Unit 5 What are the shirts made of
Section A
学习目标
掌握本节生词、短语的表达与运用。
掌握单元语法
3. 通过句型解析,对课文内容有更深入的了解。
知识运用
1. avoid
词性:________ 意思:________
avoid后跟名词、代词或动词-ing 作宾语
练习:To ________ the city center , turn right here please
2. hardly
词性:________ 意思:________
相当于 almost not
表达否定意义,构成否定句,变反意疑问句时后面要用肯定形式。
练习:She can ______ write her own name, can she
3. be made of
意思:________
表示一般从成品能够看出原材料,或发生的是物理变化。
be made from“由......制成”,一般从成品看不出原材料,或发生的是化学变化
be made in“产自......”,指的是产地
be made up of“由......构成”,一般是由多个部分构成
练习:The chair ________ wood.
4. as far as
意思:________
其中as far as作从属连词,为“就......的限度;到......程度”
引导状语从句强调程度或范围,从句中常用动词know,see等
练习:He isn't coming today, ________ I know.
5. product
词性:________ 意思:________
可指“(人工的)产品、制成品”;也可指“(自然的)产物”
练习:The country's main ______ is gold.
句型梳理
1.What are these things usually made of 这些东西通常是用什么制成的
要点精析
本是含被动语态的句子
被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,一般说来,只有及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”“受”“给”等词来表示被动意义
被动语态由“助动词 be+及物动词的过去分词”构成
2. When the leaves are ready, they are picked by hand and then are sent for processing.当叶子长好时,它们被手工采摘,然后被送去加工。
要点精析
在when引导的时间状语从句中,谓语动词表示的动作可以是延续性的,也可以是非连续性的,可与主句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,也可在其后发生
例:I was just reading a book when she came into room.
她走进我房间时,我刚好正在看书
3. What happens next 后来又发生了什么
要点精析
happen意为“发生”,是不及物动词。主要有以下三种用法:
(1)Sth.+ happens/ happened+地点/时间.”意为“某地/某时发生了某事”
例: The accident happened on the road.事故是在这条公路上发生的
(2)Sth.+ happens/happened to+sb.意为“某人出了某事(常指不好的事情发
生在某人身上)”
例:What happened tohim 他出什么事了
(3)Sb.+ happens/ happened+ to do sth.意为“某人碰巧做某事”
例:He happened to make it to the goal.他恰巧实现了他的目标
小贴士
It happens/happened that...”的句型中that 从句中的主语是人时,此句型可以
与“Sb.+happens/happened +to do sth.”句型互换
例:It happened that Peter was at home that day.=Peter happened to be at
homethat day.碰巧那天彼得在家。
4. It seems that many people all over the world drink Chinese tea.
似乎世界各地的很多人都喝中国茶
要点精析
it seems/ seemed that...意为“看起来好像......;似乎......”that 后跟一个句子
例:It seems that he likes his newjob.他看起来好像很喜欢他的新工作
It seems that he islying.他看起来好像在撒谎
5. No matter what you may buy, you might think those products were made in those countries.不管你会买什么,你可能认为那些产品是产自那些国家的
要点精析
"no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever“表示“不管/无论......都......”,它们都可引导让步状语从句,可以互换
例: No matter what happened. he would not mind.=Whatever happened, he
would not mind.无论发生了什么,他都不会介意的
【辨析】no matter what 与 whatever
no matter what 只能引导状语从句
whatever 既可引导状语从句,又可引导名词性从句
语法讲解
1.被动语态概述
语态是动词的一种形式,用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语中的语态有两种
主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,一般说来,只有及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”“受”“给”等词来表示被动意义
例: He opens the door.他打开这扇门。(主动语态
The door is opened.这扇门被打开。(被动语态)
2.被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式,过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也是如此
(1)被动语态的句式变化:
以一般现在时和动词invite为例,列表说明被动语态的句式变化:
2
肯定句:
I am invited.
He/She/It is invited.
We/You/They are invited.
否定句:
I am not invited.
He/She/It is not invited.
We/You/They are not invited.
疑问句:
Am I invited
Is he/she/it invited
肯定回答:
Yes, you are.
Yes, he/she/it is.
否定回答
No, you aren't.
No, he/she/it isn't.
(2)表示客观的说明常用“It is+过去分词+that...”句型
例: It is believed that he is a spy. =He is believed to be a spy大家认为他是个间谍
【知识拓展】
其他常见的“Itis+过去分词+that...”句型还有:
It is reported that...据报道.....
It is said that...据说......
It is suggested that...有人建议.....
3.主动语态变为被动语态的步骤
(1)将主动句的宾语变为主语
Tom saves him.汤姆救了他
-He is saved by Tom.他被汤姆救了
【小贴士】
如果主动句的宾语是代词,需将其由宾格变为主格
(2)将动词改为 be+过去分词”
They hold a meeting today.今天他们召开了一次会议
A meeting is held by them today.今天会议是由他们召开的
【小贴士】
be动词与新主语在数上保持一致,时态不变
(3)将主动语态的主语改为 by..放在谓语动词后
He sings the song.他唱这首歌。
The song is sung by him.这首歌是他唱的
They don't forgive me.他们没有原谅我
4.主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项
(1)主动句中的主语如果是 people,we,you,they,somebody 等含糊地表示“人
们”“大家”的单词,变为被动句时,通常去“by...”,但原主语被强调时除外。
We believe she is a good teacher.我们认为她是一位好老师
+It is believed that she is a good teacher她被认为是一位好老师
(2)含有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的句子,每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语即其被动语态有两种形式,但多以间接宾语作主语
Jack tells us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相
We are told the truth by Jack. /The truth is told to us by Jack.真相是杰克告诉我们的。
5.动词的主动形式表示被动意义
以主动形式表示被动意义的动词多为连系动词,如:look,feel,smell等,下列动词(短语)没有被动式:happen, cost, take place, have。
6.一般现在时的被动语态的句式变化
(1)肯定句:主语+am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词+其他
The kite is made by Mary.这个风等是玛丽做的
(2)一般疑问及其答语:Am/Is/Are+主语+及物动词的过去分词+其他
肯定回答:Yes,主语+am/is/are.
否定回答:No,主语+isn't/aren't.或 No, I'm not.
Is the kite made by Mary 这个风筝是玛丽做的吗
Yes,it is.对,它是。/No, it isn't.不,它不是
(3)否定:主语+am/is/are+not+及物动词的过去分词+其他
The kite isn't made by Mary.这个风筝不是玛丽做的。
【技巧】
一般现在时的被动语态
一般现在时,被动用 be done, be有am ,I s,are。否定be后加not,疑问be放
主语前。
练习:
1. We are going to take the high speed train to Xi'an tomorrow, so an
early arrival at the station _________.
A. advises
B.is advised
C.is advising
D.was advised
2. Rice _________ by hand in many countries, such as China and India
A. grows
B.is grown
C. grew
3. You are not supposed to go to a family party unless you_________
to in the US
A are not invited
B. are invited
C. will be invited
4.The novel __________ by many people today.
A.is read
B. are read
C. reads
D. were read
5. Chopsticks _________ every day when people eat Chinese
food.
A. is used
B. are used
C.was used
答案
知识运用
avoid 2. hardly 3. is made of 4. as far as 5. product
语法精讲
1B A项构成一般现在时的主动语态 项构成一般现在时的被动语态;C项构成现在进行时的主动语态;D项构成在一般过去时的被动语态由此的主语an early
arrival(早到达)与谓语动词advise(建议)之间是被动关系可知,此处应用被动语
态;再由前一分句意思“我们打算明天坐高铁去西安”可知,是现在在谈论某事,因此后一分句“建议早到车站”也应该用现在时态。故用一般现在时的被动语态,选B
2.B分析句子结构可知,主语rice是谓语动词grow的承受者,要用被动语态。由句意“在许多国家,例如中国和印度,水稻靠人工种植”可知,要用一般现在时态,一般现在时的被动语态的结构:am/is/are+过去分词。故选B。
3.B结合选项可知句意为“在美国,你不应该参加家庭聚会,除非你被邀请”。故此处应用肯定形式,排除A;由主句为一般现在时可知,从句应用一般现在时的被动语态其构成:am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词,故选B。
4A本novel主语(小说)和谓语动词read(读)之间存在被动关系,即主语是谓
语动词表示的动作的承受者,此时句子应使用被动语态,谓语动词的构成为“be+及物动词的过去分词”,首先排除C项。再由时间状语 today可知,本句是一般现在时而D项用了一般过去时的被动语态,也应排除。本句主语 novel是单数形式,所以be动词用is,再排除B项。故选A
5.B结合选项可知句意为“当人们吃中餐时,筷子每天都被用到”。该句应使用一般现在时的被动语态,其构成为:am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词。主语 chopsticks为复数形式,应用are,故选B