【知识要点】
Ⅰ 代词的分类
1.人称代词:主格I, we, you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), he, she, it, they宾格me, us, you, him, her, it, them
2.物主代词:形容词性my, our, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )your, his, her, its, their名词性mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs
3.反身代词:单数myself, you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rself, himself, herself, itself复数ourselves, yourselves, themselves
4.相互代词:each other (两者之间相互);one another (两者以上的相互)
5.指示代词:this, that, these, those
6.疑问代词:who, whom, whose, which, what
7.关系代词:who, whom, whose, that(指人),which, that, as, whose(指物)
8.不定代词:all, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )each, either, neither, both, none, other, another, something, everything, nothing somebody, everybody, nobody someone, everyone, no one, many, much, few, less
一、人称代词
人称代词是表示“我”“你”“他”“她”“它”“我们”“你们”“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:
单数 复数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称代词 主格 I you he,she,it we you they
宾格 me you him,her,it us you them
人称代词的用法
1.人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补足语。如:?
John waited a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。?
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.?
约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。?
说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中。
When he arrived,John went straight to the bank.约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2.人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语。如:?
I saw her with them ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com );at least,I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(第一个her作动词宾语,them作介词宾语,第二个her作表语)?
—Who broke the vase 谁打碎了花瓶??
—Me.我。
3.人称代词之主、宾格的替换?
(1)宾格代替主格?
在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。?
—I like English.我喜欢英语。?
—Me too.我也喜欢。?
—Have more wine 再来点酒喝吗 ?
—Not me.我可不要了。?
在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am.?
2)主格代替宾格?
在介词but,except后,有时可用主格代替宾格。?
在电话用语中常用主格。?
—I wish to speak to Mary.我想和玛丽通话。?
—This is she.我就是玛丽。?
注意:在动词be 或to be后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。?
I thought it was she.我以为是她。(主格——主格)?
I thought it to be her.(宾格——宾格)?
I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。(主格——主格)?
They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。(宾格——宾格)
4.代词的指代问题 ?
1)不定代词 anybody,ev ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )erybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he,his,him代替。如:
Nobody came,did he 谁也没来,是吗 ?
2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he,she,带有亲切的感彩。如:?
Give the cat some food.She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。?
3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感彩时常用she。
5.并列人称代词的排列顺序 ?
1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称→ 第三人称→第一人称,即you→ he/she; it → I。如:?
You,he and I should return on time.你,他还有我应该按时回来。?
2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称→ 第二人称→第三人称,即we→you→they。
注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。?
在承认错误,承担责任时。?
It was I and John that made her angry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。?
在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,如:?
I and you try to finish it.我和你去弄好它。?
并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时。?
当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。??
二、 物主代词
物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种,其人称和数的变化见下表。
单数 复数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
物主
代词 容词性 my your his,her,its our your their
名词性 mine your his,hers,its ours yours theirs
如:I like his car.我喜欢他的小汽车。?
Our school is here,and theirs is there.我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。?
1.物主代词的用法?
1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用。如:?
John had cut his finge ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk. 约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。?
2)物主代词有形容词性(m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y,your等)和名词性(mine,yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的’s属格结构。如:?
Jack’s cap意为The cap is Jack’s。?
His cap意为The cap is his。
2.名词性物主代词的句法功能?
1)作主语。如:?
May I use your pen Yours works better.?
我可以用一用你的钢笔吗?你的比我的?好用。??
2)作宾语。如:?
I love my motherland as much as you love yours.?
我深爱我的祖国就像你深爱你的祖国一样。?
3)作介词宾语。如:?
You should i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nterpret what I said in my sense of the word,not in yours.你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的去解释。?
4)作表语。如:?
The life I have is yours.It’s yours.It’s yours.我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。
3.双重所有格?
物主代词不可与a,an,this,th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at,these,those,some,any,several,no,each,every,such,another,which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。公式为:a,an,this,that+名词+of+名词性物主代词。??
三、指示代词
指示代词表示“那个”“这个”“这些”“ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )那些”等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。如:That is a good idea.那是个好主意。?
指示代词的用法?
1.指示代词分单数(this/that)和复数(these/those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可作代词。?
2.指示代词的句法功能。?
1)作主语。如:?
This is the way to do it.这事儿就该这样做。?
2)作宾语。如:?
I like this better than that.我喜欢这个甚至那个。?
3)作表语。如:?
My point is this.我的观点就是如此。?
4)作介词宾语。如:?
I don’t say no to that.我并未拒绝那个。?
There is no fear of that.那并不可怕。?
说明1:指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人。如:
(对)That is my teacher.那是我的老师。(that作主语,指人)
(对)He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)?
(错)He is going to marry this.(this作宾语时不能指人)?
(对)I bought this.我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)?
说明2:that和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:?
(对)He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。?
(对) He admired those who looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)??
(错) He admired that who danced well.(that作宾语时不能指人)?
(对)He admired those who danced well.他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)?
(对)He admired those which looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)??
四、反身代词
表示“我自己”“你自己”“他自己”“我们自己”“你们自己”和“他们自己”等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为“反身代词”。如:?
She was talking to herself.她自言自语。
反身 代词 单数 复数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
myself yourself Himself herself
itself ourselves yourselves themselves
反身代词的用法
1.作宾语,如?
1)有些动词需有反身代词,如abs ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behave等。如:?
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。?
Please help yourself to some fish.请你随便吃点鱼。?
2)用于及物动词+宾语+介词,如:?
take pride in,be annoyed with,help oneself to sth等。?
I could not dress(myself)up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。?
注:有些动词后不跟反身代词,如:get up,sit?down,stand up,wake up等。?
Please sit down.请坐。
2.用作表语。如。?
I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。
3.用作同位语。如?
The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。
4.在不强调的情况下,but,except,for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。? 注意:1)反身代词本身不能单独作主语。?
(错)Myself drove the car.?
(对)I myself drove the car.我自己开车。?
2)但在and,or,nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it.查尔斯和我看见了这件事。??
五、 相互代词
表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的。如:?
It is easy to see ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。
相互代词 宾格 each other,one another
所有格 each other’s,one another’s
相互代词的句法功能?
1.作动词宾语。如:?
People should love one another.人们应当彼此相爱。
2.可作介词宾语。如:?
Dogs bark,cocks crow,frogs croak to each other.犬吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。?
说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )人或物之间用each other, 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多。?
He put all the books beside each other/one another.他把所有书并列摆放起来。?
Usually these s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mall groups were independent of each other.这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
3.相互代词可加?’s构成所有格。如:?
The students borrowed each other’s notes.学生们互借笔记。??
六、不定代词
不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )代词。常见的不定代词有all,both,each,every等,以及含有some,any,no等的合成代词,如anybody,something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。如:?
—Do you have a car 你有一辆小汽车吗??
— Yes,I have one.是的,我有一辆。?
— I don’t know any of them.他们,我一个也不认识。?
Ⅱ 代词的用法
1. nothing, none, no one
none作为代词,最常用来表示数量,它可 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )以是一个可数的概念(how many)也可以是一个不可数的概念(how much),或者any引起的问题;而nothing是相对于something(有某物)什么都没有,它回答的是“What is in/on...”的问题;而no one=nobody没有人,它回答的是“Who did that ”?(谁……)?或是anyone(有没有人)的问题。
2. one, ones, that, those, it
(1)one和ones可以用来代替前面提到过的可数名词,one代单数,ones代复数,其中: 两者都可以指代物(只要是可数)
one前面一般不加a,因为它本身有“一个”的意思,但如果one前面有形容词修饰,则需要加a/an。
one可以单独使用,意思为“任何人”。例如:
—Shall we have a rest
—Didn’t we just have one (因为one=a something)
I happened to see a book about George W. Bush, a nice one indeed.
One should always believe in oneself.
(2)that与those:
that可以代替前面提到的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )不可数名词或可数名词单数(相当于the one;而those 代替前面提到的复数名词,有时可以用the ones替换。例如:
The population of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )China is bigger than that of India. (that=the population)
The boy told his s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tory and that of the girl next room.(that=the story)
The cell phones we ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )made nowadays are better than those/the ones made 2 years ago.(those=the cell phones=the ones)
(3)one和it:
两者都可以用来代替前面出现过的单数名词,one指这类东西中的任何一个,指类属,泛指。it指前面所指的同一物。?例如?:
I need a pen to sign my name. Can I have one (one =a pen)
I cannot find my new pen. Have you seen it (it指那支新钢笔?)
3. another, the other, other, others, the others
(1)another和the other:
两者都是“另一个”的意思,但数量上有区别:用 another指两个以上的数量,而the other只指两个中的另一个,例如:
He has three brothers ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), one is a teacher, another is a doctor and the third is an engineer.(当然如果还有第四个,五个就是the fourth, the fifth)
He has a book in one hand and a pen in the other.
注:another除了可以作代词, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )还可以用作形容词。这里有必要区别another, the other和more的用法: ①another:
another表“另一个”时只跟可数 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )名词单数,而表“另外的、额外的、附加的”时,可跟带有few或具体数字的复数名词,此时可把“数词+复数名词”看作是一个整体。例如:
—Have you finished your report yet?
—No,I will finish it in another 10 minutes.
There is room for another few people in the back of the bus.
②other:
表“另外的”接复数名词,如与具体数词连用,则置于数词之后,但与定冠词the连用时,other要放在数词前。例如:
Tony is going camping with two other little boys next Sunday.
Do you know where he found the other two photos?
③more:
more一般位于数词之后,名词之前,有时也可置于名词之后。例如:
One more step(One step more),and I’ll shoot you.
Where shall we be in ten more years?
more除跟数词外,还可与many, a little,a few,a lot,several等词连用,例如:
There are many more dictionaries on the desk.
Would you like some more tea?
(2) others, the others
others是相对于some来说的:s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ome...some....others... (一些……一些……另一些……)是泛指;而the others是特指另一些,相对于ones (可以理解为one, the other的复数)。例如:
Class 1 are clean ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing the classroom. Some are sweeping the floor, some are cleaning the window, and others are washing the blackboard. (泛指)
There are only 20 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )students in the classroom, where are the others.(特指)
4. both, other, neither, each, any, all
both:两者都,谓语动词用复数;
either:两者中间的任何一个,谓语动词用单数;
neither:两者中间无任何一个,谓语动词多用单数,也可以用复数;
each:两个或两个以上中的每一个,谓语动词用单数;
any:三者或三者以上中的任何一个,谓语动词用单数;
all:三者或三者以上全部;
5. some, any, no
some属于肯定词,主要用于肯定句中,但当说话人期待肯定回答时,也可以用于疑问句中。例如:
Could I have some more tea, please
Would you like some more coffee
any属于非肯定词,主要用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。它可以与形容词的比较级连用。例如:
Don’t come any closer, or I’ll shoot!
no属于否定词,用于否定句中:
no+可数名词单数=not a/an
no+可数名词复数=not any。例如:
There is no such t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hing as a free lunch in the world. (注意thing前面没有冠词a)
【考点诠释】
纵观历年高考试题,代词的主要 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )考点主要集中在以下几个方面:不定代词one,the one,ones,the ones;物主代词的用法;人称代词主格和宾格的用法;表示两者和多者的不定代词的比较;指示代词this,that,these,those,it的用法;another,(the)other(s),else;the rest的用法;every-,some-,any-,no-与-thing,-one,-body构成的复合不定代词的用法。
考点1 人称代词
一般地说人称代词作主语时用 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )主格;作宾语时用宾格;作定语时用形容词性物主代词;名词性物主代词可以代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”。但口语中,在无动词的句子里,往往用代词的宾格形式。
1.用于无谓语的句子中
一Dpes any of you know why Jack hasn’t come yet 你们有谁知道杰克为什么还没有到吗
一Me.我。
特别提示
答语如果带谓语,就得用主格,如:I can.和I do,too./So do I.
2.表示惊奇、猜疑、反问、不满、厌烦等情绪
①Do you have good eyesight,young man 年轻人,你的视力好吗
一Me I can see a sparrow two hundred paces away.我 我能看见一只两百步外的云雀。
②What Me fight a big chap like him Not me!什么 我同像他那样的大个子打架 不会是我!
3.代替as,than等连词之后的主格(多用于口语中,尤其用于句末)
①I’m not as tall as him(he).我没有他个子高。
②)She is much more ca ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )reful than me(I).她比我细心得多。当这类人称代词带有all,both等同位语时,用宾格的形式就更为常见了。如:
He works harder than us a11.他比我们所有人学习都刻苦。
考点2指不代词
1.this/these,that/those
this,these指代下面要说的内容;that,those指代上面陈述过的内容。如:
①What I’d like to say ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )about how to improve our spoken English is like this.关于如何提高我们的英语口语,我想说的是这样的。
②That’s a11.Thank you.我的话完了。谢谢。(多用于演讲、口头通知的结束语)
③Salaries are higher here than those in my hometown.这里的薪水比我家乡的高。
2.一些习惯说法中this和that的用法比较固定
①Who’s that 你是谁 (打电话用语)
②)This is Mary.我是Mary。(打电话用语)
③11at’s all right/OK.不用谢。(对感谢的答语)
④nat’S nothing.没什么。(对道歉的答语) ‘
⑤That’s that.就这么定了。(表示决定不能更改)
⑥That’S a11.就这些了。
⑦That is…那就是……
3.this,that有时可以用作副词,意为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )“这么,那么”,用在形容词或副词前作状语,表示程度 It isn’t that cold.还没那么冷。
考点3不定代词
以下是几组易混不定代词:
1.some类不定代词与any类不定代词
(1)some类不定代词多用于肯定句中;any类的多用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。如:
Raise your hands if you have any questions.如果你们有问题,请举手。
(2)但在表示客气的请求或希望对方给予肯定回答的疑问句中,要用some类的不定代词。如:
Would you like something to drink 你要喝点什么吗
(3)any类的不定代词用在肯定句中,表示“任何(一个);任何事情;无论什么”。如:
She promised that she could do anything for you.她许诺能为你做任何事情。
2.all,both,neither,none
(1)all指三者或三者以上“都”,both指两者“都”。如:
①Both(of)his hands were wounded.他的两只手都受伤了。
②All(of)his fingers were wounded.他的手指都受伤了。(多于两个手指)
(2)neither表示“两 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )个都不”,常和of连用,放在带有冠词、物主代词或指示代词的复数名词之前,作主语时,谓语动词可以用单数或复数;none表示三个或三个以上“都不”,可用于人,也可用于物,后可接of短语,与复数名词、代词或单数集合名词连用作主语,指人时,谓语动词用单、复数皆可;指物时,只用第三人称单数形式。如:
①Neither of the twins is/are correct.那两个双胞胎都不正确。
②None of us has/have ever been to the Great wall.我们没有人去过长城。
3.any,either,each,every
(1)any一般用于否定句、疑问 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句和条件句中。也可用在肯定句中,以加强语气,表示“任一”的概念;还可以用来修饰可数名词单数,表示三者或三者以上中的“任何一个”。如:
I didn’t eat any meat.我一点儿肉也没吃。
4.no,none,nothing,nobody
(1)no不能单独使用,相当于not a或not any,作定语修饰可数名词或不可数名词。如:
You have no sympathy for the sufferings of others.你对别人的痛苦没有同情心。
(2)none既可以指人,也可以指物,侧重指三者或三者以上的人或物,用于回答how many/much引导的疑问句,可与介词of连用。如:
①None of the books is suitable for the young.这些书都不适合年轻人读。
②一How many people are there in the room 屋内有多少人
一None.没人。
(3)nobody指人,用于回答who引导的疑问句;nothing指物,用于回答what引导的疑问句。如:
一Who is in the room 谁在屋内
一Nobody.没有人。
5.it,one,ones, that和those
(1)it特指上文所提到的同一个物,它所代 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )替的名词常由the,this,that等修饰。one指上文提到的同类事物中的一个,不特指,被指代的名词通常由不定代词some或any修饰。如:
①Where is that book I can’t find it.那本书在哪儿 我找不到它。
②I haven’t got any ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )erasers.Will you please give me one 我没有橡皮,请你给我一块好吗
(2)one与that都可用来代替上文中出现的名词,one前要用定冠词the,有时that和the one可互换使用。如:
The book isn’t so ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) interesting as the one/that you borrowed.这本书不如你借的那本有趣。
(3)但that和one在多数情 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )况下是不能互换的,主要区别在于:that既可代替可数名词,也可代替不可数名词,常要求有后置定语,一般不指人,复数形式为those。one只能代替可数名词单数,复数形式为ones。当可数名词前有形容词修饰时,只能用one,不用that。当of短语作可数名词的后置定语时,用that,不用one。如:
①The best cigarettes are those from Yunnan.最好的香烟是那些来自云南的。
②The boy told me hi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s story and that of the girl next door.这个男孩跟我讲了他以及隔壁那个女孩的故事。
Your coat is blue,and my new one is green.你的大衣是蓝色的,我的新大衣是绿色的。
(4)the ones用来代替上文提到的特指的复数名词,有时可以用those代替,尤其在有后置定语的情况下。如:
The books on the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.桌上的那些书比桌下的好。
6.another,other,others,more
(1)another既可以单独使用, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )也可以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用“another+数量词+复数名词”,表示”再,又”。如:
①was there another way out 还有别的路出去吗
②we’d better wait another five minutes.我们最好再等五分钟。
特别提示
表示“另外一个学生”只能用another student,不能说成another one student。
(2)other不能单独使用,应用于复 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )数名词前,表示另外的某些人或物,也可以用在some,any,no之后,或具体数词之后,再接名词,构成”不定代词或具体数词+other+名词”;接单数名词时,还可以用在冠词the后,特指两个人或物中的另外一个(可以省略为the other),或特指另外的某些人或物(可以省略为the others),others泛指”其他的(事物),别人”。如:
Done remained and the other went away.一个留下了,另一个走了。
②We should learn to treat others as equals.我们应该学会平等待人。
7.something,anything,everything,nothing
(1)something一般用在肯定句中,也可以用在表示邀请、征询意见的委婉问句中。如:
Could you do something for me 请为我做点事好吗
(2)anything用在否定句、疑问句或条件句中。如:
There isn’t anything inside.里面什么也没有。
(3)everything意为”一切事物”,可用在肯定句或疑问句中。
用于否定句时,表示部分否定;表示全部否定时要用nothing或not anything。如:
Everything is good when new,but friends when old.东西是新的好,朋友是老的亲。(谚语)
(4)nothing表示”什么也没有”,常用于陈述句,表示否定意义,不能与否定词连用。如:
①Do nothing by halves.凡事不可半途而废。(谚语)
②Fools learn ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) nothing from wise men,but wise men learn much from fools.愚者不学无术,智者不耻下问。(谚语)
典例1: Swimming is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )my favorite sport. There is _____ like swimming as a means of keeping fit.
A something B anything
C nothing D everything
【答案】C
【解析】考查不定代词。句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )意:游泳是我最爱的运动。再没有比游泳更好的锻炼方式了。There is nothing like…意即”没有什么能像……了”。
典例2: Jane was ask ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed a lot of questions,but she didn’t answer of them.
A.other B.any C.none D.some
典例3: Nine in ten ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children compared with of their parents.
A.those B.one C.both D.that
解析D 句意:十分之九的家长认为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )他们教育孩子的方法和他们父母的教育方法有明显的差别。在同一句话中,指代的名词和前面提到的名词是同一类,即同名异物,要用that。
考点4 反身代词
1.反身代词在句中可以作宾语、表语、并列主语,以及名词、代词的同位语
①The text itself is very easy.这篇课文本身很简单。(作主语的同位语)
②(Either)Jane ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) or yourself will go there.要么Jane去,要么你自己去。(作并列主语,但不能单独作主语)
③He is not laughed at that laughs at himself first.自嘲者不会让人嘲笑。
④Respect yourself,or no one else will respect you.要人尊敬,必须自重。
2.主语与宾语是同一个人时,应 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )当用反身代词teach oneself,enjoy oneself,help oneself,throw oneself,look after oneself
3.在系动词后作表语,常用于否定句,表示身体不适
I don’t know what’S the matter with me.I’m not myself today.
4.用在交际英语中
①Help yourseff!随便吃!(宴请礼仪)自己拿吧!
②Make yourself at home!别拘束!
③Don’t upset yourself!别自寻煨商了1
5.辨别几组搭配
by oneself独自,单独;for oneself独自地,靠自己的力量;of
oneself~t动地;to oneself独占,独用
典例:Isn’t it amazing how the human body heals after an injury
A.hireself B.him C.itself D.it
考点5 it的用法
在英语中,运用it的场合较多。从它在句中的作用和意义来看,it的用法可分为三类:
1.指代作用
(1)用作人称代词,代替前文或后文所提到的同一事物(单数可数名词或不可数名词)。如:
Although we cannot see ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) it,there is air all around us.虽然我们看不见空气,但它却在我们的周围。
(2)代替前面的整个句子。如:
It is said that he ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) has died of a disease,but it isn’t true.据说他已经病死了,但这不是真的。
(3)用在答语中代替指示代词this,that。如:
一What is this 这是什么
一It’s a bike.是自行车。
(4)代替不能或没有必要区分性别的或某些习惯说法中的人。如:
①The baby cried because it Was hungry.婴儿哭是因为饿了。(婴儿习惯上不区分性别)
②一Who is knocking at the door 谁在敲门
一It’s me.是我o
(5)指环境、情形等。如:
①I can’t stand it any longer.我再也不能容忍这种情况了。
②Take it easy.别紧张。
③It doesn’t matter.没关系。
(6)指度量衡单位、时间、距离、季节、天气及自然现象。如:
①It’s getting colder and colder now.现在越来越冷了。
②It is winter now.现在是冬天了。
2.形式作用
(1)形式主语
当动词不定式、v.ing形式或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用it作句子的形式主语。如:
(I)It’s no use crying over split milk.覆水难收。
②It takes three generations to make a gentleman.十年树木,百年树人。
(2)形式宾语
当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、v-ing形式或宾语从句时,往往把真正的宾语放在补足语后面,而用it作形式宾语,放在宾语补足语之前。如:
①You must ma ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ke it clear to them that the situation is serious.你必须向他们表明形势是严峻的。
②)They thoug ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ht it difficult to talk to the guests about the recent events.他们觉得和客人们谈近来发生的事情很困难。
特别提示
形式宾语用在“主语+谓语动词+宾语” ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )结构中,谓语动词appreciate,dislike,hate,like,love,make(按时到达,成功)等后接由if或when等引导的从句时,往往在从句前加形式宾语it。如:
①1 would appreciate it if you paid in cash.如果你能支付现金的话,我会不胜感激。
②The boy likes it when you do that.那个男孩喜欢你那样做。
3.强调作用
it可以用来改变句子的结构,使句子的某 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一成分得到强调。强调句型的基本结构为:It is/was+所强调的成分+that/who/whom+其他成分。代词考点
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. _____ with any co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mmon sense can tell the difference between the two.
A. Who B. Whoever
C. Anyone D. Who ever
【陷阱】容易误选B。
【分析】最佳答案为C。有的同学误选B主要是因为受以下这类句子的影响:
Whoever comes will be welcome. 任何人来都欢迎。
Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。
Whoever gets the job will have a lot of work. 谁要是得到这份工作就有很多事要做。
以上三句中 whoever 引导的均为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )主语从句,其中的 whoever均可换成 anyone who,但是不能换成 anyone。以上试题从表面上看,与以上各例很相似,其实它们有本质的不同,即 _____ with any common sense 中没有谓语动词,所以我们不能选 whoever。此题的正确答案为C,anyone 为句子主语,with any common sense 为修饰 anyone 的定语。现将此题稍作改动如下,答案选B:
_______ has any common sense can tell the difference between the two.
A. Who B. Whoever
C. Anyone D. Who ever
2. The dictionary is r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eally useful. Every boy and girl _____ it and they each _____ to buy one.
A. like, want B. likes, wants
C. likes, want D. like, wants
【陷阱】容易误选D。认为前面一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )空填复数动词,因为其主语是 boy and girl,为复数;第二空填单数动词,因为其前有 each,表示“每一个”。
【分析】事实上,此题应选C。因为按 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )英语习惯,every 后接两个并列的单数名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数,即第一空填 likes;而第二空要填复数动词 want,是因为其前的主语是 they 而不是 each(each 为主语的同位语)。
3. Everyone knows that Canada is larger than _____ country in Asia.
A. any B. any other
C. other D. another
【陷阱】容易误选B。选择的依据是以下大家熟悉的句型(其中的 other 不可省略):
He is taller than any other student in our class. 他是我们班最高的。
English is mor ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e widely used in international intercourse than any other language today. 现今英语在国际交往中比其他任何语言用得都广。
【分析】但是上面一题与这类句子有所不同。这类 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句型到底该不该加 other,主要应看所谈论的对象是否在比较的范围之内:若在范围之内,则用 other (以排除自己与自己比较);若不在范围之内,则不用 other。比较下面一题:
China is larger than _____ country in Asia.
A. any B. any other C. other D. another
此题应选B,因为 China 在 Asia ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 的范围之内。假若选A,则表示“中国比亚洲的任何国家都大”,而中国本身也是亚洲国家,由此则得出“中国比中国大”的荒谬结论。而选B,则表示“中国比亚洲任何其他国家要大”,这才合乎事实。
4. “What do you think ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of them ” “I don’t know _____ is better, so I’ve taken _____ of them.”
A. what, both B. what, none
C. which, both C. which, none
【陷阱】几个干扰均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案为C。做好此题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的关键是要注意句中的 better 一词,由于better 用的是比较级,说明比较的对象应是两者,由此可推知第二空应填both;另一方面,由于所谈论的是两者,说明选择范围比较窄、比较明确,所以第一空应填 which。
5. “Would you like a c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )up of coffee or a glass of beer ” “____ will do, but milk is _____ popular with me.”
A. Neither, not B. Both, more
C. Either, the most D. All, the most
【陷阱】很容易误选B,因为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )前文提到 coffee 和 beer 为两者,所以有的同学就认为应选 both 和 more 与之对应(more 为比较级,指两者比较)。
【分析】做对此题的关键是要 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )注意到下文提到的 milk既不是 coffee 也不是 beer,而是除这两者外的第三者,故第二空应填 the most,即此题最佳答案为C。
6. I read about it ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) in some book or other, does it matter _____ it was
A. where B. what
C. how D. which
此题答案选D,主要与上文的some bo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ok or other (某一本书)这一语境有关,全句句意为:“我在某一本书上读到过它,是哪一本书这很重要吗 ”请看类似试题:
(1) “Who told you ” “Oh, somebody or other, I’ve forgotten _____.”
A. what B. when
C. which D. who
此题最佳答案为D。句意为:“谁告诉你的?”“噢,有个人,我忘记是哪一个了。”
(2) Some of the s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tudents were late for the meeting, but I can’t remember _____.
A. what B. when
C. which D. whom
此题最佳答案为C。句意为“有些学生开会迟到了,但我不记得是哪些学生了”。
7. These trousers are dirty and wet — I’ll change into my _____.
A. another B. trousers
C. others D. other
【陷阱】容易误选A、B。
【分析】最佳答案为C。是从语法上看 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),another 后通常接单数名词,而不接trousers 这样的复数名词(若用 another pair 则可以);也不能选 trousers 是因为填它句子意思不通。最佳答案应选C,others 相当于 other trousers,其中的 other 与前面的 these 相对照。
8. Her lecture ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) was hard to follow because she kept jumping from one subject to _____.
A. other B. the other
C. the others D. another
【陷阱】容易误选B。选择依据可能是one … the other …这一常用结构。
【分析】最佳答案为D。使用one ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) … the other … 时,我们通常是针对两者而言的,即指“两者中的一个……,另一个……”;如果所谈论的情况不是针对两者而言的,而是针对多者而言的,那么我们就不宜在 one 后使用 the other,而考虑用 another。又如(答案均选D,即选 another):
(1) Those cakes look delicious. Could I have _____ one
A. other B. the other
C. the others D. another
(2) I have many such novels. I’ll bring _____ tomorrow.
A. other B. the other
C. the others D. another
(3) Saying is one thing and doing is _____.
A. other B. the other
C. the others D. another
比较以下各例:
(1) Shut ____ eye, Jim.
A. another B. some other
C. other D. the other
答案选D,因为人的眼睛只有两只,故用 one … the other … 结构。
(2) It’s sometimes hard to tell one twin from _____.
A. another B. some other
C. other D. the other
答案选D,twin 意为“孪生子之一”、“双胞胎之一”,即指两者之一,故用 one … the other … 这一结构。
9. There are four bedrooms, ______ with its own bathroom.
A. all B. each
C. every D. either
此题容易误选A,认为既然前面出现了 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )four bedrooms,故填 all 与之对应。其实,此题的最佳答案应为B,原因是空格后的隐藏信息 its,它表示空格处应填一个单数代词,但是不能选C,因为 every 不能这样单独使用。
10. “It’s said tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t he is a wise leader.” “Oh, no, he is _____ but a wise leader.”
A. anything B. anyone
C. anybody D. anywhere
【陷阱】容易误选B、C。因为句子主语指人,似乎只有B、C才与之一致。
【分析】其实,正确答案应选A。因为 anything but 是习语,意为“根本不是”或“一点也不”,不仅可用于事物,也可用于人。如:
I’ll do anything but that. 我绝不会干那种事。
The party was anything but a success. 晚会根本不成功。
Her father was anything but a poet. 她父亲根本不是诗人。
Such a man was anything but a hero. 那样的人绝不算英雄。
11. Tell _______ you like — it makes no difference to me.
A. anyone B. who
C. whoever D. what
【陷阱】容易从中文字面来理解而误选A或B。
【分析】最佳答案选 C。但若将A, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) B两项合起来,即用 anyone who这样的形式则也可以。选 C,whoever 引导一个宾语从句,用作动词 tell的宾语。同样地,请看以下类似试题:
(1) _____ comes is welcome.
A. Anyone B. Who
C. Anyone who D. Everyone
此题很容易误选A,因为从汉语意思来分 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )析,可理解为“任何人来都欢迎”,但若选A,此句的结构是混乱的,句中有两个谓语动词 comes 和 is,但却只是一个句子。此题应选C,anyone 是句子主语,who comes 是修饰 anyone 的定语从句。
(2) _____ comes to see me, tell him I’m out.
A. Anyone B. Who
C. Whoever D. Everyone
此题很容易按汉语意思误选A,其实应选C。whoever 引导的是让步状语从句,相当于 no matter who。
(3) Sarah hopes to become a friend of _____ shares her interests.
A. anyone B. whomever
C. whoever D. no matter who
此题不能选A,假若选A,应在其后加 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )上 who,即用 anyone who;也不能选B,一是因为空格处应填一个作主语的词(因为其后有谓语动词 shares),二是因为在现代英语中 whomever 这个词已基本废除 (也就是说,在现代英语中 whoever 既用作主语,也用作宾语,如:Give it to whoever you see in the meeting-room. 你在会议室里看见谁就把它给谁);也不能选D,因为 no matter who只用于引导让步状语从句,不用于引导名词性从句。此题正确答案为C,whoever 在此相当于 anyone who。
比较下例,答案应选A,而不是B、C或D(注意句意):
It was a matter of _____ would take the position.
A. who B. whoever
C. whom D. whomever
12. The teac ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )her told us that the problem was not _____ easy and that we should think _____ over carefully.
A. such, it B. that, it
C. such, 不填 D. that,不填
【陷阱】容易根据汉语字面意思误选C。
【分析】最佳答案选 B。第一空填that,that 用作副词,相当于 so,又如:
Is it always ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that hot 总那么热吗 (其中的 that hot 可以换成 so hot,但不能换成 such hot)
I can only tell ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )you that much. 我只能告诉你这么多。(其中的 that much 可以换成 so much,但不能换成 such much)
注意第一空不能填such,因为such 不用作副词,即它不用于修饰形容词。
另外,汉语中说“好好想一想”,通常 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )可以不带宾语,但英语中的think over 是及物动词,如果用它来表示“好好想一想”,应根据上下文的语境让它带上适当的宾语,所以本题应用 think it over,相当于 think the problem over。
13. The camera isn’t good enough; I want to change ______.
A. another B. a good one
C. it with another D. it for another
【陷阱】容易根据汉语字面意思误选A、B。
【分析】此题最佳答案为D。英语中的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )change sth 表示的是“换某物”,sth 是被换的东西,而 change sth for sth else 表示的才是“用某物换另一物”。比较:
That coat was too large and I had to change it. 那件外套太大了,我得去换一件。
That coat was too ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) large and I had to change it for a smaller one. 那件外套太大了,我得去换一件小一点的。
14. I agree with mo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )st of what you said, but I don’t agree with ______.
A. everything B. anything
C. something D. nothing
【陷阱】此题容易误选 B,生搬硬套不定代词用法规则:something 用于肯定句,anything 用于否定句或疑问句。
【分析】其实此题应选 A,注意前 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )文的 I agree with most of what you said(我同意你说的大部分内容),其后的not 与 everything 构成部分否定,意为“不是所有的都同意”,前后两部分用转折连词 but 连接,语气通顺、连贯。请看一个类似的例子:
______ likes money, but money is not ______.
A. Everyone, everything B. Anyone, anything
C. Someone, nothing D. Nobody, everything
最佳答案选A,句意为“大家都喜欢钱,但钱不是万能的”。
15. “Is there ______ here ” “No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.”
A. anybody B. everybody
C. somebody D. nobody
【陷阱】此题容易误选 A。认为这是一般疑问句,要用 anybody。
【分析】其实此题应选B, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )主要与上下文的语境有关。全文语境为:“大家都到齐了吗?”“没有,Bob 和Tim 两人请假了。”假若我们将此题作如下变换,则情形就会有所不同:
“Is there ______ here ” “Yes, I’m upstairs. Please come and help me.”
A. anybody B. everybody
C. somebody D. nobody
此题的最佳答案应是A,而不是B。
请再看一例:
“Do you have _____ at home now, Mary ” “No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.”
A. something B. anything
C. everything D. nothing
答案选C,句意为“玛丽,现在家里东西都准备齐了吗?”“还没有,我们还要买些水果和茶。”
16. “If you want ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) a necklace, I’ll buy one for you at once.” “Oh, no. A necklace is not _____ that I need most.
A. anything B. something
C. nothing D. everything
【陷阱】此题容易误选A,机械地套用以下规则:something 用于肯定句,anything 用于否定句或疑问句。
【分析】当然以上规则在通常情况下 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )是有效的,但此句不属通常用法。此题的最佳答案应是B,something 在此的意思不是“某种东西”,而是指“那种东西”或“这种东西”,即心中最想要的那种东西(相当于 the thing)。同样地,下面几题的最佳答案也是 something,而不是 anything:
(1) It’s not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) _____ that we want to talk about; let’s change the subject.
A. anything B. something
C. nothing D. everything
(2) It’s not _____ I enjoy; I do it purely out of a sense of duty.
A. anything B. something
C. nothing D. everything
(3) Self-control is not _____ that comes with your birth.
A. anything B. something
C. nothing D. everything
(4) This is not _____ that would disturb me anyway.
A. anything B. something
C. nothing D. everything
17. Some say one thing, but _____.
A. other, another B. others, another
C. others, the other D. the others, others
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案选B。but ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )others another 为 but others say another 之省略。在并列句中,若后面分句与前面分句有相同的词,常把后一分句中的相同部分给省略掉,以避免重复。如:
One soldier was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) killed and another wounded. 有一名士兵被打死,另一名被打伤。(wounded 前省略了 was)
I work in a facto ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ry and my brother on a farm. 我在工厂工作,我弟弟在农场工作。(on a farm 前省略了 works)
My room is on the se ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cond floor and his on the third. 我的房间在三楼,他的房间在四楼。(on the third 前省略了 is)
18. He is a hard ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )-working student, _____ who will be successful in whatever career he chooses.
A. that B. he
C. one D. which
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】此题答案选C,one 相当于 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a student。类似地,以下各题也选one,它们分别相当于 a table, a break, a question, a Mexican carpet, a moment:
(1) A table made of steel costs more than _______ made of wood.
A. one B. it
C. those D. which
(2)“Why don’t we take a little break ” “Didn’t we just have _____ ”
A. it B. that
C. one D. this
(3) The question is _____ of great importance.
A. that B. it
C. one D. what
(4) She wants a Mexican carpet, but she can’t afford to buy ______.
A. one B. it
C. them D. the one
(5) Meeting my uncle ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _____ I will always treasure.
A. that B. one
C. it D. what
◆精编陷阱题训练◆
1. Tom’s mothe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r always told him not to smoke again, but _____ didn’t help.
A. he B. it
C. which D. as
2. Both team ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s were in hard training; _____ was willing to lose the game.
A. either B. neither
C. another D. the other
3. There he pointed ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to _____ looked like a stone and said that’s ______ you had to carry home.
A. that, that B. what, what
C. which, what D. as, which
4. I know nothing a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )bout the accident except _____ I read in the paper.
A. that B. for
C. what D. 不填
5. Energy is ____ makes one work.
A. what B. something
C. anything D. that
6. Don’t go to _____ places where there is no fresh air.
A. such B. so
C. those D. which
7. The classroom is almost empty, where is _____
A. someone B. anyone
C. everyone D. no one
8. I’m afraid we can’t have coffee; there’s _____ left.
A. nothing B. none
C. no one D. no any
9. _____ worries me is _____ we’re going to pay for all this.
A. It, that B. That, how
C. What, how D. As, that
10. He just does __ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )____ he pleases and never thinks about anyone else.
A. that B. what
C. which D. how
11. _____ of you comes first will get the ticket.
A. Which B. Whichever
C. Who D. Whatever
12. His income is double _____ it was five years ago.
A. that B. which
C. as D. what
13. If you want a friend, you’ll find _____ in me.
A. one B. it
C. that D. him
14. Oh, how beautiful it is! I like _____ better.
A. everything B. anything
C. nothing D. something
15. Do you know _______ friends are coming to our party
A. whose else’s B. who’s else
C. whose else D. who else’s
16. _______ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone B. The person
C. Whoever D. No matter who
17. Jane hopes to become a friend of _______ shares her interests.
A. whomever B. anyone
C. whoever D. no matter who
18. Some friends ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) tried to settle the quarrel between Mr and Mrs Smith without hurting the feeling of _______, but failed.
A. none B. either
C. all D. neither
19. —Here are the best styles of the clothes. Which one do you like
— _______. They are not so nice as I expected.
A. Neither B. All
C. Nothing D. None
20. Mr Ascot, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) headmaster of the school, refused to accept ______of the three suggestions made by the Students’ Union.
A. either B. neither
C. any D. none
21. “There’s coffee and tea; you can have _______.” “Thanks.”
A. either B. each
C. one D. it
22. “When shall w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e meet again ” “Make it _______day you like; it’s all the same to me.”
A. one B. any
C. another D. some
23. “Susan, go ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) and join your sister cleaning the yard.” “Why ______ John is sitting there doing nothing.”
A. him B. he
C. I D. me
【答案与解析】
1. 选B,it 指前面提到的情况。由于句中用了并列连词 but,所以不能选C。当然,若去掉空格前的but,则可选C。
3. 选B,因是 both teams,即谈论的是两者,因此可锁定A和B;从语境上看,应选B,即双方都不愿输。
3. 选B。即两空均填 what,第一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )个what 相当于 something that;第二个what 相当于the thing that。
4. 选C,what 在句中用作动词 read 的宾语。
5. 选A,what 相当于 something that。
6. 选C,但容易误选A。按英语习惯,受 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )such 修饰的名词后跟定语从句时,引导定语从句的关系词一般只能是 as,而不能是 that, which, who, where等。如:Such women as knew him thought he was charming. 认识他的女人都认为他很有魅力。此句中的 as 就不能换成that 或 who,若要使用 that 或who,则需将 such 换掉,如说成Those women who knew Tom thought he was charming.
7. 选C,句意为“教室几乎是空的,大家都到哪里去了?”
8. 选B,nothin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g 指“什么也没有”;none 指数量上的“一点(个)也没有”。注:回答 how much 和 how many 时要用 none,而不用 nothing,道理同此。
9. 选C,what worries me 为主语从句,且 what 在主语从句中用作主语。
10. 选B。从句意推知。
11. 选B 最佳,因 who后通常不接表示范围的 of 短语,故不宜选C;若选A,则句型不对;若选D,则语义不通。
12. 选D,what 相当于 the amount that。
13. 选 A,one 在此相当于a friend。
14. 选C,I like nothing better 相当于 It’s the best thing I like。
15. 选D。else 可放在 who, w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat, where, how, why 等疑问词之后,但习惯上不放在which之后,而且在一般情况下也不用在whose后,遇此情况可用 who else’s,如:
Who else’s fault could it be 这会是其他什么人的错吗
但是,若其后不修饰名词,有时也可用whose else。如:
Whose else could it be 这会是其他什么人的吗
16. 选C。其余三者均不能引导主语从句。whoever 在此相当于 anyone who。
17. 选C。whoever ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )shares her interests用作介词of的宾语,同时whoever又用作谓语动词shares的语。
18. 选B。由于句中谈到的是 Mr a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nd Mrs Smith,即谈的是两者,故排除选项A和C,因为 none 和all 均用于指三者。又因为空格前有否定介词without,故空格处填either, 不用 neither。
19. 选D。none 可视为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )I like none of them 之省略。从下文的语境看,空格处只能填空一个表否定意义的词。据此首先排除B;虽然A、C、D均表否定意义,但neither 与前面的best(既然使用最高级,说明有三者或多者在作比较)不吻合;而 nothing 表示“什么也没有”,不合语境。
20. 选 C。none ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )和 neither 表否定,与句中的 refused to acept这一语境不符。在 either 与 any 两个选项中,either 指两者,与句中的 three suggestions 不符。故只能选 any,指三者中的任意一个。
21. 选 A。比较四个选项:eit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )her 指两者中的“任意一个”,each 指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”,one 用来替代“a / an +单数可数名词”,it 替代“the +单数名词”。
22. 选 B。根据下文的 it’s all the same to me(对我都一样)可知,选 any 最合语境。
23. 选 D。Why me ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) 可视为 Why do you ask me to go and join 之省略。另外,me 还通常在简略回答中用作主语。如:Me too.(我也一样。)
it的用法考点
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. Everyone knows tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t _______ is dangerous to play with fire, but _______ is difficult is to prevent children from playing with fire.
A. it, it B. what, what
C. it, what D. what, it
【陷阱】很容易误选B,认为两空均考查形式主语。
【分析】最佳答案是D,第一空 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )填形式主语,真正的主语是其后的不定式 to play with fire。第二空填 what,what is difficult 是主语从句,注意 what is difficult 后的谓语动词 is。请做以下类似试题:
(1) I know ______ is important to know my own limitations, but _______ is difficult is to help others to know their own limitations.
A. it, it B. what, what
C. it, what D. what, it
(2) Yes, ______ is difficult to find a job nowadays, but _____ is more difficult is try to find such a job with a high salary but little things to do.
A. it, it B. what, what
C. it, what D. what, it
2. I dislike _______ when others laugh at me in public or think poorly of me behind.
A. that B. those
C. it D. them
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案是C,因为在通常情况下,l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ike 是及物动词,其后应有宾语(句中 it 即为其宾语)。句中的 when 从句不是宾语从句,而是时间状语从句,其中的 when 的意思是“当……的时候”。其实,也有的词典将 I don’t like it when (if) … 作为一个句型来处理。能这样用的动词不多,主要的有enjoy, like, dislike, love, hate, prefer, appreciate等表示喜好的动词。
She won’t like it if you arrive late. 她不喜欢你迟到。
He hates it when people use his bike. 他讨厌别人用他的自行车。
请做以下类似试题(答案均选 it):
(1) I hate _______ if people say such things in public.
A. that B. those
C. it D. them
(2) I’d prefer _______ if I didn’t have to get up early on Sundays.
A. that B. such
C. it D. which
(3) I would appre ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ciate _______ very much if you could give me some suggestions.
A. this B. that
C. it D. you
3. I’ve no idea. I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )just pretended nobody was at home, so I didn’t ask who _______ was.
A. he B. that
C. she D. it
【陷阱】容易误选A或C。
【分析】最佳答案是D。it 用以指身份不明的人。若指身份明确的人,则不宜用it。比较:
(1) Mr Smith is at the door. _______ wants to see you.
(2) Someone is at the door. ________ must be Mr Smith.
A. He B. It
C. This D. That
第(1)题选A,因为来者身份明确;第(2)选B,因为来者身份不明确。
4. “Excuse me, I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) want to have my watch fixed, but I can’t find a repair shop.” “I know ________ nearby. Come on, I’ll show you.”
A. one B. it
C. some D. that
【陷阱】容易误选B。
【分析】最佳答案是A。it 和 one 的区别可简单地概括为:it = the + 名词,one = a + 名词。如:
I haven’t got any ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pens, and I want to borrow one. 我没有钢笔,我想借一支。(one = a pen)
I have two pe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ns, and I can lend one to you. 我有两本支钢笔,我可以借一支。(one = a pen)
I have a pen, and I ca ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n lend it to you. 我有一本钢笔,我可以把它借给你。(it = the pen)
在上面一题中,one 相当于 one 相当于 a repair shop。请做下面一题(答案选A):
There is only one E ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nglish-Chinese dictionary in that book-shop. I wonder if you still want to buy _______.
A. it B. one
C. another D. any
5. Will you see to _______ that my children are taken good care of while I am away
A. it B. me
C. yourself D. them
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案是A。it 为形式宾语,真正 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的宾语是空格后that引导的宾语从句。see to 意为“负责”、“注意”,其中的 to 为介词,不宜直接跟that引导的宾语从句,遇此情况可借助代词 it。请做下面两题,答案也是选 it:
(1) I’ll see to _______ that all these letters will be sent to the post before twelve.
A. it B. me
C. which D. them
(2) Will you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) see to _______ that the luggage is brought back as soon as possible
A. me B. yourself
C. it D. them
类似以上 see to 用法的短语还有 depend on, answer for 等。如下面两题答案也选 it:
(1) You may depend on _______ that he will turn up in time.
A. it B. me
C. which D. them
(2) I can’t answer for ________ that the boy is honest.
A. it B. me
C. which D. them
◆精编陷阱题训练◆
1. Why shouldn’t I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )buy a new coat — I haven’t bought _____ for five years.
A. it B. that
C. one D. which
2. He made _____ known to his friends that he didn’t want to enter politics.
A. that B. it
C. himself D. him
3. It used to be thought _____ the Earth was flat.
A. as B. when
C. since D. that
4. The Parke ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rs bought a new house but ______ will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it
C. one D. which
5. _______ is well known _______ Hong Kong returned to China on July 1st, 1997.
A. It, that B. As, /
C. As, as D. It, which
6. — I don’t know whether I should go abroad or not, Mum.
— I leave _______ to your own judgment whether you should do it.
A. that B. it
C. this D. what
7. Does ________ matter if he can’t finish the job on time
A. this B. that
C. he D. it
8. They are good frien ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ds. _______ is no wonder that they know each other so well.
A. This B. That
C. There D. It
9. They live on a busy main road. ______ must be very noisy.
A. There B. It
C. That D. They
10. Why don’t you b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ring ______ to his attention that you are too busy to do it
A. this B. what
C. that D. it
11. “Look at that lady ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) on the stage. She’s already forty.” “You are joking. She doesn’t look ________.”
A. so B. it
C. that D. this
13. _______ was known to them all that William had broken his promise ______ he would give each of them a gift.
A. As; Which B. What; that
C. It; that D. It; which
14. In the we ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )st, people make _______ a rule to send Christmas present to their relatives and friends.
A. this B. that
C. it D. the following
【答案与解析】
1. 选C。one 指 a coat。比较: ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )it = the +名词,one = a+名词,换句话说,it 是特指的,而one 则是泛指的。
2. 选B。it 为形式宾语,真正的宾语是 that he didn’t want to enter politics。
3. 选D。it 为形式主语,此句为 Pe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ople used to think that the Earth was flat 的被动语态形式。
4. 选B。it 指前面提到的 new house。注意不能选D,因为其前有并列连词but。
5. 选A。it 为形式主语,其后的that从句为主语从句。比较下面一题,答案选B:
_______ is well known ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), _______ Hong Kong returned to China on July 1st, 1997.
A. It, that B. As, /
C. As, as D. It, which
6. 选B。it 为形式宾语,真正的宾语是 whether you should do it.
7. 选 D。it doesn’t matter if…, does it matter if… 等为英语常用表达。
8. 选 D。it’s no wonder ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that… 意为“难怪……”、“……不足为怪”,为英语固定表达,其中的 it’s 也可省略,即只说 No wonder that…。如:
No wonder (that) he didn’t want to go. 难怪他不想去。
9. 选B。it 指环境。
10. 选 D。it 为形式宾语,真正的宾语是 that you are too busy to do it.
12. 选 B。it 指 her age。look one’s age 为习语,意为“容貌与年龄相称”。
13. 选C。第一空填 it,为形式主语;第二空填that,用以引导一个同位语从句,修饰 promise。
14. 选 C。it 为形式宾语,真 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )正的宾语是其后的不定式 to send Christmas present to their relatives and friends。
【试题放送】
2013年试题
(2013高考英语四川卷)2. Th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than ________ on the small ones.
A. one B. this C. that D. it
2. 答案:C。本题考查代词。
【句意】主大街上的绿色交通 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )信号灯比次要的小街道上的时间长。空白处指代的是前面的the traffic,这是个抽象不可数名词,而且是特指,故应该用that;one不是特指,排除A项;this不能用于此种情况,排除B项;it 是指代前面提到的同一个东西,而此处并不是同一个,而是另外街道上的交通情况,排除项D项。
(2013高考英语浙江卷)11. Ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lf of _____ surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and darkest fears.
A. these B. some C. ones D. those
11. 答案:D。考查代词。
【句意】在16个国家中那些被调查的人中有一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )半说,他们都最先去找最亲密的朋友分享最深的祝福以及道出最大的恐惧。横线后有后置定语surveyed in 16 countries,根据句意,被调查的那些人中的一半,通常用 those 来指代那些人,相当于the people,可知选D。其余选项均不合题意,故排除。
(2013高考英语天津卷)12. At o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ur factory there are a few machines similar to ______ described in this magazine.
A. them B. these C. those D. ones
12. 答案:C。本题考查代词运用。
【句意】在我们工厂有一些机器和这本杂志 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中所描述的那些机器很相似。在含有比较句型的句子中选择代词时,如果比较对象是单数可数名词和不可数名词名词,用that;如果是复数可数名词用those,本题中的比较对象是我们工厂的一些机器和杂志中描述的那些机器的对比,所以只能选择C. those。其余选项均不合题意,故排除。
(2013高考英语新课标Ⅱ卷)14 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). It's an either-or situation - we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can’t do ______.
A. others B. either C. another D. both
14. 答案:D。本题考查代词。
【句意】这是一种“二选一”的情况,就是说,我们今年可以买一个新车,或者可以去度假,
但我们不能两者兼得。句中的关键词是eit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )her-or situation,既然是二选一的情况,那就不能两者都留着,因此锁定正确答案是D。其他三个选项的意思分别是“其他人或物”,“两者中的一个”,“另一个,又一个”,均不合题意,排除。
(2013高考英语山东卷) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )21. I’ve lived in New York and Chicago, but don’t like _______ of them very much.
A. either B. any C. each D. another
21. 答案: A。本题考查代词用法。
【句意】我在纽约和芝加哥生活过 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),但是两个城市我都不是很喜欢。短语not…either=neither(两者都不),故答案选A。部分考生可能会误选B,而any则指三者或三者以上中的任何一个,此句只提到了美国的纽约和芝加哥两个城市,故排除B项。C. each每一个(用于两者或两者以上),故排除;D. another三者或三者以上中的另外一个,故排除。
(2013高考英语陕西卷 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ))22. Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years, she lost ______ of her enthusiasm for life.
A. some B. neither C. none D. all
22. 答案: C。本题考查代词。
【句意】虽然Rosemary遭受严重的疾病之 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )苦好多年了,但她一点也没有失去对生活的热情。这是一个主动复合句,根据连词although可知,前后是转折关系。既然前面是遭受疾病之苦,那后面就应该是反面的意思,排除选项A和D;neither指的是两者都不,而生活的热情是不能用两个来形容的,排除选项B。
(2013高考英语江西卷)23. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )______ can be good at something for 40 years if he doesn’t love it.
A. Anybody B. Everybody C. Nobody D. Somebody
23. 答案:C。考查不定代词。
【句意】如果不喜欢某件事,没有人能40 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )年如一日地做好它。抓住题意和关键词,可知:没有人能,故答案选C. Nobody没有人。A. anybody任何人;B. everybody每个人,所有人;D. somebody某人,均不合题意,排除。
(2013高考英语上海卷)26. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Those who smoke heavily should remind ______ of health, the bad smell and the feelings of other people.
A. theirs B. them C. themselves D. oneself
26. 答案:C。本题考查代词。
【句意】那些烟瘾很大的人应该提醒自 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )己注意健康,难闻的气味以及他人的感受。句中的those和other people为关键词,既然要顾及他人感受,自然要时刻提醒自己,而those的反身代词为“他们自己”,即themselves,故选项C正确。A. theirs为名词性物主代词,相当于their+名词,意为“他们的……”,故排除;B. them是人称代词they的宾格,意为“他们”,故排除;D. oneself为反身代词,意为“自己,自身”,故排除。
(2013高考英语安徽卷)27. Th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is project requires close teamwork. ______ Will be achieved unless we work well together.
A. Nothing B. Anything C. Something D. Everything
27. 答案:A。本题考查代词。
【句意】这个项目需要紧密合作,没有好 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的合作就不会取得任何结果。根据句意,既然需要紧密合作,那么没有好的合作,当然是不会有啥结果的,所以正确答案是A. nothing。其余选项均不合题意,故排除。
(2013高考英语辽宁卷)29 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ). To her joy, Della earned first the trust of her students and then _____of her colleagues.
29. 答案:A。本题考查代词辨析。
【句意】使黛拉高兴的是,她首 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )先赢得了学生的信任,接着又获得了同事的信任。A. that特指,相当于the+单数可数名词或the+不可数名词。根据句意,这里指“赢得同事的信任”,即the trust of her colleagues,显然是特指,故选A。 B. one相当于a/an+可数名词单数;C. ones指代可数名词复数,表泛指;D. those=the ones,指代可数名词复数,表特指。均不合题意,故排除。
(2013高考英语重庆卷)31. Recy ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is ______.
A. another B. the other C. one another D. one
31. 答案:A。本题考查代词。
【句意】再循环是保护环境的一种方式,重复利 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )用是另外一种。another的意思是“另一个,有一个”,非特指。本题的空白处不是特指,指的是很多种中的另一种,故应该用A. another;the other 的意思是“两者中的另一个”是特指; one another的意思是“互相”;one的意思是“一个”,非特指。均不合题意,故排除。
2012年试题
【2012全国II】9. Sarah m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ade ______ to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning.
A. herself B. this C. that D. it
【答案】D
【考点】考查代词的用法。
【解析】此处it是形式主语,代替后面的不定式短语。句意:Sarah今天早上成功地及时到达了机场赶上了她的航班。
【2012四川卷】2. Ne ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )w technologies have made ____ possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.
A. that B. this C. one D. it
【答案】 D
【考点】本题考查代词。
【解析】题干为固定句型: ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )make + it + adj. + to do。其中it作形式宾语,替代动词不定式to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost。句意为:新兴科技已经使得更快地、以更低的成本生产新产品成为可能。
【2012江西卷】23. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )My brother would like to buy a good watch but was available from that shop. A.nothing B.none C.no one D.neither
【答案】B
【考点】不定代词
【解析】此处 nothing指物,什么都不 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )是;none既可指人也可指物,强调“每一个”;no one只能指人;neither表两者都不,故此题选B。
【2012重庆卷】21.-John, when shall we meet again, Thursday or Friday
-_________.I’ll be off to London then.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
【答案】B
【考点】不定代词用法
【解析】根据答语“I’ll be off ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to London then.”可知,约定的星期三或者星期五对John来说,都不行。在选项中B选项是“两者都不”之意,符合语境。因此,正确答案为B选项。
【2012北京卷】 If you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )’re buying today’s paper from the stand, could you get for me
A. one B. such C. this D. that
【答案】A
【考点】代词的用法
【解析】根据句意:如果你去报摊上买今天的报 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )纸,给我捎回一份好吗?one作“一个”,“一本”,“一件”等解,用来代替上文提到过的paper。相当于a copy of paper.
【2012浙江卷】5. Studying ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Wendy's menu, I found that many of the items are similar to______ of McDonald's.
A. those B. ones C. any D. all
【答案】A
【考点】代词
【解析】 those=that one ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s, 代指前面的many of the items,表示复数、特指,被of McDonald’s修饰,符合语境。Ones表示复数、泛指;any任何一个;all全部,均不符合语境,故排除。
【2012江苏卷】23. Sophia waited for a reply, but ____ came.
A. either B. another C. neither D. none
【答案】D
【考点】代词辨析—neither/ none
【解析】句意为:Sophia等候答复,但没 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )有任何答复。根据转折连词but可知,此处应用表示否定意义的代词,所以排除A项和B项。neither意为“两者都不”;none意为“三者或三者以上都不”。根据前半句中的“a reply”提示可知,故选D项。
【2012陕西卷】13. No ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) matter where he is, he makes _____a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.
A. him B this C. that D. it
【答案】D
【考点】考查代词。
【解析】所填词做使役动词make的形式宾语,真正宾语是to go for a walk,选D。
【2012全国新课程】31. L ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )arry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but of them wants to, because they have work to do.
A. either B. any
C. neither D. none
【答案】C
【考点】考查代词的用法。
【解析】根据句意可知,Bill和Peter两 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )个人,所以其否定形式用neither。句意:Larry请求Bill和Peter一起和他去野餐,但他们两个都不想去,因为他们要工作。
【2012山东卷】21. When ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) you are done with the book, just give it to Lucy or Helen or __________.
A. whoever B. wherever
C. whatever D. however
【答案】A
【考点】考查代词的用法。
【解析】此处whoever是代词,意为:任何人,无论谁。它作to的宾语。句意:你看完书后,把书给Lucy或Helen,或谁都行。
2011年高考试题
1. (2011陕西卷,16)——Would ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) you get me a bar of chocolate from the kitchen, dear
—— one
A.Other B.Every C.Another D.More
【答案】C
【解析】考查不定代词与数词的连用。句意为“— ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )—亲爱的,可不可以到厨房里给我拿一块巧克力来?——还要吃一块?”another 与数词连用时,数词放在another的后面,如another three chairs; other和more与数词连用时,数词放在它们的前面,如one more apple, two other boys;every指每一个,含义与all接近。因此选C。
2. (2011湖南卷,24)I kne ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )w that _____ would ever discourage him; he would never give up wanting to be a director.
A. something B. anything C. everything D.nothing
【答案】D
【解析】考查不定代词的用法。句意为“我知道 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )没有什么能够阻止他;他决不会放弃做一名导演的念头。”根据后面“never give up”可知前面相应地也要用否定性的不定代词nothing。因此选D。
3. (2011辽宁卷,27) ——Would you like tea or coffee
—— , thank you. I've just had some water.
A. Either B. Both C. Any D. Neither
【答案】D
【解析】考查不定代词的用法 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。句意为“——你是想喝茶还是咖啡?——谢谢你,都不想喝。我刚才已经喝了水了。”通过后面“I've just had some water”可以判定是拒绝tea 和coffee。neither“两者中哪个都不”,其所指范围是两个人或物;either表示“两者中的任何一个”;both“两个都”,修饰可数名词,统指两者;any用于肯定句,作“任何的”解。因此选D。
4.(2011江西卷25)Why don’t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) you bring _____ to his attention that you’re too ill to work on
A. that B.it C.his D.him
【答案】B
【解析】考查代词it作形式宾语的用法 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。句意为“为什么你不让他注意到你病得太严重了以至于不能工作下去?”it作形式宾语,指代句子后面that引导的宾语从句。因此选B。
5. (2011山东卷,24) The tw ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o girls are so alike that strangers find ________ difficult to tell one from the other.
A. it B. them C. her D. that
【答案】A
【解析】考查it的用法。句意为“这两个女孩长 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )得很相像,不熟悉的人很难将她俩区分开来。”it在此句中充当形式宾语,代指“to tell one from the other”。 因此选A。
6. (2011福建卷,21)We hav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e various summer camps for your holidays. You can choose ____ based on your own interests.
A. either B. each C. one D. it
【答案】C
【解析】考查不定代词one的用法 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。句意为“在你们的假期里,我们这儿有各种暑期夏令营,你们可以根据自己的兴趣任选一个。”one代替单数可数名词,表泛指,相当于“a/an + 单数名词”。这里泛指某个summer camp夏令营。因此选C。
7. (2011安徽卷,22)S ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )urprisingly, Susan’s beautiful hair reached below her knees and made_____ almost an overcoat for her.
A. them B. her C. itself D. herself
【答案】C
【解析】考查反身代词的用法。句意为 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )“令人惊叹的是,Susan美丽的长发垂到她的膝盖下面,就像一件外套似的。”反身代词itself指的是前面提到的beautiful hair。而them,her和herself指的都是人。因此选C。
8.(2011浙江卷,7) Since ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )people are fond of humor, it is as welcome in conversation as ________ else.
A. anything B. something C. anywhere D. somewhere
【答案】C
【解析】考查不定代词的用法。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句意为“人们喜爱幽默,所以,在谈话中或者别的什么地方的幽默都受人欢迎。”疑问副词anywhere与else连用,表示(除了in conversation的)其他任何地方,表示场合的