2024年课标版高考英语第二轮专题练习--阅读理解 考点分类练12 主旨大意题(3)（含答案与解析）
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2024年课标版高考英语第二轮专题
考点分类练(十二) 主旨大意题(3)
(限时:25分钟)
Passage 1
(2023江西吉安一模)
Parents and teachers worry about the loss of learning caused by the pandemic and want to catch up immediately.But it’s unrealistic to think that a few months will fully close the gaps.
Educators tend to underestimate the importance of knowledge,as though rote(死记硬背) teaching harms teaching higher-order thinking.But science shows otherwise.The processes that teachers care about most,like critical thinking,are closely interconnected with factual knowledge stored in long-term memory.Yet we continue to romanticize an impossible shortcut:teaching critical thinking as if it were a universally applicable skill.
Take the subject of reading,which schools see as thinking skills that can be taught directly:I will teach students what an inference is.Actually,students make inferences when they can read fluently and have the vocabulary and background knowledge to name what is unsaid.
Educators also often underestimate memory.Cognitive scientist Paul Kirschner argues that building memory is “the aim of all teaching” and that “if nothing has changed in long-term memory,nothing has been learned”.At the end of a lesson,if students appear to understand an idea,their teacher may think,“Great,they really understand the point.” But if weeks later,the students forget it,learning has not really occurred.
Finally,we must consider students’ emotional needs.Belonging is one of the most profound human emotions.Consider a classroom in which students are socialized to comment:“I agree with Cassidy and want to provide another example.” That conveys to Cassidy that her comments were meaningful.This would also be achieved if,when Cassidy is speaking,her classmates are looking at her,nodding and sending positive nonverbal social signals that they value her words.Only peers can provide this sense of belonging,but teachers can cultivate the environment.
All in all,if we want to benefit students,we must ground our teaching in the science that value knowledge and memory,and the role that belonging plays in students’ study.
1.What can we know about critical thinking according to the passage
A.It can be taught directly.
B.It is gradually formed.
C.It is deeply rooted in reading.
D.It is universally applicable.
2.According to Paul Kirschner,when does real learning happen
A.When students perform well in class activities.
B.When students understand what has been taught.
C.When students achieve changes in long-term memory.
D.When students start to forget unnecessary information.
3.What is the main idea of paragraph 5
A.Nonverbal social signals matter in class.
B.Being sociable in the classroom is important.
C.Students should support each other in class discussions.
D.Classrooms are where the feeling of belonging is developed.
4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A.To urge schools to teach more knowledge.
B.To show concern about the influence of the pandemic.
C.To promote higher-order thinking like critical thinking.
D.To suggest a scientific way to catch up the loss of learning.
Passage 2
(2023陕西榆林二模)
People who consume a diet including flavanol(黄烷醇)—rich in foods and drinks,including tea,fruits like apples and berries,could lead to lower blood pressure,according to the first study using objective measures of thousands of UK residents’ diet.
The findings,published in Scientific Reports,studied the diet of more than 25,000 people in Norfolk,UK and compared what they ate with their blood pressure.In contrast to most other studies investigating links between nutrition and health,the researchers did not rely on study participants reporting their diet,but instead measured flavanol intake objectively using nutritional biomarkers—indicators of dietary intake,metabolism or nutritional status that are present in our blood.
The difference in blood pressure between those with the lowest 10% of flavanol intake and those with the highest 10% of intake was between 2 and 4 mmHg.This is comparable to meaningful changes in blood pressure observed in those following a Mediterranean diet or Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet.Notably,the effect was more conspicuous in participants with high blood pressure.
This research confirms the results from previous dietary intervention studies and shows that the same results can be achieved with a habitual diet rich in flavanols.In the British diet,the main sources are tea,cocoa,apples and berries.
Professor Gunter Kuhnle,a nutritionist at the University of Reading who led the study,said,“We are delighted to see that in our study,there is a meaningful and significant association between flavanol consumption and lower blood pressure.”
“This study adds key insights to a growing body of evidence supporting the benefits of dietary flavanols in health and nutrition.This suggests if the general public increased its flavanol intake,there could be an overall reduction in cardiovascular(心血管的) disease incidence,” Gunter added.
5.In which aspect is the study different from most other similar studies
A.Research method.
B.Research object.
C.Research institution.
D.Research result.
6.What does the underlined word “conspicuous” in paragraph 3 mean
A.Constant. B.Obvious.
C.Awkward. D.Curious.
7.What may Gunter advise people to do to reduce cardiovascular disease incidence
A.Adopt a healthy diet.
B.Change lifestyle.
C.Increase flavanol intake.
D.Consume less salt and fat.
8.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Fruits like apples and berries are rich in flavonol
B.Measuring nutritional biomarkers is more objective
C.New study confirms the results of dietary intervention
D.High flavanol diet may lead to lower blood pressure
Passage 3
(2023福建福州二模)
In August,Jason M.Allen’s piece “Theatre D’opéra Spatial”—which he created with AI image generator Midjourney—won first place in the emerging artist division’s “digital arts photography” category at the Colorado State Fair Fine Arts Competition.The definition for the category states that digital art refers to works that use “digital technology as part of the creative process”.
Allen’s award-winning image has led to debates about what,exactly,it means to be an artist and whether AI can truly make art.“It felt bad for the exact same reason we don’t let robots participate in the Olympics,” one Twitter user wrote.“This is the literal definition of ‘pressed a few buttons to make a digital art piece’,” another tweeted.
Yet while Allen didn’t use a paintbrush,there was plenty of work involved,he said.First,he played around with phrasing that led Midjourney to generate images of women in elegant dresses and space helmets,in an attempt to mix Victorian-style costuming with space themes.Over time,with many slight changes to his written prompt(提示符),he created 900 different versions of what led to his final image.Then he improved its resolution through Gigapixel AI and finally had the images printed.
Allen is glad the debate over whether AI can be used to make art is attracting so much attention.“Rather than hating on the technology,we need to recognize that it’s a powerful tool and use it for good so we can all move forward,” Allen said.
Cal Duran,one of the judges for the competition,said that while Allen’s piece included a mention of AI,he didn’t realize that when judging it.Still,he sticks by his decision to award it first place.“I think the AI technology may give more opportunities to people who may not find themselves artists in the conventional way,” he said.
9.Why has Jason’s work led to debates
A.It was a copy of a photograph.
B.He challenged the older artists.
C.It was created with the help of AI.
D.He broke the rule of the competition.
10.What can best describe Allen’s creating process
A.Cooperative. B.Energy-consuming.
C.Straightforward. D.Imagination-lacking.
11.What can we learn about AI from the last paragraph
A.It is a double-edged sword.
B.It attracts conventional artists.
C.It strikes art judges as no surprise.
D.It may open a new world to artists.
12.What is the text mainly about
A.A trend to be AI artists.
B.An AI-generated art contest.
C.Responses to a winning AI artwork.
D.Curiosity about an image generator.
答案：
Passage 1
[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了疫情后如何科学弥补学生学习缺漏。作者认为只教授思辨性思维等高阶思维技巧是不可行的,强调了基础知识、长期记忆和情感归属感对学生学习的重要性。
1.B 推理判断题。根据第二段中“The processes that teachers care about most,like critical thinking,are closely interconnected with factual knowledge stored in long-term memory.”及第三段中的举例“Take the subject of reading,which schools see as thinking skills that can be taught directly:I will teach students what an inference is.Actually,students make inferences when they can read fluently and have the vocabulary and background knowledge to name what is unsaid.”可知,思辨性思维是在长期习得的知识的基础上形成的。
2.C 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Cognitive scientist Paul Kirschner argues that building memory is ‘the aim of all teaching’ and that ‘if nothing has changed in long-term memory,nothing has been learned’.”可知,Paul Kirschner 认为真正的学习发生在学生的长期记忆有所变化时。
3.D 主旨大意题。根据第五段内容可知,第五段阐述了疫情后,课堂中应关注学生的归属感,以及在课堂中哪些情境可以帮助学生培养归属感。老师们可以努力去创设这种教学情境。因此,本段主要讲述课堂是培养学生归属感的地方。
4.D 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句中的“close the gaps”及最后一段可知,学校应重视学生的基础知识、长期记忆和归属感。因此本文的目的是推荐一种科学的弥补学习缺漏的方法。
Passage 2
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。根据一项对数千名英国居民饮食进行客观测量的研究,含有丰富黄烷醇的食物和饮料,包括茶、苹果和浆果等水果,可能会导致血压降低。
5.A 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“In contrast to most other studies...in our blood.”可知,这项实验在调查方法方面不同于其他大多数类似研究。故选A项。
6.B 词句猜测题。根据第三段倒数第二句“This is comparable to meaningful changes in blood pressure observed in those following a Mediterranean diet or Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet.”和Notably可知,此处是指这种影响在高血压患者中更为明显。conspicuous意为“明显的”。故选B项。
7.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“This suggests if the general public increased its flavanol intake,there could be an overall reduction in cardiovascular disease incidence”可知,Gunter可能会建议人们增加黄烷醇的摄入量,以减少心血管疾病的发病率。故选C项。
8.D 主旨大意题。根据第一段内容可知,文章主要是讲一项研究发现高黄烷醇饮食可能导致血压降低。故选D项。
Passage 3
[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章呈现了在人工智能帮助下获奖艺术作品的出现引发的辩论。
9.C 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Allen’s award-winning image has led to debates about what,exactly,it means to be an artist and whether AI can truly make art.”可推测,人们争论的点是艺术家意味着什么,以及人工智能能否创造艺术,即他的艺术获奖作品是在人工智能的帮助下完成的这件事情导致了争论。
10.A 推理判断题。根据第三段中“First,he played around with phrasing that led Midjourney to generate images of women in elegant dresses and space helmets,in an attempt to mix Victorian-style costuming with space themes.”以及最后一句“Then he improved its resolution through Gigapixel AI and finally had the images printed.”可以看出,他的作品是通过他和两种人工智能一起合作而成,即cooperative“合作的,协作的”。
11.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Still,he sticks by his decision to award it first place.‘I think the AI technology may give more opportunities to people who may not find themselves artists in the conventional way,’ he said.”可推测,在这位评委看来,人工智能给艺术和艺术家提供了更多机会,换言之,可能打开艺术新世界的大门。
12.C 主旨大意题。根据第二段第一句“Allen’s award-winning image has led to debates about what,exactly,it means to be an artist and whether AI can truly make art.”,第四段第一句“Allen is glad the debate over whether AI can be used to make art is attracting so much attention.”以及最后一段中“Still,he sticks by his decision to award it first place.‘I think the AI technology may give more opportunities to people who may not find themselves artists in the conventional way,’ he said.”可知,本文主要呈现的是这幅在人工智能帮助下完成的艺术作品获奖后引起的辩论,即不同人对此不同的回应。
词汇积累:
1.(Passage 1)catch up赶上
2.(Passage 1)underestimate vt.低估
3.(Passage 1)show otherwise显示并非如此
4.(Passage 1)care about 关心
5.(Passage 1)critical thinking批判性思维
6.(Passage 1)all in all总而言之
7.(Passage 2)nutritional adj.营养的
8.(Passage 2)intake n.摄入量
9.(Passage 2)insight n.洞察力,领悟
10.(Passage 3)in an attempt to do sth.试图做某事
11.(Passage 3)conventional adj.常规的
长难句分析:
(Passage 1)Take the subject of reading,which schools see as thinking skills that can be taught directly:I will teach students what an inference is.
分析:本句为复合句。which schools see as thinking skills that can be taught directly为which引导的非限制性定语从句,该从句中又含有that引导的定语从句that can be taught directly;what an inference is为what引导的宾语从句。
句意:以阅读为例,学校认为阅读是一种可以直接教授的思维技能:我会教学生什么是推理。
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2024年课标版高考英语第二轮专题
考点分类练(十二) 主旨大意题(3)
(限时:25分钟)
Passage 1
(2023江西吉安一模)
Parents and teachers worry about the loss of learning caused by the pandemic and want to catch up immediately.But it’s unrealistic to think that a few months will fully close the gaps.
Educators tend to underestimate the importance of knowledge,as though rote(死记硬背) teaching harms teaching higher-order thinking.But science shows otherwise.The processes that teachers care about most,like critical thinking,are closely interconnected with factual knowledge stored in long-term memory.Yet we continue to romanticize an impossible shortcut:teaching critical thinking as if it were a universally applicable skill.
Take the subject of reading,which schools see as thinking skills that can be taught directly:I will teach students what an inference is.Actually,students make inferences when they can read fluently and have the vocabulary and background knowledge to name what is unsaid.
Educators also often underestimate memory.Cognitive scientist Paul Kirschner argues that building memory is “the aim of all teaching” and that “if nothing has changed in long-term memory,nothing has been learned”.At the end of a lesson,if students appear to understand an idea,their teacher may think,“Great,they really understand the point.” But if weeks later,the students forget it,learning has not really occurred.
Finally,we must consider students’ emotional needs.Belonging is one of the most profound human emotions.Consider a classroom in which students are socialized to comment:“I agree with Cassidy and want to provide another example.” That conveys to Cassidy that her comments were meaningful.This would also be achieved if,when Cassidy is speaking,her classmates are looking at her,nodding and sending positive nonverbal social signals that they value her words.Only peers can provide this sense of belonging,but teachers can cultivate the environment.
All in all,if we want to benefit students,we must ground our teaching in the science that value knowledge and memory,and the role that belonging plays in students’ study.
1.What can we know about critical thinking according to the passage
A.It can be taught directly.
B.It is gradually formed.
C.It is deeply rooted in reading.
D.It is universally applicable.
2.According to Paul Kirschner,when does real learning happen
A.When students perform well in class activities.
B.When students understand what has been taught.
C.When students achieve changes in long-term memory.
D.When students start to forget unnecessary information.
3.What is the main idea of paragraph 5
A.Nonverbal social signals matter in class.
B.Being sociable in the classroom is important.
C.Students should support each other in class discussions.
D.Classrooms are where the feeling of belonging is developed.
4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A.To urge schools to teach more knowledge.
B.To show concern about the influence of the pandemic.
C.To promote higher-order thinking like critical thinking.
D.To suggest a scientific way to catch up the loss of learning.
Passage 2
(2023陕西榆林二模)
People who consume a diet including flavanol(黄烷醇)—rich in foods and drinks,including tea,fruits like apples and berries,could lead to lower blood pressure,according to the first study using objective measures of thousands of UK residents’ diet.
The findings,published in Scientific Reports,studied the diet of more than 25,000 people in Norfolk,UK and compared what they ate with their blood pressure.In contrast to most other studies investigating links between nutrition and health,the researchers did not rely on study participants reporting their diet,but instead measured flavanol intake objectively using nutritional biomarkers—indicators of dietary intake,metabolism or nutritional status that are present in our blood.
The difference in blood pressure between those with the lowest 10% of flavanol intake and those with the highest 10% of intake was between 2 and 4 mmHg.This is comparable to meaningful changes in blood pressure observed in those following a Mediterranean diet or Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet.Notably,the effect was more conspicuous in participants with high blood pressure.
This research confirms the results from previous dietary intervention studies and shows that the same results can be achieved with a habitual diet rich in flavanols.In the British diet,the main sources are tea,cocoa,apples and berries.
Professor Gunter Kuhnle,a nutritionist at the University of Reading who led the study,said,“We are delighted to see that in our study,there is a meaningful and significant association between flavanol consumption and lower blood pressure.”
“This study adds key insights to a growing body of evidence supporting the benefits of dietary flavanols in health and nutrition.This suggests if the general public increased its flavanol intake,there could be an overall reduction in cardiovascular(心血管的) disease incidence,” Gunter added.
5.In which aspect is the study different from most other similar studies
A.Research method.
B.Research object.
C.Research institution.
D.Research result.
6.What does the underlined word “conspicuous” in paragraph 3 mean
A.Constant. B.Obvious.
C.Awkward. D.Curious.
7.What may Gunter advise people to do to reduce cardiovascular disease incidence
A.Adopt a healthy diet.
B.Change lifestyle.
C.Increase flavanol intake.
D.Consume less salt and fat.
8.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Fruits like apples and berries are rich in flavonol
B.Measuring nutritional biomarkers is more objective
C.New study confirms the results of dietary intervention
D.High flavanol diet may lead to lower blood pressure
Passage 3
(2023福建福州二模)
In August,Jason M.Allen’s piece “Theatre D’opéra Spatial”—which he created with AI image generator Midjourney—won first place in the emerging artist division’s “digital arts photography” category at the Colorado State Fair Fine Arts Competition.The definition for the category states that digital art refers to works that use “digital technology as part of the creative process”.
Allen’s award-winning image has led to debates about what,exactly,it means to be an artist and whether AI can truly make art.“It felt bad for the exact same reason we don’t let robots participate in the Olympics,” one Twitter user wrote.“This is the literal definition of ‘pressed a few buttons to make a digital art piece’,” another tweeted.
Yet while Allen didn’t use a paintbrush,there was plenty of work involved,he said.First,he played around with phrasing that led Midjourney to generate images of women in elegant dresses and space helmets,in an attempt to mix Victorian-style costuming with space themes.Over time,with many slight changes to his written prompt(提示符),he created 900 different versions of what led to his final image.Then he improved its resolution through Gigapixel AI and finally had the images printed.
Allen is glad the debate over whether AI can be used to make art is attracting so much attention.“Rather than hating on the technology,we need to recognize that it’s a powerful tool and use it for good so we can all move forward,” Allen said.
Cal Duran,one of the judges for the competition,said that while Allen’s piece included a mention of AI,he didn’t realize that when judging it.Still,he sticks by his decision to award it first place.“I think the AI technology may give more opportunities to people who may not find themselves artists in the conventional way,” he said.
9.Why has Jason’s work led to debates
A.It was a copy of a photograph.
B.He challenged the older artists.
C.It was created with the help of AI.
D.He broke the rule of the competition.
10.What can best describe Allen’s creating process
A.Cooperative. B.Energy-consuming.
C.Straightforward. D.Imagination-lacking.
11.What can we learn about AI from the last paragraph
A.It is a double-edged sword.
B.It attracts conventional artists.
C.It strikes art judges as no surprise.
D.It may open a new world to artists.
12.What is the text mainly about
A.A trend to be AI artists.
B.An AI-generated art contest.
C.Responses to a winning AI artwork.
D.Curiosity about an image generator.
答案：
Passage 1
[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了疫情后如何科学弥补学生学习缺漏。作者认为只教授思辨性思维等高阶思维技巧是不可行的,强调了基础知识、长期记忆和情感归属感对学生学习的重要性。
1.B 推理判断题。根据第二段中“The processes that teachers care about most,like critical thinking,are closely interconnected with factual knowledge stored in long-term memory.”及第三段中的举例“Take the subject of reading,which schools see as thinking skills that can be taught directly:I will teach students what an inference is.Actually,students make inferences when they can read fluently and have the vocabulary and background knowledge to name what is unsaid.”可知,思辨性思维是在长期习得的知识的基础上形成的。
2.C 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Cognitive scientist Paul Kirschner argues that building memory is ‘the aim of all teaching’ and that ‘if nothing has changed in long-term memory,nothing has been learned’.”可知,Paul Kirschner 认为真正的学习发生在学生的长期记忆有所变化时。
3.D 主旨大意题。根据第五段内容可知,第五段阐述了疫情后,课堂中应关注学生的归属感,以及在课堂中哪些情境可以帮助学生培养归属感。老师们可以努力去创设这种教学情境。因此,本段主要讲述课堂是培养学生归属感的地方。
4.D 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句中的“close the gaps”及最后一段可知,学校应重视学生的基础知识、长期记忆和归属感。因此本文的目的是推荐一种科学的弥补学习缺漏的方法。
Passage 2
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。根据一项对数千名英国居民饮食进行客观测量的研究,含有丰富黄烷醇的食物和饮料,包括茶、苹果和浆果等水果,可能会导致血压降低。
5.A 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“In contrast to most other studies...in our blood.”可知,这项实验在调查方法方面不同于其他大多数类似研究。故选A项。
6.B 词句猜测题。根据第三段倒数第二句“This is comparable to meaningful changes in blood pressure observed in those following a Mediterranean diet or Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet.”和Notably可知,此处是指这种影响在高血压患者中更为明显。conspicuous意为“明显的”。故选B项。
7.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“This suggests if the general public increased its flavanol intake,there could be an overall reduction in cardiovascular disease incidence”可知,Gunter可能会建议人们增加黄烷醇的摄入量,以减少心血管疾病的发病率。故选C项。
8.D 主旨大意题。根据第一段内容可知,文章主要是讲一项研究发现高黄烷醇饮食可能导致血压降低。故选D项。
Passage 3
[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章呈现了在人工智能帮助下获奖艺术作品的出现引发的辩论。
9.C 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Allen’s award-winning image has led to debates about what,exactly,it means to be an artist and whether AI can truly make art.”可推测,人们争论的点是艺术家意味着什么,以及人工智能能否创造艺术,即他的艺术获奖作品是在人工智能的帮助下完成的这件事情导致了争论。
10.A 推理判断题。根据第三段中“First,he played around with phrasing that led Midjourney to generate images of women in elegant dresses and space helmets,in an attempt to mix Victorian-style costuming with space themes.”以及最后一句“Then he improved its resolution through Gigapixel AI and finally had the images printed.”可以看出,他的作品是通过他和两种人工智能一起合作而成,即cooperative“合作的,协作的”。
11.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Still,he sticks by his decision to award it first place.‘I think the AI technology may give more opportunities to people who may not find themselves artists in the conventional way,’ he said.”可推测,在这位评委看来,人工智能给艺术和艺术家提供了更多机会,换言之,可能打开艺术新世界的大门。
12.C 主旨大意题。根据第二段第一句“Allen’s award-winning image has led to debates about what,exactly,it means to be an artist and whether AI can truly make art.”,第四段第一句“Allen is glad the debate over whether AI can be used to make art is attracting so much attention.”以及最后一段中“Still,he sticks by his decision to award it first place.‘I think the AI technology may give more opportunities to people who may not find themselves artists in the conventional way,’ he said.”可知,本文主要呈现的是这幅在人工智能帮助下完成的艺术作品获奖后引起的辩论,即不同人对此不同的回应。
词汇积累:
1.(Passage 1)catch up赶上
2.(Passage 1)underestimate vt.低估
3.(Passage 1)show otherwise显示并非如此
4.(Passage 1)care about 关心
5.(Passage 1)critical thinking批判性思维
6.(Passage 1)all in all总而言之
7.(Passage 2)nutritional adj.营养的
8.(Passage 2)intake n.摄入量
9.(Passage 2)insight n.洞察力,领悟
10.(Passage 3)in an attempt to do sth.试图做某事
11.(Passage 3)conventional adj.常规的
长难句分析:
(Passage 1)Take the subject of reading,which schools see as thinking skills that can be taught directly:I will teach students what an inference is.
分析:本句为复合句。which schools see as thinking skills that can be taught directly为which引导的非限制性定语从句,该从句中又含有that引导的定语从句that can be taught directly;what an inference is为what引导的宾语从句。
句意:以阅读为例,学校认为阅读是一种可以直接教授的思维技能:我会教学生什么是推理。
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