北师版（2019）选择性必修第三册UNIT 9 Human Biology　TOPIC TALK & LESSON 1课件(共88张PPT)

(共88张PPT)
UNIT 9　HUMAN BIOLOGY
Section A　TOPIC TALK & LESSON 1
素养导航 明目标
语言 能力 必背 单词
capability justify infer calculate innovate
participant edit artificially barrier identical
comparison reproductive accurate intake variation
officially classify classification depressing estimate
outbreak thorough systematic corresponding
symbolically mineral
语言 能力 重点 短语 the process of doing　　　 in comparison with　　　 be devoted to
take care of be helpful for lead to
be crucial for be bound to do view...as...
as long as come into contact with
draw parallels between...and...
核心 语法 完成时态、动词短语
主题 写作 概要写作
文化 意识 了解中西方科技发展
思维 品质 运用适当的学习方法,完成本单元的学习任务
阅读关于克隆的文章,感悟科技发展
了解流行疾病相关知识,提高防疫能力
学习 能力 熟练运用本单元的词汇等语言知识
理解语篇,通过表格等形式提炼文章细节,培养抓住文章细节的能力
学会概括主旨大意,提高概括能力
Part 1　Reading comprehension
Part 2　Language points
Part 3　Grammar
目录索引
Part 1　Reading comprehension
第一步速读课文 理清脉络
Activity 1
Read the text quickly and find out the main theme of the text.
The text is about 　　　 　　　.
clone/cloning
Activity 2　阅读教材课文,完成下面的思维导图。
definition　
examples　
natural　
illness　
praise
monkeys　
medical　
Different　
moral　
explored
第二步精读课文 领悟细节
Activity 3　阅读教材课文,选出最佳选项。
1.What is true about Dolly
A.It was the first animal that was cloned successfully.
B.It lived much longer than the sheep she was cloned from.
C.It developed a sickness the moment it was cloned.
D.It was an example of natural cloning.
答案 A
2.What can be inferred from the third paragraph
A.Chinese scientists were the first to clone primates.
B.The cloning of the monkeys was not that complex.
C.Mammals include apes,monkeys,sheep and humans.
D.Cloning monkeys is helpful to animal protection.
答案 A
3.What is not mentioned about the meaning of the successful cloning of primates
A.It might lead to cures for various diseases.
B.It may offer clues on how to prevent the aging process.
C.It can help change monkeys’ genes to suit research needs.
D.It can help reduce the number of animals in nature.
答案 D
4.The writer quotes Einstein’s words to illustrate 　　　.
A.cloning primates does more harm than good
B.mere copies of originals are seen as inferior
C.the science of cloning should be further explored and advanced
D.along with cloning the ethical questions arise
答案 C
Activity 4　思考分享 提升思维
1.What other problems can you think of about cloning
2.What other benefits can you think of about cloning
略　
略　
Activity 5　诵读佳句 学练写作
1.Read the passage carefully and find the sentence that tells us the definition of cloning.
Cloning is the process of making an exact copy of a plant or animal and developing it either naturally or artificially.
2.Read the passage carefully and find the sentences describing the benefits of the success of cloning two monkeys.
(1)With this technology,we have the potential to raise a large number of monkeys with identical genes in a short amount of time,and we can even change their genes to suit research needs.
(2)This could help save research time,reduce the number of animals required for testing,produce more accurate results,and lead to more effective treatments.
第三步深读课文 融会提能
Activity 6　课文语篇填空
Cloning is the process of making an exact copy of a plant or animal and developing it naturally or artificially.In 1996,Dolly,1. 　　　　 sheep,was the first successfully cloned animal.2.　　　　　 (grow) normally at first,she developed an illness more normally found in much older animals so that she lived for six and a half years,only half the life of the sheep from 3.________　　　　　 she was cloned.
a　
Growing　
which　
Chinese scientists 4.　　　　　　　　 (announce) the cloning of two long-tailed monkeys,Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua,which were the first-ever primates to have been cloned in January 2018.5.　　　　　　　 (compare) with other species,cloning primates has proved to be “much harder” and doing so with non-reproductive cells was even 6.　　　　　 　　 (complicated). So hard did the Chinese team directed by Dr.Sun Qiang work to break the technical barrier that they could get animals with edited genes and produce animal models helping medical research and human health.
announced　
Compared
more complicated　
Cloning continues to be an issue causing a great deal of 7.___________　　　　　　 (disagree) and provoking strong emotions.8.　　　　　　　 some people are concerned about is that it’s bound to lead to cloning of other species and the
9.　　　　　 (ethic) questions cloning raises.Also people worry that some organisations
may abuse the technology for unethical purposes.However,researchers insist that the science of cloning 10.　　　　　　　　　 (explore) and advanced.
disagreement　
What　
ethical
(should) be explored
Activity 7　长难句分析
1.Dr.Sun Qiang,director of the research team,said they had been wholly devoted to the research and had been taking care of more than 1,000 monkeys 24 hours a day,7 days a week for more than 5 years.
[句式分析]　
同位语
　后接省略连接词that的宾语从句
Dr.Sun Qiang,director of the research team, said they had been wholly devoted to the research and had been taking care of more than 1,000 monkeys 24 hours a day,7 days a week for more than 5 years.
[尝试翻译]
研究小组负责人孙强博士说,他们全身心地投入到研究中,5年多来每周7天,每天24小时照看1 000多只猴子。
2.The reason they worked so hard to break this technical barrier was to get animals with edited genes and produce animal models that are helpful for medical research and human health.
[句式分析]
The reason they worked so hard to break this technical barrier was to get animals with edited genes and produce animal models that are helpful for
medical research and human health.
省略了状语why的定语从句,修饰先行词The reason
作定语
引导定语从句
[尝试翻译]
他们之所以如此努力地要突破这一技术壁垒,是为了获得经过基因编辑的动物,并生产出有助于医学研究和人类健康的动物模型。
Part 2　Language points
基础落实 必备知识全过关
重点单词
必记写作词汇
1.　　　　　　　　 　vt.推断,推定
2.　　　　　　　　 n.障碍,壁垒
3.　　　　　　　　 n.双胞胎中的一个
4.　　　　　　　　 n.骆驼
5.　　　　　　　　 n.牛
6.　　　　　　　　 n.山羊
7.　　　　　　　　 adv.永远;长久地
8.　　　　　　　　 n.比较
infer　
barrier　
twin　
camel　
cattle　
goat　
forever　
comparison　
9.　　　　　　　　 adv.完全地
10.　　　　　　　　 n.线索,提示
11.　　　　　　　　 n.诊疗,治疗,疗法;对待方式
12.　　　　　　　　 adj.很有可能,肯定会
13.　　　　　　　　 adj.仅仅,只不过;极小的,极不重要的
14.　　　　　　　　 vt.滥用,妄用;虐待
n.滥用;虐待
wholly　
clue　
treatment　
bound　
mere　
abuse
识记阅读词汇
15.biology n.____________________
16.marathon n. 　　　　　　　
17.justify vt. 　　　　　 　　
18.betterment n. 　　　　 　　　
19.clone vt. 　　　　　　 　
n. 　　　　　　 　
20.artificially adv. 　　　　　　　
21.identical adj. 　　　 　　　　
22.reproductive adj. 　　　　　　　
23.crucial adj. 　　　 　　　　
24.blessing n. 　　　　　　　
生物学　
马拉松赛跑　
证明……有道理,为……辩护　
(个人社会和经济地位的)改良,改善,提高　
克隆,使无性繁殖　
克隆动物或植物,无性繁殖的个体　
人为地,虚假地　
完全相同的,非常相似的　
繁殖的,生殖的
至关重要的,关键性的　
福气,幸运
串记拓展词汇
25.　　　　　 n.(完成困难事情的)能力,才能→capable adj.有能力的,能干的→capably adv.能干地;巧妙地
26.　　　　　　 vt.计算,核算→calculation n.计算,核算→calculator n.计算器
27.　　　　　 vi. & vt.革新,创新,改革→innovation n.革新,创新→innovator n.创新者
28.　　　　　　　 n.参加者,参与者→participate vi.参与,参加→participation n.参加,参与
capability　
calculate　
innovate　
participant
29.　　　　　　　 vi. & vt.编辑,编校;剪辑,剪接→editor n.编辑
30.　　　　　　　 adj.准确的,正确的→accuracy n.准确,正确→accurately adv.准确地,正确地
31.　　　　　　　 n.强烈的情感,激情→emotional adj.情绪的;情感的→emotionally adv.情绪地;情感地
edit　
accurate　
emotion
【掌握构词规律　快速记牢单词】
后缀-ment常用于动词之后构成名词,表示“行为或者状态”,例如:
better→betterment改良,改善,提高
treat→treatment诊疗,治疗
advertise→advertisement广告
astonish→astonishment惊奇
move→movement运动
develop→development发展
employ→employment雇用
improve→improvement提升
重点短语
1.be bound to do ______________________
2.come into contact with 　　　　　　　
3.draw parallels between...and...　　　 　　　　
4.be crucial for 　　 　　　　　
5.　　　　　　　　 和……比较
6.　　　　　　　 奉献……做
7.　　　　　　　 长达,只要
8.　　　　　　　 把……看作
必定做,一定做　
和……联系　
把……和……相提并论　
对……至关重要　
in comparison with　
devote...to doing　
as long as　
view...as...
要点探究 能力素养全提升
、
基础词汇——语境记忆
1.justify vt.证明……有道理,为……辩护
【佳句背诵】He made a half-hearted attempt to justify himself.[人物描写]
他没有尽力证明自己有理。
2.wholly adv.完全地
【佳句背诵】In my opinion,the decision was wholly justified.[个人观点]
在我看来,这个决定是完全合理的。
.、
高频词汇——讲练互动
1.capable adj.有能力的,能干的,能的
(1)be capable of doing sth 能做某事
(2)capably adv.有能力地;能干地
capability n.(完成困难事情的)能力,才能
have the capability of (doing) sth 有(做)某事的能力
have the capability to do sth 有(做)某事的能力
【佳句背诵】Our monitor can always deal with various situations capably.[人物描写]
我们班长总是能很能干地处理好各种情况。
Recognizing Liu Jian’s capability,the boss appointed him to be the manager.[人物描写]
老板认识到刘健的能力,任命他当经理。
James is capable of running a mile in four minutes.[人物描写]
詹姆斯能用四分钟跑一英里。
I believe that you have the capability to persuade him to give up the plan.[个人观点]
我相信你有能力说服他放弃那个计划。
【即学即练】单句语法填空
(1)None of us questions Rose’s 　　　　　(capable),so she is the most suitable to do the job.
(2)We all believe that Sun Juan is capable 　　　　　giving the speech representing our whole class.
(3)Our team has the capability 　　　　　(win) the key match.Fighting!
(4)The father felt very proud when he saw that his daughter finished all the housework 　　　　　(capable).
capability　
of　
to win
capably
2.calculate v.计算,核算,算出;考虑;指望
(1)calculate the cost of sth/how much sth will cost 计算某事物的费用
calculate that...估计……
be calculated to do sth 打算或计划做某事
calculate on sth/doing sth 指望或依靠(做)某事
(2)calculation n.计算,估计
calculator n.计算器
【佳句背诵】It was difficult to calculate exactly how many trees had been cut down.[环境保护]
精确计算有多少树被砍伐是很难的。
This advertisement is calculated to attract the attention of housewives.[社会生活]
这份广告是为引起家庭主妇们的注意而设计的。
Benefit is calculated on the basis of average weekly earnings.[社会生活]
福利是根据每周平均收入计算的。
I don’t think your calculation is right.[个人观点]
我认为你的计算不正确。
【即学即练】单句语法填空/单句写作
(1)Students can’t calculate 　　　　　easy papers for good marks.
(2)Experts calculated 　　　　　　　this group was at a higher risk of heart disease.
(3)那女孩问了一个想要让她弟弟尴尬的问题。
The girl asked a question that ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ her brother.
on　
that　
was calculated to
embarrass
3.participant n.参加者,参与者
participate vi.参加,参与
participate in 参与……
participation n.参加,参与
【佳句背诵】A singing contest will be held next Sunday.Anyone who has the talent for music or loves singing can participate.[社会生活]
下周日将举行一场歌唱比赛,任何有音乐天赋或喜欢唱歌的人都可以参加。
I’m writing to express my sincere thanks for your participation.[社会生活]
我写信向你表达真诚的谢意,感谢你的参与。
【即学即练】单句语法填空
(1)Not only will your 　　　　 　(participate) help us win the award but it will also enhance the friendship between our two schools.
(2)Having lost his two legs,he still participated 　　　　　the team and at last made it to the top of Qomolangma.
(3)All the 　　 　　　(participate) in the debate had an opportunity to speak.
participation　
in　
participants
4.barrier n.障碍,壁垒,屏障,栅栏
language barrier 语言隔阂
barrier to...……的障碍
barrier between...(and...) ……和……之间的障碍
【佳句背诵】Kids were having a hard time in school just because of the language barrier.[校园生活]
因为语言障碍,孩子们在学校过得很艰难。
Some people experience shyness as a barrier to communication,but this can be broken down gradually.[个人成长]
有些人觉得羞怯是交际上的障碍,但这是可以逐渐克服的。
There was no real barrier between reality and fantasy in his mind.[人物描写]
在他的头脑中,现实与幻想之间没有真正的界线。
【即学即练】单句语法填空/单句写作
(1)To us,healthy skin is natural barriers 　　　　　many viruses.
(2)The mountains form a natural barrier 　　　　　the two countries.
(3)在很多情况下,缺乏自信可能是通往成功的重要障碍。
In many situations,lacking confidence might be ___________ ___________ __________ ___________success.
to　
between　
an important
barrier to
5.comparison n.比较,对比,对照
(1)make a comparison between...比较……
by comparison 通过对比
by/in comparison with 与……相比
(2)compare v.比较,对比,对照　n.比较
compare...with...把……和……对比
compare...to...把……比作……
(be) compared to/with 和……比较/对比
beyond compare 无与伦比
(3)comparable adj.可比较的,类似的;可相提并论的
comparative adj.比较而言,相对的
【佳句背诵】I compared the copy with the original,but there was not much difference.[个人观点]
我比较了复印件和原件,但是两者差别不是很大。
Poets have compared sleep to death.[文学艺术]
诗人把睡眠比作死亡。
Compared with traditional letters,e-mail has many advantages,such as being fast and costing nothing.[社会生活]
与传统信件相比,电子邮件具有许多优点,例如快速且不花钱。
In comparison with the previous study,the new study expanded research subjects.[社会生活]
与之前的研究相比,这项新的研究拓宽了研究主题。
【即学即练】单句语法填空/单句写作
(1)The tallest buildings in London are small in 　　　 　　(compare) with those in New York.
(2)　　　　　 (compare) to those living in poverty,we are much luckier.
(3)我最喜欢的季节是秋天,因为与夏天相比,秋天的气候更加宜人。
My favourite season is autumn because the weather is more agreeable ___________ __________ ___________summer.
(4)她在昨天音乐会中的表演精彩绝伦。
Her performance at yesterday’s concert was ___________ ___________.
comparison　
Compared　
by/in comparison with
beyond compare
6.devote vt.把……奉献给;专心致志于
(1)devote...to (doing)...把……献给/投入到/用在(做)……
be devoted to (doing) sth 献身于;专心致志于;热爱
(2)devoted adj.挚爱的;忠实的
devotion n.深爱;忠诚;奉献,献身
【佳句背诵】She has always shown intense devotion to her children.[人物描写]
她一直对她的孩子表现出极大的热爱。
Neighbours devoted their spare time to helping others rebuild their homes.[社会生活]
邻居们将业余时间用于帮助其他人重建他们的房子。
【即学即练】单句语法填空/单句写作
(1)Mr White wanted to devote the rest of his life 　　　　　the pursuit of things that really interested him.He was really enthusiastic about American history.
(2)　　　　　(devote) herself to charity work,the retired professor founded a fund.
(3)艾伦老师热爱学生,专心于工作,因此受到了他人的高度赞扬。
Mr Alan loves his students and __________ __________ _________his work, so he is highly praised by others.
to　
Devoting　
is devoted to
7.crucial adj.至关重要的,关键性的
(1)be crucial to 对……很重要
play a crucial part/role in 在……中起重要作用
be crucial in (doing) 在……中至关重要
be of crucial importance 至关重要
(2)crucially adv.决定性地,重要地
【佳句背诵】Getting this contract is crucial to the future of our company.[社会生活]
签订此项合同对我们公司的前途至关重要。
The conservation of tropical forests is of crucial importance.[环境保护]
保护热带森林至关重要。
【即学即练】单句语法填空/单句写作
(1)It’s 　　　　　(crucial) important that we have a right attitude towards what we’re doing now.
(2)Using appropriate methods to practice is crucial 　　　　　the outcome.
(3)父母在塑造孩子的性格方面起着至关重要的作用,尤其是在孩子的童年时期。
Parents ______________________shaping their kids’ characters especially during their childhood.
(4)为了保护环境,每个人都发挥作用至关重要。
To protect our environment,everyone’s playing his or her role is ___________ ___________ ___________.
crucially　
to　
play a crucial role/part in
of
crucial importance
8.concern vt.使忧虑,与……相关　n.担心,忧虑
(1)concern sb/sth 与……有关
concern oneself with/in/about sth 忙于某事,关心某事
(2)be concerned with sth 与某事有关,涉及某事
be concerned in sth 与某事有牵连,对某事负有责任
be concerned about/for sth/that...担心/关心……
as far as...be concerned 就……而言
(3)express/show concern for/about 对……表示关心/担忧
(4)concerning prep.关于,涉及
【佳句背诵】There’s no need to concern yourself with this matter;we’re dealing with it.[人际交往]
你不用管这事了,我们正在处理。
Investors weren’t concerned about short-term profits over the next few years.[社会生活]
投资者不关心今后几年里的短期收益。
As far as I’m concerned,Chinese calligraphy has left a far-reaching influence on Chinese people and people all over the world.[传统文化]
在我看来,中国书法对中国人民及全世界人民都产生了深远的影响。
【即学即练】单句语法填空/单句写作
(1)　　　　　　 (concern) the new medicine,people are concerned
　　 　　　its side effects at present.
(2)Julia didn’t return at mid-night,and her mother was concerned _________　　　　　she might lose her way.
(3)All parents love their children,and concern 　　 　　　(they) with their needs and desires.
(4)依我看,在中国生活比在国外生活更舒适。
___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________, living in China is more comfortable than living abroad.
Concerning
about/for
that　
themselves
As far as I’m concerned
(5)爸爸总是对那位独自住在我们小区的老人表示关心。
Dad always 　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　the old man living in our neighbourhood alone.
expresses/shows concern for/about
9.bound adj.很有可能,肯定会　vi.跳跃
n.范围,一跳
be bound to do 一定做……
be bound for 开往……;准备去
go beyond/within the bounds of 越出……范围/在……范围之内
【佳句背诵】We are bound to achieve our goal through our hard work.[个人成长]
通过努力工作,我们肯定会实现我们的目标。
【即学即练】单句写作
(1)你已经练习了这么多,一定能通过驾驶考试。
You’ve practiced so much that you ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________the driving test.
(2)这部电影中的幽默有时超出了一般人的理解范围。
The humour in the movie sometimes goes ___________ ___________ __________ ___________common people’s understanding.
(3)爸爸没有告诉我他要去哪里。
Dad didn’t tell me where he ___________ __________ ___________.
are bound to
pass　
beyond the
bounds of　
was bound for
、
多义词汇——自主练透
Ⅰ.一词多义
calculate
A.v.计算　B.v.认为　C.v.依靠
D.v.打算
①This advertisement is calculated to appeal to children.　　
②Scientists have calculated that the world’s population will double by the end of the century.　　
③We can’t calculate on having good weather for the barbecue.　　
④Don’t be in such a hurry.I calculate we’ll be in time.　　
D
A
C
B
Ⅱ.教材熟词生义
inferior
项目 意义 例句
熟义 adj.______________________ Modern music is often considered inferior to that of the past.
生义 n.　　　　　　　　　 We should not despise our intellectual inferiors.
低级别的;差的
(级别等)低于他人者
、
重点句式——多维剖析
1.while 引导让步状语从句
While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement,others raise moral concerns.(教材原句)
尽管有些人认为它对科学进步至关重要,但也引发了另一些人的道德担忧。
while引导让步状语从句,表示“虽然,尽管”。while引导让步状语从句时可用though,although代替。但while引导的让步状语从句一般应放在主句前,而不放在主句后。除此之外,while可以引导时间状语从句,意为“当……时候”;while还可以表示“对比”关系。
【佳句背诵】While the sun’s rays can harm and age our skin,they also give us beneficial Vitamin D.[健康生活]
尽管阳光会伤害并使我们的皮肤老化,但它们也会给我们提供有益的维生素D。
While Mary was writing a letter,the children were playing outside.[家庭生活]
玛丽写信时孩子们都在外面玩儿。
【即学即练】单句语法填空/翻译句子
(1)Students in big cities can study English with the help of foreigners
　　　　　those in the countryside can just teach themselves.
(2)　　 　　　 it was raining heavily,the students were still helping the farmers pick the fruits.
(3)桑迪喜欢历史故事,而萨姆读了大量的漫画书。
(4)虽然我们输了,但是我们已尽了最大的力量。
while
While/Although/Though
Sandy is fond of history stories while Sam reads lots of comic books.
While/Although/Though we lost the game,we all tried our best.
2.some...others... 一些……而另一些……
While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement,others raise moral concerns.(教材原句)
尽管有些人认为它对科学进步至关重要,但也引发了另一些人的道德担忧。
(1)some...others...表示“一些……,而另一些……”。该结构常用以描述不同人的不同行为或对某事的不同看法等。
(2)some...others...结构也常用于while并列句中,强调对比。
【佳句背诵】Some people seek fame and fortune while others long for happiness.[个人观点]
一些人追求名利,而另一些人则追求幸福。
【即学即练】翻译句子
我的一些同事开车去上班,另一些则选择步行或骑车。
Some of my colleagues drive to work,while others choose to walk or cycle.
3.insist that...坚持,坚决要求
Researchers insist that the science of cloning should be further explored and advanced.(教材原句)
研究人员坚持认为应该进一步探索和推进克隆科学。
(1)insist表示“坚持,坚决要求”时,后面的宾语从句谓语动词应用should do,should可以省略;而当其表示“坚持说”时,后面的宾语从句谓语动词应用真实语气。
(2)类似地,suggest表示“建议”时,后面的宾语从句谓语动词应用should do,should可以省略;而当其表示“表明”时,后面的宾语从句谓语动词应用真实语气。
【佳句背诵】I suggest we (should) skip over the details and get to the point.[个人观点]
我建议我们略过细节,直奔主题。
【即学即练】翻译句子
(1)那孩子坚决要求他的爸爸把那条罕见的鱼放回海里。
(2)刘倩坚称她做出了一个正确的选择。
The child insisted that his father should release the rare fish back into the sea.
Liu Qian insisted that she had made a correct choice.
Part 3　Grammar
语法图解
语法冲关 语言规则全理清
完成时态
语法精讲
一、现在完成时态
1.定义与构成
现在完成时态表示一个到现在已经完成的动作,其动词构成形式为“have/has+动词过去分词”。
We have all learned the English song,so let’s sing it together.
我们大家都已经学会了这首英语歌曲,所以咱们一起来唱吧。
2.现在完成时态的用法
(1)现在完成时态表示过去的动作对现在的影响或结果。常和recently,lately,ever,never,once,before,yet,just等时间副词连用。
I have already swept the yard.It’s now very clean.
我已经打扫了庭院,现在它很干净。
Nobody has told me about that yet.I haven’t known about it.
没有人告诉我那件事,我一无所知。
Mr Black hasn’t heard any news from his son lately.
布莱克先生最近一直没有收到他儿子的消息。
(2)表示开始于过去某一时刻,一直持续到现在而且还有可能继续下去的动作。常和for,since,so far,up till now, for a long time,over/during/in the past/last few years,these days等时间状语连用。
No life has been found outside the earth so far.
到目前为止,在地球以外的地方还没有发现生命的存在。
Liu Ying has learned more than 5,000 English words since she went to college.
自上大学以来,刘英已经学会了5 000多个英语单词。
(3)在句式“This/It is+the+序数词+time+that...”中,that后的从句用现在完成时。
It’s the first time that we have had a field trip without our parents’ company.
这是我们第一次没有父母的陪伴去郊游。
This is the second time that these foreigners have visited the Great Wall.
这是这些外国人第二次参观长城了。
3.现在完成时态和一般过去时态的区别
一般过去时态表示在过去某个时间发生的事情、存在的状态或经常发生的动作,不强调对现在产生的影响,常与确定的过去时间状语连用;而现在完成时态表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或一直持续到现在,不和确定的过去时间状语连用。
In 2002,the young man founded a program to help the homeless.
2002年那位年轻人建立了一个帮助无家可归人士的项目。
You haven’t turned off the light.Look!It’s on.
你没关灯,看,它亮着呢。
【温馨提示】
1.for,since都用以连接一段时间状语,for后跟一段时间,而since后跟时间点。since用作介词时后面跟表示时间点的名词或副词;当其作连词时后跟时间状语从句,主句用现在完成时,而从句用一般过去时。
Rose has played games with her partners for an hour.
=Rose has played games with her partners since an hour ago.
罗斯已经和她同伴玩了一个小时的游戏。
David has read the Tang poems for two weeks.
=David has read the Tang poems since two weeks ago.
大卫读那些唐诗已经两周了。
2.在和一段时间状语(从句)连用时,谓语动词应用延续性动词,表示终止性动词的延续性可用下面方法:
(1)将时间状语改为过去的时间,将谓语动词改为一般过去时态;
(2)用句型:“It is/It has been +一段时间+since+从句”;
(3)将动词转化成延续性动词或延续性动词短语,如go→be there,come→be here,borrow→keep,buy→have,leave→be away,join the army→be in the army,get to...→be in...等。
It’s time that I returned the dictionary to you.I borrowed it two days ago.
It’s time that I returned the dictionary to you.I’ve had it for two days.
It’s time that I returned the dictionary to you.It’s been two days since I borrowed it.
我该把你的词典还给你了,我已经借了两天了。
【即学即练】单句语法填空
(1)I cherish the watch.I 　　　　　　　(own) it for nearly ten years.
(2)Although you 　　　　　　　(make) great progress,you need to keep your feet firmly on the ground until you are really successful.
(3)Mum,I 　　　　　　　(finish) all my homework,so could I go and play games with my friends
(4)The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and
　　　　　　　　(remain) around that level ever since.
(5)Bruce will go to see his grandparents in the afternoon.He _____________　　　　　　　(not visit) them for two weeks.
have owned
have made
have finished
has remained
hasn’t visited
二、现在完成进行时态
1.定义与构成
现在完成进行时态表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在,且还要继续下去的动作。现在完成进行时态由“have/has been+动词-ing”构成。
Fred feels very tired.He has been working in the garden since eight o’clock in the morning.
弗雷德感到十分疲倦,他自早上八点到现在一直在花园里干活。
Dad has been repairing my bike this morning,and he’ll finish it soon.
爸爸今天上午一直在给我修自行车,很快他就要修好了。
2.现在完成进行时态的用法
(1)表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在,而且会继续进行下去的动作。
Ann,come and take a break.You have been reading for two hours.It’s bad for your eyes.
安,来休息一会儿,你看书已经两个小时了,这对你的眼睛不好。
The children have been catching fish in the river since two o’clock this afternoon.
自今天下午两点到现在,孩子们一直在河里捉鱼。
(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直反复进行的动作。
I have been calling him several times this morning,but there is no answer.
今天早上我给他打了好几次电话,但一直没有人接。
3.现在完成进行时态和现在完成时态的区别
(1)现在完成进行时态强调“动作”的持续性,表示“未完成”的含义;现在完成时态则强调“时间”的经过或动作产生的“结果”,表示“已完成”的含义。
We have been building the road connecting our village with the town.
我们一直在修建那条连接我们村和镇上的路。(强调动作还在继续)
We have built the road connecting our village with the town.
我们已经修建好了那条连接我们村和镇上的路。 (强调已完成)
(2)现在完成进行时态可以表示动作的反复,现在完成时态一般不表示反复性。
Have you been visiting the library these days
这些天来你一直去图书馆吗 (强调动作的反复)
Have you visited the library these days
这些天来你去过图书馆吗 (强调结果)
【即学即练】单句语法填空
(1)Leave me alone.I ________________________(write) an article all the afternoon and haven’t finished yet.
(2)Marty _________________________(work) really hard on his book and he thinks he’ll have finished it by Friday.
(3)—Where is Peter I can’t find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and _______________________ (write) his essay there ever since.
(4)In the last few years,China 　　　　　　(make) great achievements in environmental protection.
(5)I am very tired.I ______________________(paint) the house all the afternoon.
have been writing
has been working
has been writing
has made
have been painting
三、过去完成时态
1.定义与构成
过去完成时态表示一个到过去某个时间已经完成的动作,其动词构成形式为“had+动词过去分词”。
She had already left when I phoned.
我打电话时,她早已走了。
—Did you live in London in 2005
—No.I had never lived there before.
——2005年你住在伦敦吗
——不在,我以前从未在那儿住过。
2.过去完成时态的用法
(1)过去完成时态表示在过去的某个时间或事件之前已经发生的事或存在的状态,即表示“过去的过去”。常和时间副词already,yet,just,never,ever,before及since,“by+过去时间点”,“by the end of+过去时间”及by the time...等时间状语连用。
By 2019 the professor had travelled to nearly thirty countries.
到2019年为止,那位教授已经到过差不多30个国家旅行。
By the time Dad arrived home,we had all been asleep.
爸爸到家时我们都已经睡着了。
(2)“It was the first/second...time that...”句型中that从句用过去完成时态。
It was the first time that he had visited the Summer Palace.
这是他第一次参观颐和园。
(3)no sooner...than...及hardly/scarcely...when...表示“一……就……”,主句应用过去完成时,从句应用一般过去时态。
She had hardly sat down when the phone rang.
她刚坐下电话就响了。
No sooner had he arrived than he fell ill.
他刚抵达就病倒了。
【即学即练】单句语法填空
(1)Hearing the Chinese Women’s Volleyball Team 　　　　　(win) the champion,all the Chinese present cheered.
(2)By the end of 2018,the cyclist 　　 　　　(travel) to nearly fifty countries by bike.
(3)To our disappointment,the result of the match didn’t turn out as we
　　　 　　(wish).
(4)When Sam got home,he found that his broken bike __________________ (repair).
had won
had travelled
had wished
had been repaired
四、过去完成进行时态
1.定义与构成
过去完成进行时态表示某个动作从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到过去另一时间,且可能刚刚终止,也可能还要继续下去。过去完成进行时态由“had been+动词-ing”构成。
The Greens had been living in New York for five years and they decided to move to Beijing.
格林夫妇在纽约生活了五年,然后他们决定搬到北京。
We suggested Fred take a rest.He had been driving for three hours.
我们建议弗雷德休息一会儿,他已经开车三小时了。
2.过去完成进行时态的用法
过去完成进行时态强调动作到过去某个时间还在持续,常需要通过语境或用在有对比的过去时间,常用于主从复合句中。
By the end of last month,we had been studying in this school for two years.
到上个月末为止,我们已经在这个学校学习了两年。
I had been using this computer for five years and it still worked nicely.
我用这台电脑已经五年了,它运行得还是很好。
【即学即练】单句语法填空
(1)When we entered the university,our professor 　　 　　　　　(work) there for twenty years.
(2)At last we attained the information we 　　　　　　　　　(expect).
(3)It 　　　　　　　　　(rain) for a week.We had no idea when it would stop.
(4)They 　　　　　　　　　(have) breakfast for ten minutes when Tom came in.
(5)The telephone 　　　　　　　　　(ring) for two minutes before it was answered.
(6)Dad 　 　　　　　　(read) a newspaper for five minutes when I entered his room.
had been working
had been expecting
had been raining　
had been having
had been ringing
had been reading
本 课 结 束