Unit 5 Do you want to watch a game show?整单元备课(4课时)

中考题库11 动词不定式
一、选择题
1.(2010·兰州中考). We have two rooms ______, but I can’t decide ______.
A. to live, to choose which one B. lived, choose which one
C. to live in, which one to choose D. live, which one
【解析】选C
2. (2009·无锡中考) He’ll use what he has _______ her a new dress.
A. bought B. to buy C. buying D. been bought
【解析】选B
3. (2009·宿迁中考) –Mum, can I have something ________?
–Oh, dear. You can only drink some water. There is ________ in the kitchen.
A. to drink; nothing else B. drinking; something else
C. to eat; something else D. eating; nothing else
【解析】选A。不定式作定语修饰名词或代词时要放在后面，先排除B、D二项；由关键信息“You can only drink some water.”可舍C选A。
4. (2009·扬州中考) -_______ more about tomorrow’s weather, call 121.
-OK, I will. Thank you.
A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known
【解析】选C
5. (2009·绵阳中考) Please don’t forget ________ the room while I am away in Beijing.
A. clean B. to clean C. cleaned D. cleaning
【解析】选B。forget to do sth.表示“忘记将要做某事”，而forget doing sth.表示“忘记做过某事”，结合题意“当我离开去北京时不要忘记打扫房子”可排除A、C、D三项，选B。
6. (2009·孝感中考) We must do everything we can ________ waste water from running into rivers.
A. keep B. kept C. to keep D. keeping
【解析】选C
7. (2009·通化中考) The woman made his son ________ finally after she told him some jokes.
A. laughed B. to laugh C. laugh D. laughing
【解析】选C。make sb. do sth.表示“使某人做某事”，do为省略to的动词不定式，故正确答案为C。
8. (2009·泸州中考) Mum knows make a banana milk shake.
A. how B. what to C. how to
【解析】选C
9. (2009·河北中考) More and more young people are trying to do something ________ the old.
A. served B. to serve C. serve D. serves
【解析】选B。结合题意“越来越多的年轻人正尽力作为老年人服务的事情”可知要用动词不定式作定语，故排除A、C、D三项，选B。
10. (2009·天水中考) –Shall we go shopping?
-Sorry, I have lots of homework ________.
A. do B. to do C. doing D. does
【解析】选B
11. (2009·北京中考) The teacher asked Ben _______ a difficult question in class.
A. answer B. answering C. to answer D. answered
【解析】选C。考查动词不定式作宾语补足语。由关键信息asked Ben可联想到ask sb. to do sth.句式，故正确答案为C。
12. (2009·河南中考) -Have you made up your mind the sick kids?
-By singing songs.
A. what to tell B. how to cheer up
C. when to help D. where to look after
【解析】选B。考查“疑问词+不定式”在具体语境中的运用。四个选项分别意为“说什么”、“如何振作起来”、“什么时候帮助”、“在哪里照看”，结合题意“你决定如何使生病的小孩高兴起来了吗”“通过唱歌”可排除A、C、D三项，选B。
13. (2009·广东中考) Don’t you think _______ important to protect our earth?
A. that B. how C. it D. this
【解析】选C。考查it作形式宾语。分析题干可知这里要用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式短语to protect our earth，其中important在句中作宾语补足语，故正确答案为C。
14. (2009·广东中考) She was supposed _______ in hospital, but people found her in the office.
A. to lie B. lying C. lie D. lies
【解析】选A。be supposed to do sth.表示“应该做某事”，由关键信息was supposed可排除B、C、D三项，故选A。
15. (2009·济南中考) It’s a good habit ________ a walk after dinner.
A. to come B. to be C. to take D. to go
【解析】选C
16. (2009·广东中考) Let’s _______ play in the street. Father tells me ________ do so.
A. not to；not to B. not；not to C. don’t；to not D. not to；don’t
【解析】选B。Let’s (not) do sth.和ask sb. (not) to do sth.中的do(省略to的动词不定式)和to do都用作宾语补足语，故排除A、C、D三项，选B。
17. (2008·扬州中考) -It’s raining hard outside. You’d better ________.
-OK.
A. to go out B. going out C. not to go out D. not go out
【解析】选D。考查省略to的动词不定式。“You’d better not do sth.”意为“最好不要做某事”，其后跟动词原形，故选D。
18. (2008·茂名中考) She was surprised ________ me last night.
A. to see B. see C. saw
【解析】选A。be surprised to do sth.表示“很惊讶做某事”。
19. (2008·贵阳中考) “It’s cold outside.” “Why ________ stay at home?”
A. not you B. not to C. not
【解析】选C。why not后面接动词原形，即省略to的动词不定式。
20. (2008·江西中考) ________ more information about the trip, you can go to www. Jxtour.com.
A. Find B. Finding C. To find D. Found
【解析】选C。考查动词不定式作目的状语。题意为“为了找到更多的旅行信息，你可以登陆www.Jxtour.com”。
21. (2008·南通中考) -Mary was heard ________ just now. What happened?
-John was telling a joke.
A. cry B. to cry C. laugh D. to laugh
【解析】选D。hear sb. do sth.句式的被动形式为be heard to do sth，结合题意可舍B选D。
22. (2008·贵阳中考) “What are you going to do this weekend?” “I’d like ________ my parents.”
A. to visit B. visit C. visiting
【解析】选A。I’d like后接带to的动词不定式。故选A。
23. (2008·兰州中考) He preferred _______ rather than _______ TV.
A. reading； watch B. reading； to watch
C. to read； watching D. to read；watch
【解析】选D。prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.表示“宁愿做某事，也不做某事”。
24. (2008·资阳中考) The house is too small for his family _______.
A. to live in B. living in C. live in D. lives in
【解析】选A。考查动词不定式作定语，live是不及物动词，后面接宾语时要加介词in。
25. (2008·扬州中考) Some children are arguing about what TV programmes ________.
A. watching B. for watching C. to watch D. will watch
【解析】选C
26. (2008·北京中考) -My brother’s ill in hospital.
-I’m sorry ________ that.
A. hear B. hearing C. heard D. to hear
【解析】选D。be sorry to do sth.表示“为了做某事而难过”。由题意应选D。
27. (2008·扬州中考) Some children are arguing about what TV programmes ________.
A. watching B. for watching C. to watch D. will watch
【解析】选C
二、填空题
1. (2009·陕西中考) Both coats look nice on me. I really don’t know which ________ (choose).
【答案】填to choose
2. (2009·常州中考) -You forgot (close) the window again.
-Really? I won’t next time.
【答案】填to close
3. (2009·兰州中考) She is always forgetting ________ (give) me my letter.
【答案】填to give
4. (2008·无锡中考) We should think about what we can do ________ (keep) animals and plants from becoming endangered.
【答案】填to keep
5. (2008·贵阳中考) Tom stopped ________ (play) with Bob when Bob came to visit him.
【答案】填to play
Unit 5　Practice 1?
作业导航
1.掌握本单元的基础知识：Wh-问句及句型
2.能够通过练习熟练表达自己的观点。
Ⅰ.Find out the word which has the different sound from the others.从下列每四个划线部分中选出与其他三项发音不同的一项。?
1.A.none　　B.sitcom? C.come D.nothing?
2.A.mind B.till? C.opinion D.twin?
3.A.Paris B.chat? C.nature D.fashion?
4.A.top B.not? C.shop D.host ?
5.A.health B.these? C.that D.with?
6.A.teacher B.ruler? C.interview D.her ?
7.A.sea B.tea? C.idea D.teacher ?
8.A.super B.bus? C.supper D.such?
9.A.tonight B.opinion ? C.o'clock D.no?
10.A.cap B.colourful? C.city D.class ?
Ⅱ.Vocabulary.词汇。?
A）根据句意填写单词，已提供第一个字母，每空一词。?
11.Wash your hands carefully with the s______. They are too dirty.?
12.He will come to see you t______, not tomorrow.?
13.I asked them what they t______ about the movie.?
14.She loves cats, w______ her sister loves dogs.?
15.The reporter(记者) i______ us yesterday. He asked us a lot of interesting questions.?
B）用所给单词的适当形式填空。?
16.They put their ______(watch) on.?
17.This morning I ______(show) my friend a new wallet.?
18.They think that old people have no right to be ______(beauty).?
19.I enjoy ______(watch) TV on Saturday evenings.?
20.How about ______(listen) to the radio tonight??
Ⅲ. Form sentences.组句 (请注意大小写和标点符号)。?
21.do,think of, what, you, soap operas?

22.mind,don't,sports shows, I?

23.you,for,joining us, thank?

24.at all, not, she, does, like, sitcom?

25.magazine,you,can,put,in,my opinion, the ?
？
Ⅳ.Complete the dialogue with proper words.补全对话。?
Xie Kai: What do you 26 of Sports World??
Lei Hao: I don't mind it. I love Animal World best.?
Xie Kai: I do, too. What do you think of the 27 ,Zhao Zhongxiang??
Lei Hao: I like 28 ,especially his voice.?
Xie Kai: 29 about your parents??
Lei Hao: They both like Law Today. And we all love the host, Sa Beining.?
Xie Kai: What 30 he like??
Lei Hao: He's kind and cute.?
Xie Kai: What else do they like??
Lei Hao: Oh, my mother likes soap operas, but my father can't 31 them. He loves ?World News.??
Ⅴ. Reading comprehension.阅读理解。?
Mr. Knott ［not］ was a teacher. He taught in a big school in London. He lived a long way from the school, so he was usually quite tired when he got home. At nine o'clock one evening when he was in bed, the telephone bell rang in the hall, so he went downstairs, picked up the telephone and said, “Hello! Who's speaking, please?”?
“Watt ［what］.” a man answered.?
“What's your name, please?” said Mr. Knott.?
“Watt's my name,” was the answer.?
“Yes, I asked you that what's your name?” Mr. Knott said again.?
“ I told you. Watt's my name.” said the other man. “Are you Jack Smith?”?
“No, I'm Knott,” answered Mr. Knott.?
Both Mr. Watt and Mr. Knott put their telephones down angrily and thought, “What a rude, foolish man!”?
32. Mr. Knott was usually tired in the evening because ______.?
A. he was a teacher? B. he worked very hard in a school?
C. he lived a long way from school?
D. he taught too many students?
33. Mr. Watt wanted to speak to ______.?
A. his wife B. Mr. Knott ? C. Jack Smith D. Mrs. Knott?
34.“Watt's my name” means ______?
A. What's my name? ? B. My name is What.?
C. Are you asking my name? ? D. My name is Watt.?
35. Mr. Knott didn't understand what Mr. Watt said because ______.?
A. he was a foolish teacher?
B. he had bad ears?
C. Mr. Watt didn't speak loudly enough?
D. the “a” in “watt” is pronounced （发音）as the “a” in “what”?
参考答案
Ⅰ.1~5 BACDA　6~10 DCADC
Ⅱ.A)11.soap　12.tonight 13.think　14.while?15.interviewed
B)16.watches　17.showed　18.beautiful?19.watching　20.listening
Ⅲ.21.What do you think of soap operas
22.I don't mind sports shows.
23.Thank you for joining us.
24.She does not like sitcom at all.
25.Can you put my opinion in the magazine?
Ⅳ.26.think　27.host　28.him　29.How/What?30.is　31.stand
Ⅴ.32~35 CCDD
Unit 5精选题
词组 （10分）
1．连续剧_____________ 2.实际上___________
3.喜欢看电视__________ 4.体育节目________________
5.欢迎来参加这个节目______________
6.认为/考虑________________
7….怎么样？_______________
8.周末谈话节目_______________
单词（10分）
1.Tonight, I’m going to watch Man and N_____________.
2.Some boys a__________ with me in the meeting .
3.I can’t s_________ Healthy Living.
4.”Animal World ” is the most popular s___________ in China.
5.What do you t________ of talk show?
6.The basket is empty. There’s n___________ in it.
7.Wash your dirty hands with the s_________ .
8.Thanks for j__________ our show.
9.My mom enjoys w__________ sitcoms.
10.I can’t stand soap o___________.
用动词的适当形式填空（5分）
1.Thank you for __________(come) to the show.
2.Listen !Someone ___________(talk) in the room.
3.What about ____________(play) football now?
4.What ________ you _________(think) of soap operas?
5.Where _______ they ________(go) on vacation last summer?
选择填空（15分）
( )1.I turned _____ the radio and listened ________ the music.
A. on , on B. to, to C. on, to D. in, in
( )2.My father enjoys __________ newspapers.
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
( )3.The sitcom is very interesting, I ___________ it.
A. like B. don’t like C. don’t mind D. can’t stand
( )4.I __________ soap operas. They are boring.
A. can’t stand B. like C. love D. don’t mind
( )5.-I think football is very interesting. -I agree __________you.
A. to B. with C. on D. at
( )6.I love the talk show. He _________, too.
A. do B.does C. what about D.is
( )7.This is ________________.
A. what I want B. what do you do
C. where is he D. how is it going
( )8.She can’t stand that she has ________ right to __________ beautiful.
A. no, be B. not, be C. not, is D. no, is
( )9.He looks rich. __________ He is very poor.
A. In the fact B. In fact C. At the fact D. At fact
( )10.She __________ her photos __________ us yesterday.
A. showed, for B. shows , to
C. shows , with D. showed, to
( )11.Li Lida a ___________ boy crossed the Qiongzhou Channel in June 2000.
A. thirteen-year-old B. thirteen-years-old
C. thirteen years old D. thirteen- years old
( )12.__________ the answers are right, but __________ are wrong.
A. Some of, others B. Each of, the others
C. Some of , the other D. Each of , others
( )13.________ your father __________ game shows?
A. What do, think of B. What are, think
C. What does, think of D. What is , think
( )14.-Are you free this evening?
-No, I have a lot of homework ___________.
A. to do B. doing C. does D. do
( )15.-Can’t you hear ______? -No, I can hear__________.
A. anything, nothing B. anything, anything
C. something, nothing D. something, something
改错（5分）在错误下划线，在横线上改正。
Do you know the young man wears sunglasses?_ ____________
2.He doesn’t like English. I don’t ,too. ____________
3.–What do you think of sitcoms? –I love it. ____________
4.Every student in our class like soap operas. ____________
5.Last week I ask some students about fashion. _____________
补全对话（10分）
A: What do you ______1____ of Sports World?
B: I _____2______ mind ____3______. I love Animal World best.
A: I do, _____4______. What do you think of the ____5_______, Zhao Zhongxiang?
B:I like _____6______, especially his voice.
A: ______7______ about your parents?
B: They like Law Today. And we all love the host Sa Beining.
A: What else do they ______8______?
B: Oh, my mother likes soap ______9_____, but my father can’t ____10_______ them. He loves World News.
句型转换（10分）
1.I agree with what she said.(改为一般疑问句)
__________ _________ agree with what she said?
2.His mother doesn’t mind soap operas.(对画线提问)
________ does his mother ______ of soap operas?
3.This lesson is easy. (改为同义句)
This is __________ __________ lesson.
4.Does your sister love talk shows?(改为陈述句)
___________ sister ___________ talk shows.
5.shows, do, of, you, what, think , game(连词成句)
________________________________________________________?
完成句子（20分）
1. 你觉得游戏节目怎么样？ 我忍受不了。
__________ do you ________ _________ game shows? I _______ ______ them.
2..我家乡的每个人都很友好。
____________ in my hometown __________very ____________.
3. 我哥哥喜欢体育世界而我姐姐喜欢情景喜剧。
My brother ____________ Sports World, but my sister likes_______________.
4. 老师经常带领我们参观这家工厂。
The teacher often __________ us ___________ the factory.
5. 今天没有什么有趣的事情。
There is __________ ____________ today.
6. 课后他在操场上练习跑步。
_________ class he___________ _________ on the playground.
7. 她考虑下一步要干什么。
She is _________ _______ what_________ __________ next.
8. 今晚我喜欢看体育世界。
I like to __________ __________ ____________ tonight.
9. 本周关于时尚问题我问了几个同学。
This week, I __________ students ___________ fashion.
10. 老人有权利穿鲜艳的衣服。
Old people have right _________ ________ _________ clothes.
书面表达 （15分）
My favorite TV show.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
新目标七年级下学期期末总复习Unit 11精选题答案
一．词组 （10分）
1.soap opera 2. in fact 3. like watching TV 4. sports show 5. welcome to the show
6. think of 7. What /How about 8. weekend talk
单词（10分）1.Nature 2. agreed 3. stand 4. show 5. think
6. nothing 7. soap 8.joining 9.watching 10. operas
用动词的适当形式填空（5分）1.coming 2. is talking 3. plying 4. do , think 5. did, go
选择填空（15分）1-5 CDAAB 6-10 BABBD 11-15 AACAA
改错（5分）1.wears---wearing 2. too----either 3. it----them 4. like--- likes 5. ask---asked
补全对话（10分）1.think 2. don’t 3. it 4. too
5. host 6. him
7. What 8. like 9. operas 10. stand
句型转换（10分）
1.Do you 2.What think 3.an easy 4.My loves 5.What do you think of game shows?
完成句子（20分）
1.What think of can’t stand 2 .Everyone is friendly 3. loves sitcoms 4. shows around 5. nothing interesting 6. After practices running 7. thinking about to do 8. to watch Sports News 9. asked about 10. to wear colorful
九．书面表达 （15分）
My favorite TV show.
I like watching TV and I like TV shows very much. Every weekend, I usually sit in the living room watching TV with my family. I like action movies, soap operas and sitcoms. But my favorite TV show is English Today. Why do I like it? Because I like English very much. I want to be a worker for the Bejing 2008 Olympic Games. I want to help people in English. I hope I will travel around the world one day.
中考英语考点16不定代词
不定代词
不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词，英语中不定代词有：some（something，somebody，someone），any（anything，anybody，anyone）， no（nothing，nobody，no one）， every（everything，everybody，everyone），all，each，both，much，many，（a）little，（a）few，other（s），another，none，one，either， neither等。
1．不定代词的作用
1）作主语，例：
Both（of us） are right．
（我们）两人都对。
Either（of the answers） is correct．
两个回答不论哪一个都对。
Neither（of the answers） is correct．
两个回答哪一个都不对。
Is everybody here？
大家都到了吗？
Nothing special happened yesterday．
昨天没有发生什么特殊的事情．
All is going well．
一切进行得很好。
2）作宾语，例：
There is room for all of us．
我们所有的人全坐得下。
He gave two to each（of them）．
他给（他们）每人两个。
I like none of the books．
这些书我全不喜欢。
If you have any， give us some．
有的话，给我们一点。
3）作表语，例：
That’s nothing．
没什么。
Is that all you want to know？
你想知道的就是这些吗？
Thanks， it’s too much for me．
谢谢，太多了。
I’m not somebody，I’m nobody．
我不是重要人物，我是个无名小卒．
That’s really something．
那真是一大收获。
4）作定语，例：
You may take either road．
两条路你走哪条都行。
Every room is clean and tidy．
每一个房间都很整洁。
Everybody’s business is nobody’s business．人人都管等于没人管。（谚）
Where are the other students？
其他的学生在哪里？
Please give another example to illustrate your point．请再举个例子来说明你的论点。
5）作同位语，例：
They both agreed to stay here．
他们两人都答应待在这儿。
We are all for him．
我们全支持他。
We none of us said anything．
我们谁也没说什么。
Give them two each．
给他们每人两个。
2．不定代词的用法比较
1）all，every和each的比较
all在表示抽象的整体概念时，作单数，相当于everything（一切东西），例：
All was destroyed in the big fire．
大火中一切都毁了。
Grasp all， lose all．
什么都抓，什么都抓不住。（谚）
Is that all you Want to know？
你想知道的就这些吗？
all指人时用作复数，意为指三者以上的“全部”、“全体”，相当于everyone（每个），例：
All are present．
大家都出席了。
There is room for all of us．
我们所有的人全坐得下。
She knows us all．
她认识我们所有的人。
all在人称代词前面，只能用all of，而且要与人称代词的宾格us， you， them等连用，如：all of us，而不能说成all us。
every用于三个或三个以上的人或物，是“每一个”的意思，只能作定语，强调整体概念，例：
Every player is present．
每个运动员都出场了。
They helped us in every way．
他们从各方面帮助我们。
在表示“每个”、“全体”意思时，every的意思与all很接近。但一般情况下every和单数名词搭配，all和复数名词搭配，例：
Every child enjoys Christmas．
每个孩子都喜欢过圣诞节。
All children enjoy Christmas．
所有的孩子都喜欢过圣诞节。
Each也是“每一个”的意思，但与every不同，each用于指两个或两个以上的人或物，着重于个别概念，例：
Two men came into the room． Each carried an umbrella．
两个人走进房间，每人拿着一把伞。
Each book on this desk is worth reading．
这桌子上每一本书都值得读。
He gave three to each（of them）.
他给（他们）每人三个。
2） some和 any的比较
不定代词some，any都是“一些”的意思，都可和可数名词或不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句中；而any则用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中，例：
Tom has some picture－books．
汤姆有几本图画书。
I have waited some time．
我已等了一会儿了。
Have you any questions？
你有问题吗？
There aren’t any pictures on the wall．
墙上没有图片。
If there are any new magazines in the library, take some for me．
如果图书馆来了新杂志，替我借几本。
注意：在表示请求或建议，希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，应用 some而不用 any，例：
Would you please give me some paper？
请你给我一些纸张好吗？
Would you like some sugar？
你要点糖吗？（=给你一些糖好吗？）
some还可用于盼望得到肯定答复的疑问句，如：
Isn’t there some ink in that bottle？
那个瓶不是还有点墨水吗？
当any表示“任何”或“无论哪一个”的意义时，可用于肯定句，此时any要重读，例：
Any one will do．
任何一个都行。
You may come at any time that is convenient to you．
你可以在对你方便的任何时候来。
some， any和 body， one， thing构成合成代词 somebody，someone， something， anybody， anyone， anything等和 some，any的基本用法一样，由some构成的合成代词一般用于肯定句，由any构成的合成代词一般用于否定句和疑问句。
如果要在疑问句中表示请求，建议等肯定的意思或者盼望得到肯定的答复，须用somebody，someone或something。
3） many、 much和 few、little
many（很多）， few（很少）， a few（有几个）是表示数的代词，用以代替或修饰可数名词； much（很多），little（很少）， a little（有一些）是表示量的代词，用以代替或修饰不可数名词。 a few和 a little表示肯定的意义，而 few和little
则表示否定意义。这些词一般作定语时较多，有时也可作主语、宾语，例：
She has as many books as you．
她拥有与你同样多的书。（定语）
I have few books to lend you.
我几乎没书可借给你。（定语）
My mother had a little money on her．
我妈妈身边有点儿钱。（定语）
Many have come to the meeting．
许多人已来开会。（主语）
There is little left．
没剩多少了（主语）。
He knows little about it．
这事他不太了解。（宾语）
How much is it？
多少钱？（表语）
注意： a lot（of）， plenty of等一类的短语相当于many和much，可修饰可数或不可数名词，一般用于肯定句，例：
She has a lot of books on this subject．
她有许多关于这个课题的书。
4）other（s），the other和another
other表示“另一个”的意思，在句中可作主语、宾语或定语，不独立使用，通常修饰可数名词复数。其复数形式是others，可独立使用，无范围限定。other和others前面加定冠词the时是特指，表示两个中的一个；前面不带定冠词the时，表示泛指，例：
I have two brothers．One is a doctor，the other is a teacher．
我有两个兄弟。一个是医生，另一个是教师。（特指，作主语）He is always ready to help others．
他总是乐意帮助别人。（泛指，作宾语）
Five of them are in the classroom．What about the others？
他们中有五个人在教室里。其余的人呢？（特指，作宾语）
another（另外一个，又一个）只能代替或修饰单数名词，可用作主语、宾语或定语，不独立使用。它实际上是由an＋other构成的，因此前面不可再用冠词，即不定指。例：
Don’t lose heart．Have another try．
别灰心，再试一次。（作定语）
I have got three English novels．One is written
by Charles Dickens，another（is written）by Mark
Twain，and the third（is written）by Bronte．
我有三本英语小说。一本是查尔·狄更斯写的，另一本是马克·吐温写的，还有一本是布朗蒂写的。（作主语）
another后面还可以跟few 或带数字的复数名词，例：
Just think what our town will be like in another few years．
设想一下，再过几年我们这个城市将是什么样子。
You’d better stay in bed for another two weeks．
你最好再卧床二周。
初中英语语法（动词不定式）1．不定式的基本形式与结构 动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形 (如to write) 所构成的一种非限定性动词形式，但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式有进行体和完成体(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被动态(如to be written)，所有的主动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，也不论是动作动词还是状态动词，都有不定式形式。助动词除be和have外， 没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
2．不定式的用法1)不定式结构作主语1.Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago．2.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge．在上述情况下，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替)，而将不定式放到后面。如：1.It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago．2.John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time．不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过for sb. to do sth. 结构表达：1.It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review．2.It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.在某些形容词(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind， naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表语时，不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语：1.It is very kind of you to tell me the truth．2.It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing．2)不定式作宾语不定式作宾语有两种：一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式， 另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。及物动词+带to的不定式结构:只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有: afford， agree， aim， appear， ask， believe， care，claim，decide demand， desire， determine， expect， fail， happen， hesitate， hope， intend， learn， long， manage， offer， pretend， promise， prepare， refuse， seek， swear， undertake，want， wish等。1.He managed to solve the complicated problem.2.The stranger offered to show me the way.3.Mr. Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.
动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式：这类动词常见的有advise， decide， find out， forget， inquire， know， learn， see， regard初中英语语法总结， remember， teach， tell， understand， wonder等。常见的疑问代(副)词有: what， when， where， which， how， whether等。1.He does not know when to start.2.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.3.I will show you how to deal with it.有时，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达：动词(如find， think，consider，feel等)+it+ 形容词+不定式。1.She considers it necessary to make friends with him.2.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.3)不定式做表语一种情况为主语是不定式(表示条件)；表语也是不定式(表示结果)：1.To see is to believe.2.To work means to earn a living．另一种情况为主语是以aim，duty，hope， idea，job， plan，problem， purpose，thing，wish等名词为中心的短语，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用：；例如：1.His aim is to study abroad in the near future．2.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price．3.What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience．4)不定式作定语 不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型：第一种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如：1.There was really nothing to fear． 2.He gave me an interesting book to read．如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就得加相应的介词。例如：1.Mary needs a friend to play with．2.That girl has nothing to worry about．3.They have a strict teacher to listen to．4.Although the film had been on for ten minutes， I still was not able to find a chair to sit on．第二种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语；例如：1.Have you got a key to unlock the door?2.The action to be taken is correct．3.There is nothing to be gained by pretending．第三种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意义的名词：ability， attempt， effort， impulse， inclination，wish等。例如：1.Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her．2.I have no wish to quarrel with you．3.Neither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary.5)不定式作状语不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语：1.They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area．2.They are quite surprised because they see the great changes taking place in the area．3.He was lucky to arrive before dark．4.He was lucky because he arrived before dark．作目的状语：1.She raised her voice to be heard better．2.She raised her voice so that she could heard better．3.We went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jam．4.We went via Heidelberg so that we could miss the traffic jam．作结果状语：1.The French football team played so successfully as to defeat the Brazilians．2.The French football team played so successfully that they even defeated the Brazilians．3.He got to the station only to be told the train had gone．4.He got to the station and was told that the train had gone．不带to的不定式的使用动词不定式通常带to，但在有些搭配中不带to，在另一些搭配中可带to可不带to。归纳起来，以下情况下使用不带to不定式：1) 在can／could， /may／might，will／would，shall／should，must， need，dare等情态动词之后，动词不定式不带to。2)在表示感觉意义的动词，如see初中英语语法总结，feel，watch，notice，smell，hear，observe等后，或是表示“致使”意义的动词，如have，let，make等后，动词不定式不带to。例如：1.I often heard him say that he would study hard．2.I must have him see his own mistakes．但是，当这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带to不定式一般转换为带to不定式。例如：1.He was often heard to say that he would study hard．2.After he had finished speaking，he was made to answer innumerable questions．3)在动词help之后可用不带to的不定式，也可用带to的不定式。例如：1.Help the old lady (to) carry the heavy box.4) 在had better，would rather，may／might as well，rather than，can not but等搭配之后初中英语语法总结，动词不定式也不带to。例如： 1.Unless you feel to ill to go out，I would rather not stay at home tonight．2.She could not but criticize his foolish behavior.5) 在make do，make believe，let drop，1et fall，1et fly，let slip，let drive，let go off，hear say，hear tell，leave go of等固定搭配中，用不带to的动词不定式。例如：1.They let go of the rope．他们松开了绳子。2.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me．约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。3.I've heard tell of him．我听说过他。4.Some of the faculty were let go for lack of the students．由于生源不足，一些教职员工被解雇了。6)在介词but初中英语语法总结初中英语语法总结，except之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带to，反之则必须带to，表示“不得不初中英语语法总结，只能”。例如：1.He will do anything except work on the farm．2.There was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender．3.The spy was both hungry and cold；there was nothing left for him but to give in．4.I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining．下面一些短语是固定搭配，不带to：can not help but，can not choose but，can not but，do nothing but，have nothing to do but。例如：I can not but admire his courage.如果上述句中有do，to省略：I did nothing but watch TV last night．如果是下面一个固定搭配，就带to：I have no choice but to give up my idea.7)紧跟在why或why not之后的动词不定式总是不带to。但是，紧跟在who，what，which，whether等连接词后的不定式带to。例如：Why stand up if you can sit down?Why not ask your teacher when you don't understand the meaning?You needn't decide yet whether to study arts or science．
4．不定式的完成式和进行式1)构成完成式：to+ have done进行式：to+ be doing2)用法完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作(状态)发生在主要谓语动作之前初中英语语法总结，那么不定式就要用其完成式。进行式：如果主要谓语动作(情况)发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在发生，那么不定式就要用其进行式。例如：1.She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the deadline．2.The Vikings are believed to have discovered America．3.When you called me last night， I happened to be working on the computer．5．不定式的被动形式当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动形式，包括它的一般式和完成式。例如：1.For twelve years， Spanish censorship did not allow Lorca's name to be mentioned and his work to be published．2.The snow was supposed to have been blown off the mountain．6．不定式的否定形式否定形式是在不定式的标志to前加not。例如：1.I decided not to ask him again．2.Please remember not to leave the lights on when you are out．
单项选择
1. ______ the seeds and they will grow.
A. Water???? B. To water C. Watering???? D. Watered
2. The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but ______ work
for young people.
　　A. provide?? B. to provide C. providing???? D. provided
3. He arrived at the office early, ______ a good example to the others.
　　A. set????? B. to set C. to be set????? D. having set
4. Please make my excuse at tomorrow’s meeting — I’ve got too much work ______.
A. to do to come??B. doing coming　C. to do coming??D. to do coming
5. We looked everywhere for the keys, but they are nowhere _____
　　A. to find???B. to have found C. to be found???? D. being found
6. After describing the planned improvements, she went on ______ how much they would cost.
A. to explain? B. explaining C. to be explaining?D. having explained
7. To test eggs, ______ them in a bowl of water: if they float they’re bad, if they sink they’re good.
　　A. put???? B. putting C. to put??? D. to be putting
8. Please remember ______ the plants while I’m away.
　　A. watering???B. to be watering　C. to water? D. being watering
9. ______ wine, first you must press the grapes.
　　A. Making??? B. To make　C. To be making???? D. Make
10. I’ve never been so poor ______ able to afford a meal.
　　A. as to be not?? B. not as to be C. as not to be??D. as to not be
11. I don’t know whether to stay in teaching or ____another job.
　　A. trying getting??B. to try to get C. trying to get? D. try get
12. I’ll have to change my clothes before I go out — I don’t
want ______ like this.
　　A. to see? B. to be seeing C. to be seen???? D. being seen
13. In fact, she was the first woman ______to such a post.
A. to elect?? B. to be electing
C. to have elected??D. to have been elected
14. I’d like ___over the Alps and looking down at the mountains.
　　A. flying??? B. being flying C. to be flying????? D. be flying
15. I’m learning ______ a cake. Can you explain ______ one?
A. to make, to make????B. how to make, to make
C. to learn, how to make?? D. making, making
16. Whom would you rather _____ with you, Jim or Jack?
　　A. have go????? B. have to go 　C. have gone???? D. has to go
17. The husband advised ______to the south, but his wife advised him _____ up the idea.
　A. moving, giving?? B. to move, to give C. moving, to give??D. to move, giving
18. “Would you like to come for a walk with me?” “I’d prefer ___, thank you.” A. not to?? B. to not C. not????? D. can’t
19. I would mend your radio, but I don’t know ______.
　　A. how???? B. to C. how to??? D. to how
20. “I haven’t heard from Henry for a long time.” “What do you suppose ______ to him?”
　　A. was happening??B. to happen C. has happened??D. had happened
21. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was
the person _____.
　　A. to send? B. for sending it C. to send it to?D. for sending it to
22. “Do you know the girl in red?” “She seems _____ me at last month’s party. But I’m not sure.
　　A. to introduce to???????????????? B. to be introduced to?
　　C. being introduced to?????????? D. to have been introduced to
23. We all agreed ______ for another day, but Jim disagreed ____
A. to wait, to do so??B. to wait,不填C. waiting, doing so?D. waiting,不填
24. He made up his mind to devote his life _____ pollution _____ happily.
　　A. to prevent, to live????????????? B. to prevent, from living
　　C. to preventing, to live????????? D. to preventing, from living
25. I wish I’d been there — I would like ____ her face when his husband came in.
　　A. to see????????????????????????????? B. to have seen
　　C. seeing????????????????????????????? D. having seen?
【参考答案】
　　1—5 ABBAC?
　　6—10 AACBC?
　　11—15 BCDCC?
　　16—20 ACACC
　　21—25 CDBCB?
Unit 5 Do you want to watch a game show?
Part 1: Teaching Design (第一部分：教学设计)
Teaching Aims
Learn some names about different kinds of shows
Learn to talk about likes and dislikes
Vocabulary
Words
soap, sitcom, stand, mind…
Phrases
talk show, sports show, game show, soap opera, think of…
Expressions
what do you think of sitcoms?
I love them.
What does he think of game shows?
He doesn’t mind them. In fact he can’t stand them.
How about --?
I enjoyed …
I can’t stand …
Structures
What do you think of soap operas / sports shows?
I can’t stand them. We don’t mind them.
What does he / she think of …?
She doesn’t like it.
What do they think of Anna?
They love her.
Section A
Teaching goals
Master the new words: nothing, soap opera, sitcom, situation, stand, mind, king, host, culture, agree
Learn to ask and answer: What do you think of ...?
I like / love ...
I can’t stand ....
I don’t love / like / mind ...
Teaching procedures
Step 1: Warming up
Show students some pictures about fruits and ask students:
Do you like apples / bananas?
What fruit do you like?
What abut your parents / friends?
Help students answer using the following sentences.
I like / love them very much/ a little.
I don’t like / love them.
2. Ask students their feelings about different kinds of shows.
For example: Do you like comedies or action movies?

Step 2: Presenting
ask students to say out different shows they know.
talk show, soap opera, sports news, sports show, sitcom, game show, culture-China, animal world. around the world, thriller, Legal Report, action movie ...
Ask students: What do you think of ...?
Do you like / love ...?
Help them answer using the words: love, like, don’t mind, can’t stand, don’t love / like
Let students read the drills aloud.
Step 3: Practicing
Activity 1
Point to the five pictures in 1a. Let students guess what shows they are.
For example: T: There is a man playing baseball in Picture a. I think it’s a sports show.
Let students talk about the other shows in Picture b—e in the same way.
Point to the 5 phrases in 1a. Let students read them aloud.
Ask students to match the TV shows with the pictures.
Check the answers.
Activity 2
Students work in pairs, ask and answer about the shows in 1a.
Model: A: What do you think of sitcoms?
B: I love them. What about you?
A: I don’t mind them.
Step 4: Listening (1b)
Read the instructions to class. Let students listen carefully.
Play the recording the first time, students only listen.
Play the recording the second time, students listen and write a letter a—e from activity 1a.
Check the answers
Step 6: Listening (2a, 2b)
Call students’ attention to the five phrases in 2a and read them.
Draw students’ attention to the picture and understand the 2 girls are talking about the TV show.
Play the recording the first time, students listen and number the expressions as they hear them.
4. Check the answer
5.Play the recording the second time, students listen and fill in the chart. Before listening, draw their attention to the dialogue in 2b.
6.Check the answers
7.Students practice the conversation in 2b in pairs and make their own conversations about TV shows they know.
Model: A: What do you think of the Pink Lady?
B: I love it very much. How about you?
A:I don’t mind it. What do you think of Xiaoping?
B: I like her a lot. What about you?
A: I can’t stand her.
Check some pairs.
Step 5: Practicing (3a)
Activity 1
Call students’ attention to the list of TV shows and ask a student to read the names to the class.
Ask students to work in pairs: What do you think of English Today / Sports News ...?
Ask students to work in pairs. Ask and answer questions
What do Yang Lin and Alan think of these CCTV show? Then fill in the blanks.
Check the answers
Activity 2
Call students attention to the conversation in 3b. Teacher reads it to the class. Ask students to pay attention to the blanks.
Work alone. Ask students to use the information in Activity 3a. Fill in the blanks.
Check the answers.
Ask students to practice the conversation in pairs in 3b. Then make their own conversations.
Activity 3
Students work in groups. Take out a piece of paper and list TV shows as many as possible.
Students write down what they think of the TV shows on the paper.
Ask one of students to do a report for their group. Listen and check.
Section B
Teaching goals
Master the new words
Learn some new phrases
Teaching procedures
Step 1: Making a revision
Show some real object used in daily life and ask them "What do you think of ...?" "Do you like ...?" " What about ...?
Show students some school things and let students talk about their likes and dislikes. for example:
I like color pencils. I don't like .... I can't stand ....
Step 2: Presenting
Call students attention to the six pictures in 1a. Teach them the new words and let them repeat.
Show students some real objects used in daily life and let students shout out their names as quickly as possible.
Ask students: What do you think of ...?
students use the verbs they learned to answer.
Step 3: Practicing
Activity 1
Call students attention to the six words in 1a. Let students read them loud together.
Students look at the pictures; match the words with the pictures.
Check the answers.
Activity 2
Ask students to work in pairs. Ask and answer about the nine pictures. For example:
A: What do you think of the …?
B: I don’t' mind it. …?
A: Yes, I like them.
B: What does your father think of the watch?
A: He can't stand it.
Activity 3
Read the instructions to the class. Let students tell the class what they have.
Step 4: Reading
Ask students to read the article in 2b individually. At the same time, students get ready to answer the following questions:
Ask several students to give their answers.
Check the answers.

Step 5: Writing
Teacher reads the letter to class and call their attention to the blanks.
Students look at the pictures in activity 1a. Complete the letter with their own opinions. Use the words like, love, don't mind, don't like, can't stand,
Students read the letter aloud again and pay attention to the following words and expressions:
enjoy doing sth,
This is what I think.
Self-check
Teaching goals
Help students to review all the key vocabulary presented in this unit.
Help students practice writing about others.
Give students an opportunity to use the target language in conversation.
Teaching Procedures
Step 1: Learning words
Ask students to read the words in Part 1 aloud and know the meanings of them.
Ask students to divide the words into 3 different groups.
shows: talk show, soap opera, sports show, sitcom, game show.
daily things: sunglasses, watch, scarf, wallet
words about likes and dislikes: don't mind, don't like, can't stand
Ask students to write 5 or more new words in their vocab-builder
Step 2: Reading and writing
Point to the picture in Part 3. Ask students to talk about what they see in the picture.
Ask a student to read what Rose Smith says to the class. Then ask students: Do you agree with her?
Let students talk about their own opinions in pairs about the idea that old people can't be beautiful. Use the words given below: can't stand, don’t' mind, don't like, love, like
Ask students to take out a piece of paper and write their opinions on the paper.
Ask some individual students to read their opinions to the class.
Walter Elias Disney (1901-1966) was a creative man whose successful career was conjured up from the world of fantasy. In reality, The Walt Disney Company stands as being the second largest "media conglomerate" in the world today, according to Answers.com. The company's assets include movies, music, radio, television, TV studios, theme parks and resorts. Here are 10 interesting facts about Walt Disney:
1. He Wasn't Adopted, But "Disney" Is Not Walt's Real Last Name
Walt Disney's ancestors, whose last name was actually "d'Isigny", came from a village in France. The name is pronounced "Deez-nay." Fortunately, the name was changed to "Disney". It's much easier to plan a trip to Disney World, don't you think?
2. Disney Never Got to See It, But...
To date, over 800 famous people have been featured on a U.S. postage stamp. The list includes past U.S. Presidents, actors, actresses, historical figures and a motion picture producer and animator. An interesting fact about Walt Disney is that he was honored by having his picture on a six-cent United States commemorative postage stamp that was issued September 11, 1968.
3. Walt Disney's Body Is Frozen in a Cryonics Chamber
This statement is nothing more than a rumor that is still circulating around decades after Disney's death. According to Snopes.com, "his reputation as a technological innovator" probably fueled this story. After he died, Walt Disney's body was cremated. It was then interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.
4. Walt Disney Didn't Graduate From High School
In a world where higher education is strongly linked to career success, Walt Disney is a perfect example of an exception to that rule. He attended McKinley High School until he dropped out at age 16. However, Walt Disney, who created the beloved "Mickey Mouse" character in 1928, and built the Disney Empire, won honorary degrees from several universities such as Yale, Harvard and UCLA.
5. Walt Disney Sometimes Used Alias Names
At times, Walt Disney used the names "Retlaw Elias Yensid" or "Retlaw Yensid". These are both his real name spelled backwards. In the movie "Fantasia", Disney named the sorcerer "Yen Sid"- the letters of "Disney" reversed.
It's said that when Disney was searching for land to build a theme park on, he used the name "M.T. Lott" so potential sellers wouldn't hike prices up on him, knowing he was rich.
6. Another Interesting Fact About Walt Disney...
Walter Elias Disney was born in Chicago, Illinois on December 5, 1901. After years of chain-smoking, Disney passed away on December 15, 1966 from lung cancer.
7. A Gift of Love Turned to Tragedy
According to www.tv.com, brothers Walt and Roy Disney, in 1922, began what is now known as the "Walt Disney Company." After they found success, they bought their parents, Elias and Flora Disney, a new house in Los Angeles. Unbeknownst to them, the house had a faulty heating system. Sadly, Mrs. Disney died from carbon monoxide poisoning.
8. Walt Disney's Favorite Meal
Another interesting fact about Walt Disney is that he often spent his lunchtimes seated at his desk. Not because he couldn't afford to go out and buy his lunch, of course. According to About.com, Disney's choice meal was chili with beans, tomato juice and soda crackers.
9. Disney's First Academy Award
Walter Elias Disney won a special Academy Award in 1932 for creating the cartoon character named Mickey Mouse. Following the lovable mouse were Donald Duck, Goofy, Pluto and a host of other characters.
10. Disney Was a Record-Breaking Oscar Award Winner
Walt Disney won a total of 32 Oscar Awards- more than anyone else ever has!- during his 43 year career. He also was nominated 64 times. Disney also won 48 Academy Awards, 7 Emmy Awards, France's Legion of Honor and Officer D'Adademie, the Presidential Freedom Medal and many more honors and awards for his creative work.
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Plot
In the 1840s an imaginative and mischievous boy named Tom Sawyer lives with his Aunt Polly and his half-brother, Sid, in the Mississippi River town of Petersburg, Missouri. After playing hooky from school on Friday and dirtying his clothes in a fight, Tom is made to whitewash the fence as punishment all of the next day. At first, Tom is disheartened by having to forfeit his day off. However, he soon cleverly persuades his friends to trade him small treasures for the privilege of doing his work. He trades the treasures he got by tricking his friends for whitewashing for tickets given out in Sunday school for memorizing Bible verses, which can be used to claim a Bible as a prize. He received enough tickets to be given the Bible. However, he loses much of his glory when, in response to a question to show off his knowledge, he incorrectly answers that the first disciples were David and Goliath.
Tom falls in love with Becky Thatcher, a new girl in town, and persuades her to get "engaged" by kissing him. Becky kisses Tom, but their romance collapses when she learns that Tom has been "engaged" previously — to a girl named Amy Lawrence. Shortly after being shunned by Becky, Tom accompanies Huckleberry Finn, the son of the town drunk, to the graveyard at night to try out a "cure" for warts with a dead cat. At the graveyard, they witness the murder of young Dr. Robinson by the Native-American "half-breed" Injun Joe. Scared, Tom and Huck run away and swear a blood oath not to tell anyone what they have seen. Injun Joe frames his companion, Muff Potter, a hapless drunk, for the crime. Potter is wrongfully arrested, and Tom's anxiety and guilt begin to grow.
Tom, Huck and Tom's friend Joe Harper run away to an island to become pirates. While frolicking around and enjoying their new found freedom, the boys become aware that the community is sounding the river for their bodies. Tom sneaks back home one night to observe the commotion. After a brief moment of remorse at the suffering of his loved ones, Tom is struck by the idea of appearing at his funeral and surprising everyone. He persuades Joe and Huck to do the same. Their return is met with great rejoicing, and they become the envy and admiration of all their friends.
Back in school, Tom gets himself back in Becky's favor after he nobly accepts the blame for a book that she has ripped. Soon, Muff Potter's trial begins, and Tom, overcome by guilt, testifies against Injun Joe. Potter is acquitted, but Injun Joe flees the courtroom through a window.
Summer arrives, and Tom and Huck go hunting for buried treasure in a haunted house. After venturing upstairs they hear a noise below. Peering through holes in the floor, they see Injun Joe enter the house disguised as a deaf and mute Spaniard. He and his companion, an unkempt man, plan to bury some stolen treasure of their own. From their hiding spot, Tom and Huck wriggle with delight at the prospect of digging it up. By an amazing coincidence, Injun Joe and his partner find a buried box of gold themselves. When they see Tom and Huck's tools, they become suspicious that someone is sharing their hiding place and carry the gold off instead of reburying it.
Huck begins to shadow Injun Joe every night, watching for an opportunity to nab the gold. Meanwhile, Tom goes on a picnic to McDougal's Cave with Becky and their classmates. That same night, Huck sees Injun Joe and his partner making off with a box. He follows and overhears their plans to attack the Widow Douglas, a kind resident of St. Petersburg. By running to fetch help, Huck forestalls the violence and becomes an anonymous hero.
Tom and Becky get lost in the cave, and their absence is not discovered until the following morning. The men of the town begin to search for them, but to no avail. Tom and Becky run out of food and candles and begin to weaken. The horror of the situation increases when Tom, looking for a way out of the cave, happens upon Injun Joe, who is using the cave as a hideout. Eventually, just as the searchers are giving up, Tom finds a way out. The town celebrates, and Becky's father, Judge Thatcher, locks up the cave. Injun Joe, trapped inside, starves to death.
A week later, Tom takes Huck to the cave and they find the box of gold, the proceeds of which are invested for them. The Widow Douglas adopts Huck, and, when Huck attempts to escape civilized life, Tom promises him that if he returns to the widow, he can join Tom's robber band. Reluctantly, Huck agrees. The book leaves off where Adventures of Huckleberry Finn begins.
The History of Film, Television & Video
1872 - 1877
A series of photographs can be viewed by stroboscopic disc.
1884
George Eastman invents flexible photographic film.
1887
Thomas Edison patents motion picture camera.
1888
Edison attempts to record picture photos onto a wax cylinder.
1891 - 1895
Dickson shoots numerous 15 second motion pictures using Edison's kineograph, his motion picture camera.
1895
First public demonstration of motion pictures displayed in France.
1897
Development of the Cathode Ray Tube by Ferdinand Braun.
1907
Use of cathode ray tube to produce television images.
1923
Patent for the iconoscope, the forerunner of the picture tube.
1927
Talking films begin with Al Jolson in "The Jazz Singer".
Early 1930s
RCA conducts black and white broadcasting experiments.
1936
First television broadcast made available in London.
1938
Initial proposal for color TV broadcast made by George Valensi.
1945
?There were fewer than 7,000 working TV sets in the country and only nine stations on the air; three in New York, two each in Chicago and Los Angeles, and one each in Philadelphia and Schenectady, N.Y.
RCA that same month holds its first public demonstration of a new TV camera offering a sharper image than those then in use.
Near the end of October, Gimbel's Department Store in Philadelphia holds the first large-scale TV demonstration. More than 25,000 people come over three weeks for a chance to watch NBC programs from New York and local shows sent out by Philco's Philadelphia station.
1946
The Blue Network, part of NBC, officially becomes the ABC network. A 1941 FCC ruling required RCA to divest itself of one of its two networks; NBC Blue was sold in 1943 to Edward Noble for $8 million, and becomes ABC in 1945.
? NBC and Gillette stage what's billed as the first "television sports extravaganza" -- the Joe Louis-Billy Conn heavyweight fight at Yankee Stadium -- in June. The fight is a viewing success with an estimated audience of 150,000 watching 5,000 sets. For every TV set tuned into the fight, there are, on average, 30 people watching, many seeing an event on TV for the first time.
In October, the Television Broadcasters Association declares "television is ready to proceed on an expanded basis," and that the new industry is "well on the way to becoming one of the most important in the nation."
1947
"Howdy Doody," a children's series, premieres live on NBC in December as a one-hour Saturday program. Symbolic of the first generation nurtured on TV, the show remains on the air until 1960.
In May, live theater equivalent to the Broadway stage comes to TV on a regular, commercially sponsored basis with the premiere of "Kraft Television Theatre."
In March, FCC postpones final decisions on Color TV but reaffirms a go-ahead on existing standards.
NBC debuts "Meet the Press," a kind of made-for-TV news conference. It goes on to become the oldest series on network TV.
1948
"The Ed Sullivan Show" (originally "Toast of the Town") makes its debut in June. Sponsored by Lincoln-Mercury, the show becomes one of TV's longest-running and most successful variety series. The show airs on CBS into 1971, spurring the advancement of scores of show business careers.
Advertisers accept the medium: Throughout the year, 933 sponsors buy TV time, a rise of 515% over 1947.
By the fall, FCC has issued 108 licenses for new stations, with hundreds more applications pending across the nation.
The earliest cable systems are born in remote areas of Pennsylvania and Oregon. Known then as Community Antenna Television, its fun_ction was simply to bring TV signals into communities where off-air reception was either non-existent or poor because of interfering mountains or distance.
B.F. Goodrich sponsors the new TV series of radio comedy team George Burns and Gracie Allen.
?
Milton Berle makes his TV debut in September as the master of ceremonies on "The Texaco Star Theater," which runs until 1956. By November, Mr. Berle is so popular the show earns the highest rating yet? -- 86.7% of all TV households.
1949
By January, number of TV stations grows to 98 in 58 market areas.
A special broadcast in January inaugurates East-Midwest TV linkage. Included in the broadcast is a one-hour sampler with the networks displaying their best: Arthur Godfrey for CBS, Ted Steele for DuPont, Milton Berle and Harry Richman for NBC, and for ABC a mystery show called "Stand By for Crime." The event moves Chicago Tribune to report: "The end of dull sustaining filler on television screens appears to be in sight."
FCC adopts the Fairness Doctrine, making broadcasters responsible for seeking out and presenting all sides of an issue when covering controversy. (Earlier in the Communications Act of 1934 broadcasters were required to give "equal air time" to candidates running in elections.)
U.S. Dept. of Commerce confirms TV's selling power when it reports in May: "Television's combination of moving pictures, sound and immediacy produces an impact that extends television as an advertising medium into the realm of personal sales solicitation."
Betty Furness starts pitching refrigerators and appliances in TV spots for Westinghouse, launching a relationship that lasts more than 11 years and makes her one of the first stars created for commercial TV.
1950
In January, Arthur Godfrey and Faye Emerson are named most pleasing personalities in Look's TV awards show on CBS.
National sponsors exit radio for TV at record rates, moving Variety to describe the exodus as "the greatest exhibition of mass hysteria in biz annals."
1951
"Omnibus," one of commercial TV's most honored cultural series, debuts. Hosted by Alistair Cooke, the program takes in $5.5 million in advertising revenues during five years on the air, against $8.5 million in costs.
?
"I Love Lucy," a half-hour filmed TV sitcom, is born. The show, unlike the live TV productions typical of the time, ranks No. 1 in the nation for four of its first six full seasons. It is sponsored by Philip Morris.
CBS broadcasts the first color program on June 21, but only 25 receivers can accommodate mechanical color. Viewers of 12 million existing sets see only a blank screen.
"Hallmark Hall of Fame" series launches in December with "Amahl and the Night Visitors."
1952
National Association of Radio & Television Broadcasters ratifies a new Television Code establishing guidelines for content and addressing the concerns of social critics. Nearly half the code is devoted to advertising.
In response to protests about program content, a House subcommittee investigates "offensive" and "immoral" TV programs and touches on wide range of topics -- from beer spots to dramas depicting suicide.
Bob Hope takes his comedy from radio to TV when "The Bob Hope Show" debuts in October.
Borden's Elsie the Cow beats out actor Van Johnson and U.S. Sen. Robert Taft in recognition polls as one of America's most familiar faces.
NBC's "Today" show, first and longest-running early-morning network show, bows with host Dave Garroway and chimpanzee sidekick J. Fred Muggs.
By year's end, the number of TV households grows to 20 million, up 33% from previous year. U.S. advertisers spend a record $288 million on TV time, an increase of 38.8% from 1951.
1953
Color broadcasting officially arrives in the U.S. on Dec. 17, when FCC approves modified version of an RCA system.
1954
"Captain Kangaroo"
the first network kids show, begins on CBS.
?
The Hamm's bear is introduced in a TV spot that initially runs as a sequel to a 1953 Hamm's commercial that featured beavers beating on tom-toms.?
The first color commercial televised in a local show was commissioned in March by Castro Decorators, New York, in a contract with WNBT. It was first telecast on Aug. 6.
1954
NBC launches "The Tonight Show," featuring comedian Steve Allen, on Sept. 27. For nearly four decades -- until CBS' "Late Show With David Letterman" enters the scene in 1993 -- the show dominates late night.
In April, groundwork is laid for the Television Advertising Bureau. For the first time, television is the leading medium for national advertising.
1955
Immensely popular daytime radio show "Queen For A Day" shifts to TV in January. Between radio and TV, the show had a run of nearly 20 years, although widely criticized as an exploitation of human misery, wrapped in commercial plugs. At the peak of popularity, NBC increased the show's length from 30 to 45 minutes to gain time to sell at the premium ad rate of $4,000 per minute.
Future U.S. President Ronald Reagan becomes host of "General Electric Theater," long-running anthology series on CBS (1953-61) in which many top Hollywood film stars appeared.
One of NBC's perennial specials -- "Peter Pan" with Mary Martin and Cyril Richard -- first telecast in March as a live production. It's billed as the first network presentation of a full Broadway production. Videotape later makes it possible to present the show annually for several years.
The classic Western series "Gunsmoke" begins its 20-year run on CBS. "The $64,000 Question," sponsored by Revlon, premieres in June on CBS, igniting a U.S. game show craze.
1956
Videotape is introduced by Ampex Corp. at a CBS-TV affiliates' session. Most TV shows at the time are produced by the kinescope process.
The 1939 movie "Wizard of Oz" debuts in November on CBS's "Ford Star Jubilee." After more than three decades of exposure, the feature is considered one of the most successful single programs in TV history and the longest continually sponsored theatrical movie on TV.
1957
Variety reports in May that during a typical week, viewers encounter 420 commercials totaling 5 hours, 8 minutes.
By August, for the first time, more countries worldwide allow TV advertising than forbid it.
< Host Jack Paar revives NBC-TV's "Tonight" show beginning on July 29.
In an October report in the Journal of the American Medical Association, Dr. Meyer Naide identifies "television legs," blood clots that result from watching TV too long.
CBS's "Ed Sullivan" show is the year's most-watched network program, with a 50.4 average audience rating.
1958
There are 525 cable TV systems serving 450,000 subscribers in the U.S. In February, CBS takes out a two-page ad in TV Guide in which it warns the public: "Free television as we know it cannot survive alongside pay television."
Advertising Age reports "videotape seems to be catching on like wildfire." By October, 61 TV stations in the U.S. use tape.
By the end of the TV season, there are 22 network quiz shows; 18% of NBC's programming alone consists of quizzes. In August, contestant Herbert Stempel charges "Twenty-One" is rigged, triggering a congressional investigation.
In December, Edward R. Murrow writes in TV Guide that viewers must recognize "television in the main is being used to distract, delude, amuse and insulate us."
By year's end, ad expenditures in radio and TV cross the $2 billion mark.
1959
The cartoon ad character Mister Magoo becomes the nearsighted spokesman for General Electric bulbs.
NBC's Sunday night hit "Bonanza" makes its debut. It becomes the highest-rated program of the 1960s and is on the air 14 years.
1960
DuPont Co. begins a two-year sponsorship of the "June Allyson Show," a series of dramatic plays.
The first of four "great debates" between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon is broadcast on Sept. 26 across the country, breaking new ground in presidential campaigning.
The most popular shows of the year include "Gunsmoke" and "Wagon Train." Audience share figures regularly exceed 50% for many of the most popular entries in prime time.
1961
?In search of added profit, ABC stretches the station break between programs to 40 seconds from 30. The other networks follow.
FCC Chairman Newton Minow delivers a May 9 speech in which he denounces U.S. TV as a "vast wasteland," calling for heightened federal regulation of the medium. The same day, Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey calls U.S. TV "the greatest single achievement in communication that anybody or any area of the world has ever known ."
1963
The New York chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality persuades Lever Bros. to air a network commercial featuring an African-American, a spot for Wisk detergent that shows a black boy and white boy at play.
On Aug. 28, Dr. Martin Luther King delivers his "I have a dream" speech as millions watch on TV.
On Nov. 22, President Kennedy is shot by a sniper in downtown Dallas, and TV coverage of the assassination and the funeral grip the nation and the world for four days. Shortly thereafter, Jack Ruby shoots accused presidential assassin Lee Harvey Oswald on an NBC live broadcast as the latter is being transported by law officials.
TV surpasses newspapers as an information source for the first time; a November Roper poll indicates 36% of Americans find TV a more reliable source, compared with the 24% who favor print.
Instant replay adds a new dimension to televised sports when it's featured in a telecast of an Army-Navy football game. In 1964, it becomes a standard technique and goes on to become controversial in the NFL.
1964
?Negative political TV advertising is born with the "Daisy" spot for Lyndon Johnson's presidential candidacy, in which a mushroom cloud suggests GOP candidate Barry Goldwater would not hesitate to use nuclear warfare.
?
Debate over the airing of cigarette commercials heats up after the U.S. Surgeon General issues a report finding smoking a health hazard.
FCC issues its first cable regulation: Operators are required to black out programming that comes in from distant markets and duplicates a local market station's own programming, if the local station demands it. There are about 1 million homes wired for cable in the U.S. at the time.
?
73 million viewers tune in to the appearance on the "Ed Sullivan Show" of the British pop group, the Beatles.
CBS is the champion of the "Big 3" networks -- demanding $50,000 from advertisers for a prime-time minute, while ABC brings in $45,000 and NBC brings in $41,000 for the same time.
WOR-TV, New York, is the first station to air a program comprised only of commercials. The special features spots selected as Clio award winners at an earlier American Television Commercials Festival. It runs uninterrupted (without paid messages) until the end of the telecast, when two paid commercials are aired.
1965
Color TV booms as NBC leads the way and begins to use the phrase "The Full Color Network". By year's end, 96% of NBC's nighttime schedule is broadcast in color, along with all major programs, sports events and specials.
1966
A live-action representation of the comic strip Batman is brought to TV and achieves instant success with its star, Adam West.
A New York Times Magazine article reports: "TV is not an art form or a cultural channel; it is an advertising medium ... it seems a bit churlish and unAmerican of people who watch television to complain that their shows are lousy. They are not supposed to be any good. They are supposed to make money."
1967
An opinion survey sponsored by National Association of Broadcasters shows a high level of public dissatisfaction with TV commercials and programs. Sixty-three percent of those surveyed would prefer TV without commercials.
1968
Manufacturers churn out 11.4 million new TV sets, up from the 5.7 million receivers made in 1960.
NAB Code Authority increases scrutiny of violence in TV programming after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and U.S. Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, a presidential candidate.
Spending for TV in presidential campaigns increases to $27 million, from $10 million in 1960.
1969
Public Broadcasting Service begins, and in November launches "Sesame Street," one of the most influential achievements in children's TV.
On July 20, astronaut Neil Armstrong takes mankind's first step on the moon as millions of U.S. viewers watch the historic event live on network TV.
The U.S. Supreme Court applies the Fairness Doctrine to cigarettes -- granting anti-smoking forces "equal time" on the air to reply to tobacco commercials. That same year, the FCC issues a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to ban cigarette ads on TV and radio. As Congress debates the issue, tobacco companies and certain members of the Senate hold discussions in which cigarette advertisers, in order to stave off controls on the sale of cigarettes, agree to stop advertising them on the air.
1970
FCC enacts the Financial Interest Syndication Rules (effective 1971), prohibiting the three major networks from owning and controlling the rebroadcast of prime-time shows. The rules ended controversial policies of withholding or delaying network hits from independent stations that could then program them against network news and prime-time fare. In the same action, FCC enacts the Prime Time Access Rule, limiting the networks' use of peak viewing time to three hours per night. The rule effectively shaved off 30 minutes of prime-time programming from the networks each night and returned it to the local stations in the top 50 markets.
Action for Children's Television petitions the FCC to eliminate all commercials from children's TV programs, citing a variety of shortcomings in terms of quality and regulation of advertising. The petition fueled existing debate within the industry about advertising and children.
Coca-Cola's "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" commercial saturates the radio and broadcast airwaves, becoming an instant hit. Coca-Cola goes on to sell a million records featuring a non-commercial version of the popular jingle.
1971
The transition from 60-seconds to 30-seconds as the standard length for commercials takes hold. The change began in the 1960s with the controversial practice of "piggybacking," or putting messages for two related products from one company into the same one-minute commercial. The networks cast aside concerns about corporate relationships and began selling 30-second units.
As of Jan. 2, the 1970 congressional ban on radio and TV cigarette advertising takes effect, stripping the broadcast business of about $220 million in advertising.
The landmark series "All In The Family" debuts on CBS as one of the first sitcoms to contain realistic characters, mature themes and frank dialog. The show becomes the highest-rated TV program of the decade, with a 23.1 average rating. There were 212 episodes done during its nine seasons on the air.
"The Ed Sullivan Show" comes to an end after 23 seasons on CBS. Mr. Sullivan, the master of ceremonies for the show, dies in 1974.
1972
In response to growing concern over TV's effect on children, NAB and the networks agree to reduce commercial time in children's weekend fare from 16 minutes an hour to 12 minutes an hour (effective Jan. 1, 1973). Revisions in the code do away with "tie-ins," the mention of products in a program context, and with the use of program hosts or cartoon characters as the commercial pitchman.
1973
Variety reports in April that by a margin of 5-1, Americans judge TV commercials as "a fair price to pay for being able to view the programs."
The Senate Watergate Hearings begin May 17. Together ABC, CBS and NBC offer almost 300 hours of rotated coverage, estimated to have cost a combined total of $10 million in lost ad revenues and air time.
1974
NAB adds additional curbs on ads to children, with a new policy limiting non-program material in weekend children's fare to 10 minutes hourly, effective Jan .1 , 1975.
1975
The Robert McNeil Report (later the McNeil-Lehrer Report) introduces a new news format to public broadcasting with the support of AT&T Co.
KNTV, San Jose, Calif., becomes the first U.S. station to run a TV commercial for Trojan condoms. The spot ran despite a NAB code that banned commercials for contraceptives.
A study by the Council on Children, Media, and Merchandising reveals that approximately 50% of ads in children's programming from 1965 to 1975 were for food, primarily sugared cereals, cookies, candies, and soft drinks; 30% were for toys.
Time Inc. initiates the concept of linking satellite programming to cable systems with the launch of Home Box Office. On Sept. 30, the heavyweight boxing championship bout between Joe Frazier and Muhammad Ali is broadcast from Manila.
Family viewing time is incorporated into the NAB TV code. It was decided that the time before 9 p.m. was supposed to be devoted to all members of the household. This results in a marked drop in violence on the air in "family time" during the 1975-76 season. In November 1976, a federal court overturns the policy, deeming it a violation of free speech.
"Gunsmoke" comes to an end after a 20 year run on CBS. The show finishes among the top 10 programs 13 times.
1976
Ted Turner's WTBS, Atlanta, becomes a "superstation" to viewers in much of the U.S. via cable TV.
1977
More than 75% of TV-equipped homes are able to receive color on one or more sets.
ABC airs the first episode of its 26-hour miniseries "Roots" Jan. 23. The Jan. 30 installment becomes the third most-watched TV program in history, earning a 51% rating.
?? ?
A Mississippi minister, Rev. Donald Wildmon, and his grass-roots protest group, American Family Association, organize a national "Turn Off TV Week" in February.
Gross TV advertising revenues this year rise to $7.5 billion -- 20% of all U.S. advertising
1978
Viacom's Showtime cable network launched in March.
Warner Cable establishes an interactive/videotex system called QUBE Ohio. Viewers were able to participate in public opinion polls by punching buttons their homes. Warner ended the experiment in 1984.
1979
A TV Guide poll in May indicates 44% of Americans are unhappy with what they find on their TV screens and 49% are watching TV less than they did a few years earlier.
ESPN
ESPN, a total sports network, makes its debut on cable. It becomes the largest and most successful basic cable channel, carried by virtually every cable system, and reaches more than 57 million households.
1980
?"Who Shot J.R?" a November episode of CBS' hit TV show "Dallas," reveals the identity of the attacker of J.R. Ewing (played by Larry Hagman) and breaks records by a drawing a 53.3 rating and 76 share.
?
Ted Turner's Cable News Network is born, lining up TV's two major sponsors, Procter & Gamble Co. and General Foods.
In March, Walter Cronkite steps down after 19 years of anchoring the CBS evening news and is replaced by Dan Rather.
Nielsen produces its first Cassandra ratings report for syndicated programming.
MTV: Music Television makes its debut in August.
1982
Alberto-Culver Co. experiments with "split 30" commercials. The test is not received warmly by the networks, which accept the commercials at the insistence of the advertiser but seek restrictions on use.
Federal Judge Harold Greene outlaws NAB's TV code -- created for industry self-regulation -- in "U.S. vs. NAB." Court held the code violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by artificially increasing cost.
Home Shopping Network is launched.
1983
The final episode of "M*A*S*H" draws the largest audience in TV history. More than 125 million homes tuned in. The going rate for a :30 on the 2 1/2-hour finale was $450,000.
On Nov. 11, ABC broadcasts "The Day After," a two-hour made-for-TV film about thermonuclear war between the U.S. and Soviet Union, Because of its controversial nature, the movie appears with few advertisers but demolished the ratings of other TV programs that night.
1984
During the third quarter of the Super Bowl, Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh computer with a 60-second Orwellian epic commercial called "1984," created by Chiat/Day. The spot, which cost $400,000 to produce and $500,000 to broadcast in its single national paid airing, launches a new computer technology, turns the Super Bowl into a major ad event and begins an era of advertising as news.
Superstar Michael Jackson makes a highly publicized Pepsi-Cola commercial, and during a shoot his hair accidentally catches fire, requiring surgery to his scalp. The campaign, is considered the forerunner of big-budget celebrity ads.?
With the deregulation of the cable industry, Tele-Communications Inc. aggressively begins buying cable systems nationwide. By the end of the decade, TCI will have spent nearly $3 billion for 150 cable companies.
1985
In March, Capital Cities Communications buys ABC for $3.5 billion -- proving network TV no longer remains an untouchable institution.
1986
In January, the anonymous "Herb" becomes the object of a national, $40 million manhunt by Burger King in what becomes the most elaborate advertising flop of the decade. The effort is dropped after four months.
NBC's "The Cosby Show" breaks existing records for a network series by commanding $350,000 to $400,000 for 30 seconds of commercial time.
CBS undergoes a management shift in September when its board ousts Thomas H. Wyman, chairman-CEO. Replacing Mr. Wyman as acting chief executive is investor Laurence A. Tisch.
The 1985-86 season marks the 60th anniversary of NBC and the first time it ever wins the prime-time ratings race. NBC hikes rates for early buys of 1986-87 season time, but ABC and CBS cut rates for first time.
ABC, CBS and NBC have trouble selling commercial time for sports programs for the first time. Rates for the 1986 NFL season drop 15% from 1985.
California Raisin Advisory Board introduces a hit commercial featuring dancing, singing, sneaker-clad raisins via new animation technology called Claymation. It was done by? Claymation creator Will Vinton.
Spanish-language network Telemundo Group is launched by Reliance Capital Group.
1987
In January, San Francisco station KRON-TV becomes the first major market TV station in the U.S. to air a condom commercial.
In April, 20th Century Fox owner Rupert Murdoch launches Fox Broadcasting Co.
Playtex International makes history in May when networks begin airing its commercials showing women wearing bras.
In August, five veteran admen die in a tragic rafting accident in Canadian rapids. Among those killed when their raft overturned in the Chilko River was Robert Goldstein, VP-advertising for Procter & Gamble Co., and Richard O'Reilly, who headed the Partnership for a Drug-Free America.
A.C. Nielsen Co.'s electronically advanced "people meter" is introduced to replace its 30-year-old diary system.
"Wheel of Fortune," the highest-rated show in syndicated programming, draws an asking price of $95,000 for a 30-second spot, The show generates revenues of $400,000 an episode.
More than 50% of U.S. households are now wired for cable.
1988
Barter syndication revenues total $875 million, up from $50 million in 1980.
Widespread use of videocassette recorders zap away at the TV viewing audience. At the start of the year, almost 60% of TV households have a VCR -- up from 4% in 1982.
1989
Pay-per-view becomes a familiar part of cable TV service, reaching about one-fifth of all wired households.
The broadcast networks reach an all-time low of 55% of the total TV audience in July.
Nissan begins its new age "Rocks and Trees" campaign by Hill, Holliday, Connors, Cosmopulos, grabbing attention by never showing the product -- its luxury Infiniti. Instead, the spots feature nature scenes.
BBDO pulls Pepsi commercials featuring pop singer Madonna after just one airing due to controversy over her "Like a Prayer" video.
Time Inc. and Warner Communications announce a $14 billion merger.
Fox's TV network earns $33 million in profits with just three nights of programming. Its animated sitcom, "The Simpsons" is considered a genuine hit.
1990
The Children's Television Act takes effect limiting the amount of commercialization in children's TV programming (including cable) and requiring operators to carry at least some programming designed to meet children's educational and informational needs.
1991
The broadcast TV networks and cable's CNN provide extensive coverage of the Persian Gulf War, which begins in January. But advertisers take a backseat; Procter & Gamble Co., Sears, Roebuck & Co., Pizza Hut and major airlines all refuse to air spots during news coverage of the war. NBC, for one, reports losses of $5 million as a result of canceled advertising and the cost of coverage.
Coca-Cola Co. promises its sponsorship of the 92 Olympics telecasts will be its biggest ever ever. Pepsi runs spots starring basketball great Magic Johnson as a spokesman, before the Olympics start.
In June, the Clio Awards, one of advertising's best-known award shows, turns into a farce when poor financial management and organization forces finalists to rush onto the stage to claim statuettes.
In October, the broadcast networks preempt afternoon soap operas and much of their evening and weekend schedules to cover the Senate Judiciary Committee's investigation of Anita Hill's accusations of sexual harassment against Supreme Court justice nominee Clarence Thomas. More than 40 million U.S. households watch the two-day televised hearings; the networks lose an estimated $15 million to $20 million in ad revenue after pulling most commercials in favor of continuous coverage.
Courtroom Television Network, owned jointly by Cablevision, NBC, Time Warner and American Lawyer Media, is established, providing 24-hour live and taped coverage of trials in 41 states.
1992
Infomercials become a hot ad medium. National Infomercial Marketing Association estimates infomercials generate sales of $750 million, more than double their revenues of 1988.
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Johnny Carson, the king of late-night TV, retires as the longtime host of NBC's "Tonight Show." Jay Leno is named as his replacement.
In August, NBC and cable partner Cablevision fail to meet projected goals for consumer purchase of their unusual Olympic Triplecast pay-per-view alternative for comprehensive Olympic viewing. The venture ends up with losses of more than $100 million.
1993
By the start of year, 98% of U.S. households own at least one TV set, 64% have two or more sets.
After 11 years at NBC, David Letterman announces he's jumping to CBS. His new "Late Show With David Letterman" begins in August and, quickly moving to No. 1 in latenight ratings and bumping "The Tonight Show" from its longtime lead.?
In February, NBC issues a humiliating retraction and apology to General Motors Corp. on "Dateline NBC" for a staged on-camera explosion during a report on alleged safety problems with GM trucks. During the controversy, GM temporarily shifts its ad budget to the network's entertainment and sports programming and threatens to cancel its $160 million-plus budget for NBC.
The final episode of NBC's 11-year hit sitcom "Cheers" in May attracts 93.1 million viewers, with a 45.5 Nielsen rating.
In a first-of-its-kind arrangement, Visa International signs a $3 million deal to become the official credit card of Atlanta, the host city of the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Time Warner announces plans to launch a full-service interactive network in Orlando, Fla.
"NYPD Blue" is an instant ratings hit on ABC's new fall prime-time line-up after attracting pre-debut attention for nudity and rough language. The hourlong police drama is the only new series to crack Nielsen Media Research's Top 20 in virtually every major adult demographic group.
In October, the deliberately tasteless "Beavis and Butt-head" MTV animated series, the top-rated show on the music network, is attacked for allegedly inspiring a 5-year-old to start a fatal fire. In response, MTV agrees to run the show in a later time spot and the writers agree not to use references to fires in the future.
Seattle's Bon Marche department store gives new meaning to subliminal advertsing with a spot for Frango chocolates. The commercial consists of four frames (each costing $945) and lasts less than a second. Running during "Evening Magazine," it cost the retailer $3,780 for airtime.
Fox snares broadcast rights to National Football League's NFC Conference from CBS for $1.58 billion over four years.
1994
The Winter Olympics sets ratings records, becoming the most-watched event in TV history with 204 million U.S. viewers, or 83% of the country, watching at least some of CBS's coverage. Ratings are boosted by the controversy surrounding the women's figure skating competition; prior to the Olympics, U.S. figure skater Tonya Harding was involved in an attack on teammate Nancy Kerrigan.
Speaking before the American Association of Advertising Agencies in May. P&G CEO Ed Artzt warns agency executives they risk losing control over clients and media unless they step up their participation in shaping the future of the new-media landscape.
The world TV premiere of "Gettysburg" on TNT in June lives up to its epic billing by attracting the largest viewership ever for a movie on basic cable: 23 million people watch all or portions of the two-part special.
The World Cup audience from ? 52 televised games reaches up to 33 billion people. Univision, the Spanish-language network, anticipates $24 million in ad revenue. ABC gets a 4.7 rating and 15 share for the 10 games prior to the final.
Football legend and actor O.J. Simpson is arrested as the primary suspect in the brutal murders of his former wife Nicole Brown-Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman. The incident throws the media into overdrive, as 95 million viewers watch at least some part of Mr. Simpson's freeway chase in June.?
In September, Blockbuster Entertainment and Viacom complete a $7.6 billion merger only five months after Viacom buys Paramount Communications for $9.5 billion.
National Hockey League players delay start of season with strike announcement. Fox Network purchases NHL TV rights in September for $155 million.
More than 43 million people tune in to at least some part of the highly touted "Baseball" documentary miniseries on PBS in September, giving it the largest cumulative audience in the network's 25-year history.
A Major League Baseball strike derails the Baseball Network, a fledgling joint venture between NBC, ABC and the league. The venture loses $95 million in advertising and nearly $500 million in national and local spending.
1996
Digital satellite dishes that are only 18 inches in diameter hit the market. They become the biggest selling electronic item in history next to the VCR.
1997??????
?? Mini DV is introduced as a new, higher definition, digital recording? format. Perfect copies can be made from them without loosing any quality.
1999
Sony releases Digital 8 video format and the world prepares for Y2K.
2000
The year of the Digital Disc, aka DVD.
After years of speculation, the DVD finally takes hold and DVD movies are as common as those on VHS tape.
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Sony introduces CDCam video format. You can now record directly on a CD from a camcorder.
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AOL and Time Warner merge and become the largest company of it's kind in the world.
2001
DVD's becomes a major player in the home entertainment field. Most movie studios now release their movies on DVD, which is starting to catch up with VHS tape sales.
2002
? Sony introduces the MicroMV Digital MPEG-2 tape based digital recorders. This system offers high resolution recorders small enough to fit in the palm of your hand. It records digitally onto a tiny tape with files small enough to be transferred to a PC within minutes. It also has the ability to record video that can be played directly over the internet.?
2003
First DVD camcorder is released, allowing total digital recording directly to disk in the MPEG2 format. DVD's gain in popularity and pre-recorded DVD's over take video tape rentals in stores. DVD's take up less room, are much higher quality, and contain many features not found on video tapes. They also can hold a lot more information and a single disc can have up to 6 hours of high quality video with multiple sound tracks.
2004
DVD's Out Sells VHS tapes., Disc sales go through the roof as DVD's surpass VHS as the most common format for home entertainment. The price of DVD's has also fallen as it's popularity increases. Blank DVD's can now be purchased for as little as 25 cents for a 4X disc. Just a year ago, prices were as high as $15.00 for a single 1X disc. Home DVD recorders are now as inexpensive as a good quality VCR. For more than 25 years, VHS dominated the world home entertainment market after winning a challenge from Sony's Betamax in the early 1980s. By next year, some retailers are actually going to stop selling VHS VCR's as the DVD format now dominates the home video market. DVD's also have the advantage of containing "Extra's" that movie studios add to encourage sales of their disc's.?
??????????
??? Another major advance this year is the use of large capacity hard drives to record video. Digital video recorders (VDR's) are available for under $1000.00. Some models combine a hard drive with a DVD burner so you can record 100's of hours of video on the hard drive and then burn what you really want to keep on the internal DVD burner. This is far superior to VHS VCR'.
2005
Flat screen TV's & HDTV are the "In" thing of the year. Almost all televisions sold are now flat LCD and Plasma screens. Some are only a few inches thick. Large screen Plasma and LCD TV's are also well within the reach of the average consumer. A 42" Plasma screen retails for as low as $1400.00 with prices getting lower as the year progresses. Hi Definition TV's, (known as HDTV) are also the big seller for 2005. A 42" Plasma HDTV usually retails for $4500.00 - $7000.00. Some new 42" TV's even sell for as low as $999.00. By 2006 all television stations will switch to a HiDef broadcast.Click Here for more information on HDTV
2006
Flat screen TV's are larger and less expensive. They are finding their way into more & more homes as prices continue to drop and screen size gets larger. LCD TV's are now outselling plasma screens and projected to be the most popular kind of TVs in the world by 2009.
Blu-Ray DVD's are released in the middle of the year. A single-layer Blu-ray disc, which is the same size as a DVD, can hold up to 27 GB of data --? that's more than two
hours of high-definition video or about 13 hours of standard video.
??? A double-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to 54 GB, enough to hold about 4.5 hours of high-definition video or more than 20 hours of standard video. And there are even plans in the works to develop a disc with twice that amount of storage.
Toshiba introduces HD Disks as competition to the Sony Blu-ray. A format war starts with some companies backing Blu-ray and others backing HD.
2007
Organic LCD TV's (OLCD) are Introduced and promises to revolutionize flat panel displays with their thin size.
Time Running Out on Analog TV's as the FCC deadline approaches. By 2009 all broadcasts are to be in Hi-def digital format.
2008
Blu-ray Seems to Win over HD Disks as Wal-Mart, Target, Netflix & Best Buy Stores commit to the Blue-ray format.?Most Blu-ray players now also "Upconvert" which means that a regular DVD played on a Blu-ray system will almost have the definition of a hi-def disc.
Government Gives Out Set-top Converter Coupons to people that don't have cable or satellite TV. Once the change over to all digital, anyone receiving TV from an antenna will need a converter in order to watch the new digital signals on older (non-digital) TV's.
2009
Hi-def is everywhere as all manufacturers release high definition TV's and monitors. Almost all sets now have the capability of displaying high resolution images. 1080 is considered the standard in the industry as the must have number of lines of resolution.
HDMI digital output connects it all. It is the one cable that can now connect a TV or monitor to a hi-def cable box, satellite receiver and/or Blu-ray player. It delivers true 1080 picture quality as well as stereo audio all through one multi-pin connector. Now you don't have to have multiple wires running to your TV as it is all done through one HDMI cable..
Internet Widgets on Televisions? as a way of integrating the web with TV. All you need is an internet enabled set or set-top box and you can watch certain Internet sites directly on your screen without having a computer hooked up. "NetFlix", "YouTube" and other providers stream the info to the set and allow you to watch Internet programming at the touch of your televisions remote control. Sony, Panasonic, Samsung and others make sets with Internet Widgets built in.
2010
3D movies and 3D television sets arrive. It started with James Cameron's blockbuster "Avatar". 3D has been around for decades, but this time it seems as though it is here to stay. Numerous movies have come out and all TV manufactures have released high definition 3D sets.
?Instead of those funky red/green cardboard glasses you now wear a modern hi-tech LCD pair that let's you watch the new sets with incredible clarity. Never before has 3D been so vivid. The images truly appear to jump off of the screen.
?New 3D Blu-ray players have also been introduced so you can watch your favorite movie (as soon as it's released on disc) in 3D at home. Several cable stations and networks are starting to deliver programs in 3D.
华特迪士尼的很多作品让他成为全球著名的人，包括他创造了《白雪公主》、《木偶奇遇记》等很多知名的电影，还有米老鼠等动画角色，也是他，让迪士尼乐园成为可能，开创了主题乐园这种形式，而且他在电视节目《迪士尼奇妙世界》（原来还叫 Disneyland ）的主持让无数美国人民无法忘怀。他获得了48个奥斯卡奖提名和7个艾美奖。华特迪士尼是世界上获得奥斯卡奖最多的人。
早年生活?????? 童年对华特迪士尼来说并不怎么好过，父亲伊利亚斯经常要求他和哥哥们打工，他们一旦表现不好就会挨打。1918年，美国参加第一次世界大战。当年25岁的三哥罗伊马上应征入伍，到海外去参加战斗。同年7月，华特高中毕业后去看望在芝加哥城边上大户海军基地接受训练的罗伊，罗伊给华特讲了一些海外战争的故事，华特对参军的兴趣大增。当天他就决定要入伍。由于征兵人员对华特的年龄有疑问，要求他出示出生证明。由于找不到准确的证明，华特迪士尼模仿父母的签字，成为了国际红十字会的一名志愿兵。 　　?????? 服完兵役后，华特回到了芝加哥。之后又回到小时候生活过的堪萨斯，在这里，华特真正开始了他的创业。到堪萨斯后，华特通过三哥罗伊的介绍在一家名叫普雷斯曼鲁宾的广告公司（Pesmen-Rubin Commercial Art Studio）做画家，由于公司对他的绘画能力有质疑，因此他只干了一个月就被解雇了。 　　
1920年，华特和一位当时也在普雷斯曼鲁宾公司工作的同事乌布·伊沃克斯（Ub Iwerks）合伙成立了伊沃克斯—迪士尼商业美术公司（Iwerks-Disney），由于从一项业务中总共才挣到135美元，伊沃克斯—迪士尼商业美术公司成立不到一个月就停业了。 之后，华特加入了堪萨斯市广告公司，并在这里学到了拍摄电影和动画的基本技术。 　　
华特建立了欢笑动画公司（Laugh-O-gram Films），并成功通过电影发行人弗兰克·纽曼发行公司制作的动画短片。1922年5月23日，华特征得乌布的同意，将伊沃克斯—迪士尼商业美术公司的剩馀资产并入欢笑动画公司。在欢笑动画公司，华特制作了《小欢乐》（Laugh-O-Grams）动画，并卖给了堪萨斯城的发行商。在制作《爱丽丝在卡通国》（Alice Comedies）的过程中，已经更名为纽曼欢笑动画的公司倒闭了。 　　
1923年7月，华特迪士尼到了洛杉矶，准备在好莱坞发展。 　　
到洛杉矶后，华特迪士尼和哥哥罗伊迪士尼成立了迪士尼兄弟制片厂（Disney Brothers Studio），并接着制作《爱丽丝在卡通国》系列动画。 　　
1925年7月25日，华特迪士尼与制片厂的女员工莉莲邦兹（Lillian Bounds）在爱达荷州结婚。度完蜜月回到好莱坞后，华特迪士尼决定把迪士尼兄弟公司改名为华特迪士尼制片厂，因为他认为单个名字比带有“兄弟”一词更有吸引力。1926年，位于海布瑞恩的新片厂建成了。随后，迪士尼兄弟开始在新片场制作《幸运兔子奥斯华》（Osward, the Lucky Rabbit）系列动画。1927年《幸运兔子奥斯华》推出后反响不错，因此1928年2月，华特迪士尼带着莉莲到纽约去找发行人查尔斯·明茨（Charles Mintz）讨论续签合同的问题。华特原本要提高价格，但明茨却要求华特降低价格，并告诉华特，他已经买通大部分《幸运兔子奥斯华》的制作人员，而且根据合同他拥有这系列动画的版权，如果华特不答应降价要求，他自己也可以继续制作《幸运兔子奥斯华》。????????在回好莱坞的火车上，华特·迪士尼突发灵感，创作出了一个以老鼠为原型的卡通形象——莫迪默（Mortimer Mouse），后来经过莉莲的建议，这个卡通形象改名为米奇（Mickey Mouse）。 1928年3月，华特开始了第一部米奇系列动画《飞机迷》（Plane Crazy）的制作。随后又制作了第二部《飞奔的高卓人》（Gallopin’ Gaucho）。由于这两部动画的反响很有限，当时有声电影又刚刚兴起，因此华特决定用帕特里克·鲍尔斯研究出的方法来给第三部米奇系列动画《威利汽船》 （Steamboat Willie）配音，创作出了世界上第一部有声动画！1928年11月18日，《威利汽船》在纽约侨民影院进行首映，反响空前！这一天也被定为米奇的生日。 　　
1929年，华特除了继续推出米奇系列动画外，为了增加流动资金，华特开始制作新的名为《糊涂交响曲》（Silly Symphony）的系列动画短片。1930年，一个名叫乔治·博格费尔特的纽约商人为了给自己的孩子圣诞礼物，向迪士尼片长购买了米奇和米妮形象在玩具、书籍和服装上的使用权。接着，华特迪士尼授权纽约的拜博——兰出版公司出版发行米奇的出版物。 　　
1931年，泰尼柯勒（Technicolor）公司发明了一种彩色电影拍摄技术。华特开始考虑拍摄彩色动画。并利用这种技术在1932年7月30 日，推出了世界上第一部彩色动画《花与树》（Flowers and Trees）。同年，为了对华特迪士尼创作出米奇表示感谢，电影艺术与科学学院授予华特奥斯卡特别奖。1933年，华特推出动画《三只小猪》（Three Little Pigs）。同年12月19日，华特的第一个女儿黛安·玛丽·迪士尼（Diane Marie Disney）出生。1934年6月9日，华特推出动画短片《聪明的小母鸡》（The Wise Little Hen），唐老鸭第一次出现。1935年2月23日，华特推出第一部彩色米奇动画《米奇音乐会》（The Band Concert）。1936年12月31日，华特的第二个女儿莎伦·梅·迪士尼（Sharon Mae Disney）出生（实际为迪士尼在1937年一月莎伦出生两周的时候领养）。
动画黄金时代
1937年12月21日，华特在好莱坞卡塞剧院（Carthay Circle Theater）正式推出了影史上第一部长篇动画电影《白雪公主与七个小矮人》（Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs）。华特在这部影片在制作过程中遇到了很多困难，影片花费大大超过预算，很多人都认为没有人会去看一部一个多小时全是动画的电影，由美国媒体甚至称制作《白雪公主与七个小矮人》是“迪士尼的愚蠢”（The Disney Folly）。然而影片上映后反响空前，在正式上映的第一场上，很多名人都起立鼓掌！接着在1938年，由于影片中的歌曲很受欢迎，华特发行了影片的原声带，这也是世界上第一张电影原声带。1939年，华特第二次被授予奥斯卡终身成就奖（荣誉奖），而且有一座大金人加七座小金人。 　
　
1940年2月7日，华特推出第二部长篇动画电影《木偶奇遇记》（Pinocchio）。同年11月13日推出世界上第一部使用立体音响的电影《幻想曲》。 　　
1941年，迪士尼制片厂的动画师由于不满华特的一些做法，比如要求他们加班，工作量大，不承认工会等，实行的大罢工，后来经过罗伊的工作，罢工停止。同年，华特·迪士尼特作为美国政府的亲善大使到中南美洲访问，还有与创作出《幻想曲》第三次获得奥斯卡特别奖。这一年10月23日，华特推出第四部长篇动画《小飞象》（Dumbo）。另外，由于美国参加第二次世界大战，华特制片厂的大部分厂房都被美国军方用作军用。 　　
在随后的战争期间，由于华特制片厂的不少员工都被征去参军了，除了发行了《小鹿斑比》（Bambi），华特无法继续拍摄长篇动画，因此开始拍摄中短篇幅的动画电影并制成合辑发行，如《致侯吾友》（Saludos Amigos）、《三骑士》（The Three Caballeros）、《为我谱上乐章》（Make Mine Music）、《旋律时光》（Melody Time）和《米奇与魔豆》（Fun and Fancy Free）等。1946年11月12日，华特还推出了制片厂第一部真人与动画结合的电影《南方之歌》（Song of the South）。另外，在这个期间华特也为美国政府拍摄了不少宣传影片。 　　
二战结束后，很多当年参军的员工回到片场，帮助华特制作影片。1950年2月15日，迪士尼再次推出了一部长篇动画《仙履奇缘》 ，从这开始，华特的动画制作进入黄金时期。在接下来的十多年里，华特推出了《小飞侠》、《小姐与流浪汉》、《睡美人》、《101忠狗》、《森林王子》（The Jungle Book）等多部脍炙人口的影片。1950年7月19日，华特推出了迪士尼第一部真人电影《金银岛》。在1964年8月29日，华特还推出了真人与动画结合由朱丽叶安德鲁斯主演的电影《欢乐满人间》（Mary Poppins），这也是影史上迪士尼成就最高的电影。另外，华特也开始在电视上播出《迪士尼奇妙世界》（The Wonderful World of Disney）。
创造主题乐园和晚年生活
在这段时间里，华特还创建了世界上第一座迪士尼主题乐园——于1955年7月17日在美国加利福尼亚州阿纳海姆（Anaheim）的迪士尼乐园 （Disneyland），并开始规划位于美国佛罗里达州奥兰多的迪士尼世界（Disney World，后来被罗伊 O. 迪士尼改为华特迪士尼世界）。
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1966年12月15日，华特迪士尼在他刚过完65岁生日后十天，由于肺癌医治无效，突发心肌梗塞逝世。华特的遗体被火化，骨灰被安葬在格伦代尔（Glendale）的森林墓地，一块杂草丛生的小块土地上，在那里，立着一块小小的纪念碑。由于华特的死后一切安排当时都没有公开，所以他遗体被速冻的谣言一直流传多年。
名言　　"I hope we'll never lose sight of one thing that it was all started by a mouse." 　　
"It's kind of fun to do the impossible."?
"I love Mickey Mouse more than any woman I've ever known."?
动画电影指以动画制作的电影.剧场版电影是动画电影的一个分支.我们所说的动画电影包括剧场版OVA。世界的动画大国，当然是美国和日本，而两国的动画作品风格也有所不同。
China's first animation film dates back to 1926, when "Studio Scene" was produced by the Wan brothers. In the 1960s, with the release of "Uproar in Heaven," a Chinese animation film went international, hitting screen in dozens of countries.
But things are different today. Liu Zhenhua is manager of Beijing's Jacky Chan Yaolai International Cinema,
"It seems that foreign animation films on our screen are more popular, because they suit people of all ages.Domestic animated films mainly target children and have relatively low box office returns."
Statistics show that the profits of animated films screened in China have risen to 17 percent of the film industry's total box office revenue this year. That's up from 7 percent in 2006. But 80 percent of that is claimed by foreign animated films.
Li Yizhong, from the American Film Research Center at Shanghai Jiaotong University, says Chinese animated films need better stories.
"The story itself and the characters in it are what attract audiences most. Talking about a successful animation, the characters come to mind first. In the meantime, audience surveys are necessary before the story is born. In foreign countries, it usually takes years or even dozens of years' preparation for an animation film to come out."
At present, the production of Chinese animation films is high, with more than 300 made last year, the most in the world. However, as Fan Madi, director of the Animation and Cartoon School at the Jilin Animation Institute, points out, the Chinese animated film industry is still at an early stage.
"Animation films became an industry here only after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Their production used to be planned. Now it is market-oriented. But our industry chain hasn't been shaped and it needs time to grow up. At the same time, although we have plenty of people engaging in this industry, we are short of top talents. "
It's estimated that for the first eight months of this year, China's domestic animated films made a box office revenue of 160 million Yuan. In the meantime, foreign animated films screened in China claimed some 1.8 billion Yuan at the box office.
For CRI, this is Chen Zhe.
电视的发明
１９２５年的一天，伦敦一家最大的百货店顾客盈门。一批又一批的顾客涌向店内两间相连的小室。据说有人发明了一种机器，能把接收到的图像再现出来。
观众们乘兴而来，但扫兴而归。因为他们看到的仅仅是模糊不清的影子和闪烁不定的轮廓。
“这不是吹牛吗？这叫什么图像。”
“追求广告效应，不讲真话，应该告这个所谓的发明者”。“不是他的错，是百货商店老板的馊主意”。
人们议论纷纷，有一些热心者则不断地向发明者追问：“你怎么不把图像弄清楚些呢？”“你能不能传一只动物什么的给我们看看？”
“对不起、对不起。目前的技术还没有办法。”发明家贝尔德在一边无奈而又尴尬地回答着人们的追问。
贝尔德是个不到２０岁的英国青年，当时无线电技术已经广泛运用于通讯、广播了。世界上许多发明家，其中有最伟大的科学家和工程技术大师，都想发明能传播现场实况的电视机。但都没有成功。贝尔德却立志要发明电视机。
贝尔德在英格兰西南部的黑斯廷斯，建造了一个简陋的实验窒。但他没有实验经费，只好用一只盥洗盆做框架，把它和一只破茶叶箱相连，箱上安装了一只从废物堆里捡来的电动机，它可转动用马粪纸做成的四周戳有小洞洞的“扫描圆盆”，还有装在旧饼干箱里的投影灯。几块透镜及从报废的军用电视机上拆下来的部件等等。这一切凌乱的东西被贝尔德用胶水、细绳及电线串连在一起，成了他发明机的实验装置。贝尔德知道电视机的原理：应该把要发送的场景分成许多小点儿，暗的或明的，再以电信号的形式发送出去，最后在接收的一
端让它重现出来。
贝尔德在他简陋的实验室里年复一年地实验，他实验装置被装了又拆，拆了又装。经过十八年的努力，１９２４年春天，贝尔德成功地发射了一朵十字花。但发射的距离只有３米，图像也忽有忽无，只是一个轮廓。
为了找明图像不清晰的原因，贝尔德又开始了新一番试验。他想原因也许是电压不足？于是他把好几百个干电池连接起来。他接通了电路，可是不小心左手触到了一根裸露的连接线，高达２０００伏的电压立即把他击倒在地，他昏迷了过去。第二天的伦敦《每日快报》
马上用大字标题报道了贝尔德触电的消息。贝尔德一时间成了英国的新闻人物。
贝尔德灵机一动，就利用报纸来为他筹集资金。他设法为记者们做了一次实物表演。一
家小报做了通讯。伦敦的一家无线电老板闻讯赶来。表示愿意提供经费。但要收取发明的收
益的一半份额。
贝尔德同意了这样苛刻的要求。他的实验装置从黑斯廷斯运到了伦敦。
但经费很快又用尽了。他的试验似无重大突破。
一家百货店的老板又来同他订了合同。每周付他２５英镑。免费提供一切材料。但贝尔
德必须在他商店门前操作表演。
现场表演又是失败。贝尔德生活日见艰难。没钱吃饭，没钱付房租。他只好忍痛把设备
的零件卖掉，以此维持生活。他家乡的两个堂兄弟得知贝尔德陷入绝境后，给他寄来了５０
０英镑。贝尔德得救了，他立即又投入试验。
成功的日子终于来到了。终日陪伴他的木偶头像“比尔”的脸部特征被清晰地显现在接
收机上了。这一天是１９２５年１０月２清晨。
“成功了、成功了”贝尔德兴奋地喊叫着冲下楼。一把抓住一个店堂里的小伙子，拽他
上楼，把他按在“比尔”的位置上。小伙子吓得直打哆嗦，但几秒钟后，他也吃惊地喊叫起
来：“真是奇迹，真是奇迹。”因为贝尔德的“魔镜”里映出了他的脸。
贝尔德终于震惊英国，资助他的人纷纷涌来。贝尔德更新了设备。开始更大规模的试验。
１９２８年，贝尔德把伦敦传播室的人像传送到纽约的一部接收机上。
不久，又出现了新的奇迹。贝尔德把伦敦一位姑娘的图像传送给她正在远洋航行的未婚
夫。
贝尔德的名字在全世界传开了。他申请在英国开创电视广播事业，但没有得到批准。但
要求电视广播的人越来越多。这个问题提交给议会，经过激烈的长时间的辩论。议会决定了
开展电视广播。
１９３６年秋，英国广播公司正式从伦敦播送电视节目。此时的贝尔德又开始埋头研究
彩色电视。
１９４１年１２月，贝尔德传送的首批完美的彩色图像获得成功。可惜的是贝尔德的实
验室被希特勒的飞弹击毁了。但贝尔德重新开始研究。１９４６年６月的一天，英国广播公
司开始播送彩色电视节目，但劳累过度的贝尔德却在这一天病倒了，没有收看他的研究结
果。６天后，他离开了人世，终年５８岁。
在英国南肯辛顿科学博物馆里，游人能看到贝尔德发明的第一架电视机，还有陪伴他多年的木偶比尔。比尔咧嘴笑着，仿佛在向游人诉说贝尔德的艰苦发明的故事，也好象在为贝
尔德成功而欢欣……
电视的历史
2007年08月03日 星期五 上午 09:59
电视
电视（television ／ video）
用电的方法即时传送活动的视觉图像。同电影相似，电视利用人眼的视觉残留效应显现一帧帧渐变的静止图像，形成视觉上的活动图像。电视系统的发送端把景物的各个微细部分按亮度和色度转换为电信号后，顺序传送。在接收端按相应的几何位置显现各微细部分的亮度和色度来重现整幅原始图像。
【电视的发明】
电视不是哪一个人的发明创造。它是一大群位于不同历史时期和国度的人们的共同结晶。早在十九世纪时，人们就开始讨论和探索将图像转变成电子信号的方法。在1900年,“television"一词就已经出现。
人们通常把1925年10月2日苏格兰人约翰?洛吉?贝尔德（John Logie Baird）在伦敦的一次实验中“扫描”出木偶的图像看作是电视诞生的标志，他被称做“电视之父”。但是，这种看法是有争议的。因为，也是在那一年，美国人斯福罗金（Vladimir Zworykin）在西屋公司（Westinghouse）向他的老板展示了他的电视系统。
尽管时间相同，但约翰?洛吉?贝尔德（John Logie Baird）与斯福罗金（Vladimir Zworykin）的电视系统是有着很大差别的。史上将约翰?洛吉?贝尔德（John Logie Baird）的电视系统称做机械式电视，而斯福罗金的系统则被称为电子式电视。这种差别主要是因为传输和接收原理的不同。
电视的发展纷繁复杂。几乎是同一个时期有许多人在做同样的研究。
美国RCA1939年推出世界上第一台黑白电视机，到1953年设定全美彩电标准以及1954年推出RCA彩色电视机。
【工作原理】 　
电视信号从点到面的顺序取样、传送和复现是靠扫描来完成的。各国的电视扫描制式不尽相同，在中国是每秒25帧，每帧625行。每行从左到右扫描,每帧按隔行从上到下分奇数行、偶数行两场扫完，用以减少闪烁感觉。扫描过程中传送图像信息。当扫描电子束从上一行正程结束返回到下一行起始点前的行逆程回扫线，以及每场从上到下扫完，回到上面的场逆程回扫线均应予以消隐。在行场消隐期间传送行场同步信号，使收、发的扫描同步，以准确地重现原始图像。
　　电视摄像是将景物的光像聚焦于摄像管的光敏(或光导)靶面上,靶面各点的光电子的激发或光电导的变化情况随光像各点的亮度而异。当用电子束对靶面扫描时，即产生一个幅度正比于各点景物光像亮度的电信号。传送到电视接收机中使显像管屏幕的扫描电子束随输入信号的强弱而变。当与发送端同步扫描时，显像管的屏幕上即显现发送的原始图像。
　　电视信号传输分配的过程，以转播其他城市中的实况为例，一般从摄像机、电视中心或转播车，再经微波中继线路、发射台，最后到用户电视接收机。此外，电视广播卫星和电缆电视也分别是全国性和城市区域性电视传输分配的有效手段。
【电视频段】
　各国的电视信号扫描制式与频道宽带不完全相同，按照国际无线电咨询委员会（CCIR）的建议用拉丁字母来区别。如M代表每秒30帧、每帧525行，视频带宽 4.2兆赫、加上调频伴音和调幅视频的残留下边带的总高频带宽是6兆赫；D，K代表每秒25帧、每帧625行，视频带宽6兆赫，高频带宽8兆赫。将视频基带的全电视信号连同伴音信号分别调制到甚高频 (VHF)或超高频(UHF)频段上进行广播发射。
国际上划分给电视广播用的频段在甚高频有Ⅰ、Ⅲ频段，在超高频有Ⅳ、Ⅴ频段。电视频道则是某一路电视广播的频率占有的标称频道位置。各国采用的电视标准不同,频道划分也不同。在中国,Ⅰ频段48.5～92兆赫，分为第1～5频道；Ⅲ频段167～233兆赫,分为第6～12频道(表1)。Ⅳ频段470～566兆赫,分为第13～24频道;Ⅴ频段 606～958兆赫、分为25～68频道。每个频道占有的频率间隔是固定的。中国的625行25帧D，K制式的标准见图1,其中图像信号对图像载频fp进行调幅,为保持低频的相位特性而采用残留边带形式。部分抑制下边带后的图像信号频带相对于fp 是-0.75～+6兆赫,伴音信号对伴音载频fs进行调频，伴音载频比图像载频固定高6.5MHz，调制后的伴音信号频率范围相对于fs为±0.25兆赫。这样每个电视频道共占用8兆赫的频率范围。
【彩色电视制式】
　除包括相同于黑白电视的扫描、信道等以拉丁字母来区别的制式内容外(表2),还根据发、收端对三基色信号的不同编码、解码方式构成不同的彩色电视制式。广播彩色电视制式要求和黑白电视兼容，也就是黑白电视机能收彩色电视广播，彩色电视机也能收黑白电视广播，但收到的都是黑白图像和伴音。为此，彩色电视根据相加混色法中一定比例的三基色光能混合成包括白光在内的各种色光的原理，同时为了兼容和压缩传输频带,一般将红(R)、绿(G)、蓝(B)三个基色信号组成亮度信号(Y)和蓝、红两个色差信号 (B-Y)、(R-Y)，其中亮度信号可用来传送黑白图像，色差信号和亮度信号相组合可还原出红、绿、蓝三个基色信号。因此，兼容制彩色电视除传送相同于黑白电视的亮度信号和伴音信号外，还在同一视频频带内同时传送色度信号。色度信号是由两个色差信号对视频频带高频端的色副载波进行调制而成的。为防止色差信号的调制过载，将蓝、红色差信号(B-Y)、(R-Y)进行压缩，经压缩后的蓝、红色差信号用U、V表示。
　　1、NTSC制 　1954年美国正式广播的一种兼容彩色电视制式，也用于加拿大、日本等国。NTSC是美国国家电视制式委员会(National Television System Committee)的缩写。这种制式根据人眼分辨蓝、品红之间颜色细节的能力最弱，而分辨红、黄色之间颜色细节的能力最强的视觉特性,采用蓝、品红之间的色差信号Q和红、黄之间的色差信号 I来代替蓝、红色差信号U和V。用Q、I色差信号分别对初相角为 33°和123°的两个同频色副载波进行正交平衡调幅,以便于解码分离和抑制副载波,调制后的两个色差信号经混合组成色度信号。为在接收端对色度信号进行同步检波，须在发送端利用行消隐期间送出色同步信号。这种制式的特点是解码线路简单，成本低。
　　2、PAL制 　 1963年联邦德国为降低NTSC制的相位敏感性而发展的一种制式，于1967年正式广播，也用于英国和中国等国。PAL是相位逐行交变（Phase AlternationLine）的缩写。这种制式用U、V色差信号分别对初相位为0°和90°的两个同频色副载波进行正交平衡调幅,并把V分量的色差信号逐行倒相。这样,色度信号的相位偏差在相邻行之间经平均而得到抵消。这种制式特点是对相位偏差不甚敏感，并在传输中受多径接收而出现重影彩色的影响较小。
　　3、SECAM制 　1967年在法国正式广播,也是为改善NTSC制的相位敏感性而发展的一种兼容彩色电视制式，还用于苏联和一些东欧国家。SECAM 是顺序传送彩色和存储(Séquential Couleurà Mémoire)的缩写，是在同时传送亮度、色度信号的情况下，发送端对红、蓝色差信号分别逐行依次传送。但在接收端解码时，需要同时有亮度和红、蓝色差信号才能还原出红、绿、蓝三基色信号，因此在接受解码器中利用延迟线将收到的其中一个色差信号储存一行的时间，再与下一行收到的亮度（已在发端延迟一行）和另一个色差信号一起组成三个用作解码的信号。色度信号由红、蓝两个色差信号分别对有一定频率间隔的两个色副载波调频而成。这种制式的特点是受传输中的多径接收的影响较小。
　　4、全电视信号 　电视视频基带内传输图像的复合信号。黑白电视的全电视信号包括：扫描逆程期间的行(水平)、场(垂直)扫描同步和消隐信号、扫描正程时间的黑白亮度信号。其中同步信号使收发的扫描同步，以保证接收图像的稳定重现；消隐信号用来消除回扫亮线干扰；黑白亮度信号供黑白或彩色电视机接收黑白电视图像。彩色电视的全电视信号（图2）除有同于黑白电视的内容外，还有色同步信号和色度信号。其中色同步信号在扫描逆程期间传送，在NTSC制和PAL制中,它提供接收解码器所需色副载波的频率和相位基准，在 SECAM制中，它作为行顺序识别信号。色度信号在扫描正程期间和黑白亮度信号同时传送，它占用视频基带的高频端少部分。经解调得到两个色差信号，黑白亮度信号占用视频基带自低频以上的大部分，除供黑白电视机接收黑白图像，还和两个色差信号一起进入矩阵网络，还原成红、绿、蓝三基色信号，放大后送到彩色显像管显示彩色图像。
【电视发展史】
简史
1883年圣诞节
　　德国电气工程师尼普柯夫用他发明的“尼普柯夫圆盘”使用机械扫描方法，作了首次发射图像的实验。每幅画面有24行线，且图像相当模糊。
1908年
　　英国肯培尔.斯文顿、俄国罗申克无提出电子扫描原理，奠定了近代电技术的理论基础。
1923年
　　美籍苏联人兹瓦里金发明静电积贮式摄像管。年发明电子扫书描式显像管，这是近代电视摄像术的先驱。
1925年
　　英国约翰.洛奇.贝尔德，根据“尼普科夫圆盘”进行了新的研究工作，发明机械扫描式电视摄像机和接收机。当时画面分辨率仅30行线，扫描器每秒只能5次扫过扫描区，画面本身仅2英寸高，一英寸宽。在伦敦一家大商店向公众作了表演。
1926年
　　贝尔德向英国报界作了一次播发和接收电视的表演。
1927——1929年
　　贝尔德通过电话电缆首次进行机电式电视试播；首次短波电视试验；英国广播公司开始长期连续播发电视节目。
1930年
　　实现电视图像和声音同时发播。
1931年
　　首次把影片搬上电视银幕。 ——人们在伦敦通过电视欣赏了英国著名的地方赛马会实况转播。 ——美国发明了每秒种可以映出25幅图像的电子管电视装置。
1936年
　　英国广播公司采用贝尔德机电式电视广播，第一次播出了具有较高清晰度，步入实用阶段的电视图像。
1939年
　　美国无线电公司开始播送全电子式电视。瑞士菲普发明第一台黑白电视投影机 。
1940年
　　美国古尔马研制出机电式彩色电视系统。
1949年12月17日
　　开通使用第一条敷设在英国伦敦与苏登.可尔菲尔特之间的电视电缆。。
1951年
　　美国H.洛发明三枪荫罩式彩色显像管，洛伦期发明单枪式彩色显像管。
1954年
　　美国得克萨期仪器公司研制出第一台全晶体管电视接收机。
1966年
　　美国无线电公司研制出集成电路电视机。3年后又生产出具有电子调诣装置的彩色电视接收机。
1972年
　　日本研制出彩色电视投影机。
1973年
　　数字技术用于电视广播，实验证明数字电视可用于卫星通信。
1976年
　　英国完成“电视文库”系统的研究，用户可以直接用电视机检查新闻，书报或杂志。
1977年
　　英国研制出第一批携带式电视机。
1979年
　　世上第一个“有线电视”在伦敦开通。它是英国邮政局发明的。它能将计算机里的信息通过普通电话线传送出去并显示在用户电视机屏幕上。 　　
1981年
　　日本索尼公司研制出袖珍黑白电视机，液晶屏幕仅2.5英寸，由电池供电。
1984年
　　日本松下公司推出“宇宙电视”。该系统的画面宽3.6米，高4.62米，相当于210英寸，可放置在大型卡车上，在大街和广场等需要的地方播放。系统中采用了松下独家研制的“高辉度彩色发光管”，即使是白天，在室外也能得到色彩鲜艳，明亮的图像。
1985年3月17日
　　在日本举行的筑波科学万国博览会上，索尼公司建造的超大屏幕彩色电视墙亮相。它位于中央广场上，长40米、高25米，面积达1000平方米，整个建筑有14层楼房那么高。相当一台1857英寸彩电。超大屏幕由36块大型发光屏组成，每块重1吨，厚1.8米 4行9作品共有45万个彩色发光元件。通过其顶部安装的摄像机，可以随时显示会场上的各种活动，并播放索尼公司的各种广告性录像。
1985年
　　英国电信公司(BT)推出综合数字通信网络。它向用户提供话音、快速传送图表 、传真、慢扫描电视终端等。
1991年11月25日
　　日本索尼公司的高清晰度电视开始试播：其扫描线为1125条，比目前的525条多出一倍，图像质量提高了100%；画面纵横比改传统的9:12为9:16，增强了观赏者的现场感；平机视角从10度扩展到30度，映图更有深度感；电视面像“画素”从28万个增加 为127万个单位面积画面的信息量一举提高了近4倍……因此，观看高清晰度电视的距离不是过去屏高的7倍而是3倍，且伴音逼真，采用4声道高保真立体声，富有感染力。
1995年
　　日本索尼公司推出超微型彩色电视接收机(即手掌式彩电)，只有手掌一样大小 ，重量为280克。具有扬声器，也有耳机插孔，液晶显示屏约5.5厘米，画面看来虽小，但图像清晰，其最明显的特点是：以人的身体作天线来取得收视效果，看电视时将两根引线套在脖子上，就能取得室外天线般的效果。
1996年
　　日本索尼公司推向市场“壁挂”式电视：其长度60厘米、宽38厘米，而厚度只有3.7厘米，重量仅1.7千克，犹如一幅壁画。
我国在1958年9月2日
　　开始播送黑白电视，并建立了相应的电视工业。
1973年
　　开始试播彩色电视。
【电视分类】
从使用效果和外形来粗分为4大类：平板电视（等离子、液晶和一部分超薄壁挂式DLP背投）、CRT显像管电视（纯平CRT、超平CRT、超薄CRT等）、背投电视（CRT背投、DLP背投、LCOS背投、液晶背投）、投影电视。
1、平板电视：主要的优点是相当薄，可以挂在墙壁上观看，而且它们的显示屏可以做到很大（目前市场上等离子可以达到60英寸以上，液晶可以达到47英寸以上）。不过其缺点就是可视角度、反应速度等受到一定限制，而且价格极贵。
2、CRT显像管电视（这里只说数字高清）：主要优点就是各个方面都很优秀（亮度、对比度都很高，可视角度大、反应速度快，色彩还原也很好），但是它的屏幕最大也就是34英寸左右而已，并且很厚很笨重，还费电。不过相比之下价格很便宜。
3、背投（CRT背投、DLP背投、LCOS背投、液晶背投）：传统CRT背投已经不太吃香了，市场被数字背投（DLP背投、LCOS背投、液晶背投）抢得所剩无几。DLP光显背投目前比较吃香，因为它可以说是真正的数字电视，各方面表现都很好，屏幕大了、个头小了（其成像原理我们说过很多遍，欢迎来信报网站寻找答案），目前是最吃香的一种。液晶背投由于发热量高，灯泡寿命短等问题稍显逊色。
4、投影电视：其实就是我们在公司会议室里面看到的那种投影仪的民用版，通常装在家里可以用来看电影。