规则动词和不规则动词的过去式和过去分词 （一）
同学们，英语中的动词和汉语不同，主要表现在形式上的变化。那么，牢记规则动词和不规则动词的过去式和过去分词是学好英语的前提之一，下面就让我们共同学习规则动词和不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的变化规律吧！
一、规则动词的过去式和过去分词
规则动词的过去式和过去分词主要是在动词原形的词尾加-ed，但是，仍然要注意细节问题，其构成规则是：
1. 一般在动词原形末尾加-ed。如：
look → looked → looked; play → played → played; start → started → started，等等。
2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词在词尾加-d。如：
live → lived → lived; hope → hoped → hoped; use → used → used，等等。
3. 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed (w结尾的动词除外)。如：
trip → tripped → tripped; stop → stopped → stopped; plan → planned → planned; prefer → preferred → preferred; refer → referred → referred，等等。
5. 以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的动词， 要先变“y”为“i”再加-ed。如：
carry → carried → carried; study → studied → studied，等等。
-ed的读音规则：
1. 在清辅音/f/, /p/, /k/, /s/等之后读作/t/。如：watched, stopped, asked, helped, worked 等等。
2. 在浊辅音/b/, /g/, /v/, /z/, /m/, /n/, /r/, /l/和元音后读作/d/。如：used, cleaned, showed, enjoyed, moved, called, loved, carried, studied, married等等。
3. 在/t/和/d/音后读作/Id/。如：needed,decided, wanted, acted等等。
顺口溜巧记-ed的读音规则：
清、浊、元大家分，
请君巧记-ed音：
清辅音后你读/t/；
浊、元音后君读/d/；
/t/, /d/音后读/Id/。
规则动词和不规则动词的过去式和过去分词（二）
不规则动词的过去式和过去分词也有记忆的窍门，特殊词特殊记，很多单词的变化是有规律的，现将一些常用不规则动词的过去式和过去分词归纳如下：
1. AAA式：结尾字母一般是t或d的不规则动词原形、过去式和过去分词的词形和读音都相同。如：
let-let-let; shut-shut-shut; set-set-set；hurt-hurt-hurt; cut-cut-cut; put-put-put； cost-cost-cost
【特别提醒】 动词read的过去式和过去分词虽然词形与原形一致，read-read-read，但发音分别是/ri:d/ - /red/ - /red/。
2. ABA式：有些动词的过去分词与原形是一样的。如：
come-came-come； become-became-become; run-ran-run
3. ABB式：有些动词的过去式和过去分词相同。
(1) 把单词结尾的字母d改为t。如：
spend-spent-spent; send-sent-sent
(2) 改变单词中间的元音字母。如：
hold-held-held
(3) 以eep结尾的动词，把eep改为ept。如：
sleep-slept-slept; keep-kept-kept
(4) 过去式和过去分词都以ought结尾。如：
think-thought-thought; bring-brought-brought; buy-bought-bought
(5) 过去式和过去分词都以aught结尾。如：
teach-taught-taught; catch-caught-caught
(6) 有的以ay结尾的动词，在变过去式和过去分词时把ay变成aid。如：
pay-paid-paid; say-said-said
(7) 另有一些其它形式的变化。如：
lose-lost-lost; make-made-made; meet-met-met; feel-felt-felt; have-had-had; leave-left-left
4. ABC式：
(1) 有些动词原形中含有字母i，在过去式中变i为a，在过去分词中变i为u。如：
drink-drank-drunk; ring-rang-rung; begin-began-begun
(2)以字母ow或aw结尾的动词，在变成过去式时，通常把元音字母变成e，在变成过去分词时，通常只在词尾加n。如：
throw-threw-thrown; know-knew-known
(3) 有些动词的过去分词是在动词原形词尾加n或en，变成以en结尾的单词。如：
drive-drove-driven; eat-ate-eaten; speak-spoke-spoken; ride-rode-ridden; get-got-got / gotten; forget-forgot-forgotten; write-wrote-written
(4)特殊：see-saw-seen; go -went-gone; wear-wore-worn; be-was / were-been; beat-beat-beaten
有规则变化和不规则变化两种的动词：lie有规则变化和不规则变化两种，含义不同:lie, lied, lied （说谎） & lie, lay, lain （躺；位于）；hang 有规则变化和不规则变化两种，含义不同:hang, hanged, hanged （处绞刑） & hang, hung, hung （挂；吊）。
只有过去式的动词有：can-could; will-would; shall-should; may-might; must-must。
过去分词（一）
过去分词是非谓语的一种形式，没有时态和语态的变化，从意义上讲，它具有完成和被动两大特点。
一、 过去分词的构成
过去分词的构成有规则和不规则两种变化。
1. 规则变化如下：
1） 一般在动词词尾加“-ed”。如：
look→looked; work→worked
2） 结尾是“e”的动词在词尾加“-d”。如：
hope→hoped; use→used
3） 结尾是“辅音字母 ＋ y”的动词，先变“y”为“i”再加“-ed”。如：
carry→carried; try→tried
4） 结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加“-ed”。如：
stop→stopped; plan→planned
2. 不规则变化：
（为了方便记忆，我们把动词原形、过去式和过去分词联系起来，分成5种类型。）
1） AAA型：put→put→put; cut→cut→cut
2） ABA型： come→came→come; run→ran→run
3） ABB型：leave→left→left; keep→kept→kept
4） ABC型：see→saw→seen; sing→sang→sung
5） AAB型：beat→beat→beaten
二、 过去分词在完成时态和被动语态中的使用
1. 现在完成时态的构成：“主语 ＋ have /has ＋ 动词的过去分词 ＋ 其他”。如：
They have worked for two years in this factory. 他们在这个工厂工作了两年。
2. 过去完成时态的构成：“主语 ＋ had ＋ 动词的过去分词 ＋ 其他”。如：
He had learnt 100 words when he was three years old. 他3岁时，就已经学了100个单词。
3. 被动语态的构成：“主语 ＋ be ＋ 及物动词的过去分词 ＋ 其他”。其人称、数和时态的变化都是通过be的不同形式表现出来。如：
She is loved by all her pupils. 她受到所有学生的爱戴。（现在时态的被动语态）
The letters were written in English. 这些信是用英语写的。（过去时态的被动语态）
When will the work be finished? 这项工作什么时候完成？（将来时态的被动语态）
过去分词（二）
过去分词在句中不可直接用作谓语。过去分词保留了动词的许多特征，因此在句中可以有自己的状语和逻辑主语。及物动词构成的过去分词形式还可以有自己的宾语，它相当于形容词和副词，在句中可作表语、定语、补足语、状语等成分。
1. 作表语
主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如：
My cup is broken. I want to buy a new one. 我的杯子坏了。我想买个新的。
2. 作定语
过去分词作定语时，常置于其所修饰的名词之前。如：
Her job was to look after wounded people. 她的工作就是照料受伤的人。
若是分词短语作定语，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如：
Is there anything planned for next Sunday? 下周日有什么活动吗？
3. 作状语
过去分词作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、方式等。如：
Asked about her name, the girl didn’t answer. 当问到她的姓名时，小女孩没有回答。
4. 作补足语
过去分词可作主语补足语和宾语补足语。作宾语补足语时，句中的谓语动词多是感观动词和使役动词。如：
The fire is reported controlled. 火情据报道已被控制住。
You should make yourself respected. 你应该使自己受到尊敬。
【温馨提示】
使役动词have接过去分词作宾语补足语时，分词的位置不同，表达的意思也不同。如：
He had his bike reparied. 他请人修好了自行车。
He had repaired his bike. 他（自己）修好了自行车。
Unit 5 I Love Learning English
Lesson 25 A Phone Friend
Teaching content:
1. Mastery words and expressions
idea, phone, encourage, follow, repeat, sentence, understand
2. Oral words and expressions
pardon, have a good talk, have an idea
3. Everyday English
May I speak to…?
This is…speaking.
I can’t follow you.
Pardon?
Teaching aims:
1. How to make a telephone.
2. Describe language difficulties in communications.
3. Learn to write a passage with many tenses.
Teaching important points:
1. Know the time difference between China and Canada.
2. How to express when you can’t follow the others.
3. Oral English.
Teaching difficult points:
Use the expressions you learned in this lesson.
Teaching preparation:
telephone, flashcards
Teaching aids:
audiotape, flashcards
Type of lesson:
new lesson
Teaching procedures:
Step 1. Talk about the weather with the students and ask “Who is on duty today?” Know about who is on duty next time.
Step 2. Introduce the topic to the class.
Ask the class:
1. Why should you spend so much time learning English?
2. How many people speak Chinese in the world?
3. How many people speak English in the world?
4. Why should so many countries use English?
Tell them if they don’t know the answers, it doesn’t matter. What we will learn is about the topic?
Step 3. Play a riddle: You answer me, although I never ask you questions. What am I? (A telephone.) The teacher asks the question: Can you guess what we will learn in this text?
Step 4. Come to “THINK ABOUT IT!”
1. How often do you make phone calls to your friends?
2. Is it hard to understand your friends when they speak English? If so, what can you ask them to do?
The students can answer the first question in English. If they can’t answer the second, they can answer in Chinese.
Step 5. Listen to the tape. Write true (T) or false(F).
1. Jenny calls Liming from Canada.
2. Li Jing is Li Ming’s cousin.
3. Li Jing loves learning English
4. Li Jing practice her English by speaking to Li Ming.
Step 6. Ask the students to read the dialogue silently and check the answers.
Step 7. Divide the class into several groups. Each group has three people. Read the text in roles in class. Practice for a while then let several groups go to the front to act it out.
Step 8. Come to “LET’S DO IT!”
Make up a dialogue with a partner. Act out a phone call between two friends. One is in China; the other is in the U.S. Try to use expressions you learned in this lesson.
When the students are making the dialogue, the teacher tours the class. If they meet any trouble, try your best to help them. After five minutes, make sure they are done. Let some students act the dialogue out in front of the class.
Do the others hear it clearly? Ask some questions about their passages in order to test their listening ability.
Homework:
1. Finish off the activity book.
2. Go on the reading in the student book.
Summary:
“Pardon” is a very popular expression in English when you can’t follow the others. It is useful in English classes. If the teacher takes the sentence as important spoken English, we can use it more often.
Lesson 26 online phone calls
Teaching content:
1. Mastery words and expressions
language, exciting, online
2. Oral words and expressions
Russia, reply, completion, proud, such
United Nations, still, each other, all over the world,
What do you mean by…? Official language
3. Useful expressions
I can’t wait to see you!
Teaching aims:
1. Learn something about English.
2. Encourage the students to learn English well.
3. Grasp the differences in speaking and writing between Chinese and English.
Teaching important points:
1. Know about English is an official language.
2. Learn about the English-speaking countries.
Teaching difficult points:
Describe why English is so important in English.
Teaching aids:
audiotape, flashcards, a recorder
Teaching procedures:
Step 1.
Introduce today’s topic. Let the students answer the following questions:
1. Why are you learning English?
2. Do you think it’s easy to learn English well?
3. Which is easier, Chinese or English?
4. What’s the best way to learn English?
Let the students discuss the questions in groups. Then give a report to the class.
Step 2. Let’s learn the words from the tape. Listen to the words in this lesson for several times. Ask the students read after it and imitate. Ask some students read the words loudly in class.
Step 3. Listen to the tape again and answer the following questions:
1. What is Alicia's good news?
2. How does Ms. Bell help Alicia with her English?
3. What did Alicia win?
4. How long will Alicia stay in Canada?
Step4. Read the text silently and check the answers. Then let the students read the text in class. After a while, ask some students to read the text in front of the class.
Step5. Retell the story, but remember not to word for word.
Step6. Come to “LET’S DO IT!”
In a small group, talk about why it is important to learn English. Make a poster about the importance of English and display it in your classroom.
Homework:
1. Finish off the activity book.
2. Go on the next reading in the student book.
Summary:
Let the students search the advertisements, the instructions of the things written in English and English songs before the class. The students will feel English is connected with our life closely. When we see the foreigners in the street, we will understand the importance of learning English.
Lesson 27 A mazing English
Teaching content:
1. Mastery words and expressions dictionary
letter, exactly, fact, sentence, quick, fox, lazy, forwards, backwards, therein, even, dig
2. Oral words and expressions
Dig and enjoy!
Teaching aims:
1. Be familiar with the rhythm of the English songs.
2. Cultivate the students’ interests in English through the English songs.
Teaching important points:
1. The three difficult words.
2. Learn to sing the song.
Teaching difficult points:
The three long words.
Teaching preparation:
flashcards
Teaching aids:
audiotape, flashcards
Type of lesson:
new lesson
Teaching procedures:
Step 1. Something about Lesson 27
Let the students show the English letters that they searched on the Internet. Divide the class into several groups and discuss the letters. Tell the differences between Chinese and English letters. Can they read and translate the letters? Help them when they meet trouble.
Step 2. Ask the class to try the following tongue twister.
Peter bought some butter. The butter Peter bought was bitter. So Peter bought some better butter, to make the bitter butter better.
Step 3. Play the tape as the students follow their books. Play the tape for several times. Let the students sing after it.
Step 4. Read and translate the sing by the students themselves. The teacher listens and make they are correct.
Step 5. Let’s sing the song together.
Then sing it in rows. Let’s see which row sings the best.
Step 6. Ask some volunteers to sing in front of the class.
Step 7. Come to “LET’S DO IT”
Learn to look up the new words in dictionary is what we learn in this lesson. Make a list of the ways you use to improve your English. If you don’t understand a word, you should look it up in the dictionary.
Homework:
1. Finish off the activity book.
2. Go on the next reading in the student book.
Summary:
It has been one year since the students went to middle school. They have learned many English songs, but how many can they sing from the beginning to the end? How many English songs did they learn on the radio or on the TV? If you want to know exactly, how about having an English party? Remember: All the students and the teacher must speak English at the party.
Lesson 28 How do I learn English?
Teaching content:
1. Mastery words and expressions
Story book, magazine, newspaper, mistake, silly, look it up in a dictionary
2. Oral words and expressions
… is not here right now? …make a mistake.
Teaching aims:
1. The ability of reading a passage before we learn the new words.
2. Learn to solve the word problems by looking up the dictionary and remember the new words according to their pronunciations.
Teaching important points:
1. Write a passage with many tenses.
2. Know about the ways of learning English well.
3. Learn to look the new words up in a dictionary.
Teaching difficult points:
Write a passage with many tenses.
Teaching preparation:
flashcards
Teaching aids:
audiotape, flashcards
Teaching procedures:
Step 1. Warm up
1. Sing the song “Say the Word”.
2. Try the tongue twister:
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. How many peppers did Peter Piper pick?
Step 2. Play the tape with the books closed. Let them write main points during their listening. Then ask a student to retell what the reading is about.
Step 3. Read the text and answer the following questions:
1. What grade is Teresa in?
2. What language does she speak at home?
3. What does she often read?
4. When does she watch English movies?
5. Where can you find the words for many English songs?
Because the reading is harder, the teacher should check the answers and explain the text when it is necessary.
Step 4. Discussion
Some students may think English is hard to learn. Do they think what is hard to learn English? Ask the students to make a list of the questions they met in their learning.
Divide the class into several groups and find the right ways to solve the problems. Give them more time to have a further discussion.
Finally the teacher can sum what they say and give them some good advice, too.
Step 5. Listen to the tape for several times. Let them read after it and imitate until they can read it correctly.
Step 6. Let some students read the text in front of the class. Encourage them to read loudly and imitate the correct pronunciation and intonation.
Homework:
1. Finish off the activity book.
2. Go on reading the text.
Summary:
This passage is about the problems that a girl met in her English learning. She has found the good ways to solve them. Some students who are weak in English may have the same problems. So in this class, the teacher should give chance to the poor students. Let them say straight and frankly. At the same time, they can improve their spoken English.
Lesson 29 A door to the world
Teaching content:
1. Mastery words and expressions
article, opportunity, knowledge, communicate, connect, encourage…to do
2. Oral words and expressions
most, the door to the world
Teaching aims:
1. Learning English well means opening the door to the world.
2. Know about the differences of writing and expressing between Chinese and English.
Teaching important points:
1. Know about the importance of learning English well.
2. Inspire the students learning interest in the ways of teamwork in the class.
Teaching difficult points:
The expression: a door to the world
Teaching preparation:
English newspaper
Teaching aids:
Audiotape, flashcards
Type of lesson:
new lesson
Teaching procedures:
Step 1. The teacher asks the class: “Who can say a piece of news in English?” Let some students report news in English. The others listen carefully and then report it in Chinese.
Step 2. Ask the class “Do you know where the news is from?” Some students say it comes from North, East, West and South. So that’s why it is called news.
Step 3. Listen to the tape with the following questions:
1. How do many people learn English?
2. Why is English so important?
3. What does “a door to the world” mean?
Step 4. Read the text silently and check the answers. Then let the students have a further discussion about the text.
Step 5. Let the students read the text loudly in class. Then ask some students to read the text in front of the class. The others listen carefully to make sure they have correct pronunciation and intonation.
Step 6. Come to “LET’S DO IT”
They can find information about English language and culture in town, city and at home. Search the information and compare with your classmates. Let’s see who has a better neighborhood.
Homework:
Finish off the activity book. Go on the next reading in the student book.
Summary:
Search more information about English, which students can do before class. Let them bring some English newspaper to the class, too. The atmosphere makes the students happy. They also feel the importance of English in our life. Oh! We are living in a world in which English is necessary.
Lesson 30 Writing an e-mail in English
Teaching content:
1. Mastery words and expressions
pal, Jessica, introduce
2. Oral words and expressions
I’m looking forward to…, but… make a sentence, write to me
Teaching aims:
1. Communicate with the foreigners in letters in English.
2. Stimulate the students’ learning interests in the way of making pen pals.
Teaching important points:
1. How to write a letter in English.
2. Have a pal from other countries.
Teaching difficult points:
Use what we learn to write a letter to a foreign friend.
Teaching preparation:
some names and addresses of the foreigners, flashcards
Teaching aids:
audiotape, flashcards, some names and addresses of the foreigners
Type of lesson:
new lesson
Teaching procedures:
Step 1. Take out one picture of your foreign friend and show it to the students. Say: “This is my pen pal. He lives in the U. S. now. I often write letters to him. What is he like? Do you want to have pen pals, too?”
The students will be very happy to have pen pals. Then let them choose one from the names and dresses of the foreigners.
Step 2. Listen to the words of this lesson. Let the students read after it for several times until they have correct pronunciation and intonation.
Step 3. Listen to the tape and answer the following questions:
1. How tall is Wang Mei?
2. What games does Wang Mei like to play?
3. What is Wang Mei trying to do in her e-mail?
4. What Chinese words does Wang Mei teach Jessica?
5. What is Wang Mei looking forward to?
Step 4. Read the text silently and check the answers. Then read the text loudly in class. Let some students read in front of the class. Choose who the best one is.
Step 5. Divide the class into small groups and let them have a further discussion.
1. What is a pen pal? Do you have a pen pal?
2. Where is Wang Mei’s pen pal from?
Step 6. Come to PROJECT “PEN PAL LETTERS”
Write a letter to a foreigner whom you have chosen. After they are done, let some students read their letters in front of the class. Others listen and find their grammar and selling mistakes.
If some students’ have pen pals, let them bring to the school and read their letters to the class.
Homework:
1. Finish off the activity book.
2. Go on the next reading in the student book.
Summary:
Ask who has pen pals and let them bring their pen pal’s letters to the school. Read them to the class. Encourage the students to write letters in English and exchange their letters with the others.
初中英语学习方法
英语是世界上最广泛使用的语言，对于中国学生来说，很多人都梦想讲一口流利的英语，学好英语对将来有很大的帮助，但是由于教育体制的落后和教学方法的不得当，给学习英语带来很多的困难。这篇文章是针对当前学校英语教育的弊端提出的解决方案。
1．明确英语学习的目的
可以和外国人沟通，学习他们的文化。
有两套思维体系（英语和和汉语），享受其中的乐趣
能看懂英文电影、阅读英文书籍等
大学毕业有更大的机会进入外企，获得高薪工作
如果以后创业，便于和外国企业沟通。
2．了解英语学习的障碍（从大到小）
汉语干扰：因为是不同的思维体系，根深蒂固的汉语会严重影响到英语学习
解决方案：尽量营造全英文学习环境，听说读写全方位，尽量用英语思考，这点也是最难做到的。
自信心：很多人不敢开口说英语，怕犯错误会很丢脸
解决方案：其实不用怕，我们不是生活在说英语国家，没人会笑话；英语也不是很复杂的语言，只要认真细心就会学好。
毅力：任何事情都需要毅力，学习英语也不例外，而且英语需要每天不断联系，日积月累才能学得好。
解决方案：一定要培养兴趣并且要自律。
英语好的标准：尤其不要把英语考试成绩好当成英语学得好的标准，能考满分也并不一定意味着语言能力好。
解决方案：英语是门语言，只能用沟通的顺畅来做为学的好坏的评判标准，平时要多加练习口语，不要局限于笔头上。
学校教育：老师所能做的主要是讲授英语的语法，而学好英语自己的努力很重要。
解决方案：记住，人才都是自学成才的，一定要自己多下功夫，不能只依靠老师有限的课堂时间以及布置的作业。
是不是觉得很难学啊?那怎么才能营造全英语学习环境？怎么能加强自信？怎么能保持旺盛的势头啊？我们来一一解决。
3．如何才能学好英语?
准备充分：词典、录音机和磁带、英语教材，一个都不能少！
单词
首先要攻克的难关，包括音标、解释、拼写等
解决方案：
1.早期靠大声朗读拼写，通过听觉来记忆，记忆没有诀窍，只有重复再重复，可以用自己的方法、技巧来记忆单词。
2.当词汇量有一定积累时，靠广泛的阅读来提高。
语法和句型
解决方案：在学校认真听老师教授的知识就基本可以解决了。
听
听是一种感觉，是一种意识，是建立在词汇量基础上的能力。
解决方案：重复听，多听，可以从自己感兴趣的方面开始，如听英语歌曲。
说
解决方案：最难掌握的技巧，没有捷径，只能靠反复练习、应用。
读
解决方案：早期跟着磁带大声朗读就行了，尽量去模仿语音、语调，口语也可以得到加强。
写
解决方案：主要靠阅读，读得多了，自然会有语感，再以所学语法为基础。
总之，听说读写是一个环环相扣的整体，只要一个方面提高，其他也会相应加强。建议从最简单的阅读入手，循序渐进，多读英语课外读物。
林语堂学习英文要诀
林语堂先生（1895-1976），以现代文学家、翻译家和英语通著名，他一生共出版中文集三种，英文著作36种。他从中国人学习英语的实际出发，提出了一系列的英语教学方法和英语学习方法，至今仍然值得我们借鉴。
学习英文要诀:
一、学英文时须学全句，勿专念单词。学时须把全句语法、语音及腔调整个读出来。
二、学时不可以识字为足。识之必然兼用之。凡遇新字，必至少学得该字之一种正确用法。以后见有多种用法，便多记住。
三、识字不可强记。得其句中用法，自然容易记得。
四、读英文时须耳目口手并到。耳闻、目见、口讲、手抄，缺一不可。四者备，字句自然记得。
五、“四到”中以口到为主要。英语便是英国话，如果不肯开口，如何学得说话?
六、口讲必须重叠练习，凡习一字一句必须反复习诵十数次至数十次，到口音纯熟为止。学外国语与学古文同一道理，须以背诵为入门捷径。每谋取一二句背诵之。日久必有大进。
七、口讲练习有二忌。
(一)忌怕羞。学者在课堂上怕羞，则他处更无练习机会。
(二)忌想分数。一想到分数，便怕说错，怕说错，便开口不得。最后的胜利者，还是不怕羞、不怕错、充分练习的学生。若得教员随时指正，自然可由多错而少错，由少错而纯正，由纯正而流利，甚至由流利而精通。此是先苦后甘之法。
八、读节要精。读音拼写，皆须注意。马马虎虎，糊涂了事，不但英文学不好，任何学问也学不好。
英语学习的策略
1．制定长远目标，明确每节课的学习任务。
根据不同学习阶段及自身能力确立一个“跳一跳才能够得着”的长远目标。有了目标就有了学习动力，有了责任感、紧迫感及努力方向。另外还要学会根据不同课型确定每节课的认知小目标，这样一开始上课，就会受到目标的激励，使大脑处于兴奋状态，才能定向注意，专心致志地去主动学习，提高学习效率。
2．争取课内外各种机会多练习英语。
语言不是教会的，而是在使用中学会的。交际能力只能在交际中得到最有效的培养。一个优秀的语言学习者应具有强烈的语言交际的欲望，应力争语言训练的各种机会。应不怕因犯语言错误而被别人讥笑。
3．课前预习。
预习是个人独立的阅读和思考。它可以培养学习者快速阅读抓主旨大意、抓主要信息、依据上下文猜测词义的能力，也可以培养分析综合及归纳概括、自己发现问题及解决问题等能力。预习也像“火力侦察”，可发现疑难引起思考，一方面可促使学习者自己查阅有关资料，查阅字典，另一方面可减少听课的盲目性，增强听课效果。
4．专心上课，有心识记。
上课是学生学习的主渠道，而学好外语的关键是尽一切努力将所学的东西记住，需要时能运用自如。因此，上课时应高度集中注意力．尽量做到五到，即心到、眼到、耳到、口到、手到。应培养瞬间记忆能力，强化“有意注意”，争取就在课内有目标、有意识地去识记该课的生词、短语、句型、重点句子。当接触到该记忆的内容时，应通过眼看、耳听、口念，将其迅速输入到记忆中枢，然后再复现出它的形象。在复现时快速用手指在桌上划出这个单词，或一个长句中最难记的或最重要的单饲，强迫自己在课内就能记住这节课最重要的东西。这样，使自己真正有着“这节课确实学到不少东西”的踏实感、成功感，进而激发动机，提高兴越，更有信心地去继续今后的学习。
5．勤记笔记。
课内扼要记笔记可以帮助集中注意力，理顺思路，增进记忆，锻炼分析归纳、综合概括以及快速反应能力。俗话说“好记性不如烂笔头”。笔记也为日后复习提供一个复习记忆纲要。要学好英语离不开泛读。进行课外阅读时也应扼要记些笔记，做些索引、摘录等，这对加深理解、巩固、积累知识，培养学习能力大有好处。
6．及时、经常、科学地复习。
复习是学习之母。要解决困扰学习者最大的知识遗忘问题，只有靠科学的复习。“艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线”揭示遗忘规律是先快后慢，先多后少。因而从时间安排上讲，复习既要及时又要经常。不仅在当天，而且在第二天、一周后、一月后以及就在你需要用它之前或者在考试前都应安排复习。从复习方法上讲．可采用强化复习(过渡／超额复习)、分散复习、集中复习，把新旧知识有机联系起来，按知识内在规律进行综合归类等复习方法,做到温故而知新，而不是简单机械复现，从而更牢固地掌握知识。
7．学习听力的方法。
(1)首先通过大量标淮、规范的。“听”，在大脑中建立正确阶听觉形象。
(2)充分利用外语课，认真听老师讲英语，练习听力。
(3)争取利用计算机多媒体等现代电教设备，使图像、文字和声音同时提供刺激，在大脑中同时产生听觉、视觉和动觉的形象，这样形成的听觉形象能够更牢固、持久地储存在大脑中。
(4)精、泛听结合，尽量加大“听”的输入量。
8．学习口语的方法。
(1)经常大声朗读英文．使嘴部肌肉运动能适应英语发音的需要。
(2)克服怕说错的心理障碍，尽可能争取一切机会开口说英语。
(3)独自一人时可采用。“英语独白”“内心独白”，创设情境，自我扮演不同角色，用自言自语的形式练习说英语。
9．学习阅读的方法。
(1)作好阅读前心理准备，全神贯注地投入阅读。
(2)克服转动头部指词逐词阅读、回视、复视以及唇读、喉读、心读等不良习惯，运用眼脑直映、扩大视距方法，掌握快速阅读技巧。
(3)主动、大胆地根据上下文和构词法知识去猜测词义。
(4)运用略读(skim)、扫读(glance)方法，理解掌握文章大意。
(5)运用审读(scan)、跳读(skip)技能，快速索所需特定信息。
(6)精、泛读结合，多信息、高密度加大“读”的输入量。精、泛读量之比至少为1：3。
10．学习写作的方法。
(1)从写正确单句人手，再从仿写开始．并结合课文进行缩写、改写练习。
(2)运用周记、日记形式经常练笔。
11．记忆单词的方法。
掌握足够的词汇是成功运用外语的关键。要解决中学生最头疼的词汇问题，一要靠努力、勤奋，二要讲究记忆的方法和技巧。中学生最常用的方法有以下几种。
(1)把单词的音、形、义结合起来，利用读音规则“听音写形”记忆单词。
(2)利用合成、派生、转化构词法规则记忆单词，扩大词汇量。
(3)记单词时要眼看、口念、耳听、脑记，且要动手，可以书空，运动记忆，五官能并用，效果最好。
(4)利用最佳时刻记忆法，强化单词记忆。多数人最佳记忆时间为早、晚即每天的两端时间。
(5)运用形—义联想记忆法记单词。例如eye可想像y为鼻子，而两个e为左、右两只限睛。
(6)运用音—义联想记忆法记单词。例如tomb的读音为[tu：m]，很像“土墓”，进而联想出“坟墓”的含义。
(7)利用分类归纳法记单词。
(8)利用同义词、反义词、同族词等对比联想记忆法记单词。 ‘
(9)运用阅读记忆法，在上下文中复习旧单词，学习新单词。
(10)制作生词小卡片，随身携带，采取零打碎敲、游击战方式记忆单词。
(11)运用循环记忆方法。强化单 记忆。战胜遗亡：
12．考试的策略和方法。
顺利通过各类英语考试是整体学习能力的一部分；要取得考试的好成绩，临考前要消除紧张心理，树立信心；对所学过知识全面复习；对平时作业、测试中的错误作彻底清查。考试时分秒必争；按先易后难顺序答题；检查时则从大分值题先检查起。除以上一般考试策略外，还应重点研究大型考试专项题型的解题思路和技巧。以下就是笔者所调查的几位英语学习成功者共同采用的解题方法。
(1)解答阅读理解多项选择测试题的方法。
先边猜边跳读，尽快地扫视全文，了解概貌，然后一词不漏、准确地弄清考题，再带着考题要求复读、寻找文中有关部分，做到选择答案不离原文，取舍有据；解答文章寓意、深层含义等题应按作者思路、逻辑推理，不钻牛角尖；解答有关文章话题时，则可从归纳各段大意人手，“多段提及方为主旨”。
(2)解答完形填空题的方法。
应先跳过空缺快速阅读全文，力求掌握文章大意；再带着每一个小题的选择项，边看短文边选择。要采取先易后难两步走策略，先 置较难的，去尽快完成上下文一目了然、涉及固定搭配、句型等大部分较易的选择。此时，在快读短文两遍后，对短文已有较完整、深刻理解的基础上，迅速完成剩余难题。最后在重读全文验证答案之后，将全部小题答案一起在答题卡上涂黑完成。运用此法解题的关键是每步骤过渡要快，不被卡住。
(3)解答短文改错题的方法。
也应尽快略读全文，边读边注意行文逻辑，此时将注意重点放在检查“一致”上，即检查时态、人称、名词的数及连接副词、连词等是否能保持上下文的连贯一致。再以句为单位先易后难，特别注意句型、习语搭配、冠词、形容词、副词、弓[导定语从句的关系词等常考考点。然后考虑全对、漏词、多词及错词等4种情况的比例，并通读全文，验证答案。最后将答案一起在答题卡上涂黑完成。
(三)管理策略
不懂得使用管理方法的学生，从本质上说就是没有方向或机会回顾自己取得的进步和成绩，也没有机会思考未来的目标。因此，管理策略应是学习策略的一个重要组成部分。中学生常用的管理策略如下。
1．制定学习计划。
计划是实施预定目标、完成学习任务的蓝图。学习者应事先周密安排，策划好在什么时间去做什么，打算怎样做。制订计划应切合实际，科学合理并留有余地。还应注意科学用脑、劳逸结合，从而保证计划的落实，提高学习效率。通过实施计划，可以充分、合理、高效地利用时间，磨炼坚强的意志，帮助养成良好的学习习惯。
2．自我评价。
自我测评学习的进步、检测方法的成效和监控学习行为。自己应对学习的成败作出客观、恰当的归因。应充分认识自己的进步、成功，哪怕是自己现在与过去相比所取得的微小进步、点滴成功。要从中得到积极的情绪体验，获得成就感，进而提高自信心。对暂时的失败，则应进行冷静的分析、反思，找出原因，学会自我心理安抚，自我鼓励，减低焦虑，不灰心，不泄气。再通过调控学习策略、学习行为，去争取新的成功。
3．结合个性特点，选择适合自己的学习策略。
目前，中外学者业已确认的独立的学习策略就多达600多种，但尚不能称为最好的、一成不变的学习策略。适合别人的，不一定适合自己；今天适合自己的，明天不一定仍适合自己。因而，应结合不同的学习目的、学习阶段、个性特点，通过思考、对比、调整，去摸索适合自己的学习策略和方法。
1998年广东省高考英语单科第一名的陈茵同学对“我是如何学好英语的”作了如下扼要的描述：“我从小就知道学好英语非常有用，一直对英语有浓厚兴趣，觉得学习英语是件非常愉快的事情。我认为学好英语的关键是多读、多背、多听、多说、多写，培养英语语感，不仅按读音规则背单词，也模仿录音带背课文中重点句子和重点段落。高一、高二时，坚持学习、背诵《新概念英语》，每周一课。平时上课时做到眼到、口到、手到、心到，努力在课内记住那些关键词句。用一草稿本尽量记下老师讲的重点内容，包括老师未板书出来的重点，下课后再加以整理。每天晚上都要复习一下当天学习的重点，每两至三课后我再全面复习一次。坚持课前预习，自己用英汉双解词典查找生词的用法并记下典型例句，再预习课文，找出不懂的问题，上课再认真听老师讲解并积极回答老师的提问。我还有一个专门“记错”的笔记本，记下练习、考试中的典型错误供复习时用。我是通过熟背典型例句来学习英语语法的。我还十分重视解题技巧的训练。除学好课本之外，我还在课外学完了《新概念英语》第一、二册的全部课文及第三册的部分课文。我长期订阅了《上海中学生英语报》，还喜欢读《21世纪英文报》《广州英文早报》的体育、文教版，有时看看英语电视节目。高一暑假我还自费参加过托福强化学习班……。”(陈茵同学原为广州执信中学学生，现就读于北京大学国际金融专业。)
1998年国际中学生英语能力竞赛广东赛区第一名的许韵同学又是怎样看待“如何学好英语”的呢?下面就是她的表述：
“我认为英语学得好并不代表有语言天分，事在人为。要清楚自己学习的动机，清楚自己为什么要学英语。只有对英语感兴趣，做到愉快学习才能学好。学习外语一定要持之以恒，切忌“三天打鱼，两天晒网”。毅力、恒心起着十分重要的作用。学习过程中要经常反思，注意与老师沟通，与同学交流学习心得。学英语要开口朗读，多听，多背诵，有利于“脱口而出”。没有输入，怎会有输出。应大量阅读课外材料，最好是英文原版，以培养语感。开始阅读时，可按兴趣选择题材，达到一定水平之后，我就有意识地选读各种层面的材料，以扩大词汇量、知识面，了解外国文化。除上好每节英语课之外，课后我坚持写英语日记，多用英语练笔；凡有机会就争取与外国人交谈。休闲时间看点英文电视、英文电影，听听英文歌曲，一举两得，学得既轻松又有效……。”(许韵同学原为广东省实验中学学生，现就读于广东外语外贸大学。)
从以上陈茵、许韵两位同学的简要描述中，不难发现她们使用的学习策略都包含在本文所列举的学习策略和方法之中。笔者对其他多名优秀中学生的调查，也都证实了这一点。事实告诉我们，只要学生爱学、会学，他们就能学好英语。
完形填空。
通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从各题所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。
Listening and speaking are very important for beginners. The __1__ in English-speaking countries first listen to others. Then they try to imitate (模仿) and __2__. We can listen to English programs on the __3__. You may just understand a few words. It doesn’t matter. Try to catch __4__ word.
Somebody may be a good listener __5__ not a good speaker because he or she is afraid of making mistakes. You know sometimes we also make mistakes when we speak Chinese. __6__ be afraid. If you really want to learn English __7__, you must try to speak with people who know English. It is important to open your __8__and speak. If there’s __9__ to talk with, you can talk to yourself in English. It is interesting and also a good way to __10__ your spoken English.
1. A. men B. women C. children D. parents
2. A. speak B. tell C. talk D. say
3. A. car B. bike C. telephone D. radio
4. A. many B. every C. both D. all
5. A. and B. so C. or D. but
6. A. Just B. Don’t C. Please D. Not
7. A. fine B. good C. well D. right
8. A. mouth B. nose C. ear D. eye
9. A. everybody B. nobody C. anybody D. somebody
10. A. turn B. show C. keep D. improve
【答案】;
1—5 CADBD 6—10 BCABD
阅读理解。
A
This is just an example of Lin Tao’s English self-study schedule (自学预定表) for one week. It is very important to be sure you can practice listening, speaking, reading and writing in a week.
Monday
Review some English spelling rules.
Tuesday
Study prepositions.
Wednesday
Read the useful sentences used in telephone conversations.
Thursday
Review the prepositions that I have learned. Practice talking in my bedroom.
Friday
Listen to the English radio program for one hour. Don’t write anything down. Just listen.
Saturday
Review all the new words I have learned this week. Write a story with the new words.
Sunday
Read an English children’s story. Do exercises.
根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。
1. ______ is a very important thing in making a personal English study schedule.
A. Reading some books
B. Thinking more of time
C. Keeping a balance of skills
D. Learning from oneself
2. Lin Tao will read the useful sentences used in______conversations on Wednesday.
A. telephone B. weather
C. shopping D. sports
3. Lin Tao will review prepositions on ______.
A. Monday B. Tuesday
C. Wednesday D. Thursday
4. Lin Tao will improve his ______ skill by practicing for one hour on Friday.
A. listening B. speaking
C. reading D. writing
5. On Saturday, Lin Tao will review ______ he has learned in the week.
A. some English spelling rules
B. all the new words
C. an English story
D. the prepositions
B
English is now the first language of about 350 million people, the mother language of twelve countries and the official language of thirty-three more countries. That means one in every seven people in the world speaks English.
In Italy, for example, English is a must for many technical jobs.
English is a world language because it is easier to learn than any other language. Now 75% of the world’s mails are in English, 60% of the world’s telephone calls are made in English, 60% of the world’s radio stations are broadcast in English and over half of the world’s books and magazines are in English. In a short, English is now the world’s first language.
根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。
6. About ______ countries speak English.
A. 7 B. 12 C. 33 D. 45
7. If you want to find a technical job in Italy, you must be able to speak ______.
A. Chinese B. French
C. English D. Italian
8. ______ of the world’s books and magazines are in English.
A. More than 50% B. 25%
C. 10% D. 40%
9. English is a world language because _______.
A. many people speak it
B. it is easier to learn than any other language
C. 60% of the world’s telephone calls are made in English
D. English is as difficult to learn as French
10. The writer thinks English is now ______.
A. a native language
B. the world’s first language
C. an official language
D. a mother language
C
Is it easy or difficult to learn English? Different people may have different answers. Have you ever read ads (广告) of this kind in newspapers or magazines? “Learn English in six weeks, or we’ll give your money back ...”“Easy and fun! Our books and tapes help you learn English well in one month. From the first day your spoken English will be wonderful. Just send ...” Of course, it never happens like that.
Think of what a little child does when he learns a language. He listens to what people say. Then he copies them. He tries to say what he hears. When he wants something, he has to speak. He is thinking about how to use the language all the time. Good teachers, tapes, books and dictionaries will help, but they can’t do the students’ work for them.
根据短文内容，判断下列句子正(T)、误(F)。
11. The ads mentioned in the passage want to say it is easy to learn English well.
12. A little child usually learns to speak by saying what he hears.
13. If you want to learn English well, a little child can be helpful.
14. According to the passage, a good teacher can do everything for students.
15. The writer doesn’t agree with the ads.
【答案】：
A. 1—5 CADAB
B. 6—10 DCABB
C. 11—15 TTFFT
课件24张PPT。 Unit 5
I Love Learning EnglishWe Will LearnFunctions
Making phone calls
Taking about possibilities
Grammar
Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself
Modal Verb: can
Structures
can I speak to____, please?
I can’t wait to see you.
How do you practice by yourselfLesson 25
A Phone Friend学会与人交流，讲礼貌。了解过去分词。Learning Aims知识目标：学会本课单词及词汇。能力目标：情感目标：How often do you make phone calls to your friends?Is it hard to understand your friends when they speak English?Chat ShowVocabularyListeningLi ming: Hello, may I please speak to Jenny?
Jenny: This is Jenny speaking. Is that you, Li Ming? How are you?
Li Ming: Good! Are you free now? my cousin, Li Jing, would you speak to you.
Jenny: OK! No problem!Li Jing is learning English. She wants to practice her English with a foreign friend, but she doesn’t have any. So Li Ming calls Jenny.Li Jing: Hello, Jenny! This is Li Jing. I’m happy to talk with you.
Jenny: Hi, Li Jing. I’m sorry. I can’t hear you very well. Could you speak more loudly?
Li Jing : Sorry, I can’t follow you. Please say that again.
Jenny: OK. Could you speak more loudly.
Li Jing : Yes. Now I understand. Jenny: Good! You speak English very well. Do you like learning English.
Li Jing : Yes. I love learning English.
Jenny: that’s great! How do you practice?
Li Jing : I practice by myself a lot.
Jenny: how do you practice by yourself?
Li Jing : I watch many English TV shows and cartoons. I also listen to English music.
Jenny and Li Jing have a good talk now, Li Jing has a Canadian friend!
QuestionsWho want to practice English? Does Li Jing have any foreign friend? Can Li Jing follow Jenny
when they are talking? Language Points1. So Li Ming calls jenny.call sb. 意为“给某人打电话”。 如：
Kate telephoned / phoned / rang (up) /called her elder brother Jim last night.
凯特昨天晚上给她的哥哥吉姆打了个电话。 关于打电话的表达方式有很多，除此之外，还可用phone sb. , telephone sb., ring sb., ring sb. up等。(电话中)
—Who is this? 你是谁？
—This is Peter. 我是彼得。
—Is that Lucy? 你是露西吗？
—Yes, this is. 是的，我是。在英语中，当打电话、敲门等双方不是面对面的情况下，回答谁是谁，不能用 “who” 或 “I” 等。
问用 “that”，答用 “this”。例如：Let’s do it!1. Listen and write true (T) or false (F).Jenny calls Li Ming from Canada. ( )
Li Jing is Li Ming’s cousin. ( )
Li Jing loves learning English. ( )
Li Jing practices her English by speaking to Li Ming. ( )TFFF2. Read the lesson and fill in blanks. The first letter is given. I love learning English. I p _____English every day by my self. But today I t____ to a foreign friend. Her name is Jenny. She is Li Ming’s friend. At first, we couldn’t u _______ each other very well. Jenny asked me to s _____ more loudly. And I couldn’t f_____ her. But later, we h _____a good talk. I have a Canadian friend now. I feel so happy.racticalkderstandpeakollowave3 Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the given words.1. This work is too hard. I can’t do it by _________ (me).
2. Jenny comes from Canada. ______(she)
friend, Li Ming, is from china.
3. You can learn this song by __________ (you).
4. Jim is an American boy. But ______ (he) Chinese is very good.
5. How do you practice English by_________ (you)?myselfHer yourselfhisyourselfExercises1. It isn't easy ______________ (understand) your friends when they speak English.
2. Pardon? Please say it ____________ (slow).I. 用所给单词的适当形式填空。to understandmore slowly3. Hello, this is Li Ming __________ (speak).
4. What does your mother often ask you______ (do) after school?speakingto dome, would, speak, with, you,
love, to, English
_____________________________________?
2. English, they, in, a, have, talk,
good
___________________________________.II. 连词成句。Would you love to speak English with meThey have a good talk in English3. made, to, yesterday, a, call, phone, he, me
__________________________________.
4. to, may, Tom, I, speak
___________________________________?
5. friend, Jack, love, with, will, talking, new, his
_________________________.Jack will love talking with his new friendHe made a phone call to me yesterdayMay I speak to Tom Try to use the expressions you learned in this lesson and give a phone call to your good friend.Homework
