invest
to teach
Fill in the blanks with the correct form.
Instant exercises
5. You are said ____________________ (write) a new novel these years. Have you finished it
6. She was very busy and had no time _________ (visit) her friends.
7. The market was noisy, so the man had to speak loudly in order ____________ (hear).
8. She pretended _______________ (know) me before and greeted me warmly.
9. The flu is believed ____________ (cause) by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
10. The old lady was heard ____________ (unlock) the door and go out.
to have been writing
to visit
to be heard
to have known
to be caused
to unlock
Instant exercises
Far out in the ocean, where the water is as clear as glass, lives the Sea King. The ocean is too deep ___________ (measure). We may imagine there is nothing except yellow sand under the sea, but actually it is not rare ___________ (see) the most unique flowers and plants __________ (dance) in the fast-moving water. In the deepest spot of all stands the Sea King’s castle, which has walls of coral and a roof ___________ (form) of beautiful shells. The mother of the king, a wise woman who is proud ___________ (be) born into the royal family, takes care of his six daughters. Among the six sea-princesses, the youngest is the prettiest.
Read the beginning of The Little Mermaid and use the proper forms
of the verbs in brackets to fill in the blanks.
to measure
to see
dancing
formed
to have been
Instant exercises
Although she has delicate skin like a rose-leaf and eyes as blue as the deepest sea, she has no feet but a fish tail just like her sisters. The most common way for the princesses __________ (play) all day long is
________________ (swim) in the halls of the castle or among the flowers growing out of the walls, feeding and touching the fish __________ (swim) up to their hands through the windows. They seem __________ (not worry) about anything, except for the youngest, who …
to play
swimming / to swim
swimming
not to worry
Instant exercises
Find all the sentences containing infinitives in
the reading passage. Then mark their functions.
1 As the subject (S) 2 As the predicative (P) 3 As the object(O)
4 As the object complement (OC) 5 As the attributive (Attr) 6 As the adverbial (Ad)
S
OC
Ad
Activity 1
S
P
O
Attr
O
Attr
Attr
Attr
Ad
Attr
Attr
OC
Join the words to make sentences using infinitives.
Then decide the function of each infinitive.
Activity 2
EXAMPLEIt is fun / visit an aquarium / in summer → It is fun to visit an aquarium in summer. (S)
1 He / encouraged me / participate in the surfing competition
He encouraged me to participate in the surfing competition.
(OC)
2 The storm / seems / be getting closer
The storm seems to be getting closer.
(P)
3 Magellan / was the first person / sail around the world
Magellan was the first person to sail around the world.
(Attr)
4 The UN peacekeeping force / aims / maintain peace and prevent armed conflicts
The UN peacekeeping force aims to maintain peace and prevent armed conflicts.
(O)
5 The crowd / stood / applaud / scientists / for their important ocean research work
The crowd stood to applaud scientists for their important ocean research work.
(Ad)
6 It is a good idea / tax / plastic bottles / so that people use them less
It is a good idea to tax plastic bottles so that people use them less.
(Attr)
7 The Jiaolong manned submersible / is said / be able / reach 7 km underwater
The Jiaolong manned submersible is said to be able to reach 7 km underwater.
(O;O)
8 It remains / be seen / whether or not his capsule can work
It remains to be seen whether or not his capsule can work.
(O)
Read the beginning of The Little Mermaid and use the proper forms of the verbs in brackets to fill in the blanks. What do you think happens next
Far out in the ocean, where the water is as clear as glass, lives the Sea King. The ocean is too deep ___________ (measure). We may imagine there is nothing except yellow sand under the sea, but actually it is not rare ___________ (see) the most unique flowers and plants ___________ (dance) in the fast-moving water. In the
to see
to measure
Activity 3
dancing
deepest spot of all stands the Sea King’s castle, which has walls of coral and a roof _______ (form) of beautiful shells. The mother of the king, a wise woman who is proud _____________ (be) born into the royal family, takes care of his six daughters. Among the six sea-princesses, the
to have been
formed
youngest is the prettiest. Although she has delicate skin like a rose-leaf and eyes as blue as the deepest sea, she has no feet but a fish tail just like her sisters. The most common way for the princesses _______ (play) all day long is __________________ (swim) in the halls of the castle or among the flowers growing out of the walls, feeding and touching the fish ___________ (swim) up to their hands through the windows. They seem ___________ (not worry) about anything, except for the youngest, who...
to play
swimming/to swim
swimming
not to worry
What do you think happens next
Suggested Answer ... who wants to see what life is like on land. She swims all the way to the surface and sees a large ship. It travels toward her at great speed and terrifies her. She swims below the surface of the water and just manages to swim away from the big ship. She now realises that it is a scary world outside of the ocean, and she decides to stay with her family and friends under the sea.
Read again and answer the following questions.
What’s the Sea King’s castle like
What is the most common way for the princess to play
What’s the life underwater like
Read again and answer the following questions.
What’s the Sea King’s castle like
What is the most common way for the princess to play
What’s the life underwater like
It has walls of coral and a roof formed of beautiful shells.
Peaceful, joyful and carefree.
To swim in the halls of the castle or among the flowers growing out of the walls.
What do you think
happens next
What does the little mermaid want
Will she be the first princess to do something unusual
Does the little mermaid realize her dream Why or why not
You can be creative in completing the little mermaid’s story. Also, use infinitives if needed.
Checklist
Use the checklist to evaluate your story. Content Is the story creative
Structure Does the story have a climax and an ending
Language Does the author use infinitives correctly
What do you think happens next
...They seem not to worry about anything, except for the youngest, who wants to see what life is like on land. She swims all the way to the surface and sees a large ship. It
Sharing
travels toward her at great speed and terrifies her. She swims below the surface of the water and just manages to swim away from the big ship. She now realises that it is a scary world outside of the ocean, and she decides to stay with her family and friends under the sea.
What do you think happens next
...They seem not to worry about anything, except for the youngest, who wants to see what life is like on land. She swims all the way to the surface and sees a large ship. It
Sharing
travels toward her at great speed and terrifies her. She swims below the surface of the water and just manages to swim away from the big ship. She now realises that it is a scary world outside of the ocean, and she decides to stay with her family and friends under the sea.
Use the checklist to evaluate the story. Content Is the story creative
Structure Does the story have a climax and an ending
Language Does the author use infinitives correctly
...They seem not to worry about anything, except for the youngest, who happens to notice a giant iron thing near the castle. She wants to find the thing again and find out what it is. After some searching, she sees the giant thing again, and someone to swim
out of it, too! To find the truth, she swims to him as fast as she can. The man explains to her that it is a submersible, and they are here to find some underwater resources. To her surprise, the man even asks her to take a ride on the submersible. Though a bit afraid, she still wants to be the first princess to see the outside world. The little mermaid decides to enjoy a day on the land, and after a day, she decides to stay on the land forever.
What do you think happens next
Sharing
...They seem not to worry about anything, except for the youngest, who happens to notice a giant iron thing near the castle. She wants to find the thing again and find out what it is. After some searching, she sees the giant thing again, and someone to swim
out of it, too! To find the truth, she swims to him as fast as she can. The man explains to her that it is a submersible, and they are here to find some underwater resources. To her surprise, the man even asks her to take a ride on the submersible. Though a bit afraid, she still wants to be the first prince to see the outside world. The little mermaid decides to enjoy a day on the land, and after a day, she decides to stay on the land forever.
What do you think happens next
Sharing
Use the checklist to evaluate the story. Content Is the story creative
Structure Does the story have a climax and an ending
Language Does the author use infinitives correctly
swimming/swim
Summary
In today’s lesson, you’ve…
reviewed the forms and functions of different types of infinitives;
made sentences with infinitives, -ing form and -ed form correctly;
used infinitives properly in writing a story.
Homework
Read a story of a seal on Page 34 and complete the passage with the proper forms of the verbs in brackets.
Read a news report about Jiaolong on Page 76 and complete it with the appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets.
politics n. _______________________________
profession n. _______________________________
tournament n. _______________________________
mixture n. _______________________________
laptop n. ________________________________
coverage n. _______________________________
press conference n. _______________________________
政治；政治观点
混合；结合体；混合物
职业；行业
笔记本电脑；便携式电脑
新闻报道；覆盖范围
记者招待会；新闻发布会
锦标赛；联赛
Words and Phrases
applaud vt. & vi. __________ vt. ______________
tax vt. ____________________ n. __________
manned adj. _______________________________
submersible n. _________________________________
underwater adv. ____________ adj. _______________
capsule n. _________________________________
coral n. _________________________________
鼓掌
税；税款
称赞；赞赏
有人控制的；需人操纵的
潜水器；可潜船
在水下
对······征税；使纳税
在水下
胶囊；太空舱
珊瑚
Words and Phrases
politics
1. n. the activities involved in getting and using power in public life, and being able to influence decisions that affect a country or a society 政治；政治事务（或活动）
party politics 党派政治
local politics 地方政治活动
He’s thinking of going into politics. 他打算步入政坛。
a major figure in British politics 英国政坛的风云人物
重点单词
politics
2. n. matters concerned with getting or using power within a particular group or organization 权术；勾心斗角
I don’t want to get involved in office politics. 我不想卷入办公室的政治。
the internal politics of the legal profession 法律界内部的勾心斗角
sexual politics 两性间的权势之争
3. n. [pl.] a person’s political views or beliefs （个人的）政治观点，政见，政治信仰
His politics are extreme. 他的政治观点偏激。
profession
1. n. a type of job that needs special training or skill, especially one that needs a high level of education （需要专门技能，尤指需要较高教育水平的某一）行业，职业
the medical/legal/teaching, etc. profession 医疗、法律、教学等专业
to enter/go into/join a profession 从事/加入/参加一个行业
the caring professions (= that involve looking after people) 护理行业
He was an electrician by profession. 他的职业是电工。
profession
2. n. the profession all the people who work in a particular type of profession （某）职业界；业内人士；同业；同行；同人
The legal profession has/have always resisted change. 法律界向来抵制变革。
3. n. the professions [pl.] the traditional jobs that need a high level of education and training, such as being a doctor or a lawyer （统称，指需要较高教育水平的）职业
employment in industry and the professions 实业界与专业界的工作
applaud
1. n. to show your approval of sb/sth by clapping your hands 鼓掌
He started to applaud and the others joined in.
他开始鼓掌，其他人也跟着鼓起掌来。
They rose to applaud the speaker. 他们起立向演讲者鼓掌。
She was applauded as she came on stage. 她上台时人们向她鼓掌。
2. n. ~ sb/sth (for sth) to express praise for sb/sth because you approve of them or it 称赞；赞许；赞赏
We applaud her decision. 我们称赞她的决定。
I applaud her for having the courage to refuse. 我赞赏她敢于拒绝。
tax
1. n. ~ (on sth) money that you have to pay to the government so that it can pay for public services. People pay tax according to their income and businesses pay tax according to their profits. Tax is also often paid on goods and services. 税；税款
to raise/cut taxes 增加/削减税收
tax increases/cuts 税款的增加/削减
changes in tax rates 税率的变化
to pay over ￡1 000 in tax 缴纳1 000多英镑的税款
profits before/after tax 税前/税后利润
a tax on cigarettes 香烟税
tax
2. vt. to put a tax on sb/sth; to make sb pay tax 对……征税；课税；使纳税
Any interest payments are taxed as part of your income.
利息所得作为你收入的一部分要予以征税。
His declared aim was to tax the rich.
他宣布的目的是向富人征税。
3. vt. (BrE) to pay tax on a vehicle so that you may use it on the roads 缴纳车辆牌照税
The car is taxed until July.
这辆汽车的牌照税缴纳到了七月。
tax
4. vt. to need a great amount of physical or mental effort 使负重担；使受压力；使大伤脑筋
The questions did not tax me.
那些问题没有让我费脑筋。
The problem is currently taxing the brains of the nation’s experts.
目前这个问题使得全国的专家大伤脑筋。
PHRASAL VERBS
tax sb with sth to accuse sb of doing sth wrong （就某事）指责，责备，谴责
I taxed him with avoiding his responsibility as a parent.
我指责他逃避做父亲的责任。
同义词辨析
tax duty customs tariff levy excise
1. tax
money that you have to pay to the government so that it can pay for public services
指税、税款：
income tax 所得税 tax cuts 减税
2. duty
a tax that you pay on things that you buy, especially those that you bring into a
country 指购物税项，尤指进口货物交纳的关税：
duty on wine and beer 葡萄酒和啤酒税
3. customs
tax that is paid when goods are brought in from other countries 指关税、进口税：
to pay customs on sth 为某物缴纳关税
4. tariff
a tax that is paid on goods coming into or going out of a country 指关税：
A general tariff was imposed on foreign imports.
国外进口货物当时按普通税率征税。
5. levy
an extra amount of money that has to be paid, especially as a tax to the government
指征收额，尤指税款：
a levy on oil imports 对进口石油征收的税款
6. excise
a tax that is paid on some goods made, sold or used within a country 指国内货品
税、消费税：
There has been a sharp increase in vehicle excise. 机动车消费税剧增。
duty, customs, tariff, levy or excise
Excise is for goods sold within a country.
excise指国内货品税；
Customs is for goods brought into a country.
customs指进口货品税；
Tariffs are on goods going into or coming out of a country, often in order to protect industry from cheap imports.
tariff指常为使国内工业免遭廉价进口商品的冲击，对进出口商品征收的关税；
Duty is more general and can be a customs or excise tax.
duty较笼统，指进口货品税或国内货品税均可；
Levy is the most general of all and can be any sort of tax or charge.
levy在这组词中最笼统，可指任何种类的税或收费。