北师大版（2019）必修第一册Unit2 Sports and Fitness Lesson1 The Under dog定语从句课件(共50张PPT)

(共50张PPT)
定语从句
Relative Clauses
Contents
一、什么是定语？
二、什么是定语从句？
三、定语从句的核心考点
四、定语从句真题集训
一、什么是定语？
1. 用来修饰某个名词或代词的句子成分
2. 可以放在名词之前；也可以放在名词或代词之后
3. 在翻译时通常带有一个“的”
The beautiful girl is Angelababy.
The beautiful girl who can speak good English is Angelababy.
先行词
关系词
定语从句
定语
一个句子起到了定语功能叫做定语从句。被修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句需用关系词（关系代词和关系副词）引导。
二、什么是定语从句？
二、什么是定语从句？
当定语成分由一个句子来充当时，这个句子就叫定语从句，即用一个句子去修饰另一个句子中的某个名词或代词　
1. 功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。
2. 位置：定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。
Is he the man who / that wants to see you
Those who are for the plan raise your hands, please.
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
As is known to us all, the earth is spinning around the sun.
3. 先行词：被定语从句修饰词称为先行词。
先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如：some-, any-, every-, no-与-body，-thing的合成词或all, none, any, some, that, those等代词。数词和人称代词也同样可作先行词。
4. 关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。
关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as等。
关系副词：when, where, why等。
5. 关系词在定语从句中的作用：
（1）连接作用：连接主句与从句。
（2）替代作用：指代先行词。
（3）成分作用：在定语从句中充当一个句子成分。
考 点 精 析
框架结构图
定语从句
关系词
定义
分类
that和which的区别
关系代词
关系副词
指代人
who
whom
whose
that
as
指代物
which
whose
that
as
when --- 时间
where--- 地点
why --- 原因
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
只用that的情况
只用which的情况
关系代词
1
关系代词who
1
11
关系代词whom
2
12
关系代词that
3
13
that
关系代词that
4
14
that
关系代词which
5
15
关系副词
2
关系副词when, where, why
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用。
when指时间＝in/at/on/during which
where指地点＝in/at/on which
why指原因＝for which
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer
关系副词when
1
关系副词 代替功能 在从句中的成分 例句
when(＝at/on/in/ during which) 时间名词 时间状语 She still remember the day when (on which) she won the prize.她仍然记得她获奖的那一天。
关系副词where
2
关系副词 代替功能 在从句中的成分 例句
where(＝in/at which) 地点名词 地点状语 This is the factory where (at which) his father once worked.这就是他父亲曾经工作过的工厂。
关系副词why
3
关系副词 代替功能 在从句中的成分 例句
why(＝for which) reason 原因状语 He didn't know the reason why (for which) he was dismissed.
他不知道他为什么被解雇了。
关系词的选择
3
1．确定关系词三步走：
(1)先找先行词，看先行词指的是什么。
(2)看从句中是否缺成分，缺什么成分。如果从句中缺主语、表语、宾语和定语,就用关系代词；如果从句中缺状语,就用关系副词。
(3)依据关系词所充当的成分并结合句意确定关系词。
The house
Have you asked her for the reason
needs repairing.
where he lives
which/that he lives in
that/which my explain her absence
why she was absent
2. 判断关系词在从句中作什么成分, 取决于定语从句中的谓语动词。
This is the point where I disagree.
这就是我不同意的地方。(disagree为不及物动词, 故关系词用where。)
This is the point (which/that) I disagree with.
这就是我不同意的地方。(从句缺少介词with的宾语, 用that/which引导, 也可以省略)
三、定语从句的核心考点
考点1. 在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，只用that而不用which的情况：
(1)当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twain.
(2)先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the very, the same, few等修饰时。
Finally, the thief handed in everything that he had stolen to the police.
(3)先行词为all, much, little, none, few, everything, anything, nothing等不定代词时。
He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.
(4)先行词中既有人又有物时。
He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.
He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.
(5)先行词在主句中作表语时。
The village is no longer the one that was five years ago.
(6)关系代词在从句中做表语
He is not the man that he used to be.
(7)当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。
Which are the books that you bought for me
Who is the person that is standing at the gate
考点2.在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，只用which而不用that的情况：
(1)在非限制性定语从句中。
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
(2)当关系词前有介词时。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
(3)当先行词本身是that时。
Natural water is that which contains impurities (杂质).
联想：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别？
有无逗号 能否用that，why引导 先行词是（词/句） 关系词是否能省略
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
This is the girl ________________ I met in the street.
He made a new friend, ______ he liked very much.
The five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.
whom
（that / who / whom）
关系代词在从句中作宾语时能省
不能
无
有
词或句
词
能
不能
(不用who，不可省)
(which 指代前面一整句话) (能填it吗？)
(作宾语可省略）
考点3. 关系代词who与that指人时，根据不同情况分别用不同的关系词。
(1)当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。
There is a stranger who wants to see you.
(2)先行词是anyone, those, someone, everyone, one等词时，关系词用who。
One who doesn’t work hard will never succeed in his work.
(3)当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。
Who is that girl that is standing by the window
whom：指人，作宾语 (在限制性定语从句中作宾语可省略，可换成that / who ,但是在介词+ whom 结构中 ，不能省,不能换) 如：
(1) The man __________________ I talked to is Mr. Li.
(2) The man to _________ I talked is Mr. Li.
考点4. whom
（that / who / whom）
whom
1）介词与先行词搭配
I’m looking for a basket ____ ________I can put all these peaches.
2) 介词与从句中的动词、形容词搭配
There wasn’t a single person _____ _______ I could turn for help.
China is a powerful country,___ ______ we are greatly proud.
3)据句意判断
The colorless gas,_________ _________ we can’t live,is called oxygen.
联想：介词 + whom （指人）/ which（指物） 结构中介词怎么选择？
without which
to whom
of which
in which
4)of which / whom 表“所有”或“……中的一部分”
The old woman has three sons，all / two _____________ are doctors.
The old woman has three sons; all / two of _____________ are doctors.
The old woman has three sons and all / two of _____________ are doctors.
The old woman has three sons. All / two of _____________ are doctors.
them
(能填of them吗？)
them
of whom
them
whose + n.
= the + n. + of which / whom = of which / whom + the+ n.
(1)I’ d like a house ________ windows face the sea.
= …the windows of which / of which the windows face the sea.
(2) I ’ like to thank Mr. Smith ,without ________ help ,I wouldn't have gone so far.
(3)The boss in _______ company I worked for 10 years has retired.
考点5. whose “人 / 物 的……”
whose
whose
whose
(能填his吗？)
考点6. as引导的限制性和非限制性定语从句
关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
(1)先行词被such和the same修饰，或句型as many (much)中，从句都用as引导。
Such books as you bought for me as a gift are useful.
注意：
①such...that...引导结果状语从句。如：
They are such beautiful flowers that we love them much.
②the same...as...和the same...that...都可引导定语从句，前者表示“与……同样的(同类不同个)”；后者表示“同一个，就是那个”如：
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.
这同我昨天丢失的那支钢笔一样。(但不是同一支)
This is the same pen that I lost yesterday.
这就是我昨天丢的那支钢笔。(同一支)
(2)先行词为整个主语或主句的一部分，非限制性定语从句用as或which引导。
区别：
①位置上：as从句可置于句首，也可在句中或句尾：which 引导的非限制定语从句只能放在主句之后。
②意义上：as具有“正如，像”而which常译为“这一点，这件事”。
The Pacific is the largest ocean, as we all know.
The road was too slippery, which caused lots of accidents.
As is known to us all, he is the best student in our class.
③which引导的非限制性定语从句在从句中做主语，其代指整个主句，主从句的关系是因果关系。
The road was too slippery, which caused lots of accidents. (因为路滑，所以出事)
7. 必须注意的问题：
(1)关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的单、复数该如何判定。
(2)注意区别定语从句与强调句。
①定语从句中关系词所作从句成分，在从句中的功能；
②强调句中it无意义，that/who不是引导词；
③去掉it is/was和that/who后，如果句子成分完整，句子能够讲得通（成立）则是强调句，讲不通（不成立）则不是强调句。
It is the art gallery that / which we visited last week. (定语从句)
It was in a five-star hotel that we stayed last night. (强调句)
(3)that引导的定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
①定语从句的引导词称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语，有时可省略。而且这个that还常可以用which来代替。而同位语从句的引导词叫作从属连词，that不充当任何成分，但一般不可省，也不能用which来代替。
The fact that (which) we talked about is very important. (that在从句中作about的宾语 定语从句)
The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody. (that只起连接作用 同位语从句)
The news that you heard is true. (that在从句中作heard的宾语 定语从句)
Here comes the news that some tourists from America will come to our village. (that只起连接作用 同位语从句)
②定语从句的先行词可以是人，也可以是具体事物或抽象概念。修饰其前面名词或代词(先行词)，说明其先行词性质特征的；而同位语从句进一步说明其前面名词(大多为抽象名词)的内容。
We expressed to them our wish that was the same as theirs. (定语从句)
Word came that their army was defeated. (同位语从句)
③根据引导词来区别。如果引导从句的词为when, where或者why，而其前面的名词又分别表示时间、地点、原因等意义，则它们为关系副词，引导的是定语从句。例如：
I’ll never forget the day when I saw the Great Wall. (定语从句)
而这些连接副词与前面的名词意义不相关时，这些词便是连接副词，引导同位语从句前面的名词往往也是idea, truth, news等。例如：
The question when we will start the work is not decided. (同位语从句)
You have no idea how worried I was. (同位语从句)
(4)关系词在定语从句中省略的情况。
①关系词作宾语，前无介词时；
Is there anything (which) you wanted
Who is the man (that /who / whom) you were talking to
②关系词作表语。
China is not the country (that) it was.
(5)关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词一般用which, whom和whose＋名词引导从句。
Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, during which time he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students’ Union.
I have many friends, of whom some are busissmen.
四、定语从句真题集训
单句语法填空
1. (2023·全国乙卷) But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place ____________ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life......
解析：考查定语从句。此空修饰前面表示地点的名词，并同时在从句中做主语，只能用关系代词。故填that / which。
2. (2022·新高考全国I卷) The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ______ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空处应用限制性定语从句的关系词，指代先行词species，指物，并在从句中作主语，且先行词前有all修饰，故只能用关系代词that。故填that。
that / which
that
3. (2021·新高考全国II卷) I decided that if I learned of a company _________　　　　 used a lot of plastic, I’d send it an email urging it to cut back.
解析：考查定语从句。句意:我决定，如果我知道有哪家公司大量使用塑料，我就给它发邮件，敦促它减少使用塑料。分析句子结构可知，所填的词引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a company，关系词在从句中做主语，所以用which或that。
4. (2020·新高考全国I卷) The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum ____________ opened in 1759.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，所填的词引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the British Museum，关系词在从句中做主语，所以用which或that。故填which / that。
which /that
which / that
5. (2020·新高考全国II卷) The Digital World is a set of volumes __________ 　aim to describe how digital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts.
解析：考查定语从句。所填的词引导限制性定语从句，修饰前面的名词volumes，指物，并在从句中作主语，故填that/which。
6. (2020·新高考全国III卷) In ancient China lived an artist _______ paintings were almost lifelike.
解析：考查定语从句引导词。此处为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词artist,指人，且定语从句中缺少定语，故填whose。
that/which
whose
7. (2019·新课标III卷) They were well trained by their masters _______ had great experience with caring for these animals.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters(主人)，且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。
8. (2019·浙江卷) On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ________ gives off light in the dark.
解析：考查定语从句。此空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，且从句中缺少主语，因此用that或which引导。故填that/which。
who
that/which
9. (2019·北京卷) The students benefiting most from college are those _______ are totally engaged (参与) in academic life.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。此空引导定语从句，修饰先行词those，空格处在句中作主语，代指人，故填who。
10. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ) Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ____________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
解析：考查定语从句的关系词。此处引导定语从句，a study是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that或which。
who/that
that / which
11. (2022·全国甲卷) On the 1,100-kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, _____ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句。先行词是Cao Shengkang，关系词在非限制性定语从句中作主语，所以填who。
12. (2020·全国I卷) Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot _______ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句。先行词是表示地点的spot，关系词在非限制性定语从句中作状语，故填where。
where
who
13. (2019·江苏卷改编) We have entered into an age _______ dreams have the best chance of coming true.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入了一个时代，在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行词为an age(一个时代)，且从句中缺少时间状语，所以关系词用when。
14. (2019·天津卷改编) Their child is at the stage _______ she can say individual words but not full sentences.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can say individual words but not full sentences是一个定语从句，先行词是the stage，定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用关系副词where。
when
where
15. (2023·新课标全国III卷) Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, ______ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.
解析：考查非限制性定语从句。空前有逗号，说明是非限制性定语从句，先行词是Confucius孔子，定语从句缺少主语，且指人，故填who。
16. (2019·新课标II卷) Now Irene Astbury works from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, _______ she opened with her late husband Les.
解析：考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened的宾语，故用which。
which
who
17. (2017·全国Ⅲ) But Sarah, ______ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
解析：考查非限制定语从句。引导词代替先行词在从句中作主语，且指人，故用who。
18. (2017·浙江) Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, _______ it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.
解析：考查非限制定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处所在的句子是非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的先行词the garden，且从句中缺少地点状语，故填where。
who
where
19. (全国Ⅰ) But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, ______ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析：考查非限制定语从句。先行词是表示时间的the mid-1980s，且从句中缺少状语，故填关系副词when。
20. (全国Ⅲ ) Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, ______ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.
解析：考查非限制定语从句。所填词引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指人Confucius，且在从句中作主语，故填who。
when
who
21. (广东) Of course whenever they turned to look at him, they had to look at Mary, _______ made her feel like a star.
解析：考查非限制定语从句。由逗号可知此处是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子所表述的内容，故填which。
which