人教版（2019）选择性必修 第二册Unit 1 Science and Scientists Reading and thinking 知识点课件(共27张PPT)

(共27张PPT)
Unit 1 Science and Scientists
Reading and Thinking
John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”
Language Points
过去曾经是
导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡
霍乱的暴发
死于
感到沮丧的
知道如何预防或治疗霍乱
照料
分娩
他的彻底根除霍乱的愿望
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world,until a British doctor. John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
Para.1
used to besevere diarrhoea, dehydration, and even deathoutbreak of choleradie fromfrustrated how to prevent or treat cholera
attend togive birthhis desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
在英国医生约翰 斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，崔乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰 斯诺医生很沮丧。后来，他成了一位名医。甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望
1. frustrated [fr 'stre t d]:adj. 懊恼的; 沮丧的; 失意的
__________ vt. 挫败，阻挠，使感到灰心
__________ adj. 令人沮丧的
__________n.懊恼沮丧 ，令人懊恼的事物
____________懊恼地，沮丧地
同义词 discouraged/depressed/disappointed
用frustrate及其正确形式填空
What _________ me most was the_________ results of our team’s narrow defeat in the final, after which the players looked very _________ and the fans left the stadium in ___________ .
frustrated
frustrating
frustrated
frustration
be frustrated with/at…
frustrate
frustrating
frustration
in frustration
①He was disabled from birth, but he never felt _______ (frustrate), nor did he give in to any difficulty.
②They felt frustrated _____ the lack of progress.
③A poor memory frustrated her efforts ________ (become) an actress.
frustrated
at/with
to become
We must be severe with ourselves.
我们必须对自己严格。
The professor is rather severe on his students.
这位教授对他的学生相当严厉。
【针对练习】
单句语法填空
(1)I do not like to be severe________ anyone, but our own situation is serious.
(2)You should first of all be severe ________yourself and set an example to your kids.
(3)A fire had __________(severe)damaged the warehouse.
2．severe adj. 极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的
(1)be severe on... 对……严厉
be severe with oneself 严于律己
(2)severe weather 恶劣的天气
severe disease严重的疾病
severe looks严肃的表情
(3)severely adv. 严重地；严格地；严厉地
on
with
severely
(1)On the last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore.
(2)She was praised for having attended (on/upon)/to her sick mother.
(2)I can’t go out with you tonight because I have an urgent thing to
.
attend to
3.attend vt.出席；参加 vt.& vi.照顾；护理 vi.处理
attend a meeting/a lecture/school参加会议/听报告/上学
attend to sb. /sth. 照料……；处理……；招待……
attend (on/upon) sb. 伺候某人，照顾某人
教材原句2 In time，he rose to become a famous doctor，and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.后来，他成为一名著名的医生，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾她。
in time作“终于；迟早”讲时，常单独使用，作状语。
in time及时；终于；迟早作“及时”讲时，后常跟for sth. 或to do sth. 。
(1)You will succeed in time ，as long as you don’t give up.
只要不放弃，你总有一天会成功。
(2)The doctor came in time (save) his life.医生及时赶到并抢救了他的生命。
(3)Lucky for him，he was just in time the bus.幸运的是，他及时赶上了公共汽车。
to save
for
教材原句1. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat Cholera.作为一位年轻医生，约翰斯诺变得沮丧，因为没人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。
句式分析：句中how to prevent or treat cholera为“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构，作动词knew的宾语。
大体上
两种截然不同的看法
细菌感染
赞同
证据
因此
两条特定街道
决心做某事
In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why
in general
two contradictory theories
infection from germs
subscribe to
proof
consequently
two particular streets
be determined to do
关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。
Para.2
3. contradictory [ k ntr 'd kt ri] adj. 相互矛盾的; 对立的; 不一致的
contradict v 相抵触，相矛盾 contradiction n 矛盾
be contradictory to… 与……矛盾、相反
self-contradictory adj.自相矛盾的
What he said was contradictory to the truth.
1.We are faced with two apparently___________ (contradict) statements.
2.He kept _________ (contradict) himself when we were arguing—I think he was a bit confused.
contradictory
contradicting
His remark was contradictory to the truth.
4. infection[ n'fek n]:n. 感染;传染
_________vt. 使感染;传染
_________adj.被感染的
_________adj.有传染性的；有感染力的
infect
infected
infectious
infect sb. with sth.
sb. be infected with sth.
单句语法填空
(1)Every year, there are people unlucky enough to be infected ________ the flu.
(2)Don’t you find her enthusiasm ________(infect)
完成句子
(3)Are you sure there is ________________now 你确定现在没有感染的危险吗？
(4)The composer________________ terrible bacteria and soon died.
这位作曲家感染了可怕的细菌，不久之后就死了。
with
infectious
no danger of infection
was infected with
5. subscribe[s b'skra b]:vi.认购(股份); 定期订购/缴纳(会费); 定期捐助
①subscribe to 同意/赞成; 定期订阅; 定期捐助
②subscribe A to B 把A捐赠给B
subscriber n. 订阅人；定期捐款者
1.Do you subscribe _____ her optimistic view of the state of the economy
2.is a sum of money ____________ (subscribe) to the relief.
3.它是一本每一位零售商都会订阅的杂志。
It was a magazine that every retailer ______________________ .
【语境串记】
捐助者从不认为自己比别人富有。
The__________ never__________ the view that he is richer than others.
to
subscribed
would subscribe to
subscribes to
subscriber
教材原句 3 One theory was that bad air caused the disease.
有一种理论认为是恶劣的空气导致了这种疾病。
句式分析：本句中that bad air caused the disease是that引导的表语从句, that在从句中不作成分, 没有意义, 只起连接作用
翻译：我曾经梦想能在那个城市有个三居室(three-bedroom)的房子。
My dream was __________________________________________.
that I could have a three-bedroom house in that city
句式分析：本句是复合句, 其中discovered后跟_____引导的________。在宾语从句中, 含有_________引导的________________。
结果状语从句
that
宾语从句
so…that….
教材原句 4 He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. 他发现，在两条特定的街道上，霍乱爆发非常严重，10天内就有500多人死亡。
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40). However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. What is more,in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks
Para.3
在地图上标出确切位置
多例死亡
水泵
尤其是
家庭住户
怀疑……
水泵就是罪魁祸首
似乎……
让人打水
因为
宣布
于是
让人拆掉了水泵把手
通过这一干预举措
mark on a map the exact places
multiple deaths
water pump
especially
household
suspect that
the water pump was to blame
It seemed that
have water delivered
as a result of
announce
accordingly
have the handle of the pump removed
through this intervention
斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)，但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。
____________adj.可疑的，令人怀疑的
_____________n.怀疑
suspicious
suspicion
6. suspect [s 'spekt] v.怀疑; 疑有; 不信任;
['s spekt] n.[C]犯罪嫌疑人; 可疑对象
be suspicious of/about sth.
suspect sth
suspect … to be + n./adj. 怀疑或猜想……是……
suspect sb of (doing) sth 怀疑某人（做过）某事
suspect + that从句
The above complaints are, I suspect, just the tip of the iceberg.
我想，以上的抱怨只是冰山一角。
He resigned after being suspected of theft.
他被怀疑有偷窃行为，随后就辞职了。
accuse sb. of sth. 指控某人某事
warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事
cheat sb. of sth. 欺骗某人某事
inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事
remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事
rob sb. of sth. 抢劫某人某事
convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
1.The boss suspected him ____ taking the computer away from the company.
2.Judging from his expression, I suspected him ______ (be) a thief.
3.Some of his colleagues at work became ___________ (suspect) of his behaviour.
4.他们怀疑他提供伪证，想问他原因。
_________________________false evidence and wanted to ask him the reason.
of
to be
suspicious
They suspected him of giving
即学即练
7. blame v.把…归咎于...; 责怪; 指责 & n.责任; 责备; 指责
blame sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事而责备某人/归咎于..
blame sth. on sb. 把某物归咎到某人身上
be to blame (for sth.) (对坏事)负有责任; (因某事)应受责备
lay/put the blame for sth on sb. 把某事归咎于某人
bear/take the blame (for sth.) (对某事)承担责任
1.Some social app companies were___________(blame)because they didn’t adequately check their users’ registration.
2.Many children are afraid of being blamed making mistakes in speaking English. 许多孩子害怕讲英语时因犯错误而受责备。
3. (blame) by his teacher，the boy was in low spirits.
4. (blame) by his teacher made me sad
完成句子（每空一词）。
1) 如果你误了火车，不要怪我。Don’t ________ ________ if you miss the train.
2) 他们把失败归咎于乔治。
They __________ _______ _______ for the failure _______ George.
3) 医院正在调查事故的责任人是谁。
The hospital is investigating to find out _____ _____ _____ _____ for the accident.
即学即练
to blame
blame me
laid/put the blame
who is
on
for
Blamed
to blame
Being blamed
教材原句 5 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. 斯诺开始在地图上标注所有死者生活的精确地址。
句式分析：where引导定语从句，先行词为_____，where在定语从句中做______；who引导定语从句，先行词为_______，who在从句中作_____。
主语
places
状语
those
It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump
so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
have sth. done
结构
so….that 引导结果状语从句
It seemed that … “看来……”, that引导表语从句
教材原句6 这位妇女似乎非常喜欢水泵里的水，所以每天都让人送到她家去。
(1)It＋不及物动词(短语)＋that从句.
常用于该句型结构有：
It seemed that...(看上去) It happened that …(碰巧)
It turned out that …(证明是) It appeared that...(显得)
(2)“have＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的用法有以下几种：
have sb. /sth. doing让某人做某事(动作具有持续、进行含义)
have sb. do让某人做某事
have sth. done让/请别人做某事；遭受到
(3)【特别提醒】
当“so＋形容词/副词”及such... 放在句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
So afraid was he in the darkness that he didn’t dare to move an inch.
在黑暗中，他太害怕了，一步也不敢动。
Such a difficult question did I find it is that I can’t work it out.
我发现这个题太难，我算不出。
It turned out that we were wrong. 结果证明我们错了。
It happened that he was out that day. 碰巧他那天出去了。
He was so foolish that he accepted her invitation. 他接受她的邀请真是太傻了。
It is so good a camping spot that I’d like to go there again.
这个露营地点如此好，以至于我想再去一次。
There were so few guests that the host felt sad. 宾客如此之少，主人为此感到伤心。
It is such a heavy box that I can’t lift it. 这个箱子如此重以至于我提不起来。
They are such lovely children that we all love them. 这些孩子非常可爱，我们都喜欢他们。
They tried to have her talking, but no use. 他们想让她说话，但没用。
She had planned to have her daughter marry Laurie. 她本打算让女儿嫁给劳里。
As we left we had a photograph taken together.临走时，我们一起照了相。
完成句子
(1)__________________that you disagree on the plan.在我看来你不同意这个计划。
(2)__________________ the harvest was bad that year.那年碰巧收成不好。
(3)We did___________ we were invited to share our idea and experience with all the students of our school.
我们做得很好，以至于被邀请与学校的所有学生分享我们的想法和经验。
(4)She is __________________________________we all like her.
她是一个非常可爱的女孩，我们都喜欢她。
(5)In order to make herself more beautiful, she_______________ yesterday.
为了使自己更漂亮，她昨天把头发剪了。
(6)It is not a good idea to ___________________all the time.
让机器一直运转不是一个好主意。
It seems to me
It happened that
so well that
so lovely a girl that/such a lovely girl that
had her hair cut
have the machine running
即学即练
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water
Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology
Para.4&5
显示A与B间的联系
未处理的废弃物 更容易做某事
纯浄水或开水 世界各地霍乱的威胁
大幅降低 多亏
通过使用地图和数据 改变了科学家研究疾病的方式 被誉为现代流行病学之父
show a link between A and B
raw waste
be likely to
pure or boiled wate
the threat of cholera
a substantial decrease
thanks to
use of maps and statistics
transform the way scientists study diseases
be considered the father of modern epidemiology
事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯浄水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。 经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。然而，霍乱仍是问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰 斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。
7. link[l k]:n.[C]联系; 纽带; 链接& v.把...连接起来; 相关联
单句语法填空
1.Your innovations should be linked ___our school life and be able to make our life better and more convenient.
2.They went on to the town, where they linked ___with the other party.
3.There are a lot of wireless ________ (link) in a radio.
4.地铁将把机场与市中心连接起来。
A subway line __________________________ the city center.
up
link … to/with… 把…与…连接/联系起来、
=connect A to/with B =join A to B
be linked to/with… 与……有关
=be associated with=be connected with=be related to
link up 连接，结合
a link between… and … …和…之间的联系
to
links
will link the airport with/to
8. transform [tr ns'f m]:v.使改观;使改变形态; 改变; 转变
transform A into B(from c) 把A变成B
A be transformed into B (from c) A被变成B
transformer n.促使改变的人或物；变压器
transformation n.[C&U]改变;转化
We can transform electricity into light energy as well as into heat energy.
=Electricity can be transformed into light energy as well as into heat energy (by us).
“把……变成……”的表达方式还有：
(1)translate... into...
把…变成…；把…翻译成…
(2)change/turn... into... 把……变成……
(3)divide... into... 把…变成…；把…划分成…
教材原句6 . The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.
前后两个who均引导定语从句。
教材原句7 Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
通过斯诺的不懈努力，供水公司开始销售洁净水，霍乱对世界各地的威胁大幅减少。
句式分析 ：
“the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease”是一个以无生命的名词词组作主语的句式。“无生命的名词＋see/find/witness…”意为“……经历、发生、见证、目睹某事”。有些动词，如see, find, witness等，可以用地点或时间名词作主语，表示某地或某时经历、发生、见证或目睹某事。
The city has seen great changes since 1990．自1990年以来，这个城市发生了巨大的变化。
The twentieth century witnessed two world wars.二十世纪经历了两次世界大战。
完成句子
(1)________________ the improvement of people’s life.这棵老树见证了人们的生活得到了改善。
(2)________________him wandering alone in the evening.傍晚，他独自一人在寂静的街道上徘徊。
英译汉
(3)The last ten years have witnessed great changes in our city.
_______________________________________
(4)The street light found the girl crying.______________________________________
The old tree has seen
The quiet street found
过去十年我们的城市发生了巨大的变化
街灯下那个女孩在哭
During those times, music can help you in the same way(that/in which)it helped me.
在那些时候，音乐可以像帮助我一样帮助你。
He found a way which/that led to success. 他找到了一条通向成功的路。
The way(that/which)he told me sounds ridiculous, but I will give it a try.
他告诉我的方法听起来很可笑，但我要试一试。
教材原句8 Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.此外，通过使用地图和统计数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。
【句式剖析】
本句是主从复合句“scientists study diseases”是省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰“the way”。
在含有定语从句的复合句中，the way作先行词时有以下三种情况：
(1)关系词在定语从句中作状语，关系词用in which，that或省略。
(2)关系词在从句中作主语，关系词用that或which。
(3)关系词在从句中作宾语，关系词用that, which或省略。
【针对练习】
单句语法填空
(1)What surprised me was not what he said but the way _______________ he said it.
(2)No one will support the way _______________ he mentioned at the meeting.
(3)Is this the way __________ was against by many people
完成句子
(4)The Smiths are praised for__________________their children.
史密斯夫妇因教育孩子的方式而受到称赞。
(5)I don’t know____________________ such a big fire.
我不知道汤姆是怎么在这么大的火灾中幸存下来的。
(6)Is this the way you can imagine_______________________________
这是你能想象到的减少空气污染的方法吗？
in which/that/省略
that/which/省略
which/that
the way they bring up
the way Tom survived
to reduce/of reducing the air pollution