(共27张PPT)
第一讲 名 词
中考英语考点聚焦和练习
一 中考名词考点汇总
1. 可数名词的单复数;
2. 不可数名词;
3. 专有名词;
4. 名词所有格;
5. 名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题
6. 名词的句法作用;
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
一个用单数,两个或两个以上用复数。
a用于以辅音音素开头的单数名词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单数名词前。
考点一 可数名词的单复数
基础知识点:可数名词复数形式规则变化和不规则变化
知识点一:可数名词由单数变复数的基本规则:
①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map → maps, boy→ boys, horse→ horses,
② 结尾的词加es。如:class→classes, box→boxes, dish→dishes, bench→benche。.
[注] 少数以o结尾的词,变复数时加es。如:potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,hero→heroes,
③以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties。
④以f或fe结尾的名词, 。 如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives。
s x o ch sh
变f或fe为v, 再加es
知识点二 名词复数的不规则变化
A,元音或词尾发生变化。如:man→men, woman→women, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, child→children, mouse→mice等。
B.单复数形式相同。如:Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish等。
C.形式为单数, 意思为复数。如:people(人们), police(警察)等。如果要表达单数形式则要使用其他名词。如:
①一个人a people (×);a person(√) ②一名警察a police(×);a policeman/policewoman(√)。
D.形式为复数意思为单数。如:physics, mathematics/maths, the United States, Niagara Falls, news, falls等。
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标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改。文字数字大小颜色参考此模板
E.只有复数形式的名词,如:trousers, clothes, chopsticks, glasses, scissors, compasses等。
F.集体名词的数。视为整体时,谓语用单数;视为个体时,谓语用复数。如:family, class, team, group等。
G.由man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。如:an Englishman, two Englishmen
但German不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germans。由man, woman作定语时,它的单复数由它所修饰的名词的单复数决定,如:a man worker→two men workers等。
【注意】其他合成名词,只要把合成名词中的中心词变为复数形式。
如:an apple tree→two apple trees; a shoe shop→two shoe shops等。
H 表示某国人的名词单数变复数遵循以下原则:
①中日不变,如:Chinese→Chinese, Japanese→Japanese;
②英法变, 如:Englishman→Englishmen, Frenchman→Frenchmen;
③其余把s加后面,如:American→Americans, German→Germans。
考点二 不可数名词
知识点 不可数名词“量”的表达
如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法:
A.表示不定数量时,不可数名词常用much, a little, little, a lot of, lots of, some, any, a bit of, plenty of等表示,常用it来替代。如:
The rich man has a lot of money. // There is some milk in the bottle.
Is there any water in the glass // I don’t like winter because there’s too much snow and ice.
B.不可数名词的数量可借助一个量词来表达,其结构为“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”。不可数名词的复数,是通过把量词变成复数来表达。如:
a piece of paper/ wood/bread/news/meat; a bottle/glass of orange/water/milk/juice; a cup of tea/coffee; a bag of rice 等。
two pieces of paper/ wood/bread/news/meat; two bottles/glasses of orange/water/milk/juice; two cups of tea/coffee; three bags of rice 等。
考点三 专有名词
知识点 专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。专有名词大致有以下五类。
1. 人名:有时与表示称呼、称号或职务的普通名词连用。如:
Mr and Mrs Johnson 约翰逊夫妇;Dr. Brown 布朗博士;Lady Green 格林女士。
2. 地名:有些地名常与普通名词连用;有些加定冠词,有些不加定冠词。
如:Wall Street 华尔街;Room 201 201房间;Tian’anmen Square 天安门广场;
the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋;the Alps 阿尔卑斯山。
3. 时间名:Sunday 星期日;May 五月;Christmas Day 圣诞节;
New Year’s Day 元旦。
4. 报刊名:许多报刊名带定冠词。如:The Saturday Evening Post《星期六晚邮报》;The Times《泰晤士报》。
5. 单位团体名:单位团体名多含普通名词,有些加定冠词,有些不加定冠词。如:
the United Nations 联合国;Class One, Grade Seven 七年级一班
输入文本信息
标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改。文字数字大小颜色参考此模板
输入文本信息
标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改。文字数字大小颜色参考此模板
考点四 名词的所有格
知识点 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如:Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)。
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教师节)。
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s。 如:today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息), China’s population(中国的人口)。
(4) 无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如:a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿)。
2、[注]
① ’s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor‘s(诊所)。
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)。
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)。
输入标题文本信息
标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改。文字数字大小颜色参考此模板
考点五 名词的句法作用
1. 作主语:名词作主语时,谓语动词要在人称和数方面和它的主语一致。如:A girl is over there.
2. 作宾语:I have a computer.
3. 作表语:My father is a teacher.
4. 作定语:The school library was built last year.
(1) 一般情况:名词作定语时要用单数形式。如:an apple tree→two apple trees。
(2) 特殊情况:man, woman作定语时,它的单复数由它所修饰的名词的单复数决定。如:
a man worker→two men workers, a woman doctor→four women doctors等。
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点击此处输入文本信息。标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改,菜单设置中功能区可以对字体、字号、颜色、行距等进行修改。文字数字大小颜色参考此模板
(3) sports 作定语修饰名词时,总是用复数形式。如:a sports meeting 一次运动会。
(4) 与数词合成形容词作定语。如:ten-minute walk, an 8-year-old girl, a seven-day holiday。
5. 作宾补:Tom made his brother a kite .
6. 作同位语:We students must study hard.
考点六 名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题
知识点
1. 谓语和主语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:
The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明。)
The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷。)
2. 集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式, Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班。)
Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图。)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。
There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊。)
There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊。)
4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数,
The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋。)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买。)
6. a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。
A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球。)
A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上。)
7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。
The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果。)
Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品。)
8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。
There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子。)
9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:
Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来。)
10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。
A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边。)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:
Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的)
Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里。)
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12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。
Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间。)
Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance.(两千千米是相当长的一段距离。)
13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ..等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,
Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的。)
A third of the students were playing near the lake.( 三分之一的学生(当时)正在湖边玩耍。)
All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了。)
但是, population一词又有特殊情况:
What’s the population of China (中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数)
Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs.(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人。)(句子用复数)
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实 战 演 练
题组1 名词语法填空
1.If you're looking for some birthday gifts, here is my (suggest).
2.One of my (cousin) went over to her house and taught her how to use it.
3.The wallpaper with cartoon patterns is ideal for my (son) room.
4.I was afraid to ask questions because of my poor (pronounce).
5.A Christmas Carol was written to make every reader think about how they could make a (different) to their society.
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1.According to the latest census(人口普查), China has a p of 1,411.78 million.
2.It's hoped that all (成员)of the public will help to locate them—including you.
3.They got him to the back of the line and three big (女士) said they would watch him and stop him going forward.
4.Raquel's from two countries and has experience and (知识)of two cultures.
5.Reading and listening to light music are good (选择).
6.I plan to go abroad to celebrate my twentieth birthday in (八月).
题组二 名词拼写
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题 组 三 中考真题
1(2023湖北十堰中考真题)—How did you fix up the machine, dad
—It’s easy. I just followed the ________.
A.instructions B.inventions C.interviews D.influences
2(2023山东青岛中考真题)Before flying a plane, a ________ must take a lot of training.
A.policeman B.musician C.nurse D.pilot
3(2023山东东营·中考真题)—What goes up, but never comes down
—Your ________, of course.
A.age B.wealth C.weight D.temperature
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4.(2023·江苏徐州·中考真题)Of all the ________, I love summer best.
A.seasons B.subjects C.colours D.hobbies
5.(2023·辽宁丹东·中考真题)Mary’s parents are interested in ________, so they often take her to concerts.
A.sports B.music C.science D.movies
6.(2023·四川雅安·中考真题)Nancy, please take your ________ with you to school. It’s raining heavily.
A.cup B.watch C.umbrella D .dictionary
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