【最高考】2015高考英语（江苏）语法精讲+精练：专题一名词和冠词常考点

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专题一　名词和冠词常考点
掌握名词的可数和不可数性、可数名词的复数 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )、名词作定语以及名词的所有格形式的用法。特别注意名词词义辨析和名词固定短语的运用。近些年考查名词的题目，在设问方面更趋精细化。冠词主要考查牢固的基础知识和灵活使用冠词的能力。冠词的用法复杂，要弄清句子中的单数名词、复数名词或不可数名词的泛指、特指、类指、专指的概念。做题时，首先要搞清名词是单数还是复数，是特指还是泛指，注意复数名词、不可数名词表示泛指不用任何冠词，单数名词前要加不定冠词。
名　　词
　　名词的数
1. 单数名词变为复数名词常考点：
①以－o结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加－ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s，但是下列以－o结尾的名词要加－es：hero，tomato，potato，Negro(黑人)。
②以－f或－fe结尾的名词变为复数时，一般 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )直接加－s，但下列以－f或－fe结尾的名词变为复数时，需把f或fe去掉，加－ves：half，－self，wife，life，knife，shelf，wolf，thief，leaf，loaf。
③合成名词构成复数时，通常 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如：passers－by，go－betweens，lookers－on，mothers－in－law。
2. 下列名词通常作不可数名词：fun ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，advice，progress，information，equipment，luggage，weather，furniture等。
3. 有些名词的复数形式可表示特别 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的意义。如：waters(水域)，sands(沙滩)，manners(礼貌)，times(时代)，spirits(情绪；烈酒)，contents(目录)，customs(海关)，lines(台词)，arms(武器)，looks(容貌)。
4. 单复数同形的名词。如： Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，series，means，works。
用所给词的适当形式填空：
①________(leaf) turn green in spring.
②He gained his __ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )______(wealth) by printing ________(work) of famous writers.
③There are two ________(Chinese)，three________(Englishman) and four ________(German) in the team.
④What great ________(fun) it is!
⑤He asked ________(passer－by) for help.
【答案】①Leaves　② ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )wealth；works　③Chinese；Englishmen；Germans　④fun　⑤passers－by
　　名词的格
1. 所有格的含义：
①表示所属。如：Tom's car。
②表示类别。如：a women's college。
③表示动作的执行者或承受者。如：the teacher's praise。
2. 所有格有两种不同的形式：
在名词末尾加－'s构成， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )多用来表示有生命的东西；由介词of加名词构成，多用来表示无生命的东西。但是在下列几种情况下，由－'s构成的所有格也可表示无生命的东西：
①表时间。如：five weeks' holiday。
②表自然现象。如：the earth's atmosphere。
③表国家、城市等地方的名词。如：China's population。
④表工作群体。如：the ship's crew。
⑤表度量衡及价值。如：twenty pounds' weight。
3. 双重所有格的用法：
①表示部分概念，of短语修饰的名词前通 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )常有表示数量的限定词a，an，one，two，some，several，a few，many，any，no等。如：a friend of mine/my brother's/hers/his/theirs。
②表示赞赏或厌恶等感彩时，of所修 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )饰的名词前面通常有指示代词this，that，these，those等。如：this little car of your sister's。
4. 区别：
Tom and Henry's mother(只有一位母亲)
Tom's and Henry's mothers(有两位母亲)
完成下列句子：
①—I wonder whose bicycle it is.
—It must be________(我老师的)．
②Yesterday I was invited to dinner at ________(White家)．
③Uncle Jack is ______________________(我妈妈的一个朋友)．
④________________________(你妹妹的这只猫) is really a dear.
⑤I will have a ________________(五天的假期)．
【答案】①my teacher's ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )　②the Whites'　③a friend of my mother's　④This cat of your sister's 　⑤five days' holiday/five－day holiday
　　名词作定语
1. 当名词作定语时，一般用单数形式，即 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )使在意义上是复数(如：shoes)或总作复数的名词(如：trousers)，也是如此。如：a shoe shop，trouser pockets，tooth brushes。但也有例外，它们是：sports，customs，arms，clothes，sales和accounts。如：a sports car，a customs officer，a clothes shop，a sales director。
2. “man/woman＋名词”变 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变为复数。如：men teachers，women doctors。
3. 名词作定语表示用途、性能、材料等。如：a stone bridge(一座石头桥)，a street light(一盏街灯)。
完成下列句子：
①He dropped the ________(咖啡杯) and broke it.
②The ________(自行车店) is just around the corner and you won't miss it.
【答案】①coffee cup　②bike shop冠　　词
　　不定冠词
①表示泛指。如：
A square has four sides.
②表示“相同的”，与the same 同义。如：
They are of an age.＝They are (of) the same age.
③表示“某一”，与a certain同义(与专有名词连用)。如：
A Mr. Smith is waiting to see you.
④在某些物质名词前表示“一种、一阵、一份、一场”等。如：
We had a heavy rain last night.
⑤用在某些抽象名词前，使其具体化。如：
You are a great help to me.
⑥有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of时，前面需用不定冠词。如：www.21-cn-jy.com
I have only a limited knowledge of computer.
⑦独一无二的东西前有修饰词时，表示属于某一类或表示某一种特殊的情况。如：a full moon, a peaceful world。
⑧固定搭配。如：at a loss(不 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )知所措)，a matter of(一个……的问题)，all of a sudden(突然)，in a hurry/in a rush(匆匆忙忙)，have a gift for(有……的天赋)，once in a while(偶尔)，at a distance(隔一段距离)，a waste of(浪费……)，give sb. a lift/ride(让某人搭车)，have a population of(有……的人口)，have a word with sb.(和某人交谈)。
用适当的冠词填空：
①I earn 10 doll ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ars ________ hour as ________supermarket cashier on Saturdays.
②The teacher asked us to write ________800－word－long composition.
③I know ________ John Lennon，but not ________ one you know.
④They are twins，so they are of ________ age.
⑤He has ________ fine collection of paintings.
⑥The power supply w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as cut off. All of ________ sudden，the lights went out.
【答案】①an；a　②an　③a；the　④an　⑤a　⑥ a
　　定冠词
①特指上文提到过、谈话双方都清楚的、受定语修饰的人或物。如：
I like music but I don't like the music of the film.
②表示整个类属。如：
The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.
③用于世界上独一无二的事物、某些专有名词、 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )由普通名词构成的专有名词、阶级、党派、组织及表示方位的名词前。注意方位名词的用法：move (to the) south。
④在序数词和最高级前。如：
Lesson 9 is a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )most difficult lesson but it is not the most difficult lesson in the book.
⑤在乐器名词前、表示姓氏的复数名词前、逢整十数词的复数词、朝代前。如：the Blacks。
⑥在句型“动词＋sb.＋介词＋身体某一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )部位”中的身体某一部位前的the不可用人称代词代替。如：take sb. by the arm，hit sb. in the face。此外，be red in the face(脸红)，be lame in the right leg(右腿瘸)，be blind in the eye(眼瞎)等结构中，名词前也要用the。
⑦在发明前。如：
Do you know who invented the telephone
⑧用于一些形容词前，表示一类人或物。如：
The rich/old/sick/unemployed (are...)
The new/beautiful unexplained (is...)
⑨用于江、河、湖、海、洋、运河、山脉、 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )群岛、海峡、海湾、沙漠等专有名词前。如：the Red Sea，the English Channel。
⑩固定搭配。如：make the mos ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t of(充分利用)，by the day(按日计算)，on the whole(大体上)，most of the time(大多数时候)，the other day(几天前)，on the radio/phone/computer(在电台/电话/电脑里)，for the time being(暂时)，on the spot(当场)，not in the least＝not at all(一点也不)，in the distance(在远处)，go to the cinema(去看电影)，to tell the truth(说实话)。
用适当的冠词填空：
①Many people are still ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) in ________ habit of writing silly things in ________ public places.
②________ Greens are at table.
③She hit him in ________ face.
④He was hit by a falling tree and killed on ________ spot.
【答案】①the；/　②The　③the　④the
　　零冠词
①当复数名词和不可数名词表示泛指时。如：natural disasters，senior citizens，flood control。
②成对名词连用时。如：day after day，face to face，heart and soul。
③可数名词单数在系动词turn后作表语，以及在as或though引导的倒装让步状语从句中作表语。如：
He was a doctor before he turned writer.
Child as he is，he knows a lot.
④在球类、棋类、学科、语言、一日三餐、头衔职务(作表语、同位语、补语)等名词前。如：
English is very beautiful.＝The English language is very beautiful.
I usually have lunch at home but I had a packed lunch yesterday.
The chairman of the meeting is coming.
Mr. Li，chairman of the meeting，is coming.
⑤在季节、月份、某些含day的节假日、星期、城市、国家等名词前。如：
He was born in autumn.
He was born in the autumn of 1990.
He was born in a_cold autumn.
It happened on Sunday.
It happened on a Sunday last month.
Shanghai is considered the New York of China.
⑥在“at＋时间名词”“by＋交通工具/通信工具”中。如：at four(在四点钟)，by bike(骑自行车)。
⑦man(＝mankind)，word(口信，消息)前通常不加冠词。
⑧“by＋the＋具体的计算单位名词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )”，表示“按/以/论……”，但是size，weight，time这类名词和by连用时前不用加定冠词。如：
Eggs are sold by the dozen.
Eggs are sold by weight.
⑨在“kind/sort/type of＋名词”结构中。如：
This kind of apple sells well.
⑩名词前已有限定词this/that/those/her/your/a/an/no/whose等。如：her only son。
be of＋抽象名词(use/importance/help/value/interest/benefit)。2·1·c·n·j·y
固定搭配。如： on second ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )thought(s)(重新思考后)，come to power＝take office(上台)，in debt(欠债)，in place of(代替)，out of work(失业中)，make room for(为……腾让空间)，in trouble(处在困境中)，in use(在使用中)，come to light(真相大白)，by mistake(弄错)，at war(在交战中)，on board(在船/飞机/车上)。
[注]几组词的区别：
in charge/control/possession/command of(管理/控制/拥有/掌握) in the charge/control/possession/command of(由……管理/控制/拥有/掌握)
in prison/hospital(在坐牢/住院) in the prison/hospital(在监狱/医院里)
in case of(以防万一) in the case of(就……来说)
by day(在白天) by the day(按日计算)
go to sea(当船员；出航) go to the sea (去海边)
out of question(毫无疑问，一定，当然) out of the question(不可能)
three of us(我们中的三人) the three of us (我们这三人)
take place(发生，举行) take the place of (取代)
on earth(究竟，到底) on the earth(在世界上)
in office(在职，当权) in the office(在办公室里)
用适当的冠词填空：
①He likes to talk on ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ________ phone while I prefer writing ________ letters.
②Water is changed ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) into ________ steam by heat and into ________ ice by cold.
③Has he turned ________ scientist
④Mr. Li is ________ chairman of the meeting.
⑤The diet is measu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )red in ________ calories，while the food is sold by ________ pound.
【答案】①the；/　②/；/　③/　④/　⑤/；the
1. (2014·江苏卷)She wa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful ________ in last year's election.21cnjy.com
A. symbol B. portrait
C. identity D. statue
2. (2014·浙江卷)T ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he paper is due next month, and I am working seven days ________ week, often long into ________ night.21·cn·jy·com
A. a; the B. the; /
C. a; a D. /; the
3. (2014·天津卷) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Life is like ________ ocean; only ________ strong－willed can reach the other shore.21教育网
A. an; the B. the; a
C. the; / D. /; a
4. (2014·重庆卷)I can't ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tell you ________ way to the Wilson's because we don't have ________ Wilson here in the village.21·世纪*教育网
A. the; a B. a; /
C. a; the D. the; /
5. (2014·浙江卷)We most p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )refer to say yes to the ________ of someone we know and like.
A. attempts B. requests
C. doubts D. promises
6. (2013·江西卷)Animals a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re obviously ________ lower form of life than ________ man.
A. a; / B. the; the
C. a; the D. /; /
7. (2013·全国新课标 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )卷)India attained ________ independence in 1947，after ________ long struggle.2-1-c-n-j-y
A. /; a B. the; a
C. an; / D. an; the
8. (2013·江苏卷)Wit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h inspiration from other food cultures，American food culture can take a ________ for the better.【版权所有：21教育】
A. share B. chance
C. turn D. lead
9. (2012·浙江卷)The deve ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lopment of industry has been ________ gradual process throughout ________ human existence，from stone tools to modern technology.
A. /; the B. the; a
C. a; / D. a; a
10. (2012·重庆卷)Sam h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as been appointed ________ manager of the engineering department to take ________ place of George.www-2-1-cnjy-com
A. /; / B. the; /
C. the; the D. /; the
【答案】1. A　2. A　3. A　4. A　5. B　6. A　7. A　8. C
9. C　10. D
1. I was told tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t ________ 10：15 flight would take us to Shanghai in time to reach ________ Fudan University.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
A. the；/ B. the；a
C. a；the D．/；the
2. One of ________ outstanding qualities required is self－discipline，________ quality I lack.【出处：21教育名师】
A. /；a B. the；/
C. the；a D. an；the
3. Giving up my job ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to go back to full－time education was a big ________，but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.
A. project B. commitment
C. competition D. ambition
4. Angela and Aja ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ni will pick up the marriage ________ after they met online several times，which is not sensible.
A. acquisition B. identification
C. certificate D. qualification
5. Any help from y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ou will be greatly appreciated. Please give me a reply at your earliest________．　　21*cnjy*com
A. interruption B. instruction
C. consideration D. convenience
6. Jack had ________ feeling of excitement when hearing his article had been published in ________ school magazine.
A. the；a B. a；the
C. /；the D. the；/
7. The Day o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f the Dead，an ancient Mexican festival，is not a sad day，but ________ time to celebrate ________ cycle of life.
A. a；the B. /；the
C. /；a D. the；a
8. Last month，tho ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )usands of workers in that city went on ________ strike，demanding lower taxes and ________ end to cutting staff members.21世纪教育网版权所有
A. a；the B. a；an
C. /；an D. /；the
9. In face o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f ________ failure，it is the most important to keep up ________ good state of mind.
A. a；/ B. /；a
C. the；/ D. /；the
10. —The weather isn't good enough for an outing，is it
—No. We can't have ________ at this time of the year.
A. a nicer day B. a worse day
C. a worst day D. so fine a day
11. It was on ________ Sunday in ________ July of 2009 that the famous scholar of Chinese traditional culture，Ji Xianlin，passed away.
A. /；/ B. /；the
C. a；the D. a；a
12. Modern socie ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ty is built on the concept that all human beings are born free and equal in ________ and rights.【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
A. dignity B. quality
C. ability D. identity
13. Nowadays seni ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )or high school students are burdened with too many ________，which is making them less and less confident.
A. motivations B. expectations
C. amusements D. opportunities
14. When Capt ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ain Cook landed in New Zealand in 1769，he took ________ possession of it in ________ name of the British Crown.
A. the；the B. the；/
C. /；/ D. /；the
15. I'm ________Chinese and I do feel ________ Chinese language is ________ most beautiful one.
A. /；the；a B. a；/；the
C. a；the；/ D. a；/；a
16. As he reached ________ front door，Jack saw ________ strange sight.
A. the；/ B. a；the
C. /；a D. the；a
17. Experts think ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that ________ recently discovered painting may be ________ Picasso.
A. the；/ B. a；the
C. a；the D. the；a
18. —He says that my new car is a ________ of money.
—Don't you think those words are just sour grapes
A. lack B. load
C. question D. waste
19. Carl is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )studying ________ food science at college and hopes to open up ________ meal processing factory of his own one day.21教育名师原创作品
A. /; a B. /; the C. the; a D. the; the
20. He will ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )come to understand your efforts sooner or later. It's just a matter of ________．
A. luck B. value C. time D. fact
21. In ________ face of increasing energy limits, China needs ________ major breakthrough in mining and exploration.
A. a; a B. the; a
C. /; the D. /; /
22. It is thought t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat ________ custom of colouring eggs was brought to Europe during ________ Middle Ages.
A. the; the B. a; /
C. a; the D. the; /
23. With China's ris ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing economy, ________ car is becoming ________ common means of transportation.
A. a; the B. /; a
C. the; a D. the; the
24. According to ________ survey conducted last month, ________ fourth of the post－90s college graduates prefer online job－hunting. 21*cnjy*com
A. a; a B. a; the
C. /; a D. the; the
25. ________ misuse of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) personal information is annoying to everyone and people call for ________ effective laws to prevent it.
A. The; / B. The; the
C. A; the D. A; /
26. The pianist ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) missed a ________ when playing the piano on the stage in the Grand Theatre last night.
A. line B. chance
C. step D. beat
27. In China, sha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )king hands with each other is a common ________ when people meet for the first time.
A. sense B. practice
C. scene D. rule
28. How do you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) like the ________ that children be sent abroad to study
A. idea B. view
C. opinion D. suggestion
29. A sense of ________ is the basic requirement for people working in the service industry, such as education and health care.
A. agreement B. attention
C. carefulness D. devotion
30. —Everyone knows s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )moking is harmful to health, but still so many people smoke.
—Exactly! So our count ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ry is planning to start a ______ against smoking.
A. war B. campaign
C. struggle D. motion
【答案】1. A　2. C　3. B　4. C　5. D　6. B　7. A　8. C
9. B　10. B　11. C　12. A　13. B　14. D　15. A　16. D
17. D　18. D　19. ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) A　20. C　21. B　22. A　23. C　24. A　25. A　26. D　27. B　28. D　29. D　30. B
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