语法填空技法指导
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语法填空技法指导——考情分析
“语篇型语法填空题(合计10题，合计15分)”取代“单句型语言知识题”是自从2007年国家实施新课标高考以来最大的一次变化，此改良题型考纲称呼为“英语语言知识运用 第二节”。
根据国家普通高中《英语课程标准(实验)》包含的24个语法项目，该题考查高中英语要求掌握的语法知识，着重考查英语中“有”而汉语中“无或少”的语法现象。
1．语篇型语法填空题提供一篇200词左右的语言材料并留出10个空白，部分空白后面给出单词基本形式。常见语言材料有语篇体和对话体两种。
2．考查方式有纯空格题和给出提示词题两种形式。
纯空格题以考查虚词为主。在10个空之中考查虚词运用的情况多至4～5个空，主要考查介词、并列连词、it的虚指用法、冠词、从句引导词(即名词性从句、定语从句或状语从句的引导词)；此外，代词、情态动词、过渡副词和语境填词也是给出空格题常考的内容形式。答好虚词型填空试题要求考生具有较强的语境推理能力，扎实的语法基础知识，丰富的词汇及句型搭配和较强的英语语感。
给出提示词题一般考查4个，主要考查实词。在语言材料空白处要求使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，主要考查对动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较等级以及构词法等知识的掌握情况。因此给出提示词题又可分为给出动词题和词类转换两种形式。
一般来说，考查实词之处颇具情景性，即与语境有关，要求根据上下文逻辑的发展关系进行推断。因此，正确解答实词型填空题，弄懂短文大意至关重要。
一、注意判断词性
根据句子的结构和功能，判断是用形容词还是副词，用动词还是名词等。
二、注意判断词形
确定词类后，必须根据句子语境的要求，对词形作必要的改变，如动词的形式、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级；名词的单复数等等。
“语法填空”考查的主要内容是上下文句子结构、句子成分之间的一致性和句子与篇章在结构和意义两个层面上的制约性。语言结构的分析能力是本题考查的重点，在做题时应该遵循“先总后分”的原则。
1．总体
先通读全文，掌握主旨大意，了解语言材料的体裁、题材、时态、内容、线索、意图、观点看法、段落大意、逻辑层次等。在“总”读的过程中，可顺便填写某些空。
2．分项
“分”就是下一步的具体填空。正确理解挖空句子的含义，分析其句子成分，判断该空需要填入的是介词、冠词、代词，还是连词或引导词。如果是介词，则大部分是词组或固定搭配；如果是冠词，主要是在篇章中考查其语法功能，表示泛指、特指或类别等；如果是代词，通常考查的是人称代词的主格、宾格或物主代词等；如果是连词、引导词，就要判断其连接的是并列句、定语从句、状语从句还是名词性从句等。一定遵循先对语法进行语法成分分析，找出可以从语法上说得通的可能答案，然后通过逻辑和上下文来判断最后答案。
1．通读全文，理解大意。
首先应该迅速地浏览全文，以便了解谈论话题，特别注意材料的首尾句。通常语言材料会在首句给出一个提纲挈领或提供背景信息的句子，在尾句表明自己的观点；其次，要注意一些关键词语或句子，特别是涉及人物、时间、地点、原因、经过、结果的词句；另外，还要从语言材料的逻辑结构、上下文联系中挖掘交谈者或作者的观点和态度。
2．试填空格，先易后难。
读懂材料之后，要结合所提供的特定的语境(也就是上下文)，从句子结构的完整性去分析思考空格所缺单词的词性，再根据句子的意义，以及句子之间的逻辑关系来确定具体要填的单词和所给词的正确形式。
3．再读检查，修正错误。
填好各空后，再将材料复读一遍，把已经填好的答案放在整篇文章中来检查。如果前后有矛盾或者句子不通顺，证明有可能出现错误，这时候就要重新予以考虑。
语法填空解题要诀——纯空格试题
要诀一：如果句子缺主语或宾语，则一定是填代词或名词(多考代词)。
①－I want to hire a car，please.How much would that cost
－________depends on the type of car you want and the amount of time you want it for.
解析：考查代词。本句缺少主语，根据语境，应指花费多少钱这件事，故用it。
答案：It
②(2012·高考广东卷)(节选)Then he took __25__ off，gave a big smile and said，“That’s cool.”
解析：句子缺少宾语。take off是“摘下”的意思，此处是指摘下sun glasses，因此用them代替。
答案：them
要诀二：如果句子不缺主语或表语，动词后又不缺宾语，则一定是在名词或代词前面填介词。
①－Are you hungry
－ Yes，I am sure hungry.I got up late and went ________ breakfast.Right now I could eat an ox.
解析：考查介词。 “我起床晚了，没有吃早饭。”without没有。
答案：without
②(2013·高考广东卷)(节选)The only reason a man would sell salt __21__ a lower price would be because he was desperate for money.
解析：考查介词。句中主语是a man，谓语是would sell，宾语是salt，名词短语 a lower price前应该填介词。at a lower price以较低的价格。
答案：at
要诀三：名词前面若没有限定词(冠词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词)，则很可能是填限定词。如果修饰名词，前面多用形容词或用名词或名词所有格作定语。
①(2012·高考广东卷)(节选)But she quickly realized that it wasn’t her，it was probably the fact that she sat in __19__ last row.
解析：“最后一排”为特指，要加定冠词the，即in the last row。
答案：the
②－Oh，it is hard to find a good babysitter on a Friday night.
－Well，I like watching kids，and I need the ________ money.
解析：考查形容词。我需要外快。extra额外的，修饰名词money。
答案：extra
要诀四： 限定词后常跟名词；修饰动词、形容词或整个句子通常用副词，其次还要注意动副型短语。
①When we look at it as a whole，we begin to have some ________，which even the best guidebooks do not answer.
解析：该空在句中作动词have的宾语且前面有限定词some修饰，由此判断该空填名词的复数形式。根据空后的“do not answer”可推断该空填questions。
答案：questions
②(2013·高考湖南卷)(节选)It’s lightweight，it’s flexible，and－__52__ important－it holds its shape.
解析：修饰形容词应填副词，根据语境可知，此处是一种语意的递进，故此处用most。
答案：most
③－We’ve been looking __2__ your application.You’ve more than ten years’experience in driving cars and trucks.Is it right
－Yes，I learned to drive jeeps and trucks when I was serving in the army.
解析：考查动词搭配。我们一直在浏览你的申请书。 look over检查，审查。
答案：over
要诀五：如果该空在句中并列连接两个成分或句子，并列连接两个词或短语，则用并列连词。
①－Tom，are you going to have the party at your house
－It’s too small! There’s a nice room at my uncle’s goal club，________we’ll have it there.
解析：考查并列连词。后句是前一句的结果，故用so。
答案：so
②(2011·高考湖南卷)(节选)One was rich in metaphor(隐喻) and character development，while the other was humorous __53__too shallow.
解析：由前后humorous和shallow的比较可知此处表转折，故应填but。
答案：but
要诀六：若两句(一个主谓关系算一个句子)之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，则一定是填并列连词或从属连词。
③(2013·高考湖南卷)(节选)The One World Futbol needs no pump __53__won’t wear out，even on rough surfaces.
解析：不需要打气筒与不会磨破为两个并列的分句，故应填and。
答案：and
④－So，what are some of the differences in the food of different countries
－Well，people eat a lot of bread in the West ________ rice and noodles are more common in Asia.
解析：考查连词。前后两句之间缺少连词。“在西方，人们吃大量的面包，然而在亚洲，米饭和面条更常见”。
答案：while
⑤He can’t come __4__ his father is coming this afternoon from England and he has to go to a family party instead.
解析：考查状语从句。题空两边为两个单句，故可推断缺少连词，后面单句是前者原因，故填because。
答案：because
要诀七：若结构较完整，并且空格后的谓语动词是原形，特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时，则很可能是填情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词(do，does，did等)。
①(2014·全国样题)(节选)Mum：Are they there Oh，my goodness.I __69__have put them in there when the phone rang.Oh，dear.I really must be losing my mind.Now，why did I put on my coat
解析：考查情态动词。must have done “过去一定做了什么”，表示对过去的推测。
答案：must
②He had no time or energy to play with his children or talk with his wife，but he ________ bring home a regular salary.
解析：这是一个由but连接的并列句，由前一分句的谓语动词had可知，后一分句的谓语动词bring也应用一般过去时，可是，bring却用原形，既与语境的时态不符，也与主语he不一致，而且该句不是倒装句，因此，此处必定是填情态动词或表示强调的助动词did(的确)。
答案：did
要诀八：由特殊的句式结构来判断空格应填的词。
1．由it is...that...强调结构判断，填it还是that；so/such...that，(n)either...(n)or等。
①The uneducated person，on the other hand，either is unable to do it，________ does it badly，...
解析：此处表示“或者”，要注意either...or搭配。
答案：or
2．由倒装句式判断，是填构成倒装条件的only，so，neither，nor，never，hardly，seldom，not until，had等，还是填do，does，did等。
②________with hard work can you expect to get a pay rise.
解析：由can you expect to...可知，这是倒装句，根据倒装结构“only＋状语(with hard work)”可知应填副词only。
答案：Only
3．it的虚指用法主要指it作形式主语或形式宾语及用以构成强调句型的用法。
③I found ________ difficult to explain to him what had happened.
解析：句中缺少形式宾语，故应填it。
答案：it
④(2009·高考广东卷)(节选)She remembered how difficult__31__was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.
解析：句型：it is difficult (for sb.)to do(某人)难以做……。how 引导的宾语从句缺少主语，用it作形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语to choose...。
答案：it
语法填空解题要诀——给出动词题
给出动词题要考虑时态、语态、非谓语动词的正确使用以及主谓一致。
要诀一：如果句中缺少谓语动词，并确定所给动词要填写为谓语动词，就要考虑时态和语态以及虚拟语气。
①Mary：Bob，do you know who I __1__(see) the other day Old Jake is looking terribly sad.Did he get pensioned off at last
Bob：Yes.They made him retire after 50 years at sea.He is pretty upset about it.
解析：考查时态。由the other day“前几天”可知，要用一般过去时。
答案：saw
②Sarah：Rainer，you’re very concerned about this area of the forest，are you Can you tell us why
Rainer：Well，much of the forest __2__(wipe)out in the terrible storm last winter，as you can see.
解析：考查时态和语态。根据主语与谓语动词存在被动关系及时间状语last winter可知，应用一般过去时态的被动语态。
答案：was wiped
③(2012·高考广东卷)(节选)He walked in as if he __17__ (buy) the school.And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City.
解析：这是由as if引导的虚拟语气(他没有买下学校)，因为是与过去事实相反，故用过去完成时。
答案：had bought
要诀二：如果句中已有谓语动词，并确定所给动词要填写为非谓语动词，就要考虑是v. ing形式、过去分词形式还是动词不定式。
1．作主语，v. ing形式与不定式一般可以互换，意义无多大区别；但在疑问句和句型“There is no＋主语”中，主语需用动名词而不用不定式。
①It is widely believed that ________ (form) a good habit will benefit us all our lives.
解析：It is widely believed that...从句中缺主语，这里使用动名词短语作主语，表示泛指意义的行为。
答案：forming
②Hostess：What’s the hardest thing of creating your work
Steven Dauthy：Definitely ________ (find) the perfect words to fit what I wanted to say.
解析：考查非谓语动词和省略。动名词短语在句中作主语，补全整句为： Definitely finding the perfect words to fit what I wanted to say is the hardest thing of creating my work.
答案：finding
2．作目的状语或在形容词后作状语，一般用不定式。
①(节选)For example，the proverb，“plucking up a crop __32__ (help) it grow”，is based on the following story.
解析：揠苗助长。动词不定式作目的状语。
答案：to help
②Tom：Is tango very difficult
Jody：No，but it can be a little difficult ________(learn)by yourself.It’s not like ballet.
解析：考查非谓语动词。It is＋adj.＋to do sth.为固定句型，it为形式主语，真正主语为不定式短语。
答案：to learn
3．作伴随状语，通常用分词：与逻辑主语是主动关系，用现在分词；与逻辑主语是被动关系，用过去分词。
①John：When is your Adult College Entrance Exam
Maria：It’s close，________(come)up at the end of this month.
解析：考查非谓语动词。现在分词作伴随状语，相当于并列句and it comes up...。
答案：coming
②(2012·高考广东卷)(节选)Mary will never forget the first time she saw him.He suddenly appeared in class one day，__16__ (wear) sun glasses.
解析：由前面的逗号可知这里不是并列谓语，应该是分词短语作伴随状语，因为逻辑主语是he，故用现在分词形式。
答案：wearing
③Jane：I like doing physical exercises to music，but I hate running.I don’t mind doing some weightlifting，though.
Coach：Why don’t we start with a physical exercise class twice a week ________(follow) by a little weightlifting
解析：考查非谓语动词。在with复合结构中，a physical exercise class与follow为被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。
答案：followed
4．作宾语，通常用动名词或不定式，介词后面要用动名词。
①I remember ________ (cry) on my mother’s lap at a family gathering to read her will.
解析：remember doing sth.记得做过某事。
答案：crying
②I think there should be some way of __9__ (warn) people when a bus is not going to arrive and certainly much more frequent bus service.
解析：考查非谓语动词。介词of后接名词作宾语。warning n．警告。
答案：warning
5．作定语，不定式表将来；现在分词表进行；过去分词表被动与完成。
①Mr.Green: Hi，Liu Ping.Mr.Li plans to send me to Qingdao for a business meeting.
Liu Ping：Well.It’s good for you have the chance __1__ (visit) more place while working in our company.
解析：考查非谓语动词。 “有参观更多地方的机会。”此处是不定式作后置定语。
答案：to visit
②The doors to the theater were open and we handed our tickets to the ticket takers ________ (stand) in the doorway.
解析：the ticket takers是动作stand的执行者，故要用现在分词形式作后置定语。
答案：standing
③Woman：What seems to be the problem，officer
Policeman：I stopped you because we are looking for a ________ (steal) car that matches this description.Can you show me your license and car registration
解析：考查非谓语动词。此处用过去分词作定语表示被动与完成。
答案：stolen
6．作宾语补足语，不定式表动作全过程；现在分词表主动或进行；过去分词表被动或完成。
①Mary：Maybe someone could get in touch with her.Get her ________(come) back for a while to help.
Bob：I don’t suppose she’ll come.She never got on with her father.He is a bit of a tough character and she is rather selfish.
解析：考查非谓语动词。get sb.to do sth.使某人干某事。不定式作宾语补足语。
答案：to come
②(2011·高考广东卷)(节选)．..I noticed a man __18__(sit) at the front.
解析：notice sb.doing sth.现在分词作宾语补足语，表示正在做某事。
答案：sitting
③I got my bike ________(repair) yesterday.
解析：宾语my bike与宾补repair逻辑上存在动宾关系，故用过去分词。
答案：repaired
7．独立主格和with复合结构。
①We could let you have a Ford Fiesta or an Austin Metro for 84 a week or a Triumph Acclaim for 96.25，both ________(allow) unlimited mileage(里程)．
解析：考查独立主格。相当于定语从句both of which allow...“这两种选择都不限制里程”。
答案：allowing
②Anyone who finds a dead bird with a band on its legs is asked to send the band to Washington with a note ________(tell)where the bird was found.
解析：with复合结构中，非谓语动词和其逻辑主语note为主谓关系，所以用现在分词形式。
答案：telling
语法填空解题要诀——词类转换题
要诀一：作表语(系动词之后)、定语(修饰名词)或补语(表性质状态)时，通常用形容词形式。
①He spoke to me in English and started explaining his past life when he was ________ (health)．
解析：句中缺表语，根据空后提示词及语意可知，此处应填health的形容词形式healthy。
答案：healthy
②...and other times they make a very________(consider) effort to communicate with you.
解析：修饰名词effort，要用形容词形式，故填considerable。
答案：considerable
③(2012·高考广东卷)(节选)It might have made it a little ________ (hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around，but that didn’t stop the kids in the class.
解析：设题处为it的宾语补足语，故判定为形容词，又结合a little可以修饰形容词比较级及句意可填harder。
答案：harder
要诀二：作主语，或在及物动词、介词后作宾语时，前面可能有形容词修饰，通常用名词形式，注意单复数形式。
①He had witnessed too many ________(die) and wounds at the Battle of Solferino in Italy four years earlier，in which 40，000 people were killed，wounded or missing.
解析：考查词形变化。这里指的是死亡，是可数名词，在句中作及物动词witness的定语，空前的too many也暗示应用death的复数形式。
答案：deaths
②Apple’s new machine，the Lisa，proved to be an expensive ________ (fail)．
解析：考查派生词的用法。从空前的“an expensive”可知此处缺少一个名词，故填failure。
答案：failure
要诀三：在指示代词、形容词性物主代词或者“冠词(＋形容词)”后，用名词形式。
①I ran into my neighbor，Dennis，yesterday afternoon.He asked if I wanted two tickets to the theater.He had season tickets but couldn’t go to this ________ (perform)．
解析：根据this的提示，此处应该使用perform的名词形式。
答案：performance
②First，my mom asked me to help clean the house in the morning，and then I have a dentist ________ (appoint) at 12∶30.
解析：考查名词。冠词a 后接名词。appointment n．约会。
答案：appointment
要诀四：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，或作状语时，用副词形式。
①One hundred percent of all donations will go ________ (direct) to the charities.
解析：用副词修饰动词go。
答案：directly
②The country now has a total of 178 million people over 60，accounting for 13.26 percent of the total population，and the figure will increase by 3 percent ________ (annual)．
解析：此处使用副词修饰整个句子。所以填annually“一年一次地”。
答案：annually
要诀五：根据句子意思及前后逻辑关系，有可能是词义转换题，词性不一定要变，主要考查与词根意义相反的派生词，需要在词根前加un 、im 、in 等，或在词根后加less等。
①Lost in the tune，he came suddenly upon a ________(home) beggar lying in the midst of the sidewalk.He reached down，touched the beggar’s cheek，and left a 100 dollar bill to him.
解析：此处需要形容词修饰名词beggar。设空句句意：他突然发现一个无家可归的乞丐躺在人行道中间。
答案：homeless
②________ (fortunate)，three people died and a lot of people were injured in the accident.
解析：此处需要填副词。由句意：事故中3人死亡，多人受伤。应该是：不幸的是。
答案：Unfortunately
要诀六：若括号中所给词为动词，也有可能考查词类转换；若是形容词或副词，有可能考查其比较级或最高级。
①Mary：Chinese food should be good.Everyone I’ve spoken with says that it is great!
Jeff：OK.I think that would be a really good ________(choose)!
解析：考查名词。所给提示词为动词，限定修饰词a good后应填名词，故填choose的名词形式choice。
答案：choice
②Also，the more children young couples have，the ________ (happy) they become.
解析：“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”表示“越……就越……”。根据句中的the more children可知，此处要用比较级。且语境表示“孩子越多，年轻夫妇就越不幸福”，故应填unhappier。
答案：unhappier
“语篇型语法填空题(合计10题，合计15分)”取代“单句型语言知识题”是自从2007年国家实施新课标高考以来最大的一次变化，此改良题型考纲称呼为“英语语言知识运用 第二节”。
根据国家普通高中《英语课程标准(实验)》包含的24个语法项目，该题考查高中英语要求掌握的语法知识，着重考查英语中“有”而汉语中“无或少”的语法现象。
1．语篇型语法填空题提供一篇200词左右的语言材料并留出10个空白，部分空白后面给出单词基本形式。常见语言材料有语篇体和对话体两种。
2．考查方式有纯空格题和给出提示词题两种形式。
纯空格题以考查虚词为主。在10个空之中考查虚词运用的情况多至4～5个空，主要考查介词、并列连词、it的虚指用法、冠词、从句引导词(即名词性从句、定语从句或状语从句的引导词)；此外，代词、情态动词、过渡副词和语境填词也是给出空格题常考的内容形式。答好虚词型填空试题要求考生具有较强的语境推理能力，扎实的语法基础知识，丰富的词汇及句型搭配和较强的英语语感。
给出提示词题一般考查4个，主要考查实词。在语言材料空白处要求使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，主要考查对动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较等级以及构词法等知识的掌握情况。因此给出提示词题又可分为给出动词题和词类转换两种形式。
一般来说，考查实词之处颇具情景性，即与语境有关，要求根据上下文逻辑的发展关系进行推断。因此，正确解答实词型填空题，弄懂短文大意至关重要。
一、注意判断词性
根据句子的结构和功能，判断是用形容词还是副词，用动词还是名词等。
二、注意判断词形
确定词类后，必须根据句子语境的要求，对词形作必要的改变，如动词的形式、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级；名词的单复数等等。
“语法填空”考查的主要内容是上下文句子结构、句子成分之间的一致性和句子与篇章在结构和意义两个层面上的制约性。语言结构的分析能力是本题考查的重点，在做题时应该遵循“先总后分”的原则。
1．总体
先通读全文，掌握主旨大意，了解语言材料的体裁、题材、时态、内容、线索、意图、观点看法、段落大意、逻辑层次等。在“总”读的过程中，可顺便填写某些空。
2．分项
“分”就是下一步的具体填空。正确理解挖空句子的含义，分析其句子成分，判断该空需要填入的是介词、冠词、代词，还是连词或引导词。如果是介词，则大部分是词组或固定搭配；如果是冠词，主要是在篇章中考查其语法功能，表示泛指、特指或类别等；如果是代词，通常考查的是人称代词的主格、宾格或物主代词等；如果是连词、引导词，就要判断其连接的是并列句、定语从句、状语从句还是名词性从句等。一定遵循先对语法进行语法成分分析，找出可以从语法上说得通的可能答案，然后通过逻辑和上下文来判断最后答案。
1．通读全文，理解大意。
首先应该迅速地浏览全文，以便了解谈论话题，特别注意材料的首尾句。通常语言材料会在首句给出一个提纲挈领或提供背景信息的句子，在尾句表明自己的观点；其次，要注意一些关键词语或句子，特别是涉及人物、时间、地点、原因、经过、结果的词句；另外，还要从语言材料的逻辑结构、上下文联系中挖掘交谈者或作者的观点和态度。
2．试填空格，先易后难。
读懂材料之后，要结合所提供的特定的语境(也就是上下文)，从句子结构的完整性去分析思考空格所缺单词的词性，再根据句子的意义，以及句子之间的逻辑关系来确定具体要填的单词和所给词的正确形式。
3．再读检查，修正错误。
填好各空后，再将材料复读一遍，把已经填好的答案放在整篇文章中来检查。如果前后有矛盾或者句子不通顺，证明有可能出现错误，这时候就要重新予以考虑。
语法填空解题要诀——纯空格试题
要诀一：如果句子缺主语或宾语，则一定是填代词或名词(多考代词)。
①－I want to hire a car，please.How much would that cost
－________depends on the type of car you want and the amount of time you want it for.
解析：考查代词。本句缺少主语，根据语境，应指花费多少钱这件事，故用it。
答案：It
②(2012·高考广东卷)(节选)Then he took __25__ off，gave a big smile and said，“That’s cool.”
解析：句子缺少宾语。take off是“摘下”的意思，此处是指摘下sun glasses，因此用them代替。
答案：them
要诀二：如果句子不缺主语或表语，动词后又不缺宾语，则一定是在名词或代词前面填介词。
①－Are you hungry
－ Yes，I am sure hungry.I got up late and went ________ breakfast.Right now I could eat an ox.
解析：考查介词。 “我起床晚了，没有吃早饭。”without没有。
答案：without
②(2013·高考广东卷)(节选)The only reason a man would sell salt __21__ a lower price would be because he was desperate for money.
解析：考查介词。句中主语是a man，谓语是would sell，宾语是salt，名词短语 a lower price前应该填介词。at a lower price以较低的价格。
答案：at
要诀三：名词前面若没有限定词(冠词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词)，则很可能是填限定词。如果修饰名词，前面多用形容词或用名词或名词所有格作定语。
①(2012·高考广东卷)(节选)But she quickly realized that it wasn’t her，it was probably the fact that she sat in __19__ last row.
解析：“最后一排”为特指，要加定冠词the，即in the last row。
答案：the
②－Oh，it is hard to find a good babysitter on a Friday night.
－Well，I like watching kids，and I need the ________ money.
解析：考查形容词。我需要外快。extra额外的，修饰名词money。
答案：extra
要诀四： 限定词后常跟名词；修饰动词、形容词或整个句子通常用副词，其次还要注意动副型短语。
①When we look at it as a whole，we begin to have some ________，which even the best guidebooks do not answer.
解析：该空在句中作动词have的宾语且前面有限定词some修饰，由此判断该空填名词的复数形式。根据空后的“do not answer”可推断该空填questions。
答案：questions
②(2013·高考湖南卷)(节选)It’s lightweight，it’s flexible，and－__52__ important－it holds its shape.
解析：修饰形容词应填副词，根据语境可知，此处是一种语意的递进，故此处用most。
答案：most
③－We’ve been looking __2__ your application.You’ve more than ten years’experience in driving cars and trucks.Is it right
－Yes，I learned to drive jeeps and trucks when I was serving in the army.
解析：考查动词搭配。我们一直在浏览你的申请书。 look over检查，审查。
答案：over
要诀五：如果该空在句中并列连接两个成分或句子，并列连接两个词或短语，则用并列连词。
①－Tom，are you going to have the party at your house
－It’s too small! There’s a nice room at my uncle’s goal club，________we’ll have it there.
解析：考查并列连词。后句是前一句的结果，故用so。
答案：so
②(2011·高考湖南卷)(节选)One was rich in metaphor(隐喻) and character development，while the other was humorous __53__too shallow.
解析：由前后humorous和shallow的比较可知此处表转折，故应填but。
答案：but
要诀六：若两句(一个主谓关系算一个句子)之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，则一定是填并列连词或从属连词。
③(2013·高考湖南卷)(节选)The One World Futbol needs no pump __53__won’t wear out，even on rough surfaces.
解析：不需要打气筒与不会磨破为两个并列的分句，故应填and。
答案：and
④－So，what are some of the differences in the food of different countries
－Well，people eat a lot of bread in the West ________ rice and noodles are more common in Asia.
解析：考查连词。前后两句之间缺少连词。“在西方，人们吃大量的面包，然而在亚洲，米饭和面条更常见”。
答案：while
⑤He can’t come __4__ his father is coming this afternoon from England and he has to go to a family party instead.
解析：考查状语从句。题空两边为两个单句，故可推断缺少连词，后面单句是前者原因，故填because。
答案：because
要诀七：若结构较完整，并且空格后的谓语动词是原形，特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时，则很可能是填情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词(do，does，did等)。
①(2014·全国样题)(节选)Mum：Are they there Oh，my goodness.I __69__have put them in there when the phone rang.Oh，dear.I really must be losing my mind.Now，why did I put on my coat
解析：考查情态动词。must have done “过去一定做了什么”，表示对过去的推测。
答案：must
②He had no time or energy to play with his children or talk with his wife，but he ________ bring home a regular salary.
解析：这是一个由but连接的并列句，由前一分句的谓语动词had可知，后一分句的谓语动词bring也应用一般过去时，可是，bring却用原形，既与语境的时态不符，也与主语he不一致，而且该句不是倒装句，因此，此处必定是填情态动词或表示强调的助动词did(的确)。
答案：did
要诀八：由特殊的句式结构来判断空格应填的词。
1．由it is...that...强调结构判断，填it还是that；so/such...that，(n)either...(n)or等。
①The uneducated person，on the other hand，either is unable to do it，________ does it badly，...
解析：此处表示“或者”，要注意either...or搭配。
答案：or
2．由倒装句式判断，是填构成倒装条件的only，so，neither，nor，never，hardly，seldom，not until，had等，还是填do，does，did等。
②________with hard work can you expect to get a pay rise.
解析：由can you expect to...可知，这是倒装句，根据倒装结构“only＋状语(with hard work)”可知应填副词only。
答案：Only
3．it的虚指用法主要指it作形式主语或形式宾语及用以构成强调句型的用法。
③I found ________ difficult to explain to him what had happened.
解析：句中缺少形式宾语，故应填it。
答案：it
④(2009·高考广东卷)(节选)She remembered how difficult__31__was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.
解析：句型：it is difficult (for sb.)to do(某人)难以做……。how 引导的宾语从句缺少主语，用it作形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语to choose...。
答案：it
语法填空解题要诀——给出动词题
给出动词题要考虑时态、语态、非谓语动词的正确使用以及主谓一致。
要诀一：如果句中缺少谓语动词，并确定所给动词要填写为谓语动词，就要考虑时态和语态以及虚拟语气。
①Mary：Bob，do you know who I __1__(see) the other day Old Jake is looking terribly sad.Did he get pensioned off at last
Bob：Yes.They made him retire after 50 years at sea.He is pretty upset about it.
解析：考查时态。由the other day“前几天”可知，要用一般过去时。
答案：saw
②Sarah：Rainer，you’re very concerned about this area of the forest，are you Can you tell us why
Rainer：Well，much of the forest __2__(wipe)out in the terrible storm last winter，as you can see.
解析：考查时态和语态。根据主语与谓语动词存在被动关系及时间状语last winter可知，应用一般过去时态的被动语态。
答案：was wiped
③(2012·高考广东卷)(节选)He walked in as if he __17__ (buy) the school.And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City.
解析：这是由as if引导的虚拟语气(他没有买下学校)，因为是与过去事实相反，故用过去完成时。
答案：had bought
要诀二：如果句中已有谓语动词，并确定所给动词要填写为非谓语动词，就要考虑是v. ing形式、过去分词形式还是动词不定式。
1．作主语，v. ing形式与不定式一般可以互换，意义无多大区别；但在疑问句和句型“There is no＋主语”中，主语需用动名词而不用不定式。
①It is widely believed that ________ (form) a good habit will benefit us all our lives.
解析：It is widely believed that...从句中缺主语，这里使用动名词短语作主语，表示泛指意义的行为。
答案：forming
②Hostess：What’s the hardest thing of creating your work
Steven Dauthy：Definitely ________ (find) the perfect words to fit what I wanted to say.
解析：考查非谓语动词和省略。动名词短语在句中作主语，补全整句为： Definitely finding the perfect words to fit what I wanted to say is the hardest thing of creating my work.
答案：finding
2．作目的状语或在形容词后作状语，一般用不定式。
①(节选)For example，the proverb，“plucking up a crop __32__ (help) it grow”，is based on the following story.
解析：揠苗助长。动词不定式作目的状语。
答案：to help
②Tom：Is tango very difficult
Jody：No，but it can be a little difficult ________(learn)by yourself.It’s not like ballet.
解析：考查非谓语动词。It is＋adj.＋to do sth.为固定句型，it为形式主语，真正主语为不定式短语。
答案：to learn
3．作伴随状语，通常用分词：与逻辑主语是主动关系，用现在分词；与逻辑主语是被动关系，用过去分词。
①John：When is your Adult College Entrance Exam
Maria：It’s close，________(come)up at the end of this month.
解析：考查非谓语动词。现在分词作伴随状语，相当于并列句and it comes up...。
答案：coming
②(2012·高考广东卷)(节选)Mary will never forget the first time she saw him.He suddenly appeared in class one day，__16__ (wear) sun glasses.
解析：由前面的逗号可知这里不是并列谓语，应该是分词短语作伴随状语，因为逻辑主语是he，故用现在分词形式。
答案：wearing
③Jane：I like doing physical exercises to music，but I hate running.I don’t mind doing some weightlifting，though.
Coach：Why don’t we start with a physical exercise class twice a week ________(follow) by a little weightlifting
解析：考查非谓语动词。在with复合结构中，a physical exercise class与follow为被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。
答案：followed
4．作宾语，通常用动名词或不定式，介词后面要用动名词。
①I remember ________ (cry) on my mother’s lap at a family gathering to read her will.
解析：remember doing sth.记得做过某事。
答案：crying
②I think there should be some way of __9__ (warn) people when a bus is not going to arrive and certainly much more frequent bus service.
解析：考查非谓语动词。介词of后接名词作宾语。warning n．警告。
答案：warning
5．作定语，不定式表将来；现在分词表进行；过去分词表被动与完成。
①Mr.Green: Hi，Liu Ping.Mr.Li plans to send me to Qingdao for a business meeting.
Liu Ping：Well.It’s good for you have the chance __1__ (visit) more place while working in our company.
解析：考查非谓语动词。 “有参观更多地方的机会。”此处是不定式作后置定语。
答案：to visit
②The doors to the theater were open and we handed our tickets to the ticket takers ________ (stand) in the doorway.
解析：the ticket takers是动作stand的执行者，故要用现在分词形式作后置定语。
答案：standing
③Woman：What seems to be the problem，officer
Policeman：I stopped you because we are looking for a ________ (steal) car that matches this description.Can you show me your license and car registration
解析：考查非谓语动词。此处用过去分词作定语表示被动与完成。
答案：stolen
6．作宾语补足语，不定式表动作全过程；现在分词表主动或进行；过去分词表被动或完成。
①Mary：Maybe someone could get in touch with her.Get her ________(come) back for a while to help.
Bob：I don’t suppose she’ll come.She never got on with her father.He is a bit of a tough character and she is rather selfish.
解析：考查非谓语动词。get sb.to do sth.使某人干某事。不定式作宾语补足语。
答案：to come
②(2011·高考广东卷)(节选)．..I noticed a man __18__(sit) at the front.
解析：notice sb.doing sth.现在分词作宾语补足语，表示正在做某事。
答案：sitting
③I got my bike ________(repair) yesterday.
解析：宾语my bike与宾补repair逻辑上存在动宾关系，故用过去分词。
答案：repaired
7．独立主格和with复合结构。
①We could let you have a Ford Fiesta or an Austin Metro for 84 a week or a Triumph Acclaim for 96.25，both ________(allow) unlimited mileage(里程)．
解析：考查独立主格。相当于定语从句both of which allow...“这两种选择都不限制里程”。
答案：allowing
②Anyone who finds a dead bird with a band on its legs is asked to send the band to Washington with a note ________(tell)where the bird was found.
解析：with复合结构中，非谓语动词和其逻辑主语note为主谓关系，所以用现在分词形式。
答案：telling
语法填空解题要诀——词类转换题
要诀一：作表语(系动词之后)、定语(修饰名词)或补语(表性质状态)时，通常用形容词形式。
①He spoke to me in English and started explaining his past life when he was ________ (health)．
解析：句中缺表语，根据空后提示词及语意可知，此处应填health的形容词形式healthy。
答案：healthy
②...and other times they make a very________(consider) effort to communicate with you.
解析：修饰名词effort，要用形容词形式，故填considerable。
答案：considerable
③(2012·高考广东卷)(节选)It might have made it a little ________ (hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around，but that didn’t stop the kids in the class.
解析：设题处为it的宾语补足语，故判定为形容词，又结合a little可以修饰形容词比较级及句意可填harder。
答案：harder
要诀二：作主语，或在及物动词、介词后作宾语时，前面可能有形容词修饰，通常用名词形式，注意单复数形式。
①He had witnessed too many ________(die) and wounds at the Battle of Solferino in Italy four years earlier，in which 40，000 people were killed，wounded or missing.
解析：考查词形变化。这里指的是死亡，是可数名词，在句中作及物动词witness的定语，空前的too many也暗示应用death的复数形式。
答案：deaths
②Apple’s new machine，the Lisa，proved to be an expensive ________ (fail)．
解析：考查派生词的用法。从空前的“an expensive”可知此处缺少一个名词，故填failure。
答案：failure
要诀三：在指示代词、形容词性物主代词或者“冠词(＋形容词)”后，用名词形式。
①I ran into my neighbor，Dennis，yesterday afternoon.He asked if I wanted two tickets to the theater.He had season tickets but couldn’t go to this ________ (perform)．
解析：根据this的提示，此处应该使用perform的名词形式。
答案：performance
②First，my mom asked me to help clean the house in the morning，and then I have a dentist ________ (appoint) at 12∶30.
解析：考查名词。冠词a 后接名词。appointment n．约会。
答案：appointment
要诀四：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，或作状语时，用副词形式。
①One hundred percent of all donations will go ________ (direct) to the charities.
解析：用副词修饰动词go。
答案：directly
②The country now has a total of 178 million people over 60，accounting for 13.26 percent of the total population，and the figure will increase by 3 percent ________ (annual)．
解析：此处使用副词修饰整个句子。所以填annually“一年一次地”。
答案：annually
要诀五：根据句子意思及前后逻辑关系，有可能是词义转换题，词性不一定要变，主要考查与词根意义相反的派生词，需要在词根前加un 、im 、in 等，或在词根后加less等。
①Lost in the tune，he came suddenly upon a ________(home) beggar lying in the midst of the sidewalk.He reached down，touched the beggar’s cheek，and left a 100 dollar bill to him.
解析：此处需要形容词修饰名词beggar。设空句句意：他突然发现一个无家可归的乞丐躺在人行道中间。
答案：homeless
②________ (fortunate)，three people died and a lot of people were injured in the accident.
解析：此处需要填副词。由句意：事故中3人死亡，多人受伤。应该是：不幸的是。
答案：Unfortunately
要诀六：若括号中所给词为动词，也有可能考查词类转换；若是形容词或副词，有可能考查其比较级或最高级。
①Mary：Chinese food should be good.Everyone I’ve spoken with says that it is great!
Jeff：OK.I think that would be a really good ________(choose)!
解析：考查名词。所给提示词为动词，限定修饰词a good后应填名词，故填choose的名词形式choice。
答案：choice
②Also，the more children young couples have，the ________ (happy) they become.
解析：“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”表示“越……就越……”。根据句中的the more children可知，此处要用比较级。且语境表示“孩子越多，年轻夫妇就越不幸福”，故应填unhappier。
答案：unhappier