分语境刷真题——主题九：自然生态与环境保护（教师版）
第一部分：历年真题
阅读理解
（一）2021年新高考I卷C篇
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph
A. Acquire. B. Export.
C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934
A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money.
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
【答案】ACDA
（二）2021年全国甲卷B篇
Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养).
Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: “Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.”
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving the rhinos a “critically endangered” status.
4. Which of the following best describes the breeding programme
A. Costly. B. Controversial. C. Ambitious. D. Successful.
5. What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino
A. She loves staying with her mother. B. She dislikes outdoor activities.
C. She is in good condition D. She is sensitive to heat.
6. What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have
A. They had their first born in January. B. They enjoyed exploring new places
C. They lived with their grandmothers. D. They were brought to the reserve young
7. What can be inferred about Porn Lympne Reserve
A. The rhino section will be open to the public.
B. It aims to control the number of the animals.
C. It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D. Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.
【答案】DCAD
（三）2021年全国乙卷C篇
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped (倾倒) from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
28. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for
A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3
A. To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art.
D. To find a substitute for them.
30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers
A. Calming. B. Disturbing.
C. Refreshing. D. Challenging.
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
【答案】CACD
（四）2020年新课标I卷D篇
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. “We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,” explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow (发光) in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.
in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch” where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source (电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission (传输) .
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. A new study of different plants. B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces. D. Benefits from green plants.
33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer
A. To detect plants’ lack of water B. To change compositions of plants
C. To make the life of plants longer. D. To test chemicals in plants.
34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future
A. They will speed up energy production. B. They may transmit electricity to the home.
C. They might help reduce energy consumption.D. They could take the place of power plants.
35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Can we grow more glowing plants B. How do we live with glowing plants
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free
【答案】D A C C
（五）2020年新课标II卷C篇
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装) enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria (海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have(showcased)nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can’t handle this non-native species (物种). It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us.” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan says，”To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-1 think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn
A. To promote guilt-free fur. B. To expand the fashion market.
C. To introduce a new brand. D. To celebrate a winter holiday.
29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria
A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously. B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals. D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean
A. Boomed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.
31. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan
A. It’s formal. B. It’s risky. C. It’s harmful. D. It’s traditional.
【答案】A A DB
七选五
（一）2021年全国甲卷
Swap, Don’t shop!
You keep hearing about recycling, right But it doesn't end with bottles, cans, and paper. Clothing takes a huge amount of natural resources (资源) to make, and buying loads of new clothing（or throwing out old clothing）is not healthy for the environment. So what to do with all those perfectly-good-but-you're-maybe-a-little-sick-of-them clothes piled on your bedroom floor 16 . It's the best way to get rid of your used clothes, score clothes from your friends, and have a party all at the same time.
A successful swap depends on the selection of clothes, the organization of the event, and, obviously, how much fun is had. It's really easy to do! Here are a few pointers.
●Invite 5—10 people so you have a nice selection. 17 , and there may not be enough things to choose from; more than that, and it becomes uncontrollable.
● 18 . They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their "new" clothes home.
●Put different types of clothing on different surfaces in the room. 19 . Place a few mirrors around your room so people can see how things look when they try them on. One of the ground rules of the swap should be that everyone must try on the clothes before they take them—things always look different when you put them on.
●Set a starting time. Maybe you say “go,” or turn on a certain song, or whatever. 20 . And don't forget to put out some cookies and fruits. Remember, it's a party!
A. Less people than that
B. Hold a clothing swap
C. If two people are competing
D. Just keep music playing throughout
E. Donate whatever clothes are left over
F Have everyone put their clothes in the right spots
G. Tell everyone to bring clean clothes in good condition
【答案】B A G F D
（二）2021年1月浙江卷
Let's take a minute to think about the water we use. The human body is 60% water and we need to drink lots of water to be healthy. When we are thirsty we just go to the kitchen and fill a glass with clean water.
31 For example, farmers, who produce the food we eat, use water to make the plants grow. When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.
The truth is that we are lucky enough to have clean water whenever we want，but this is not the case for many people around the world. 32 That's around one in 10 people in the world. If we drink dirty water，we can catch diseases from the bacteria and become ill. Every year over 500，000 children die from diarrhea (腹泻) from dirty water. That's around 1，400 children every day！Also，in some countries children walk many kilometres every day to get water. 33 Therefore，they don't have time to learn how to read or write and don't get an education.
34 On this day every year，countries around the world hold events to educate people about the problems of dirty water and that clean water is something that everyone should have around the world. At one school in the UK，children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water. 35 People give them money to do this and all the money helps get clean water to as many people as possible around the world.
A. We use water indirectly too.
B. Every system in our body depends on water to function.
C. It is to inspire people to learn more about water-related problems
D. If children walk many hours a day to get water，they can't go to school.
E. Did you know that around 750 million people do not have clean water to drink？
F. In 1993 the United Nations decided that March 22nd is the World Day for Water.
G. In this way，they know how it feels to walk a long distance carrying heavy bottles.
【答案】 A E D F G
完形填空
（一）2022年全国卷
My husband, our children and I have had wonderful camping experiences over the past ten years.
Some of our 36 are funny, especially from the early years when our children were little. Once, we 37 along Chalk Creek. I was 38 that our 15-month-old boy would fall into the creek (小溪). I tied a rope around his waist to keep him near to our spot. That lasted about ten minutes. He was 39 , and his crying let the whole campground know it. So 40 tying him up, I just kept a close eye on him. It 41 — he didn’t end up in the creek. My three-year-old, however, did.
Another time, we rented a boat in Vallecito Lake. The sky was clear when we 42 , but storms move in fast in the mountains, and this one quickly 43 our peaceful morning trip. The 44 picked up and thunder rolled. My husband stopped fishing to 45 the motor. Nothing. He tried again. No 46 . We were stuck in the middle of the lake with a dead motor. As we all sat there 47 , a fisherman pulled up, threw us a rope and towed (拖) us back. We were 48 .
Now, every year when my husband pulls our camper out of the garage, we are filled with a sense of 49 , wondering what camping fun and 50 we will experience next.
36. A. ideas B. jokes C. memories D. discoveries
37. A. camped B. drove C. walked D. cycled
38. A. annoyed B. surprised C. disappointed D. worried
39. A. unhurt B. unfortunate C. uncomfortable D. unafraid
40. A. due to B. instead of C. apart from D. as for
41. A. worked B. happened C. mattered D. changed
42. A. signed up B. calmed down C. checked out D. headed off
43. A. arranged B. interrupted C. completed D. recorded
44. A. wind B. noise C. temperature D. speed
45. A. find B. hide C. start D. fix
46. A. luck B. answer C. wonder D. signal
47. A. patiently B. tirelessly C. doubtfully D. helplessly
48. A. sorry B. brave C. safe D. right
49. A. relief B. duty C. pride D. excitement
50. A. failure B. adventure C. performance D. conflict
【答案】 CADCB ADBAC ADCDB
（二）2021年浙江卷
Last year I decided to do some volunteer work. I began to 41 on the Internet and discovered Volunteer USA. Three months later I 42 myself on a plane to Phoenix, Arizona. I was 43 at the thought of living with loads of new people for three months. However, within fifteen minutes of 44 , my worries had gone. Everyone was so 45 and like-minded that it was very 46 to feel at home.
I was sent to the Coronado National Forest for my first 8-day 47 . We had to 48 everything we needed and walk three miles to where we worked. It may not seem like a 49 way but in 35℃ heat and with a heavy pack, my legs were on fire.
My job was to 50 a stairway out of rock. This 51 climbing up and down the side of a mountain inhabited (栖息) by mountain lions, although I should say they were only heard,never 52 .
Three days later, a beautiful stairway came into being. The 53 of knowing that my 54 will be on that mountainside for years to come is massive.
But on the last night we were 55 in a thunderstorm. I woke up at midnight to find a swimming pool in my tent. The temperature was close to 56 . I had to spend the rest of the night trembling in the only 57 part of my tent.
58 , I suffered a lot. But I know whatever I have to face in my life I was there and I 59 . I think I am much 60 for having taken part in the project.
41. A. calculate B. negotiate C. advertise D. research
42. A. imagined B. introduced C. enjoyed D. found
43. A. annoyed B. surprised C. scared D. excited
44. A. arriving B. sleeping C. thinking D. walking
45. A. confident B. friendly C. energetic D. curious
46. A. funny B. good C. lucky D. easy
47. A. tour B. project C. campaign D. course
48. A. drop B. make C. carry D. buy
49. A. nice B. safe C. long D. quick
50. A. build B. test C. clean D. guard
51. A. helped B. ended C. allowed D. meant
52. A. hunted B. trained C. seen D. fed
53. A. satisfaction B. ambition C. expectation D. intention
54. A. work B. memory C. record D. story
55. A. left B. caught C. attacked D. separated
56. A. boiling B. average C. normal D. freezing
57. A. tidy B. dry C. new D. soft
58. A. By the way B. Regardless of that C. Needless to say D. In either case
59. A. survived B. resisted C. escaped D. recovered
60. A. smarter B. stronger C. happier D. busier
【答案】 DDCAB DBCCA DCAAB DBCAB
（三）2020年山东卷
Molai grew up in a tiny village in India. The village lay near some wetlands which became his second 21 . He learned the value and beauty of 22 there from a very young age.
When he was 16, Molai began to notice something 23 happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the 24 it caused had driven away a number of birds. 25 , the number of snakes had declined as well. He 26 that it was because there weren’t enough trees to protect them from the 27 . The solution, of course, was to plant trees so the animals could seek 28 during the daytime. He turned to the 29 department for help but was told that nothing would grow there. However, Molai went looking on his own and 30 a nearby island where he began to plant trees.
31 young plants in the dry season was 32 for a lone boy. Molai built at the 33 of each sapling (幼树) a bamboo platform, where he placed earthen pots with small holes to 34 rainwater. The water would then drip (滴落) on the plants below.
Molai 35 to plant trees for the next 37 years. His efforts have resulted in 1, 360 acres of naturally-grown land that has become home to many plants and animals.
21. A. dream B. job C. home D. choice
22. A. nature B. youth C. culture D. knowledge
23. A. precious B. interesting C. disturbing D. awkward
24. A. waste B. tension C. pain D. damage
25. A. Besides B. However C. Therefore D. Otherwise
26. A. agreed B. realized C. remembered D. predicted
27. A. noise B. heat C. disease D. dust
28. A. directions B. partners C. help D. shelter
29. A. labor B. police C. forest D. finance
30. A. rebuilt B. discovered C. left D. managed
31. A. Decorating B. Observing C. Watering D. Guarding
32. A. tough B. illegal C. fantastic D. beneficial
33. A. back B. top C. foot D. side
34. A. cool down B. keep off C. purify D. collect
35. A. returned B. learned C. failed D. continued
【答案】 CACDA BBDCB CABDD
（四）2019年全国卷I卷
Every year about 40, 000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa. They 41 with them lots of waste. The 42 might damage the beauty of the place. The glaciers (冰川) are disappearing, changing the 43 of Kilimanjaro.
Hearing these stories, I’m 44 about the place — other destinations are described as “purer” natural experiences.
However, I soon 45 that much has changed since the days of disturbing reports of 46 among tons of rubbish. I find a 47 mountain, with toilets at camps and along the paths. The environmental challenges are 48 but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be 49 .
The best of a Kilimanjaro 50 , in my opinion, isn’t reaching the top. Mountains are 51 as spiritual places by many cultures. This 52 is especially evident on Kilimanjaro as 53 go through five ecosystems (生态系统) in the space of a few kilometers. At the base is a rainforest. It ends abruptly at 3, 000 meters, 54 lands of low growing plants. Further up, the weather 55 — low clouds envelope the mountainsides, which are covered with thick grass. I 56 twelve shades of green from where I stand. Above 4, 000 meters is the highland 57 : gravel (砾石), stones and rocks. 58 you climb into an arctic-like zone with 59 snow and the glaciers that may soon disappear.
Does Kilimanjaro 60 its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace I found the opposite to be true.
41. A. keep B. mix C. connect D. bring
42. A. stories B. buildings C. crowds D. reporters
43. A. position B. age C. face D. name
44. A. silent B. skeptical C. serious D. crazy
45. A. discover B. argue C. decide D. advocate
46. A. equipment B. grass C. camps D. stones
47. A. remote B. quiet C. all D. clean
48. A. new B. special C. significant D. necessary
49. A. paying off B. spreading out C. blowing up D. fading away
50. A. atmosphere B. experience C. experiment D. sight
51. A. studied B. observed C. explored D. regarded
52. A. view B. quality C. reason D. purpose
53. A. scientists B. climbers C. locals D. officials
54. A. holding on to B. going back to C. living up to D. giving way to
55. A. changes B. clears C. improves D. permits
56. A. match B. imagine C. count D. add
57. A. village B. desert C. road D. lake
58. A. Obviously B. Easily C. Consequently D. Finally
59. A. permanent B. little C. fresh D. artificial
60. A. enjoy B. deserve C. save D. acquire
【答案】 DCCBA CDCAB DABDA CBDAB
（五）2019年全国卷III卷
The small town of Rjukan in Norway is situated between several mountains and does not get direct sunlight from late September to mid-March- 41 six months out of the year.
Of course, we 42 it when the sun is shining，" says Karin Ro, who works for the town’s tourism office. “We see the sky is 43 , but down in the valley it’s darker — it’s like on a 44 day.”
But that 45 when a system of high-tech 46 was introduced to reflect sunlight from neighboring peaks (山峰) into the valley below. Wednesday, residents (居民) of Rjukan 47 their very first ray of winter sunshine: A row of reflective boards on a nearby mountainside were put to 48 . The mirrors are controlled by a computer that 49 them to turn along with the sun throughout the 50 and to close during windy weather. They reflect a concentrated beam (束) of light onto the town’s central 51 , creating an area of sunlight roughly 600 square meters. When the light 52 , Rjukan residents gathered together.
“People have been 53 there and standing there and taking 54 of each other,” Ro says. “The town square was totally 55 . I think almost all the people in the town were there. ” The 3, 500 residents cannot all 56 the sunshine at the same time. 57 , the new light feels like more than enough for the town’s 58 residents.
“It's not very 59 , ” she says, “but it is enough when we are 60 .”
41. A. only B. obviously C. nearly D. precisely
42. A. fear B. believe C. hear D. notice
43. A. empty B. blue C. high D. wide
44. A. cloudy B. normal C. different D. warm
45. A. helped B. changed C. happened D. mattered
46. A. computers B. telescopes C. mirrors D. cameras
47. A. remembered B. forecasted C. received D. imagined
48. A. repair B. risk C. rest D. use
49. A. forbids B. directs C. predicts D. follows
50. A. day B. night C. month D. year
51. A. library B. hall C. square D. street
52. A. appeared B. returned C. faded D. stopped
53. A. driving B. hiding C. camping D. siting
54. A. pictures B. notes C. care D. hold
55. A. new B. full C. flat D. silent
56. A. block B. avoid C. enjoy D. store
57. A. Instead B. However C. Gradually D. Similarly
58. A. nature-loving B. energy-saving C. weather-beaten D. sun-starved
59. A. big B. clear C. cold D. easy
60. A. trying B. waiting C. watching D. sharing
【答案】 CDBAB CCDBA CADAB CBDAD
（六）2019年江苏卷
Wildlife has been greatly threatened in the modem age. There are species (物种) that are 36 every day. The white-naped crane is a typical example. So scientists are trying their best to 37 the species from going out of existence.
Chris and Tim work at a zoo, helping endangered cranes with their 38 . Emma, a female crane, has been in their 39 since she arrived in 2004.
Born at an international crane foundation, Emma was 40 by human caretakers. This led to an unexpected 41 , though she had a wonderful time there. Emma had 42 taken herself as a crane and become deeply attached to humans. She 43 to live with male cranes, and even had a 44 for killing some of them, which made it 45 for her to become a mother.
46 , the two zookeepers didn’t want to see the extinction (灭绝) of this precious species. With their patience and efforts, they successfully developed a 47 of artificial breeding (人工繁殖) and natural reproduction. This 48 Emma to give birth to five baby cranes.
The two keepers are proud of their productive work. But before they can be 49 , more efforts must be made, because the population of the crane in the wild is on the 50 , and many other species appear headed toward extinction. 51 , not everyone has realized that wildlife has thoughts, feelings, and most importantly, equal rights to survive.
How can we 52 the ever-widening gap that separates us from other animals Chris and Tim offered us the ___53___: human beings took it for granted that their 54 held all the solutions, but maybe their hearts can be a better 55 .
36. A. growing B. migrating C. competing D. disappearing
37. A. ban B. save C. split D. remove
38. A. abortion B. recreation C. reproduction D. administration
39. A. care B. eye C. mind D. story
40. A. found B. chosen C. raised D. seized
41. A. bonus B. consequence C. victory D. sacrifice
42. A. never B. always C. unluckily D. cheerfully
43. A. liked B. refused C. decided D. hesitated
44. A. gift B. skill C. concern D. reputation
45. A. illegal B. inspiring C. important D. impossible
46. A. Therefore B. Moreover C. However D. Instead
47. A. combination B. collection C. strategy D. system
48. A. forced B. forbade C. taught D. enabled
49. A. defeated B. grateful C. assured D. tolerant
50. A. list B. rise C. agenda D. decline
51. A. In contrast B. After all C. By the way D. On the contrary
52. A. leave B. bridge C. open D. identify
53. A. course B. excuse C. answer D. reward
54. A. brains B. behaviors C. services D. projects
55. A. guide B. treat C. example D. companion
【答案】 DBCAC BABDD CADCD BBCAA
四、语法填空
（一）2022年全国卷
The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park (GPNP). 56 (cover) an area about three times 57 size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that 58 (be) previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority 59 (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP 60 (design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, 61 leaving behind precious natural assets (资产) for future generations”. The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate 62 (population) and homes of giant pandas, and 63 (eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
Giant pandas also serve 64 an umbrella species (物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species 65 live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
【答案】56. Covering 57. the 58. were 59. to increase 60. is designed
61. and 62. populations 63. eventually 64. as 65. that
（二）2022年浙江卷
Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics 36 are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like frequently by plane 37 (view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information. But Cobb and others 38 (be) now questioning that idea pushing conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely, and 39 (change) their personal behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis. On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, 40 (rough) 200 academics - many of them climate scientists 41 (promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak 42 she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of 43 time, they agreed. When the answer, was no, she, declined the 44 (invite). That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans 45 (continue) the practice. "It has been fairly rewarding. ", she says, “a really positive change.”
【答案】36. who/that 37.is viewed/has been viewed 38. are 39. changing 40. roughly
41. have promised 42. whether/if 43. the 44. invitation 45. to continue
（三）2021年全国卷Ⅱ卷
I've always loved the ocean. In the 56 (seven) grade,I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California. I was upset to learn that many sea animals eat plastic garbage, 57 (think) it is food.
I decided to do something 58 (educate) people about this problem. I held presentations at schools to teach kids about plastic waste. I wanted to reach businesses too. I decided that if I learned of a company 59 used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
One day, I saw a commercial for a health-care company. People in the ad were using plastic straws (吸管). I found the contact information of the company 60 emailed its president. I told him how 61 (harm) plastic could be to the environment and asked him to consider using more eco-friendly options. I was so 62 (excite) when he wrote back to me.He said he would make sure that the company cut its use of plastic straws in half.
I kept going. Whenever I heard of businesses using plastic, I'd send an email. One of the biggest companies I wrote to 63 (be) Alaska Airlines Paris. A company 64 (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over 65 plastic to paper cups on all of its 1, 200 daily flights.
【答案】56. seventh 57. thinking 58. to educate 59. which/that 60. and
61. harmful 62. excited 63. was 64. representative 65. from
（四）2021年北京卷
There 61 (be) a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years, 62 (cause) largely by rising global temperatures,according to a new report from the United Nations. From 2000 to 2019, there were 7,348 major natural disasters around the world, 63 (result) in USD 2,970 billion in economic loss. Much of this increase can be due to climate change. The findings show a critical need 64 (invest) in disaster prevention.
【答案】61. has been 62. caused 63. resulting 64. to invest
（五）2021年全国卷I卷
Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”. 56 is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 57 (human) are.
The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will 58 (undoubted) help you get refreshed! The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the 59 (hot) the spring! Strange, isn’t it But that’s how nature is — always leaving us 60 (astonish).
What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it 61 (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure 62 offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 63 (ache) legs.
As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory. It sure does in 64 (I). While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is 65 must to visit!
【答案】56. What 57. humans 58. undoubtedly 59. hotter 60. astonished
was 62. and 63. aching 64. mine 65. a
（六）2021年全国乙卷
Ecotourism is commonly regarded as low impact (影响) travel to undisturbed places. It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become 56 (educate) about the areas — both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the 57 (develop)of the local areas.
Ecotourism has 58 (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. It was not widely accepted as a travel concept 59 the late 1980s. During that time, increasing environmental awareness made it desirable.
Due to 60 growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types 61 trips are now being classified as ecotourism. Actually, a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following principles:
·Minimize the impact of 62 (visit) the place.
·Build respect for and awareness of the environment and cultural practices.
·Provide 63 (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.
·Make sure that the tourism provides experiences for both the visitors and the hosts.
Komodo National Park, officially recognized in 1980, is popular for ecotourism because of its unique biodiversity. 64 (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim 65 (have) a low impact on the natural environment.
【答案】56. educated 57. development 58. its 59. until 60. the
of 62. visiting 63. financial 64. Activities 65. to have
（七）2019年全国卷I卷
The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence 56 they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been 57 (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20, 000-25, 000 polar bears worldwide.
Modern methods 58 tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive 59 (perform) consistently over a large area. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut 60 (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a 61 (believe) that populations are increasing. Scientists have responded by 62 (note) that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are 63 (high) than they actually are. Of 64 nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six 65 (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
【答案】56. that 57. poorly 58. of/for 59. to perform 60. have reported
61. belief 62. noting 63. higher 64. the 65. are
（八）2018年全国卷Ⅱ卷
Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country 56 (grow) more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over 57 past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
A taste for meat is 58 (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice 59 (improve) water quality. Corn uses less water 60 rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff. This switch has decreased 61 (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total 62 (globe) fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government 63 (start) a soil-testing program 64 gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission (排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. China's approach to protecting its environment while 65 (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide.” says the bank's Juergen Voegele.
【答案】56. has grown 57. the 58. actually 59. to improve 60. than
61. pollution 62. global 63. started 64. that/which 65. feeding
五、应用文写作
（一）2022年全国甲卷
你校将以六月八日世界海洋日为主题，举办英语征文比赛。请你写一篇短文投稿。内容包括：
1. 海洋的重要性；
2. 保护海洋的倡议。
注意：1. 词数100左右；
2. 短文的题目和首句已为你写好。
Our Oceans, Our Responsibility
June 8th was officially named by UN in 2009 as World Oceans Day. _______________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
【范文】
Our Oceans, Our Responsibility
June 8th was officially named by UN in 2009 as World Oceans Day. When it comes to ocean, its pollution is becoming more and more serious. World Ocean Day, falling on June 8th, is aimed at raising awareness of ocean conservation.
Ocean plays a key role in our world. Not only does ocean offer us sufficient food, but also it maintains the balance of nature. Thus, it is imperative to protect ocean. First of all, what we can do is to place importance on our daily actions. For example, garbage can’t be thrown into ocean. What’s more, we can also hand out leaflets to call on more people to protect the ocean. The more people are involved, the better the ocean environment is.
All in all, it is high time that we devoted ourselves to protecting ocean. To protect ocean is to protect ourselves.
主题九：自然生态与环境保护（历年真题）
真题来源 主题语境 体裁 题材 词数（词）
2021年新高考I卷阅读理解 人与自然 说明文 联邦鸭票的起源，具体实施方法及成效 297+126
2021年全国 甲卷阅读理解 人与自然 说明文 介绍Port Lympne Reserve繁育黑犀牛的情况。 263+141
2021年全国 乙卷阅读理解 人与自然 说明文 艺术家Benjamin Von Wong 用塑料垃圾制作巨大的雕塑作品。 281+127
2020年新课标I卷阅读理解 人与自然 说明文 绿色植物可以被改造来发挥不同寻常的功能。 336+156
2020年新课标II卷阅读理解 人与自然 说明文 海狸鼠破坏生态系统，穿海狸鼠皮毛制成的衣服不会对环境造成影响。 332+114
2021年全国 甲卷七选五 人与自然 说明文 用旧衣服交换来制新衣服 261+49
2021年1月 浙江卷七选五 人与自然 说明文 水资源的重要性 282+97
2022年全国卷 完形填空 人与社会 夹叙夹议 作者回忆与家人一齐露营的经历。 240+143
2021年浙江卷 完形填空 人与社会 记叙文 作者参加志愿者项目，历经苦难，后来表的强大的故事。 277+188
2020年山东卷完形填空 人与社会 记叙文 莫莱用他努力将1360英亩的土地变成动植物的家园。 230+137
2019年全国卷I卷完形填空 人与自然 说明文 作者用他亲身的经历为乞力马扎罗山正名，这座山不应该被一座挤满破坏宁静氛围游客的山峰。 268+192
2019年全国卷III卷完形填空 人与自然 说明文 为什么我们的社会变成了垃圾成山，一次性物品充斥的社会。 266+180
2019年江苏卷完形填空 人与自然 夹叙夹议 在作者的帮助下，一只雌鹤繁殖五只幼崽。 293+186
2022年全国卷语法填空 人与社会 说明文 中国政府决定建立大熊猫公园的计划。 224
2022年浙江卷语法填空 人与自然 说明文 一个学者发行的飞行实践 195
2021年全国卷Ⅱ卷语法填空 人与自然 说明文 海洋生物吃塑料垃圾 225
2021年北京卷 语法填空 人与自然 说明文 极端天气数量剧增，是由全球气温上升导致的。 76
2021年全国卷I卷语法填空 人与社会 记叙文 去黄山旅行的经历 207
2021年全国 乙卷语法填空 人与自然 说明文 生态环境对未被打扰的地区 205
2019年全国卷I卷语法填空 人与自然 说明文 北极熊在北极圈和一些大的陆地被发现。 190
2018年全国卷Ⅱ卷语法填空 人与社会 说明文 中国的饮食结构发生变化 210
2022年全国甲卷应用文写作 人与自然 应用文 保护海洋环境 100分语境刷真题——主题九：自然生态与环境保护（学生版）
第一部分：历年真题
阅读理解
（一）2021年新高考I卷C篇
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph
A. Acquire. B. Export.
C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934
A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money.
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
（二）2021年全国甲卷B篇
Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养).
Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: “Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.”
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving the rhinos a “critically endangered” status.
4. Which of the following best describes the breeding programme
A. Costly. B. Controversial. C. Ambitious. D. Successful.
5. What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino
A. She loves staying with her mother. B. She dislikes outdoor activities.
C. She is in good condition D. She is sensitive to heat.
6. What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have
A. They had their first born in January. B. They enjoyed exploring new places
C. They lived with their grandmothers. D. They were brought to the reserve young
7. What can be inferred about Porn Lympne Reserve
A. The rhino section will be open to the public.
B. It aims to control the number of the animals.
C. It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D. Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.
（三）2021年全国乙卷C篇
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped（倾倒）from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
28. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for
A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3
A. To show the difficulty of their recycling. B. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art. D. To find a substitute for them.
30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers
A. Calming. B. Disturbing.
C. Refreshing. D. Challenging.
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
（四）2020年新课标I卷D篇
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. “We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,” explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.
in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch” where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source (电源) -such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission (传输).
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. A new study of different plants. B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces. D. Benefits from green plants.
33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer
A. To detect plants’ lack of water B. To change compositions of plants
C. To make the life of plants longer. D. To test chemicals in plants.
34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future
A. They will speed up energy production. B. They may transmit electricity to the home.
C. They might help reduce energy consumption.D. They could take the place of power plants.
35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Can we grow more glowing plants B. How do we live with glowing plants
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free
（五）2020年新课标II卷C篇
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装) enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria (海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have(showcased)nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can’t handle this non-native species (物种). It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us.” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan says，”To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-1 think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn
A. To promote guilt-free fur. B. To expand the fashion market.
C. To introduce a new brand. D. To celebrate a winter holiday.
29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria
A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously. B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals. D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean
A. Boomed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.
31. What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan
A. It’s formal. B. It’s risky. C. It’s harmful. D. It’s traditional.
七选五
（一）2021年全国甲卷
Swap, Don’t shop!
You keep hearing about recycling, right But it doesn't end with bottles, cans, and paper. Clothing takes a huge amount of natural resources (资源) to make, and buying loads of new clothing（or throwing out old clothing）is not healthy for the environment. So what to do with all those perfectly-good-but-you're-maybe-a-little-sick-of-them clothes piled on your bedroom floor 16 . It's the best way to get rid of your used clothes, score clothes from your friends, and have a party all at the same time.
A successful swap depends on the selection of clothes, the organization of the event, and, obviously, how much fun is had. It's really easy to do! Here are a few pointers.
●Invite 5—10 people so you have a nice selection. 17 , and there may not be enough things to choose from; more than that, and it becomes uncontrollable.
● 18 . They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their "new" clothes home.
●Put different types of clothing on different surfaces in the room. 19 . Place a few mirrors around your room so people can see how things look when they try them on. One of the ground rules of the swap should be that everyone must try on the clothes before they take them—things always look different when you put them on.
●Set a starting time. Maybe you say “go,” or turn on a certain song, or whatever. 20 . And don't forget to put out some cookies and fruits. Remember, it's a party!
A. Less people than that
B. Hold a clothing swap
C. If two people are competing
D. Just keep music playing throughout
E. Donate whatever clothes are left over
F Have everyone put their clothes in the right spots
G. Tell everyone to bring clean clothes in good condition
（二）2021年1月浙江卷
Let's take a minute to think about the water we use. The human body is 60% water and we need to drink lots of water to be healthy. When we are thirsty we just go to the kitchen and fill a glass with clean water.
31 For example, farmers, who produce the food we eat, use water to make the plants grow. When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.
The truth is that we are lucky enough to have clean water whenever we want，but this is not the case for many people around the world. 32 That's around one in 10 people in the world. If we drink dirty water，we can catch diseases from the bacteria and become ill. Every year over 500，000 children die from diarrhea(腹泻)from dirty water. That's around 1，400 children every day！ Also，in some countries children walk many kilometres every day to get water. 33 Therefore，they don't have time to learn how to read or write and don't get an education.
34 On this day every year，countries around the world hold events to educate people about the problems of dirty water and that clean water is something that everyone should have around the world. At one school in the UK，children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water. 35 People give them money to do this and all the money helps get clean water to as many people as possible around the world.
A. We use water indirectly too.
B. Every system in our body depends on water to function.
C. It is to inspire people to learn more about water-related problems
D. If children walk many hours a day to get water，they can't go to school.
E. Did you know that around 750 million people do not have clean water to drink？
F. In 1993 the United Nations decided that March 22nd is the World Day for Water.
G. In this way，they know how it feels to walk a long distance carrying heavy bottles.
完形填空
（一）2022年全国卷
My husband, our children and I have had wonderful camping experiences over the past ten years.
Some of our 36 are funny, especially from the early years when our children were little. Once, we 37 along Chalk Creek. I was 38 that our 15-month-old boy would fall into the creek (小溪). I tied a rope around his waist to keep him near to our spot. That lasted about ten minutes. He was 39 , and his crying let the whole campground know it. So 40 tying him up, I just kept a close eye on him. It 41 — he didn’t end up in the creek. My three-year-old, however, did.
Another time, we rented a boat in Vallecito Lake. The sky was clear when we 42 , but storms move in fast in the mountains, and this one quickly 43 our peaceful morning trip. The 44 picked up and thunder rolled. My husband stopped fishing to 45 the motor. Nothing. He tried again. No 46 . We were stuck in the middle of the lake with a dead motor. As we all sat there 47 , a fisherman pulled up, threw us a rope and towed (拖) us back. We were 48 .
Now, every year when my husband pulls our camper out of the garage, we are filled with a sense of 49 , wondering what camping fun and 50 we will experience next.
36. A. ideas B. jokes C. memories D. discoveries
37. A. camped B. drove C. walked D. cycled
38. A. annoyed B. surprised C. disappointed D. worried
39. A. unhurt B. unfortunate C. uncomfortable D. unafraid
40. A. due to B. instead of C. apart from D. as for
41. A. worked B. happened C. mattered D. changed
42. A. signed up B. calmed down C. checked out D. headed off
43. A. arranged B. interrupted C. completed D. recorded
44. A. wind B. noise C. temperature D. speed
45. A. find B. hide C. start D. fix
46. A. luck B. answer C. wonder D. signal
47. A. patiently B. tirelessly C. doubtfully D. helplessly
48. A. sorry B. brave C. safe D. right
49. A. relief B. duty C. pride D. excitement
50. A. failure B. adventure C. performance D. conflict
（二）2021年浙江卷
Last year I decided to do some volunteer work. I began to 41 on the Internet and discovered Volunteer USA. Three months later I 42 myself on a plane to Phoenix, Arizona. I was 43 at the thought of living with loads of new people for three months. However, within fifteen minutes of 44 , my worries had gone. Everyone was so 45 and like-minded that it was very 46 to feel at home.
I was sent to the Coronado National Forest for my first 8-day 47 . We had to 48 everything we needed and walk three miles to where we worked. It may not seem like a 49 way but in 35℃ heat and with a heavy pack, my legs were on fire.
My job was to 50 a stairway out of rock. This 51 climbing up and down the side of a mountain inhabited (栖息) by mountain lions, although I should say they were only heard,never 52 .
Three days later, a beautiful stairway came into being. The 53 of knowing that my 54 will be on that mountainside for years to come is massive.
But on the last night we were 55 in a thunderstorm. I woke up at midnight to find a swimming pool in my tent. The temperature was close to 56 . I had to spend the rest of the night trembling in the only 57 part of my tent.
58 , I suffered a lot. But I know whatever I have to face in my life I was there and I 59 . I think I am much 60 for having taken part in the project.
41. A. calculate B. negotiate C. advertise D. research
42. A. imagined B. introduced C. enjoyed D. found
43. A. annoyed B. surprised C. scared D. excited
44. A. arriving B. sleeping C. thinking D. walking
45. A. confident B. friendly C. energetic D. curious
46. A. funny B. good C. lucky D. easy
47. A. tour B. project C. campaign D. course
48. A. drop B. make C. carry D. buy
49. A. nice B. safe C. long D. quick
50. A. build B. test C. clean D. guard
51. A. helped B. ended C. allowed D. meant
52. A. hunted B. trained C. seen D. fed
53. A. satisfaction B. ambition C. expectation D. intention
54. A. work B. memory C. record D. story
55. A. left B. caught C. attacked D. separated
56. A. boiling B. average C. normal D. freezing
57. A. tidy B. dry C. new D. soft
58. A. By the way B. Regardless of that C. Needless to say D. In either case
59. A. survived B. resisted C. escaped D. recovered
60. A. smarter B. stronger C. happier D. busier
（三）2020年山东卷
Molai grew up in a tiny village in India. The village lay near some wetlands which became his second 21 . He learned the value and beauty of 22 there from a very young age.
When he was 16, Molai began to notice something 23 happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the 24 it caused had driven away a number of birds. 25 , the number of snakes had declined as well. He 26 that it was because there weren’t enough trees to protect them from the 27 . The solution, of course, was to plant trees so the animals could seek 28 during the daytime. He turned to the 29 department for help but was told that nothing would grow there. However, Molai went looking on his own and 30 a nearby island where he began to plant trees.
31 young plants in the dry season was 32 for a lone boy. Molai built at the 33 of each sapling (幼树) a bamboo platform, where he placed earthen pots with small holes to 34 rainwater. The water would then drip (滴落) on the plants below.
Molai 35 to plant trees for the next 37 years. His efforts have resulted in 1, 360 acres of naturally-grown land that has become home to many plants and animals.
21. A. dream B. job C. home D. choice
22. A. nature B. youth C. culture D. knowledge
23. A. precious B. interesting C. disturbing D. awkward
24. A. waste B. tension C. pain D. damage
25. A. Besides B. However C. Therefore D. Otherwise
26. A. agreed B. realized C. remembered D. predicted
27. A. noise B. heat C. disease D. dust
28. A. directions B. partners C. help D. shelter
29. A. labor B. police C. forest D. finance
30. A. rebuilt B. discovered C. left D. managed
31. A. Decorating B. Observing C. Watering D. Guarding
32. A. tough B. illegal C. fantastic D. beneficial
33. A. back B. top C. foot D. side
34. A. cool down B. keep off C. purify D. collect
35. A. returned B. learned C. failed D. continued
（四）2019年全国卷I卷
Every year about 40, 000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa. They 41 with them lots of waste. The 42 might damage the beauty of the place. The glaciers (冰川) are disappearing, changing the 43 of Kilimanjaro.
Hearing these stories, I’m 44 about the place — other destinations are described as “purer” natural experiences.
However, I soon 45 that much has changed since the days of disturbing reports of 46 among tons of rubbish. I find a 47 mountain, with toilets at camps and along the paths. The environmental challenges are 48 but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be 49 .
The best of a Kilimanjaro 50 , in my opinion, isn’t reaching the top. Mountains are 51 as spiritual places by many cultures. This 52 is especially evident on Kilimanjaro as 53 go through five ecosystems (生态系统) in the space of a few kilometers. At the base is a rainforest. It ends abruptly at 3, 000 meters, 54 lands of low growing plants. Further up, the weather 55 — low clouds envelope the mountainsides, which are covered with thick grass. I 56 twelve shades of green from where I stand. Above 4, 000 meters is the highland 57 : gravel (砾石), stones and rocks. 58 you climb into an arctic-like zone with 59 snow and the glaciers that may soon disappear.
Does Kilimanjaro 60 its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace I found the opposite to be true.
41. A. keep B. mix C. connect D. bring
42. A. stories B. buildings C. crowds D. reporters
43. A. position B. age C. face D. name
44. A. silent B. skeptical C. serious D. crazy
45. A. discover B. argue C. decide D. advocate
46. A. equipment B. grass C. camps D. stones
47. A. remote B. quiet C. all D. clean
48. A. new B. special C. significant D. necessary
49. A. paying off B. spreading out C. blowing up D. fading away
50. A. atmosphere B. experience C. experiment D. sight
51. A. studied B. observed C. explored D. regarded
52. A. view B. quality C. reason D. purpose
53. A. scientists B. climbers C. locals D. officials
54. A. holding on to B. going back to C. living up to D. giving way to
55. A. changes B. clears C. improves D. permits
56. A. match B. imagine C. count D. add
57. A. village B. desert C. road D. lake
58. A. Obviously B. Easily C. Consequently D. Finally
59. A. permanent B. little C. fresh D. artificial
60. A. enjoy B. deserve C. save D. acquire
（五）2019年全国卷III卷
The small town of Rjukan in Norway is situated between several mountains and does not get direct sunlight from late September to mid-March- 41 six months out of the year.
Of course, we 42 it when the sun is shining，" says Karin Ro, who works for the town’s tourism office. “We see the sky is 43 , but down in the valley it’s darker — it’s like on a 44 day.”
But that 45 when a system of high-tech 46 was introduced to reflect sunlight from neighboring peaks (山峰) into the valley below. Wednesday, residents (居民) of Rjukan 47 their very first ray of winter sunshine: A row of reflective boards on a nearby mountainside were put to 48 . The mirrors are controlled by a computer that 49 them to turn along with the sun throughout the 50 and to close during windy weather. They reflect a concentrated beam (束) of light onto the town’s central 51 , creating an area of sunlight roughly 600 square meters. When the light 52 , Rjukan residents gathered together.
“People have been 53 there and standing there and taking 54 of each other,” Ro says. “The town square was totally 55 . I think almost all the people in the town were there. ” The 3, 500 residents cannot all 56 the sunshine at the same time. 57 , the new light feels like more than enough for the town’s 58 residents.
“It's not very 59 , ” she says, “but it is enough when we are 60 .”
41. A. only B. obviously C. nearly D. precisely
42. A. fear B. believe C. hear D. notice
43. A. empty B. blue C. high D. wide
44. A. cloudy B. normal C. different D. warm
45. A. helped B. changed C. happened D. mattered
46. A. computers B. telescopes C. mirrors D. cameras
47. A. remembered B. forecasted C. received D. imagined
48. A. repair B. risk C. rest D. use
49. A. forbids B. directs C. predicts D. follows
50. A. day B. night C. month D. year
51. A. library B. hall C. square D. street
52. A. appeared B. returned C. faded D. stopped
53. A. driving B. hiding C. camping D. siting
54. A. pictures B. notes C. care D. hold
55. A. new B. full C. flat D. silent
56. A. block B. avoid C. enjoy D. store
57. A. Instead B. However C. Gradually D. Similarly
58. A. nature-loving B. energy-saving C. weather-beaten D. sun-starved
59. A. big B. clear C. cold D. easy
60. A. trying B. waiting C. watching D. sharing
（六）2019年江苏卷
Wildlife has been greatly threatened in the modem age. There are species (物种) that are 36 every day. The white-naped crane is a typical example. So scientists are trying their best to 37 the species from going out of existence.
Chris and Tim work at a zoo, helping endangered cranes with their 38 . Emma, a female crane, has been in their 39 since she arrived in 2004.
Born at an international crane foundation, Emma was 40 by human caretakers. This led to an unexpected 41 , though she had a wonderful time there. Emma had 42 taken herself as a crane and become deeply attached to humans. She 43 to live with male cranes, and even had a 44 for killing some of them, which made it 45 for her to become a mother.
46 , the two zookeepers didn’t want to see the extinction (灭绝) of this precious species. With their patience and efforts, they successfully developed a 47 of artificial breeding (人工繁殖) and natural reproduction. This 48 Emma to give birth to five baby cranes.
The two keepers are proud of their productive work. But before they can be 49 , more efforts must be made, because the population of the crane in the wild is on the 50 , and many other species appear headed toward extinction. 51 , not everyone has realized that wildlife has thoughts, feelings, and most importantly, equal rights to survive.
How can we 52 the ever-widening gap that separates us from other animals Chris and Tim offered us the ___53___: human beings took it for granted that their 54 held all the solutions, but maybe their hearts can be a better 55 .
36. A. growing B. migrating C. competing D. disappearing
37. A. ban B. save C. split D. remove
38. A. abortion B. recreation C. reproduction D. administration
39. A. care B. eye C. mind D. story
40. A. found B. chosen C. raised D. seized
41. A. bonus B. consequence C. victory D. sacrifice
42. A. never B. always C. unluckily D. cheerfully
43. A. liked B. refused C. decided D. hesitated
44. A. gift B. skill C. concern D. reputation
45. A. illegal B. inspiring C. important D. impossible
46. A. Therefore B. Moreover C. However D. Instead
47. A. combination B. collection C. strategy D. system
48. A. forced B. forbade C. taught D. enabled
49. A. defeated B. grateful C. assured D. tolerant
50. A.list B. rise C. agenda D. decline
51. A. In contrast B. After all C. By the way D. On the contrary
52. A. leave B. bridge C. open D. identify
53. A. course B. excuse C. answer D. reward
54. A. brains B. behaviors C. services D. projects
55. A. guide B. treat C. example D. companion
四、语法填空
（一）2022年全国卷
The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park (GPNP). 56 (cover) an area about three times 57 size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that 58 (be) previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority 59 (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP 60 (design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, 61 leaving behind precious natural assets (资产) for future generations”. The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate 62 (population) and homes of giant pandas, and 63 (eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
Giant pandas also serve 64 an umbrella species (物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species 65 live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
（二）2022年浙江卷
Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics 36 are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like frequently by plane 37 (view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information. But Cobb and others 38 (be) now questioning that idea pushing conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely, and 39 (change) their personal behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis. On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, 40 (rough) 200 academics - many of them climate scientists 41 (promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak 42 she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of 43 time, they agreed. When the answer, was no, she, declined the 44 (invite). That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans 45 (continue) the practice. “It has been fairly rewarding. ”, she says, “a really positive change.”
（三）2021年全国卷Ⅱ卷
I've always loved the ocean. In the 56 (seven) grade,I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California. I was upset to learn that many sea animals eat plastic garbage, 57 (think) it is food.
I decided to do something 58 (educate) people about this problem. I held presentations at schools to teach kids about plastic waste. I wanted to reach businesses too. I decided that if I learned of a company 59 used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
One day, I saw a commercial for a health-care company. People in the ad were using plastic straws (吸管). I found the contact information of the company 60 emailed its president. I told him how 61 (harm) plastic could be to the environment and asked him to consider using more eco-friendly options. I was so 62 (excite) when he wrote back to me.He said he would make sure that the company cut its use of plastic straws in half.
I kept going. Whenever I heard of businesses using plastic, I'd send an email. One of the biggest companies I wrote to 63 (be) Alaska Airlines Paris. A company 64 (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over 65 plastic to paper cups on all of its 1, 200 daily flights.
（四）2021年北京卷
There 61 (be) a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years, 62 (cause) largely by rising global temperatures,according to a new report from the United Nations. From 2000 to 2019, there were 7,348 major natural disasters around the world, 63 (result) in USD 2,970 billion in economic loss. Much of this increase can be due to climate change. The findings show a critical need 64 (invest) in disaster prevention.
（五）2021年全国卷I卷
Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”. 56 is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 57 (human) are.
The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will 58 (undoubted) help you get refreshed! The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the 59 (hot) the spring! Strange, isn’t it But that’s how nature is — always leaving us 60 (astonish).
What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it 61 (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure 62 offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 63 (ache) legs.
As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory. It sure does in 64 (I). While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is 65 must to visit!
（六）2021年全国乙卷
Ecotourism is commonly regarded as low impact (影响) travel to undisturbed places. It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become 56 (educate) about the areas — both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the 57 (develop)of the local areas.
Ecotourism has 58 (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. It was not widely accepted as a travel concept 59 the late 1980s. During that time, increasing environmental awareness made it desirable.
Due to 60 growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types 61 trips are now being classified as ecotourism. Actually, a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following principles:
·Minimize the impact of 62 (visit) the place.
·Build respect for and awareness of the environment and cultural practices.
·Provide 63 (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.
·Make sure that the tourism provides experiences for both the visitors and the hosts.
Komodo National Park, officially recognized in 1980, is popular for ecotourism because of its unique biodiversity. 64 (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim 65 (have) a low impact on the natural environment.
（七）2019年全国卷I卷
The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence 56 they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been 57 (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20, 000-25, 000 polar bears worldwide.
Modern methods 58 tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive 59 (perform) consistently over a large area. In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut 60 (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a 61 (believe) that populations are increasing. Scientists have responded by 62 (note) that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are 63 (high) than they actually are. Of 64 nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six 65 (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
（八）2018年全国卷Ⅱ卷
Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country 56 (grow) more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over 57 past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
A taste for meat is 58 (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice 59 (improve) water quality. Corn uses less water 60 rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff. This switch has decreased 61 (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total 62 (globe) fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government 63 (start) a soil-testing program 64 gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission (排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. China's approach to protecting its environment while 65 (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide.” says the bank's Juergen Voegele.
五、应用文写作
（一）2022年全国甲卷
你校将以六月八日世界海洋日为主题，举办英语征文比赛。请你写一篇短文投稿。内容包括：
1. 海洋的重要性；
2. 保护海洋的倡议。
注意：1. 词数100左右；
2. 短文的题目和首句已为你写好。
Our Oceans, Our Responsibility
June 8th was officially named by UN in 2009 as World Oceans Day. _______________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2
