2024届高三英语一轮复习：动词时态系统讲解verbtense课件(共81张PPT)

(共81张PPT)
他每天学习。
他昨天学习。
他明天学习。
他正在学习。
他是教师。
他原来是教师。
他一直是教师。
He studies every day.
He studied yesterday.
He will study tomorrow.
He is studying now.
He is a teacher.
He was a teacher.
He has been a teacher.
在汉语中，动词不因为时间不同而发生变化；英语则不同，发生在不同时间的动词本身要作各种变形。通过动词变形来表达动作发生的时间和所处的状态是英语动词的时态概念。
Tense
The three simple tenses are:
Past
Present
Future
There are also more complex expressions of time.
Verbs tell the reader not just what happened, but also when it happened. The tense of a verb indicates time.
The Twelve Traditional Tenses
Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Future Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect
Continuous
Uses of the present indefinite
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
China has a population of 1.3 billion.
What time is it now
The soup tastes good.
She knows several languages.
1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用(Habitual actions in the present)-- always, often, usually, sometimes, never, all the time, rarely, once a week, etc.
2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实 (General timeless truths)
3）现时的情况或状态：即可以是说话人讲话的时刻，也可以是目前一段时间 (Sensory or mental perception in the present)
Today, we begin to study Lesson 8.
Here he comes!
Here comes the bus!
There goes the bell!
6)一般现在时还可以用于以下几种情况：P181
4）表示宣布或声明要做什么
He is coming.
The bus is coming.
The bell is ringing.
5）以here或there开始的感叹句
球赛解说
Hunt takes the ball forward quickly. Palmer comes across, tries to intercept him, but Hunt slips past and quickly pushes the ball to Smart. Now Smart gathers the ball.
演示说明
The teacher said, “Watch me. I’m doing a dangerous experiment. Now watch me. I switch on the current, and stand back…”
动作描述或舞台动作描述
When the curtain rises, Juliet is writing at her desk. Suddenly the window opens and a masked man enters.
剧情介绍
The scene of this opera is set in Switzerland.
讲书面材料的内容
I’ve just got a letter from Helen. She says she’s coming to India next week.
A notice at the end of the road warns people not to go any further.
图片说明
Prince William takes Kate on
romantic countryside dinner date
Kate Middleton wants at least
three children.
David Beckham gives baby advice to Prince William and Kate.
报纸标题
章节标题
CHAPTER 5 - BUILDS A HOUSE - THE JOURNAL
CHAPTER 8 - SURVEYS HIS POSITION
CHAPTER 10 - TAMES GOATS
一般现在时表将来
Tomorrow is Saturday.
School begins on September 1.
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
When does the bus start It starts in ten minutes.
1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，表示根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作或事情，这些动作是不可改变或随便改变的
一般现在时表将来
　 When Bill comes, ask him to wait for me. 　　　
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
2）在时间或条件从句中,须用一般现在时表示将来动作。
一般现在时表将来
　　　
I hope they have a nice time next week.
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
3）在动词hope, make sure 等引导的宾语从句中。
Uses of the present continuous tense
Are you still working in the bank
He is working on his term paper.
He is forever finding fault with what I do.
She is constantly changing her mind.
I am always making that mistake.
1) 表示现在正在进行的动作或发生的事情：
2) 表示现阶段正在发生的事情，此刻动作不一定正在进行：
3）现在进行时表示经常性动作，常和always, constantly, forever 这类频率副词连用，表示厌烦、赞美等情绪
4）特殊用法：P189-190
① 用在戏剧式的描绘中，表示过去的动作：
I’m driving along a country road and I’m completely lost. Then I see this old fellow. He’s leaning against a gate.
②表示暂时的情况：
My secretary is ill. Mary’ s filling in for her.
③用在戏剧性的描述中：
Here’s this Scotsman, you see, and he’s walking through the jungle when he meets a gorilla. And the gorilla’s eating something. So the Scotsman goes up to the gorilla.
现在进行时表将来
　　　
1）现在进行时和一个将来时间连用，表示已经安排好的或即将发生的事情，不是愿意或打算。 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。
I'm leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week
He is coming soon.
2）用在条件或时间从句中表示未来情况：
You can do some reading while you are waiting for the train.
Suppose it is still raining tomorrow, shall we go
现在进行时表将来 （与一般现在时的区别）
The train leaves at 9:30.
Nancy isn’t coming to the party.
在表示将来时，以事物作主语多用一般现在时表示按时间安排的活动；以人为主语时，多用现在进行时表示计划要做的事情
不用进行时态的情况
1)表示思想、感情活动的词
love, know, like, want, hope, wish, desire, mean, believe, think, suppose, understand, forget, remember, etc.
I think it’s a good film.
I am thinking of going to the film.
He forgets his English.
He is forgetting his English.
I hope you’ll all come.
I’m hoping you’ll all come. （表示殷切希望）
一般现在时和现在进行时的区别
2)系动词和感官动词
be, seem, appear, get, turn, look, taste, sound, see, hear, feel, notice etc.
She looks tired.
She is looking at a bird.
Leaves turn brown in autumn.
The leaves are turning brown .
I am seeing my dentist this afternoon.
Move out of the way please: I can’t see
through you!
一般现在时和现在进行时的区别
2)系动词和感官动词
More examples:
Which judge is hearing the case
The doctor is feeling my pulse.
哪位法官要审理这桩案件？
一般现在时和现在进行时的区别
3) 瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。
一般现在时和现在进行时的区别
4)表示情况或状态的动词: have, possess, contain, consist, belong, own, resemble, include, etc.
Tina is resembling her sister more and more.
Where does he live
Where is he living
他家在哪？
这几天他住在哪？
She has two sisters.
She is having lunch.
Uses of the simple future tense
1) 表示将来要发生的事情：shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称。可以与表示将来的时间状语连用，或与now，today，tonight连用。
I will be eighteen next week.
We will know the result tomorrow.
There will be no rain today.
I shall do it now.
Shall主要和第一人称连用，构成疑问句，询问对方意见、意图或愿望
What time shall I come
Shall we do the washing-up
Shall I help you
Shall I close the door
Shall I carry your bag
Let’s go swimming, shall we
Yes, please.
No, please don’t.
No, thanks.
Yes, let’s.
No, I don’t think we shall.
Sorry, I am afraid I can’t go with you.
Uses of the simple future tense
2) 常用将来时态的几种情况 （ “will” instead of “be going to”）：P190-191
① 用在“I think … will”这类句型中，表示看法：
② 也可表示未来习惯性的动作：
Spring will come again.
Man will die.
③ 提出请求：Will you please……
④ 提出允诺：
I will be right here waiting for you.
⑤ 表示同意：
--Don’t be late! --No, I won’t.
一些表示将来情况的方法
1）be going to +不定式，表示将来。
　 a. 主语的意图，打算做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow
　 b. 计划、安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month.
　 c. 有迹象要发生的事、即将发生的事。
Look at the dark clouds; there is going to be a storm.
　
Be going to 与will 的区别
“will + 动词原形” 单纯将来
主观意愿
当will表示单纯将来时， 往往用于不受主观意志影响的必将发生的事情。
She will be twenty-one next Monday.
“Be going to”常表示“即将做什么” “打算或计划做什么”，而“will”则可能表示“由于发生某些情况而临时想起来的或愿意或乐意做某件轻便的事情”。有时两者可以互换，有时则不能。
I will help you. = I’m going to help you.
a. Why have you borrowed a bicycle
I _____________ learn to ride it.
b. I’m thirsty.
Wait a moment. I_______ make you some tea.
c. These foreign visitors don’t know Chinese.
Then I_____ speak English.
d. I’ve brought my camera with me and I_____________ take some pictures.
e. There’s something wrong with my camera.
Don’t worry. I_____ lend you mine.
f. I’ve run out of sweets. Who _____ go and get some
以上这些句子里，不能把will与be going to互换。
am going to
will
will
am going to
will
will
另外，在包含条件、时间等从句的句子中，谓语用will结构时较多
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
Be going to还表示说话人（不是句子的主语）对即将发生的事很肯定，很有把握。
He is very careless. He is going to make serious mistakes.
It’s going to be difficult to persuade him to change his mind.
2) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事; 或表示要求做的事
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
She is to be married next month.
You’re not to smoke in the office.
你们不得在办公室抽烟。
3) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事, 或就要发生的事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
Quick！ The train is about to leave.
Turn off the gas—the soup is about to boil over.
【注】 ：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
4) Be due to表示“定于…”
Mary is due to leave at 2 o’clock.
The bridge is due to be complete next April.
be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　　
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排）
明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排）
Uses of the future continuous tense
1) 表示将来某时将正在进行的动作
This time tomorrow we’ll be sitting in the cinema and watching a film.
What will you be doing on Saturday
Uses of the future continuous tense
2) 表示将来差不多肯定要发生的事情，在口语中，“will + be + doing”比“will + 动词原形”用得更普遍。一般说来，后者往往带有情态色彩，前者不具情态色彩，而是更明确地单纯表示将来时间。
I shall work in the library tonight.
I’m going to work in the library tonight.
I’m working in the library tonight.
I’ll be working in the library tonight.
如果没有一定的上下文，后三句也许比第一句用的可能性更大。
(将要去)
(打算并准备好去)
(已经安排好了，肯定要去)
(肯定要去，但这是正常情况，不是特别安排的，语气比第三句要轻)
Uses of the future continuous tense
3) 有时可以和现在进行时互换
I’m meeting her tomorrow morning.
I’ll be meeting her tomorrow morning.
When are they leaving
When will they be leaving
有时也可以和一般将来时互换，两者间有细微的差别
I won’t see him while I’m in Shanghai.
I won’t be seeing him while I’m in Shanghai .
Won’t you come with us
Won’t you be coming with us
在上海时我不会去看他。
在上海时我不会见到他。
你不想和我们一道去吗？（邀请）
你不和我们一道吗 (单纯谈事实)
Uses of the future perfect tense
表示将来某时之前某动作业已完成或某事情业已发生
The TV film will have ended by 8 o’clock.
By the year 2020, we will have realized our four modernizations.
Uses of the future perfect continuous
表示在将来某时某个动作已经进行多久了
By the end of the year she’ll have been acting for twenty years.
In another month’s time I’ll have been studying here for three years.
On November 1 we’ll have been living in this flat for thirty years.
Uses of the simple past tense
一般过去时所表示的动作或事情是在过去某一时间已经结束或完成了的，与现在毫无牵连。如果没结束就不能用这个时态。
What did you say
I didn’t quite catch what he said.
我不知道你在这。
（说话时知道了，不能说I don’t know…）
I didn’t know you were here.
Uses of the simple past tense
比如你打开房门后发现人家在开会，你马上会说“对不起，我不知道你们在开会。”这时根本没有时间让你考虑用什么时态来说这句话。
“I’m sorry. I didn’t know you are/were having a meeting.”
I didn't expect that I would get such a warm welcome.
I thought he was a friend.
我以为他是个朋友呢。
More examples
I began to read the book last week.
I read the book last week.
He left for Shanghai this morning.
He went to Shanghai this morning.
He worked in bank all his life.
His father was an English teacher all his life.
His father has been an English teacher all his life.
我上星期开始看这本书的。（现在可能还在看）
我上星期看了这本书。（看的动作结束了）
他今天上午去上海了。（还未到）
他今天上午去上海了。（可能已经到达）
(“他”或者现在已经死了，或者已经退休了)
（已退休或故去）
（还在教书）
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
She suffered a lot in her childhood.
The train was ten minutes late.
Where did you go just now
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Wherever the Browns went, they were given a warm welcome.
3）在叙述性文字（如小说、故事等）中用这个时态特别多
4）表示已去世者的情况
Edison was a great inventor.
My grandfather lived a very simple life.
5）句型： It is time for sb. to do sth.
It is time that sb. did sth.
It is time for you to go to bed.　
It is time you went to bed.
would （ had ） rather do sth. “宁愿做某事”
would （had） rather sb. did sth.　“宁愿某人做某事”
I’d rather come tomorrow.
I‘d rather you came tomorrow.
“到……时间了”,“该……了”。
“时间已迟了”,“早该…了” 。
你该睡觉了。
你早该睡觉了。
①
②
6）在口语中，一般过去时有时可以用来代替一般将来时，使口气显得更缓和，因而更客气、更委婉。
动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
I wondered (wonder) if you could do me a favor.
I wanted (want) to ask if I could borrow your car.
7) 过去时一般用于since从句：主句的谓语动词如用现在完成时，since从句一般须用一般过去时
It’s been over a year since I returned from Japan.
如果since从句的谓语动词是无限动词或静态动词的一般过去时，则通常来表示该动词的结束，并无持续性。因为since是从某一时间点的结束算起的，如“since World War II”是说从1945年起，而不是从1939年起。
It’s a long time since I lived here.
It’s three years since I smoked.
我复原已有一年了。
我参军已有一年了。
I’ve lived in London since I was 21.
我离开这已有好久了。
我戒烟已经三年了。
It’s a year since I was a soldier.
It has been a year since I joined the army.
我从21岁起就住在伦敦。
8) 表示感彩
You asked for it.
I heard you.
I told you so.
你这是自找的。
我早就听见了（不必再叫了）。
我早就告诉过你（而你就是不听）。
9）used to do/ be used to doing/ be used to do
used to + do：
I used to be a soldier.
　 I didn’t use/ used not to like opera, but now I’m getting interested in it.
used to的疑问式和否定式在口语中一般都用did和did not来代替
be used to + doing：
He is used to a vegetarian diet.　　
He becomes used to being laughed at.
be used to do 主语常为物，是被动语态，不定式是补足语。
Coal and oil are used to produce electrical energy, too.
These buttons are used to operate the machine.
Uses of the past continuous tense
1) 主要表示过去某时的一个动作正在进行，过去时间可以由一个状语表示出来
What were you doing when I rang you up
I asked him to tell me what was troubling him.
While we were watching TV, John was talking on the phone
2) 过去进行时表示背景，可以用来描绘一副景象，作为描绘的开始
I was leaving the office when the phone rang.
He lost his wallet when he was strolling across a meadow.
While the water was heating, I began cooking.
表示意外、突然
①when是at or during the time that, 既指时间点，也可指一段时间，while是during the time that，只指一段时间，因此when引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词，而while从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。
②when 说明从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时，也可以是先后发生；while 则强调主句的动作在从句动作的发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生。
③由when引导的时间状语从句，主句用过去进行时，从句应用一般过去时；如果从句和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进行时的时候，多用while引导，如：
a. When the teacher came in, we were talking.
当此句改变主从句的位置时，则为： While we were talking, the teacher came in.
b. They were singing while we were dancing.
④when和while 还可作并列连词。when表示“在那时”；while表示“然而，却”，表对照关系。如：
a. The children were running to move the bag of rice when they heard the sound of a motor bike.
孩子们正要跑过去搬开那袋米，这时他们听到了摩托车的声音。
b. He is strong while his brother is weak.
他长得很结实，而他弟弟却很瘦弱
3) 过去进行时表示现在: 主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。
I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
We were hoping you would stay with us.
【注】一般过去时也有类似用法，但比较而言，用过去进行时显得更客气，更不肯定。
一般过去时与过去进行时的区别
过去进行时强调当时动作正在进行；而一般过去时只表示过去有那样一件事情，现在动作已经结束。
They were building a skyscraper.
They built a skyscraper.
When our visitor arrived, my wife was making tea.
When our visitor arrived, my wife made tea.
【注】有些动词本身并不表示动作完成，如rain，snow，cough，wear，feel，wait，stay，work等，这时用两种时态意思上差别不大。
It snowed all night. It was snowing all night.
She wore a blue coat. She was wearing a blue coat.
Uses of the present perfect tense
1) 在某一段时间内已经完成的动作或已经发生的事情，而这段时间又延伸到现在并且包括了现在，这件事情往往与现在有联系，表示对现在的影响或带来的结果。
He has cleaned the room.
He cleaned the room an hour ago.
She has written quite a few interesting stories.
She wrote quite a few interesting stories.
她写了好几篇有趣的小说了。
她写过好几篇有趣的小说。
Uses of the present perfect tense
2) 现在完成时跨在两个时间上，一是过去，一是现在，所以不能有明确的过去时间状语，但可有包括现在在内的一段时间状语。
I wrote five letters this morning.
I have written five letters this morning.
I’ve seen little of her in the past few years.
So far he has done very well at school.
3) 还常和for，since引导的状语与how long 连用
They have lived here for 3 years. (for 后是时间长度)
They have lived here since 1989. (since 后是时间点)
He has worn glasses since his childhood.
How long have you been in Shanghai
How many times have you been to Shanghai
Is this the first time you’ve been in Shanghai
Is this the first time you’ve been to Shanghai
Uses of the present perfect tense
比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：
　　I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
　　I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
　　注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
　　 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。）
　　 I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）
　　
注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
since的四种用法
1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如： I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。
2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。
3） since +从句。例如： Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。
4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
【注】结果动词和瞬间动词不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，因为这些动词所表示的动作没有持续性。所以凡是能说how long 的动作，都必须是持续性的动作。
你到了多长时间了？
How long have you arrived ×
How long have you been here ∨
He has left.
He has been away from home for a year.
The film has begun.
The film has been on for almost two hours.
He has joined the Party.
He has been a Party member for 3 years.
从过去到现在为止，没有发生过某一事情，即使这一事情是短暂的，也可以用完成时来表达。
He hasn’t left here for a year.
I have seen him for a year. ×
I haven’t seen him for a year. ∨
I have seen him twice since last month.
I have borrowed the book from the library and have kept it for two weeks. ∨
结束+延续性动词 可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。
I’ve come here for two weeks. ∨ 我到这来准备呆上两个星期。（是目的状语而不是时间状语）
延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……” 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到……，才……”。例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o‘clock.　 他一直睡到10点。
4）常可和just，already，yet，recently，ever这类副词连用
He’s just left.
Has he phoned you yet
I have never broken my word.
There have been some changes lately.
Uses of the present perfect tense
比较一般过去时与现在完成时
I have just had my lunch.
I had my lunch in a cafeteria.
She’s done this all these years.
She did this all these years.
We’ve had little rain this summer.
We had little rain in the summer.
用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time that…
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
This is the first time （that） I‘ve heard him sing.　
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。
　 This is the best film that I've （ever） seen.
Uses of the present perfect continuous tense
1）现在完成进行时表示一个持续到现在的动作（这个动作可能刚停止，也可能还在进行）
She has been waiting to see you since two o’clock.
I have been looking for my dog and still haven’t found it.
Your fingers are brown. You have been smoking too much.
I have been writing letters this morning. (一直在写信)
I have written two letters this morning. (信写好了)
2）可以和how long， long连用
How long you been wearing glasses
This has been going on all day long.
3) 可以和since及for引导的状语一起连用
They have been quarrelling ever since they gor married.
Her phone has been ringing for ten minutes. Why doesn’t she answer it
4) 有时表示重复的动作
He has been cough a lot lately. He ought to give up smoking.
You have been making the same mistake.
现在完成时和现在完成进行时的比较
1）完成时表示一个结束的动作，强调动作的结果或影响，而完成进行时有时用来表示未结束的动作，强调动作进程的延续性。
I have been reading Dickens's Oliver Twist.
I have read Dickens's Oliver Twist.
They have been widening the road.
They have widened the road.
2) 完成时暗示“最近、很早以前“，而完成进行时暗示“最近、刚刚”。
I have been reading your book. I am eager to know how the story ends.
I have read this book. But it was such a long time ago. I can hardly remember what it is all about.
【注】不能用进行时的动词，也不能用与完成进行时，如果要表示延续性，只可以用完成时。
We have been friends since we first met.
I have known her since she was a little girl.
When I came back, she told me that she had been cooking supper. (可能还没做好)
When I came back, she told me that she had cooked supper.(已经做好了)
Uses of past perfective
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前　 那时　现在　
过去完成时不会孤立地出现，只有在本句或上下文中提到其他事情或时间的时候才可以使用　　　　　
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
They were hungry because they hadn’t eaten anything.
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本…，未能…”。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn‘t. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。
We had thought to return early but they wouldn’t let us go.
d. 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, once, as soon as。例如：
When she got home, her parents hadn’t returned yet.
As soon as he had finished his work, he left his office.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Before daybreak they had already wiped out all the enemy troops.
Up till then we had only covered half the distance.
e. 和time一起用
It was the first time I had made such a mistake.
It was the third time she had been out with him.
f. 用在than或as引导的比较或方式从句中
We finished the work earlier than we had expected.
We didn’t get along as well as we had hoped.
g. 用在定语从句中
The old oak tree, which had stood in the yard for a hundred years, suddenly crashed to the ground.
She showed me the pictures she had painted.
h. 用在间接引语中
She said that she had seen the film the day before.
i. 常用句型
had hardly… when　还没等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。
j. 在故事中追叙更早时间发生的事情，或描述一副景象
不用过去完成时的情况
1）两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
2 ） 一先一后的两件事情如果是紧接着发生的，都用过去时。When I heard the news, I was very excited.
The teacher dismissed the class when the bell rang.
4) 状语从句是用before或after开头，时间的先后已经清楚，可不用过去完成时来说先发生的事情。
My friend (had) left the hotel before I got there.
I got the hotel after my friend (had) left.
I had not gone much further before I caught them up.
3）叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
Uses of the past perfect continuous tense
1) 表示持续到过去某时的一个动作
He was tired. He had been working since dawn.
The war had been going on for two years until they agreed on a cease-fire.
2) 过去完成进行时和现在完成进行时的用法是一致的，只不过是把时间从现在移到过去了
3）过去完成时和过去完成进行时的差别是，前者表示动作已经完成，后者表示动作一直在继续（可能还在进行）
Uses of the past future tense
1) 从过去观点看将要发生的事情
2) 常用在宾语从句中
时态呼应 （the sequence of tense）
1) 按照一般规则，宾语从句和定语从句中的谓语动词的时态是受主句的谓语动词的时态约束的。I thought you were right. 因受thought的影响，从句中的谓语只能用were right这个形式，这就称为时态的呼应。如果宾语从句或定语从句中所述的是一个客观真理或事实，则不受时间迁移的影响，不管主句是什么时态，从句仍用一般现在时。
We learnt the principle that cold contracts, and heat expands in our physics class.
Columbus said that the earth is round.
We shall soon know whether he is reliable.
He said that he gets up at 6 every morning.
Chairman Mao said that all reactionary are paper tigers.
Einstein had an effect on science and history only a few men have ever achieved.
2) 主句里谓语动词是现在时或将来时，从句中的谓语可以不受影响。
I suppose he is a fitter.
I suppose he was a fitter.
I suppose he will be a fitter.
Will you tell me how you two are getting along
3) 如果主句谓语为过去时，从句谓语一般要跟着改为相关的过去时。
4) 在虚拟语气中，有些从句和主句所指的时间有可能不一致。
If we had brought a map with us, we would know which road to take.
The End