Unit 4 Space Exploration Section Ⅳ写作指导
Ⅰ.阅读理解
(2023·湖南省湖南师大附中高一下阶段检测)
If Mars were the popular kid in school，Venus (金星) would be the unwelcome one sitting in the corner, largely ignored.Venus has nearly the same mass and size as Earth, but being closer to the sun, it gets nearly twice as much heat from the sun.
However, instead of having a climate that is just a warmer version of Earth's, Venus's surface and atmosphere are unbearable：clouds of sulphuric acid (硫酸) blanket the planet, while at ground level, it is hot enough to melt lead.Despite this, there is now a sign that Venus may harbour life.
Jane Greaves at Cardiff University，UK, and her colleagues recently detected phosphine (磷化氢) in Venus's atmosphere, with one potential explanation that it is the by-product of biology.That is because the only way this gas is made on Earth is in laboratories or by microbes (微生物)．Though this doesn't mean it was produced by life on Venus, attempts to find non-biological explanations for its presence have so far failed.
Our best way of confirming or rejecting the possibility of life on Venus is to go and have a proper look.While Mars has been the focus of interplanetary exploration efforts lately, the phosphine discovery lets people look at Venus in a new light.As NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine tweeted：“It's time to prioritize Venus.”
In the months and years to come, computer simulations will be used to further study the possible chemistries of the atmosphere on Venus.More laboratory experiments will be conducted to try to identify other ways the phosphine there could be produced.However, there is no guarantee that these efforts will reveal the true nature of this substance on Venus.A newly-proposed strategy is to directly sample the atmosphere and surface of Venus.By doing so, we would be able to take direct measurements of phosphine.
The discovery of phosphine in Venus's atmosphere is a great accomplishment.The scientific efforts may be just what we need to finally refocus on this neglected world.Possibly, the quiet kid in the corner may get the last laugh.
文章大章：本文是一篇说明文。随着磷化氢被发现在金星，科学家们相信金星上可能孕育着生命。
1．Which description about Venus is not true？ C
A．It is almost as large as Earth.
B．It has nearly the same mass as Earth.
C．It has a warmer Earth-like climate.
D．It has the unbearable surface and atmosphere.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“However, instead of ...melt lead.(然而，金星的气候并不是只比地球温暖一点，金星的表面和大气层令人难以忍受：硫酸云覆盖了整个行星，而在地面上，温度高到足以融化铅。)”可知，C项“金星有像地球一样温暖的气候。”错误。故选C。
2．What can the discovery of phosphine on Venus indicate B
A．This kind of gas is very common.
B．There might exist signs of life.
C．Many products can be made with it.
D．Experiments were once conducted there.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Despite this, ... life.(尽管如此，现在有迹象表明金星上可能有生命。)”以及第三段第一句“Jane Greaves ... biology.(英国卡迪夫大学的简·格里夫斯和她的同事最近在金星的大气层中发现了磷化氢，一种可能的解释是，它是生物的副产品。)”可知，磷化氢的发现表明金星上可能有生命的迹象。故选B。
3．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about？ A
A．The approaches to exploring phosphine.
B．The importance of observations.
C．The power of computer simulations.
D．The necessity to analyse phosphine.
解析： 段落大意题。根据第五段内容可知，本段提到了“computer simulations(计算机模拟)”，“laboratory experiments(实验室实验)”和“sample the atmosphere and surface of Venus(采集金星大气和表面的样本)”等方法来探索金星上的磷化氢，因此第五段主要说明了探索磷化氢的方法。故选A。
4．Which can best describe the author's attitude to the exploration of Venus？ C
A．Casual. B．Cautious.
C．Supportive. D．Doubtful.
解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The discovery of ... this neglected world.(在金星大气中发现磷化氢是一项伟大的成就。科学努力可能正是我们最终重新关注这个被忽视的世界所需要的。)”可推知，作者对于探索金星持支持的态度。故选C。
Ⅱ.七选五
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How to keep your child interested in Space Science Does your child wish to explore our galaxy (星系) Does Space Science fascinate him？ 1.D .Instead, keep fuelling his interest.Read on to find out what you should do.
Firstly, both you and your child should understand that working at a space centre doesn't mean being an astronaut alone.Staff at space centres include mathematicians, scientists, accountants, human resource personnel, educators and soon. 2.B , your child might even get to send someone into space.Excelling in academics and physical fitness are the key points for being selected as candidates (候选人)．Keeping these in mind, let's take a look at four ways to keep fuelling your child's interest in Space Science.
1．Read books. 3.G , introduce your child to them early on.Nothing like books can transport your little ones into the fascinating world of space.
2．Attend space-themed parties.Plan birthday or house parties on the theme of space.Involve your child and, maybe, his friends or cousins, in getting the props, settings and costumes ready. 4.A .That way, the preparation will be a learning experience for your child.
3．Go on field trips.Why not visit planetariums (天文馆) and space centres for holiday outings with your child？ 5.F .Your child will get to see space scientists at work and even get to watch special documentaries at the site.
4．Watch special space events.Whenever there is a satellite launch or an eclipse, make sure you get your child to watch it.If you can do it live, there is nothing like it.The run-up to the count-down will surely excite your child.
With all these activities, you can surely keep your child's interest in Space Science alive.
A．You can combine fun and learning
B．If not actually stepping into space
C．Try to go “home-made” as far as possible
D．Do not prevent him from dreaming big
E．If your child is drawn towards Space Science
F．Teach them not only to ask questions but how to research answers
G．Whether it is science fiction or general knowledge books related to space
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何让你的孩子对太空科学感兴趣。
解析：
1. 根据下文“Instead, keep fueling his interest.”可知，此处应说明要激发孩子对太空科学的兴趣，支持他们探索太空的梦想。D项(不要阻止他做远大梦想)引出下文。故选D。
2. 根据下文“your child might even get to send someone into space”可知，你的孩子可能不是自己去太空，而是送别人进入太空。B项(如果不是真正踏入太空)引出下文。故选B。
3. 根据下文“introduce your child to them early on(尽早将它们介绍给您的孩子)”可知，要让孩子尽早接触太空探索类的书籍。G项(无论是科幻小说还是与太空有关的一般知识书籍)引出下文。故选G。
4. 根据上文“Attend space-themed parties.”和下文“That way, the preparation will be a learning experience for your child.”可知，在举办太空派对的同时也能学到一些东西。A项(你可以把乐趣和学习结合起来)承上启下。故选A。
5. 根据下文“Your child will get to ... at the site.”可知，要让孩子实地去探查。F项(教他们不仅要问问题，还要教他们如何探索答案)引出下文。故选F。
Ⅲ.完形填空
阅读下面短文，从每小题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
The International Space Station (ISS) is a huge space station.It is being 1.D by thousands of people from 16 countries.All these people are trying to find out if humans can one day build 2.C in space.
Floating 230 miles above Earth, the International Space Station currently 3.A huge building-block project out in space.US space shuttles and Russian rockets have been 4.B tools and pieces of the 5.A into space to help finish building it.From the beginning of its construction in 1998 to its 6.D , more than 100 major pieces will be put together to create this amazing space station.When 7.D , it will be the largest structure ever to fly above Earth.The ISS will be larger than a football field and will weigh about one million pounds.
In addition to helping build the space station， 8.A are trying to answer such questions as these：How does space travel affect germs Does the human body break down food 9.A in space Someday, the station may even serve as a launch-pad(发射台) for trips to other 10.B , such as Mars.Because of its impressive size, the ISS needs a lot of 11.C .Like other man-made bodies in space, its power comes from the sun.To create solar, energy, large panels(嵌板) are lined with special materials.These materials 12.A the sun's energy and change it into electricity.
So what does it cost to build such a 13.B It costs over 60 billion dollars. 14.D this may seem astronomical, it may be a small price to pay for a project that enables some of the world's finest scientists to work together, exploring space for the world's 15.B .
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了国际空间站的建设情况。
1．A.discussed B．used
C．driven D．constructed
解析： 考查动词词义辨析。由后文的“From the beginning of its construction in 1998”可知，这里应该讲的是国际空间站的修建。故选D。
2．A.schools B．shops
C．homes D．factories
解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：所有这些人都在试图发现人类是否有一天能在太空中建设家园。A.schools学校；B.shops商店；C.homes家；D.factories工厂。根据前面“humans can one day”可知，整句话上升到人类是否在外太空生存的高度，所以应讲人们希望在太空建造家园。故选C。
3．A.looks like B．comes from
C．turns into D．belongs to
解析： 考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：目前，国际空间站漂浮在距地球230英里的高空，看起来就像一个巨大的太空建筑工程。A.looks like看起来像；B.comes from来自；C.turns into变成；D.belongs to属于。根据下文“huge building-block”表“巨大积木”可知，此处形容空间站像积木一样。故选A。
4．A.changing B．transporting
C．breaking D．dividing
解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：美国的航天飞机和俄罗斯的火箭一直在将空间站的工具和部件运送到太空，来帮助完成空间站的建设。A.changing改变；B.transporting运输；C.breaking打破；D.dividing划分。根据前文“Floating 230 miles above Earth”可知，空间站离地球很远，工具和部件是从地球运输到太空的。故选B。
5．A.station B．material
C．metal D．product
解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：美国的航天飞机和俄罗斯的火箭一直在将空间站的工具和部件运送到太空，来帮助完成空间站的建设。A.station站；B.material原材料；C.metal金属；D.product产品。根据后文“this amazing space station”可知，此处应表示为空间站(的工具和部件)。故选A。
6．A.design B．progress
C．popularity D．completion
解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：从1998年开始建造到完成，将有100多个主要部件组装在一起，创造出这个令人惊叹的空间站。A.design 设计；B.progress进步；C.popularity流行；D.completion完成。根据前面“From the beginning of its construction”中“开始建造”对应，此处应选完成(建造)。故选D。
7．A.applied B．closed
C．entered D．finished
解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：建成后，它将成为有史以来在地球上空飞行的最大的建筑。A.applied应用；B.closed关闭；C.entered 进入；D.finished完成。根据前面“construction”可知，太空站在建造中，此处指太空站完成建造后情况。故选D。
8．A.scientists B．professors
C．architects D．workers
解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：除了帮助建造空间站外，科学家们还试图回答这样的问题：太空旅行如何影响细菌？人体在太空中分解食物的方式不同吗？A.scientists科学家；B.professors教授；C.architects建筑师；D.workers工人。根据后文“some of the world's finest scientists to work together”前后对应，此处应填科学家。故选A。
9．A.differently B．actively
C．instantly D．wholly
解析： 考查副词词义辨析。句意：除了帮助建造空间站外，科学家们还试图回答这样的问题：太空旅行如何影响细菌？人体在太空中分解食物的方式不同吗？A.differently不同地；B.actively活跃地；C.instantly立即地；D.wholly完全地。根据下文“in space”可知，本句主要表达太空的生活方式和地球的不同。故选A。
10．A.surfaces B．planets
C．locations D．lands
解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：有一天，空间站甚至可能成为前往其他星球(如火星) 的发射台。A.surfaces表面；B.planets星球；C.locations位置；D.lands地。根据后文“Mars”火星可知，此处主要讲星球。故选B。
11．A.astronauts B．experts
C．power D．space
解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于其巨大的体积，国际空间站需要大量的能量。A.astronauts宇航员；B.experts专家；C.power能量；D.space空间。根据后文“its power comes from the sun”可知，此处应填能量。故选C。
12．A.collect B．produce
C．provide D．consume
解析： 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些材料收集太阳的能量并将其转化为电能。A.collect收集；B.produce生产；C.provide提供；D.consume消费。根据后文的“change it into electricity”可知，在太阳能转换电能之前是收集太阳能。故选A。
13．A.house B．structure
C．mode D．system
解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：那么建造这样一个结构需要多少成本呢？A.house房子；B.structure构造；C.mode模型；D.system系统。根据句意，和前文“huge building-block project”和“From the beginning of its construction in 1998”可知，太空站是一个像积木一样的构造物，此处应填structure。故选B。
14．A.Since B．If
C．When D．Although
解析： 考查连词词义辨析。句意：尽管这(些花费)看起来太大了，但对于一个能让世界上一些最优秀的科学家一起为了世界的未来探索太空的项目来说，这可能是一个很小的代价。A.Since自从；B.If如果；C.When当；D.Although虽然。根据分析可知，这两句话是转折关系，用Although引导让步状语从句。故选D。
15．A.existence B．future
C．peace D．dream
解析： 考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管这(些花费)看起来太大了，但对于一个能让世界上一些最优秀的科学家一起为了世界的未来探索太空的项目来说，这可能是一个很小的代价。A.existence存在；B.future将来；C.peace和平；D.dream梦想。根据前文“to find out if humans can one day build 2 in space”可知，探索太空是为了人类的未来。故选B。
Ⅳ.语法填空
阅读短文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
As you know, science plays 1.a very important role in our education.Do you want to keep up with the latest research and discoveries in science There are many good websites 2.where you can check out the latest in the science world.
One great site is Science News for Kids.This site reports science news 3.covering (cover) a wide range of subjects.The articles are intended 4.for younger readers, 5.but adults will find this site suitable for them as well.Another wonderful site, one that I check out every day， 6.is called (call) Science Daily.The site is 7.constantly (constant) updated with news, often about exciting 8.findings (finding) that change how we view the world.
These sites post the latest stories and also keep all the past articles they 9.posted (post) earlier.That way you can find just about anything that 10.is (be) related to the science fields your are interested in.
文章大意：本文讲述了两个可以用来了解世界上最新的科学进展的网站，从而能让我们时刻追踪自己感兴趣的科学领域。
解析：
1. 考查冠词。固定短语play a role in 意为“在……方面起作用”，且very 为辅音音素开头的单词，因此用不定冠词 a。故填a。
2. 考查定语从句。本句为定语从句修饰先行词 websites 意为“网站”，是一个具有地点意义的名词，从句中缺少状语，因此关系副词 where 在从句中作为地点状语。故填where。
3．考查非谓语动词。结合句意可知，这个网站报道科学新闻，并且涵盖范围广，有许多科目。cover在本句中用非谓语动词形式作定语，且与 science news 之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，因此用 cover 的现在分词形式。故填covering。
4. 考查介词。固定搭配be intended for“专为……；打算为……所用”，故填for。
5. 考查连词。句意：这些文章是为年轻读者准备的，但是成年人也会发现这个网站适合他们。结合上下文语境可知为转折关系，故填but。
6．考查动词的时态语态。句意：另外一个我每天浏览的网站叫做每日科学。网站名应该是被别人叫，因此应使用被动语态，文章时态是一般现在时，主语为Another wonderful site谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填is called。
7．考查副词。空后面为动词，副词修饰动词。故填constantly。
8．考查名词。根据空后的定语从句“that change how we view the world”可知，that是引导词，change 是动词原形，说明前面的先行词为可数名词的复数形式。故填findings。
9．考查动词。根据空处所在句子“and also keep all the past articles they (posted) earlier”可知，过去的文章是早先发表的，因此动词应变形为一般过去式。故填posted。
10. 考查主谓一致。根据空处所在的句子可知，that引导定语从句， 代替的先行词是 anything，因此谓语动词应为单数形式，且句子时态为一般现在时。故填is。
Ⅴ.应用文写作
(2023·全国甲卷)
你们学校正举办主题为“用英文讲中国故事”的征文活动。请你以一位中国历史人物为题写一篇短文投稿，内容包括：
1．人物简介及事迹；
2．意义或启示。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2．题目已为你写好。
参考范文：
Confucius is a well-known figure in Chinese history.His teachings emphasized the importance of moral values, respect for elders, and social harmony.Confucius traveled throughout the country, imparting his wisdom to countless disciples and leaving a profound impact on Chinese society.
The significance of Confucius cannot be overstated.His teachings shaped the moral and ethical foundation of Chinese culture, fostering respect for authority, harmonious relationships, and the pursuit of knowledge.Even today, his ideas continue to guide individuals and communities in China and beyond.
Confucius's life offers valuable lessons.He stressed the self-cultivation, respect for elders, and the pursuit of knowledge, which serves as a guiding light in our fast-paced and interconnected world.His teachings remind us of the importance of integrity, compassion, and social responsibility.Unit 4 Space Exploration Section Ⅳ写作指导
Ⅰ.阅读理解
(2023·湖南省湖南师大附中高一下阶段检测)
If Mars were the popular kid in school，Venus (金星) would be the unwelcome one sitting in the corner, largely ignored.Venus has nearly the same mass and size as Earth, but being closer to the sun, it gets nearly twice as much heat from the sun.
However, instead of having a climate that is just a warmer version of Earth's, Venus's surface and atmosphere are unbearable：clouds of sulphuric acid (硫酸) blanket the planet, while at ground level, it is hot enough to melt lead.Despite this, there is now a sign that Venus may harbour life.
Jane Greaves at Cardiff University，UK, and her colleagues recently detected phosphine (磷化氢) in Venus's atmosphere, with one potential explanation that it is the by-product of biology.That is because the only way this gas is made on Earth is in laboratories or by microbes (微生物)．Though this doesn't mean it was produced by life on Venus, attempts to find non-biological explanations for its presence have so far failed.
Our best way of confirming or rejecting the possibility of life on Venus is to go and have a proper look.While Mars has been the focus of interplanetary exploration efforts lately, the phosphine discovery lets people look at Venus in a new light.As NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine tweeted：“It's time to prioritize Venus.”
In the months and years to come, computer simulations will be used to further study the possible chemistries of the atmosphere on Venus.More laboratory experiments will be conducted to try to identify other ways the phosphine there could be produced.However, there is no guarantee that these efforts will reveal the true nature of this substance on Venus.A newly-proposed strategy is to directly sample the atmosphere and surface of Venus.By doing so, we would be able to take direct measurements of phosphine.
The discovery of phosphine in Venus's atmosphere is a great accomplishment.The scientific efforts may be just what we need to finally refocus on this neglected world.Possibly, the quiet kid in the corner may get the last laugh.
文章大章：本文是一篇说明文。随着磷化氢被发现在金星，科学家们相信金星上可能孕育着生命。
1．Which description about Venus is not true？
A．It is almost as large as Earth.
B．It has nearly the same mass as Earth.
C．It has a warmer Earth-like climate.
D．It has the unbearable surface and atmosphere.
2．What can the discovery of phosphine on Venus indicate
A．This kind of gas is very common.
B．There might exist signs of life.
C．Many products can be made with it.
D．Experiments were once conducted there.
3．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about？
A．The approaches to exploring phosphine.
B．The importance of observations.
C．The power of computer simulations.
D．The necessity to analyse phosphine.
4．Which can best describe the author's attitude to the exploration of Venus？
A．Casual. B．Cautious.
C．Supportive. D．Doubtful.
Ⅱ.七选五
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How to keep your child interested in Space Science Does your child wish to explore our galaxy (星系) Does Space Science fascinate him？ 1. .Instead, keep fuelling his interest.Read on to find out what you should do.
Firstly, both you and your child should understand that working at a space centre doesn't mean being an astronaut alone.Staff at space centres include mathematicians, scientists, accountants, human resource personnel, educators and soon. 2. , your child might even get to send someone into space.Excelling in academics and physical fitness are the key points for being selected as candidates (候选人)．Keeping these in mind, let's take a look at four ways to keep fuelling your child's interest in Space Science.
1．Read books. 3. , introduce your child to them early on.Nothing like books can transport your little ones into the fascinating world of space.
2．Attend space-themed parties.Plan birthday or house parties on the theme of space.Involve your child and, maybe, his friends or cousins, in getting the props, settings and costumes ready. 4. .That way, the preparation will be a learning experience for your child.
3．Go on field trips.Why not visit planetariums (天文馆) and space centres for holiday outings with your child？ 5. .Your child will get to see space scientists at work and even get to watch special documentaries at the site.
4．Watch special space events.Whenever there is a satellite launch or an eclipse, make sure you get your child to watch it.If you can do it live, there is nothing like it.The run-up to the count-down will surely excite your child.
With all these activities, you can surely keep your child's interest in Space Science alive.
A．You can combine fun and learning
B．If not actually stepping into space
C．Try to go “home-made” as far as possible
D．Do not prevent him from dreaming big
E．If your child is drawn towards Space Science
F．Teach them not only to ask questions but how to research answers
G．Whether it is science fiction or general knowledge books related to space
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何让你的孩子对太空科学感兴趣。
Ⅲ.完形填空
阅读下面短文，从每小题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
The International Space Station (ISS) is a huge space station.It is being 1. by thousands of people from 16 countries.All these people are trying to find out if humans can one day build 2. in space.
Floating 230 miles above Earth, the International Space Station currently 3. huge building-block project out in space.US space shuttles and Russian rockets have been 4. tools and pieces of the 5. into space to help finish building it.From the beginning of its construction in 1998 to its 6. , more than 100 major pieces will be put together to create this amazing space station.When 7. , it will be the largest structure ever to fly above Earth.The ISS will be larger than a football field and will weigh about one million pounds.
In addition to helping build the space station， 8. are trying to answer such questions as these：How does space travel affect germs Does the human body break down food 9. in space Someday, the station may even serve as a launch-pad(发射台) for trips to other 10. , such as Mars.Because of its impressive size, the ISS needs a lot of 11. .Like other man-made bodies in space, its power comes from the sun.To create solar, energy, large panels(嵌板) are lined with special materials.These materials 12. the sun's energy and change it into electricity.
So what does it cost to build such a 13. It costs over 60 billion dollars. 14. this may seem astronomical, it may be a small price to pay for a project that enables some of the world's finest scientists to work together, exploring space for the world's 15. .
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了国际空间站的建设情况。
1．A.discussed B．used
C．driven D．constructed
2．A.schools B．shops
C．homes D．factories
3．A.looks like B．comes from
C．turns into D．belongs to
4．A.changing B．transporting
C．breaking D．dividing
5．A.station B．material
C．metal D．product
6．A.design B．progress
C．popularity D．completion
7．A.applied B．closed
C．entered D．finished
8．A.scientists B．professors
C．architects D．workers
9．A.differently B．actively
C．instantly D．wholly
10．A.surfaces B．planets
C．locations D．lands
11．A.astronauts B．experts
C．power D．space
12．A.collect B．produce
C．provide D．consume
13．A.house B．structure
C．mode D．system
14．A.Since B．If
C．When D．Although
15．A.existence B．future
C．peace D．dream
Ⅳ.语法填空
阅读短文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
As you know, science plays 1. very important role in our education.Do you want to keep up with the latest research and discoveries in science There are many good websites 2. you can check out the latest in the science world.
One great site is Science News for Kids.This site reports science news 3. (cover) a wide range of subjects.The articles are intended 4. younger readers, 5. adults will find this site suitable for them as well.Another wonderful site, one that I check out every day， 6. (call) Science Daily.The site is 7. (constant) updated with news, often about exciting 8. (finding) that change how we view the world.
These sites post the latest stories and also keep all the past articles they 9. (post) earlier.That way you can find just about anything that 10. (be) related to the science fields your are interested in.
文章大意：本文讲述了两个可以用来了解世界上最新的科学进展的网站，从而能让我们时刻追踪自己感兴趣的科学领域。
Ⅴ.应用文写作
(2023·全国甲卷)
你们学校正举办主题为“用英文讲中国故事”的征文活动。请你以一位中国历史人物为题写一篇短文投稿，内容包括：
1．人物简介及事迹；
2．意义或启示。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2．题目已为你写好。
