2024届高三英语二轮复习议论文阅读方法 课件（23张ppt）

(共23张PPT)
高中议论文阅读方法
议论文类型题简介
※议论文的文章类型：观点、辩论
观点类：作者个人的观点立场情感体现
辩论类：多方观点冲突，作者观点收尾
※正确选项与文章主题密切相关
议论文体现作者态度，说明文体现客观事实
Ⅰ.阅读方法
1.文章结构
（1）论点
（2）论据
（3） 论证
（4） 观点态度
Ⅱ.例题讲解
真题再现-结构再现 天津.2021高考
【1】There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
【2】Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one’s field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
提出论点
运用论据论证
(分析利弊)
真题再现-结构再现 天津.2021高考
13. To become a specialist, one may have to________.
A. narrow his range of knowledge
B. broaden his perspective on life
C. know more about the society
D. avoid responsibilities at work
14. The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to________.
A. enjoy meeting funny people
B. travel around the world
C. spend most time working
D. treasure their freedom
15. According to the author, a superior doctor is one who________.
A. should love poetry and philosophy
B. is a pure specialist in medicine
C. is fully aware of his talent and ability
D. brings knowledge of other fields to work
考察论点
考察论据
考察论据
16. What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni
A. Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
B. In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C. Passion alone does not ensure a person’s success.
D. Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.
17.What could be the best title for the passage
A. Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist
B. Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide
C. Turn a Generalist into a Specialist
D. Ways to Become a Generalist
真题再现-结构再现 天津.2021高考
考查论证
考查主旨大意
2.考查重点
(1)论点
　Increasingly, Americans are becoming their own doctors, by going online to diagnose their symptoms, order home health tests or medical devices, or even self-treat their illnesses with drugs from Internet pharmacies (药店). Some avoid doctors because of the high cost of medical care, especially if they lack health insurance. Or they may stay away because they find it embarrassing to discuss their weight or couch potato habits. Patients may also fear what they might learn about their health, or they distrust physicians because of negative experiences in the past. But playing doctor can also be a deadly game.
Which of the following is the author's main argument
A.It's cheap to self-treat your own illness. B.It's embarrassing to discuss your bad habits.
C.It's reasonable to look up a medical website. D. It's dangerous to be your own doctor.
议论文阅读方法
(2) 论据
常见关键词：in sb's opinion...; most likely agree...
　　What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade (难倒) scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as "West World" and "Humans".
How people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. "We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there."
In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness .
A.helps explain artificial intelligence
B.can be misleading to robot making
C.inspires popular sci-fi TV series
D.is too limited for us to reproduce it
议论文阅读方法
（3）论证
She thinks that niksen is essential (重要的) to staying healthy, since it's a form of mental relaxation and healing (治愈). Just as a wild animal lies in wait for their prey (猎物), niksen seems to be a natural state of being.
For some people, niksen can mean more than just stress reduction. It's also a way to imagine new ideas or plans. As an early adopter of niksen, Jenny Holden, a communications expert in the UK, adds it to her daily lunch breaks. "Within 10 minutes of doing nothing—just staring and listening to myself—my head began to clear and sort out my work and home to-do lists," she told the MetroUK.
Holden's example is to show 　 .
A. niksen can shorten the distance between people
B. how niksen improves one's mental health
C. niksen is closely related to stress reduction
D. niksen helps people come up with new thoughts
议论文阅读方法
（3）论证
To learn to think is to learn to question. Those who don't question never truly think for themselves. These are simple rules that have governed the advancement of science and human thought since the beginning of time. Advancements are made when thinkers question theories and introduce new ones. Unfortunately, it is often the great and respected thinkers who end up slowing the progress of human thought. Aristotle was a brilliant philosopher whose theories explained much of the natural world, often incorrectly. He was so esteemed by the scientific community that even 1,200 years after his death, scientists were still trying to build upon his mistakes rather than correct them!
In the first paragraph, Aristotle is taken as an example to show that
A. he is the greatest and respected philosopher of all time
B. huge influence of great thinkers may block human thought
C. advancements are made when thinkers question theories
D. great thinkers often make mistakes and then correct them
议论文阅读方法
（3）论证：补充练习
I would have also told the student he was misinformed about the job market. Many employers look for graduates with specialized technical skills as well as other abilities. As the world is changing by artificial intelligence, machine learning, and automation, the unique human qualities of creativity, imagination, and moral reasoning will be highly valued. All these skills are developed in humanities courses.
Further, while a degree for the science major is an important precondition for many jobs, it is not the only route. Look at the founders of companies such as Linked, Slack, and Flicker, who are among the many tech businesspersons with degrees in the humanities, and who contribute their success to that training.
Why does the author mention successful founders of companies
A. To praise their hardworking and creative thinking.
B. To call on students to study humanities rather than science.
C. To criticize those students who look down upon humanities.
D. To convey the message that humanities contribute a lot to a successful career.
议论文阅读方法
（4）观点态度
"Gardening is not for everyone," says Maria Devereaux, a project officer at Sustain. "But, increasingly now, we've got evidence that even people who aren't gardeners are able to harvest the benefits of being outside working with nature and all the things that come with it." Evidence collected by Growing Health found simply viewing a green space through a window could help people relax and reduce stress levels. Other evidence confirmed that the physical activity of gardening could improve mental well-being.
What's Maria Devereaux's attitude towards Gardening
　 A. Optimistic.
　 B. Critical.
　 C. Indifferent.
D. Disapproving
议论文阅读方法
常见表观点态度的词：
正向: positive，optimistic，supporting，approval，favorable，approving
负向: negative, pessimistic, passive，disapproval，disapproving, critical
中立: objective，neutral
拓展知识
[1]Let's take a moment to consider the words of one of America's most remarkable philosophers, Henry David Thoreau.
[2]Thoreau spent the years 1845-1847 living on the outskirts of society in a small cabin in the woods by the side of Waldon Pond. He called this period of his life an experiment of intentional living and wrote this famous paragraph:
[3]I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life.
[4]There is great wisdom in Thoreau's purpose here, and I think it's very useful to ask ourselves this question: What would our lives be like if we sucked all the marrow out of life
[5]If Thoreau's quote sounds familiar, it may be from watching the film Dead Poets Society, a movie with deep wisdom. The film is about young men at a boarding school as they prepare to do good in the world because they have the privilege to bring about change. Their English teacher played by Robin Williams, tries to convince them that they should live life well now instead of believing that they will find happiness after they reach certain goals. Part of his argument is conveyed by quoting this famous passage from Thoreau.
例题讲解
Sucking the marrow out of life sounds simple enough, but as a matter of fact, it may be the most difficult thing that we can ever do. But it actually is as simple as it sounds—though "simple" is not quite the same thing as "easy".I can think of one barrier that often keeps us from living our best lives. What keeps us from getting the most out of life is our desire for approval and fame. In the process of always looking for fame and glory, there is the danger that we will stop living. In order to seek approval from others, we fail to find a sense of approval within our own spirit.
When we become aware that we are missing so much out of life, we can decide that we want to make changes. Our best move is to start small. If we are having a meal, whether a great festival feast or a modest supper, it is always within our power to take it slowly and really feel, taste, and enjoy the food before us. Few of us can easily do like Henry David Thoreau and get away from it all in the wilderness. But we can make small changes every single day.
例题讲解
1.What wisdom is conveyed in Thoreau's words
A. Stay away from city life. B. Live one's life to the fullest.
C. Only nature can bring happiness. D. One can never be too old to learn.
2. Why did the author mention the film Dead Poets Society
A. To recommend a good film. B. To praise the teacher's wisdom.
C. To further illustrate Thoreau's wisdom. D. To state the film was adapted from Thoreau's works.
3. What's the author's attitude towards people's seeking for approval
A. Critical. B.Supportive. C. Sympathetic. D. Unconcerned.
4. How can people change life for the better according to the author
A.Live in the wildness. B.Set higher goals.
C. Make small changes daily. D.Read more classics.
5. What could be the best title of the passage
A. Ask for More: Thoreau Exposes the Meaning of Life
B. Sunk in Thought: Thoreau Outshines Ancient Philosophers
C. Aim High: Thoreau's Practical Advice Ensures Successful Life
D. To Live Intentionally: Thoreau's Philosophy Remains Valuable
Communities across the world are starting to ban facial recognition technologies． The efforts are well intentioned， but banning facial recognition is the wrong way to fight against modem surveillance （监视）．Generally， modern mass surveillance has three broad components： identification， correlation and discrimination．
Facial recognition is a technology that can be used to identify people without their consent． Once we are identified， the data about who we are and what we are doing can be correlated with other data． This might be movement data， which can be used to "follow" us as we move throughout our day． It can be purchasing data， Internet browsing data， or data about who we talk to via email or text． It might be data about our income， ethnicity， lifestyle， profession and interests． There is an entire industry of data brokers who make a living by selling our data without our consent．
It's not just that they know who we are； it's that they correlate what they know about us to create profiles about who we are and what our interests are． The whole purpose of this process is for companies to treat individuals differently． We are shown different ads on the Internet and receive different offers for credit cards． In the future， we might be treated differently when we walk into a store， just as we currently are when we visit websites．
It doesn't matter which technology is used to identify people． What's important is that we can be consistently identified over time． We might be completely anonymous （匿名的）in a system that uses unique cookies to track us as we browse the Internet， but the same process of correlation and discrimination still occurs．
例题讲解
Regulating this system means addressing all three steps of the process． A ban on facial recognition won't make any difference． The problem is that we are being identified without our knowledge or consent， and society needs rules about when that is permissible.．
Similarly， we need rules about how our data can be combined with other data， and then bought and sold without our knowledge or consent． The data broker industry is almost entirely unregulated now. Reasonable laws would prevent the worst of their abuses．
Finally， we need better rules about when and how it is permissible for companies to discriminate． Discrimination based on protected characteristics like race and gender is already illegal， but those rules are ineffectual against the current technologies of surveillance and control． When people can be identified and their data correlated at a speed and scale previously unseen， we need new rules．
Today， facial recognition technologies are receiving the force of the tech backlash （抵制），but focusing on them misses the point． We need to have a serious conversation about all the technologies of identification， correlation and discrimination， and decide how much we want to be spied on and what sorts of influence we want them to have over our lives．
例题讲解
（1）According to Para． 2， with facial recognition，______．
A．one's lifestyle changes greatly
B．one's email content is disclosed
C．one's profiles are updated in time
D．one's personal information is released
（2）We can learn from the passage that______．
A．discrimination based on new tech surveillance is illegal
B．different browsing data bring in different advertisements
C．using mobiles anonymously keeps us from being correlated
D．data brokers control the current technologies of surveillance
（3）The underlined part "the point" in the last paragraph probably refers to______．
A．people's concern over their safety
B．the nature of the surveillance society
C．proper regulation of mass surveillance
D．the importance of identification technology
（4）The author wrote this passage to______．
A．call for banning facial recognition technologies
B．advocate the urgent need for changes in related laws
C．inform readers of the disadvantages of facial recognition
D．evaluate three broad components in modem mass surveillance
知识小结