Section Ⅱ Discovering Useful Structures
Grammar——限制性定语从句(1)
语法导图
语法讲练
一、定义
1．在主从复合句中修饰或限定主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。它所修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词。引导定语从句的词叫作关系词，包括关系代词和关系副词。
2．定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句与先行词之间的关系非常密切，从句说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况。
3．关系词的作用：连接主句和从句；指代先行词；在从句中充当句子成分。
4．关系词的分类：关系代词：that、which、who、whom、whose、as；关系副词：when、where、why。
D 典例呈现
①The number of people who/that lost their homes reached 100,000.
无家可归的人达到10万。
句中主句为The number of people reached 100,000；定语从句为who/that lost their homes；先行词为people；关系代词为who/that。
②It sounded like a train that/which was going under the house.
它听起来就像一列火车在房子下面驶过。
句中主句为It sounded like a train；定语从句为that/which was going under the house；先行词为a train；关系代词为that/which。
J 即学即练1
分析句子，并译成汉语
①I know the person whose house was destroyed in the earthquake.
句中主句为 I know the person ；定语从句为 whose house was destroyed in the earthquake ；先行词为 the person ；关系代词为 whose 。
译文： 我认识那个人，他的房子在地震中被摧毁了。
②The boy whom the teacher often praises is their monitor.
句中主句为 The boy is their monitor ；定语从句为 whom the teacher often praises ；先行词为 The boy ；关系代词为 whom 。
译文： 老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。
二、关系代词的基本用法
关系代词 先行词 在定语从句中所作的成分
that 人、物 主语、宾语(作宾语时可省略)
which 物 主语、宾语(作宾语时可省略)
who 人 主语、宾语(作宾语时可省略)
whom 人 宾语(作宾语时可省略)
whose 人、物 定语
as 人、物 主语、宾语
D 典例呈现
①Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there
在那边读报纸的那个人是谁？
②The room which we live in is very bright.
我们住的那间房间很明亮。
③The man who visited our class yesterday is our new headmaster.
昨天参观我们班级的那个人是我们的新校长。
④This is the student whom you want to see.
这就是你想要见的学生。
⑤I know the woman whose husband is a worker.
我认识那个妇女，她丈夫是个工人。
W 误区警示
关系代词指代先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语和定语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。
①The story(that/which)you told me it yesterday is interesting.(×)
②The story(that/which)you told me yesterday is interesting.(√)
J 即学即练2
A．用适当的关系代词填空
①Do not cut down the tree that/which gives you shade.
②The film that/which/不填 we saw last night was wonderful.
③I want to thank our teacher who/that let me join this activity.
④This is the room whose window faces south.
⑤This is the boy whom/that/不填 she has taken care of.
⑥She is an independent worker who/that likes to do everything herself.
B．把下列两个简单句合并成一个句子，使第二个句子成为定语从句
①I know a girl.Her mother is a pianist.
I know a girl whose mother is a pianist.
②She married a man.The man is rich.
She married a man who is rich.
③What is the mountain？Diane is trying to climb the mountain.
What is the mountain that Diane is trying to climb？
④This is the new car.The car cost him a lot of money.
This is the new car which cost him a lot of money.
⑤I have just met a lady.I saw the lady last week.
I have just met a lady whom I saw last week.
三、用that不用which的情况
D 典例呈现
①All that must be done has been done.
一切必须做的都已经做了。
②This is the best novel that I have ever read.
这是我读过最好的小说。
③The last place that we visited was the Great Wall.
我们参观的最后一个地方是长城。
④That's the only thing that we can do now.
那是我们现在唯一能做的事情。
⑤My father and his teacher talked of things and persons(that) they remembered in the school.
我父亲和他的老师谈论了他们记得的学校的人和事。
J 即学即练3
单句语法填空
①The first thing that you should do is call the police at once.
②This is the most delicious food that I have ever eaten.
③Tell me everything that you know.
④Sometimes we should ignore the persons and things that upset us.
⑤Which of the books that you bought is the most useful for my writing
四、用which不用that的情况
D 典例呈现
①Here is the car about which I told you.
这就是我跟你说起的那辆车。
②I have lost my pen, which I like very much.
我丢失了我很喜欢的钢笔。
③The clock is that which tells the time.
钟表是告诉人们时间的。
J 即学即练4
单句语法填空
①Football， which is an interesting game，is very popular all over the world.
②That which you told him is what we want to know.
③This is the house in which Mo Yan once lived.
④He bought an American magazine that could give him so much English knowledge and which could help him to kill time.
五、用who不用that的情况
D 典例呈现
①He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
不到长城非好汉。
②There is someone who is singing downstairs.
有人正在楼下唱歌。
③God helps those who help themselves.
自助者，天助之。
④The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
昨晚你遇到的那个男孩是小组长，他学习很努力。
J 即学即练5
单句语法填空
①There is a young lady who is in shock.
②People who want to travel abroad should apply for a passport first.
③One who has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth.
六、定语从句中的主谓一致
D 典例呈现
①The books that were sold out in three weeks were all written by Peter.
三周内卖光的那些书都是彼得写的。
②He is one of the players who were presented with the medal.
他是被授予奖章的运动员之一。
③He is the only one of the players who was presented with the medal.
他是唯一一个被授予奖章的运动员。
J 即学即练6
单句语法填空
①Barbara is easy to recognise as she's the only one of the women who wears (wear)evening dress.
②I'm fond of the piece of music which is (be) popular with the teenagers.
专项练习
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．During the rosy years of elementary school，I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes， which allowed me to keep my high social status.
2．It is the tallest building that Daming has seen ever since he came here.
3．She said she would do anything that could help her mother recover from the disease.
4． As is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.
5．This activity was warmly welcomed by students，all of whom considered it helpful to arouse their learning interest.
6．The moment when you are feeling sad, read what you wrote previously， which will help uplift your spirits.
7．The band was very popular ten years ago, most of whose members were in their twenties.
8．I would like to buy the same book as she is reading.
9．The action of pouring hot water over fine powdered tea is called dian, hence the name dian cha, which was listed (list) as an intangible cultural heritage of Runzhou district in 2019.
10．I have the same magazine as you bought just now.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．This is the magazine (that/which) I like best .
这就是我最喜欢的那本杂志。
2．The girl who/that is singing is one of my classmates.
正在唱歌的女孩是我的一个同学。
3．We're talking about the piano and the pianist (that) we saw last night .
我们正在讨论昨晚见到的钢琴和钢琴家。
4．Everything that should be done has been done.
应当做的事情已经做了。
5．This afternoon we'll go to see the photo show (that/which) you have visited .
今天下午我们要去看你们参观过的照片展。
6．I'll tell you all (that) he told me last week .
我要告诉你他上周告诉我的一切。
7．That tree whose flowers are light red looks very beautiful.
那棵开着淡红色的花的树看起来很漂亮。
8．The girl (who/whom/that) they are talking about is Tom's sister.
他们正在谈论的女孩是汤姆的妹妹。
9．Can you lend me the book (that/which) you bought yesterday
你能借给我你昨天买的那本书吗？
10．Is this the factory (that/which) you visited the other day
这是你那天参观过的那家工厂吗？
Ⅲ.使用定语从句简要介绍你的家人和你
1．我父亲在本市非常著名的一家医院工作。(which/that)
2．我的母亲就在我上学的那所学校教数学。(which/that)
3．她喜欢看著名演员主演的电视剧。(whose)
4．我是一个热爱篮球的男孩。(who)
5．我有几个经常一起打篮球的好朋友。(whom/who/that)
参考范文：
My father works in a hospital which is very famous in our city. My mother teaches maths in the school that I study in. She likes watching TV plays whose leading actors are famous. I am a boy who likes playing basketball. I have several good friends whom I often play basketball with.Section Ⅲ Listening and Talking，Reading for Writing
Ⅰ.重点单词
1． volcano n.火山
2． erupt vi.& vt.(火山)爆发；(岩浆、烟等)喷出
3． supply n.供应(量)；补给；[pl.]补给品 vt.供应；供给
4． typhoon n.台风
5． survive vi.生存；存活 vt.幸存；艰难度过
6． power n.电力供应；能量；力量；控制力
7． pipe n.管子；管道
8． emergency n.突发事件；紧急情况
9． calm adj.镇静的；沉着的 vt.使平静；使镇静→ calmly adv.镇静地；沉着地
10． aid n.援助；帮助；救援物资 vi.& vt.(formal)帮助；援助
11． kit n.成套工具；成套设备
12． crash vt.& vi.碰撞；撞击 n．撞车；碰撞
13． sweep vt.& vi.(swept，swept)打扫；清扫
14． wave n.海浪；波浪 vi.& vt.挥手；招手
15． strike vt.& vi.(struck，struck/stricken)侵袭；突击；击打 n．罢工；罢课；袭击
16． deliver vt.& vi.递送；传达 vt.发表
17． summary n.总结；概括；概要
18． effect n.影响；结果；效果→ effective adj.有效的；实际的
19． length n.长；长度→ long adj.长的；长久的
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．wake up 唤醒；叫醒
2．put up 搭起；张贴
3． in the open air露天；在户外
4． on hand现有(尤指帮助)；临近；在手边
5．more than 超过；多于
6．sweep away 消灭；彻底消除；扫除；冲走
7．stand at 达到特定水平(或数量、高度等)
8．as many as 多达；……之多
9．pay attention to 注意
10．carry out 执行；实施
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．The most powerful earthquake in the past 40 years caused a tsunami that crashed into coastlines across Asia yesterday， killing more than 6,500 people in Indonesia，India，Thailand，Malaysia，and at least four other countries.
昨天，过去40年来最强烈的地震引发的海啸袭击了亚洲的海岸线，造成印度尼西亚、印度、泰国、马来西亚以及至少四个其他国家6 500多人死亡。
2．Fishermen, tourists, hotels, homes, and cars were swept away by huge waves caused by the strong earthquake that reached a magnitude of 9.0.
渔民、游客、旅馆、住宅和汽车都被这场达到9.0级的强震引发的巨浪卷走了。
3．I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home.
我正和我的三个孩子吃早饭，突然海水冲入了我家。
Ⅳ.课文预读
Read the text on Page 54 and then choose the best answers.
1．What's the main idea of the passage？ A
A．Something about the most powerful tsunami in Asia.
B．The cause of the most powerful tsunami in Asia.
C．The loss of the most powerful tsunami in Asia.
D．How to rescue ourselves in times of disaster.
2．What caused the tsunami？ D
A．The hurricane. B．The typhoon.
C．The flood. D．The earthquake.
3．What is the magnitude of the earthquake that happened on December 27,2004？ B
A．7.0. B．9.0.
C．7.5. D．6.0
4．Why were food and supplies hard to deliver？ C
A．Because there were not enough food and supplies.
B．Because rescue teams dared not go.
C．Because conditions were hard and roads were destroyed.
D．Because governments didn't organise rescue teams.
核 心 单 词
1.supply n．供应(量)；补给；[pl.]补给品 vt.供应；供给
①What happens when food and petrol supplies run low
食物和汽油这些补给品减少时会发生什么情况呢？
②Whenever she goes out with her baby, she always takes a large supply of baby food with her.
每次她带孩子出门，总会带上大量的婴儿食品。
③Electrical power is supplied by underground cables.
电力是由地下电缆输送的。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① Strawberries are in short supply this summer.
②The policeman supplied the latest news to the local people.
③People in the poor area are urgently in need of food and medical supplies (supply)．
翻译句子
④At the beginning of the term, students are supplied with a list of books that they are expected to read.
在学期初，学生们拿到了一份他们需要阅读的书目清单。
2.survive vi.生存；存活 vt.幸存；艰难
①These plants cannot survive in very cold conditions.
这些植物无法在非常寒冷的条件下生存。
②The family are struggling to survive on very little money.
这家人在靠很少的钱艰难度日。
③The only survivor of a shipwreck was washed up on a small, uninhabited island.
海难中唯一的幸存者被冲到一个无人居住的小岛上。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①A lot of small companies are having to fight for survival (survive)．
②I don't know how you all manage to survive on your small salary.
③After the plane crash, what the survivors (survive)could do was to wait for rescue on this desert island.
翻译句子
④If he couldn't find his way out of the forest, there would be little chance of survival.
如果他不能找到离开森林的路，他的生存机会很渺茫。
3.calm adj.镇静的；沉着的 vt.使平静；使镇静
①(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Thankfully, Jeff stayed calm and turned off the gas quickly.
谢天谢地，杰夫保持冷静，迅速关掉了煤气。
②He felt the strange calmness stealing over him and it grew deeper and deeper until he fell asleep.
他感到一种奇怪的平静悄悄笼罩着他，这种平静越来越强烈，直到他睡着了。
③Alan looked at him and said calmly，“I don't believe you.”
艾伦看着他，平静地说，“我不相信你。”
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①We should calm ourselves down in case of emergency, which matters much.
② We admired his calmness (calm)under pressure.
③“I'll call the doctor，” he said calmly (calm)．
翻译句子
④He took a deep breath, trying to keep calm.
他深深地吸了口气，尽力保持镇定。
4.sweep vt.&vi.打扫；清扫
①Everyone looked up as she swept into the room.
她冲进房间的时候，每个人都抬头看她。
②He was left to sweep up after the party.
宴会结束后，他被留下来做打扫工作。
③The fire swept through the house.
火势迅速在房子里蔓延开来。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① The boat was swept (sweep) out to sea by the tide.
② Get a broom and sweep up that glass, will you
③Any doubts had long since been swept away .
翻译句子
④I want to make a clean sweep of everything I've learnt and start a fresh.
我要和以前学的那些东西一刀两断，一切从头开始。
5.strike vi.&vt.侵袭；突击；击打 n．罢工；罢课；袭击
①Midnight had just struck when I went upstairs to bed.
我上楼睡觉时时钟刚刚敲过午夜12点。
②Sitting at her desk, she was struck by the thought that there had to be something more to life.
她坐在书桌前，突然意识到生活一定还意味着更多的东西。
③It strikes me(that)you'd be better off working for someone else.
我觉得你换个老板处境会好些。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
写出下列句中strike的含义
①Even in the summertime we might be struck by blizzards. 侵袭
②The clock was striking ten as we went into the church. 敲
③A wonderful idea struck me suddenly when I was walking on the street. 突然想到
④Staff at the hospital went on strike in protest at the incidents. 罢工
翻译句子
⑤The area was struck by an outbreak of cholera.
那一地区爆发了霍乱。
6.deliver vt.&vi.递送；传达 vt.发表
①Mail is delivered to our office twice a day.
邮差每天给我们办公室投递两次邮件。
②When it was my turn to deliver a speech，I was so nervous and embarrassed.
当轮到我演讲时，我感到非常紧张和尴尬。
③We offer a comprehensive range of express delivery options for a small additional charge.
我们提供全面的快递服务，只收取少量的额外费用。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① Leaflets have been delivered (deliver) to every household.
②(2021·全国乙卷)How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries (deliver)
③For a nominal fee, they will deliver orders to customers' homes.
翻译句子
④The king delivered a televised speech to the nation on Nov.5.
11月5日，国王向全国发表了电视讲话。
7.effect n．影响；结果；效果
①(2021·全国乙卷)What effect would“Truckload of Plastic”have on viewers
“一卡车的塑料”会对观众有什么影响？
②The radiation leak has had a disastrous effect on/upon the environment.
核辐射泄漏给环境带来了灾难性的影响。
③Humour is a more effective defence than violence.
幽默是比暴力更有效的防御武器。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Shenzhen in Guangdong Province is also actively expanding effective (effect) investment.
②The present system of payment will remain in effect until the end of the rental agreement.
③When do the new driving laws come into effect
翻译句子
④The new salary increases will take effect from January onwards.
新的加薪标准将从1月份起正式实行。
8.wave n．海浪；波浪 vi.&vt.挥手；招手
①When he heard her rude remarks，a wave of anger swept over him.
听到她粗鲁的话语，一股怒火涌上他的心头。
②“He's over there，”said Ali，waving his hand towards some trees.
“他在那里，”阿里说着，朝几棵树的方向挥了挥手。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①A wave of loneliness often swept over me while I was far away from home.
②The singer waved to/at the fans as she slowly made her way back to the stage.
③He waved goodbye to his parents when he boarded the train.
必 备 短 语
1.on hand现有(尤指帮助)
①The emergency services were on hand with medical advice.
随时都有急诊服务，并提供医疗咨询。
②All their toys are made by hand.
他们所有的玩具都是手工制作的。
③I handed my notice in on Saturday.
星期六我递交了辞呈。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Could you help me hand in my lab report to Dr.Davidson
②The neighbours are always willing to lend a hand.
③As a result，humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.
翻译句子
④On the one hand, I can earn some money by doing it to help my parents, and on the other hand, I can gain some experience from it, which will do good to my future life.
一方面，我能通过做这样的事赚些钱来帮助父母，另一方面，我能从中获得一些经验，这会对我将来的生活有益。
2.stand at达特定水平(或数量、高度等)
①In Sri Lanka, some 1,600 kilometres west of the quake centre, the number of deaths stood at 2,498, and one million more were affected by the tsunami, government officials said.
政府官员称，在震中以西约1 600千米处的斯里兰卡，死亡人数达2 498人，另外超过100万人受到海啸的影响。
②We will stand by you whatever happens.
无论发生什么事，我们都会支持你。
③Having been painted red，the building stands out among the rest and looks very attractive.
因为被涂成了红色，这幢楼在楼群中很显眼，看起来很吸引人。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①What do the five rings on the Olympic flag stand for
②The boy is 1.8 metres high，which makes him stand out among his classmates.
③He was brave enough to stand up for his rights.
④The world record then stood at 6.59 metres.
重 点 句 型
1.Now for our emergency supplies, we would suggest always having on hand enough water and food for three days, a radio，...(P53)
现在，对于紧急设备，我们建议手头总是有足够维持三天的水和食物，以及一台收音机，……
J 句型剖析
suggest后接动词-ing形式作宾语。suggest doing sth.意为“建议做某事”，suggest后接从句时，常用虚拟语气(should＋动词原形)，其中should可以省略。
①I suggest that we(should)wait a while before we make any firm decisions.
我建议我们在作出任何明确的决定之前先考虑片刻。
②He ordered that the goods should be sent by air.
他命令货物得空运。
③I insist that you(should) be present.
请您务必到场。
④The manager demanded that the workers(should)work extra hours to complete the task ahead of time.
经理要求工人加班，以提前完成任务。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Where does the woman suggest David (should)go (go) for his next holiday
②I suggested going (go) in my car.
③They advise that a passport (should)be carried (carry)with you at all times.
翻译句子
④他们的朋友们建议他们提高价格。
Their friends suggested they(should)put up their prices.
2.I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home.(P54)
我正和三个孩子一起吃早餐，这时海水突然开始灌入屋内。
J 句型剖析
be doing sth....when...意为“正在做某事，这时突然发生了(另一件事)”。
①I was just getting into the bath when the phone rang.
我正要洗澡，电话响了。
②I was about to go shopping when he called me to go back to the school.
我正打算去购物的时候，他突然打电话叫我回学校。
③I was on the point of opening the door when the phone rang.
我正要开门的时候电话突然响了。
④He had just finished his job when the power was off.
他刚完成工作，突然断电了。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①I was about to go out when it began to rain.
②She had just finished (finish) her homework when her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.
③(2022·全国Ⅱ卷)Henry was fixing (fix)his car when he heard the screams.
翻译句子
④我在看书，突然有人敲门。
I was reading when someone knocked at the door.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The car crashed into a tree and burst into flames.
2．The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, making air conditioning unnecessary.
3．When he reached into his pocket, he found his wallet missing (miss)．
4．The film moved me a lot.I have never seen a more touching (touching) film.
5．I waved at my father until the train went out of sight, and then went home sadly.
6．My manager would always set down new ideas that struck (strike) him.
7．We won't charge you for delivery (deliver) as/so long as you've paid in advance.
8．The group produces a monthly summary (summarize)of their research.
9．Adam and Galinsky tested the effect of simply wearing a white lab coat on upon people's powers of attention.
10．We measured the length (long) and width of the living room.
Ⅱ.选词填空
run to safety， carry out， give up， sweep away， relate to， have trouble with， pull...apart， refer to
1．Unless it is necessary, you had better not refer to the dictionary when reading.
2．Every morning the cleaners sweep away the fallen leaves in the streets.
3．There is always a time when you expect others to relate to you and feel what you feel.
4．Whenever she has trouble with her studies，our teachers always help her patiently.
5．When fire broke out in the house, she ran to safety as fast as she could.
6．Because he is familiar with the computer, he can carry out the work easily.
7．Though it's challenging for teens to deal with peer pressure, they should not give up .
8．The pages are stuck together and I can't pull them apart .
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
根据课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
On 26 December 2004, a tsunami caused by the 1.most powerful (powerful) earthquake in the past 40 years crashed 2.into coastlines across Asia, 3.causing (cause) more than 6,500 deaths.The undersea quake 4.struck (strike) off the west coast of Indonesia's Sumatra Island, killing at least 1,870 people in that area.In Sri Lanka, about 2,498 people were killed and one million more 5.were affected (affect) by the tsunami.As many as 1,900 people died along the southern coast in India.Another 254 were found 6.dead (death) and many more were hurt 7.or missing in Thailand.Thousands of people are still missing and the number of deaths is expected 8.to grow (grow)．The damage caused by tsunami will make 9.it difficult to deliver food and supplies to 10.survivors (survive)．Section Ⅳ 写作指导
概要写作
写作储备
阅读教材P55 Summary，提炼概要写作的写作方法。
Ⅰ.文体特点
概要写作具备说明重点和简短这两个特点。要求考生能够抓住原文的关键信息，抓住文章的主旨大意，并用简短凝练的语言将其概括表达出来。
Ⅱ.写作四部曲
1．确定体裁，明确主题及结构
体裁 结构
记叙文 人物＋时间＋地点＋事件(起因＋发展＋结果)
说明文 事物的性质功能：对象＋性质功能＋利好问题的解决方法或措施：问题＋解决方法现象类：现象＋原因＋结果
议论文 主题＋补充论据＋(结论)
2.确定主题句，找关键信息
划出每一段的主题句，抓住关键信息，忽略次要信息。
3．改写关键信息，得出要点
使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式，或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思，如改变语态、肯定变否定等，避免抄袭原文句子。
4．添加连接词，使行文连贯
要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词去连贯全文。常用的关联词有：however, besides, in addition, therefore, instead等。
典例剖析
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same.Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus (校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students.It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away.But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There's no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won't be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend.It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don't like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn't know unless you actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.It's a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at .While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you'd like to attend.
审题谋篇
Ⅰ.定框架→好的开始，成功的一半
体裁 议论文
主题 探访申请大学
框架 主题＋补充论据1、2、3
Ⅱ.划主题句，找关键信息→打造一篇要点全面、用词准确的极优作文
Para 1.
主题句： It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same.
关键信息： a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply
Para 2.
主题句： There's no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.
关键信息： visit the schools in your local area.
Para 3.
主题句： If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend.
关键信息： at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend.
Para 4.
主题句： Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.
关键信息： check out the online college fairs
Ⅲ.词汇、句式升级→创造极优作文的倩词靓句
Para 1.
1．写出下列词语的同义词
①good idea→ worthwhile
②visit→ pay a visit to
2．改写关键信息：
It's really worthwhile to pay a visit to your desired colleges personally before applying.
Para 2.
1．将后置定语改为前置定语
the schools in your local area→ your local colleges
2．改写关键信息：
Undoubtedly, you should visit your local colleges.
Para 3.
1．写出下列词语的同义表达
①at the very least→ at least
②would like to attend→ want to go
2．改写关键信息：
At least, you should visit the school you want to go to.
Para 4.
1．同义转换
①if time and money are making it impossible...→if you are short of time and money
②check out the online college fairs→ visit the online college fairs
2．改写关键信息：
If you are short of time and money, visiting the online college fairs is a good alternative to help you better understand schools.
Ⅳ.添加连接词，组建极优作文→水到渠成的成就感：动力的源泉
参考范文：
It's really worthwhile to pay a visit to your desired colleges personally before applying. Undoubtedly, you should visit your local colleges. At least, you should visit the school you want to go to and know its real conditions in advance. If you are short of time and money, visiting the online college fairs is a good alternative to help you better understand schools.
J 即学即练
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Many young people believe shared bicycles have many advantages.They are not expensive to rent, they do not have to be protected from thieves, and there is no need to repair them.You just have to change them for another one.They are also environment friendly and lower the use of cars, which also helps to relieve traffic.In fact, it is considered an awesome(可怕的) combination of technology and tradition.
Since they appeared, shared bicycles have raised a lot of dust.There is no doubt about the benefits but the disadvantages cannot be ignored.Many problems related to shared bicycles have appeared.It is not only due to bad behavior from some users who always want to seize the bicycles, but also because of the mess that has been created since one can leave the bicycle anywhere, which is against public urban order management.There are so many poorly parked bikes that sometimes they end up blocking streets.
In Xi Luo yuan, Beijing, the “Civilized Use of Bicycles” campaign(运动)has been launched.In addition to having 40 officially permitted stops, there are also clear signals(信号) to lead users to these stops.A team of supervisors keep order in the area.This is the first area that is part of an official system to manage bicycles.The purpose of this campaign is to solve the mess that the popularity of shared bicycles is causing in Beijing, both with the participation of companies and the users.If the pilot plan works out well in Xi Luo yuan, it will be extended to all of the cities in China.
参考范文：
Major cities in China have witnessed the enormous popularity of bike-sharing due to its convenience and costs.Young people feel that shared bicycles bring lots of benefits in some aspects, including environmental protection and traffic.However, they mess the cities owing to bad behaviours from some users.Therefore, a campaign on the problem has been carried out in Beijing to encourage civilized use of bicycles.UNIT 4 NATURAL DISASTERS
主题语境 单元语法 单元写作
人与自然——自然灾害 限制性定语从句——关系代词 概要写作
语言知识 语音知识 清辅音和浊辅音
单词巧记 electricity, breathe, revival, wisdom, suffering, eruption, powerful, length, landslide
高频单词 flood, rescue, damage, destroy, death, affect, shelter, ruin, shock, trap, bury, breathe, effort, suffer, supply, feed, survive, power, tap, calm, aid, sweep, wave, strike, deliver, effect, length
重点短语 set up, come to an end, the number of, dig out, used to do, put up, take turns to do sth., on hand, in danger, stand at；as if
常用句式 ①“leave＋宾语＋宾补”结构 ②“sth.＋be＋adj.＋to do”句型 ③be doing...when... 正在做……这时……
[导语]地震是最常见的自然灾害之一，常造成巨大的损失。如何在地震中保护自己及家人呢？本文就此提出了几则忠告。
An earthquake is one of the most common natural disasters.It may cause great damage.So it is wise to learn some simple safety tips to protect yourself or your family members.
Fragile items，like those made of glass are easily broken and should usually be placed on a lower surface，near the ground instead of placing them on cupboards higher up.Never place them near your bed，sofas and other furniture where you would be sitting or lying down.When there is a strong movement, these pieces will fall on the floor directly and not on you.
There is a strong chance of short circuits(短路)and fire breakouts during an earthquake.Make sure you turn off electrical connections and gas immediately when an earthquake happens.
During an earthquake，lie beneath an object that is not easily damaged.Do not go near objects that could directly fall on you.Never use the elevator to go down.Stay inside until the shaking stops and it is safe to go outside.Research has shown that most injuries happen when people inside buildings try to go out.Use the staircases(楼梯)at all times.
If you are outdoors, do not take shelter under a tree，streetlights，electric poles or tall buildings.If you are driving, stop your car and stay in a safe place.Do not park your car under a tree or any tall object.
If trapped in debris(瓦砾堆), cover your mouth with a handkerchief or clothing.Tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers can find you.Use a whistle(哨子)if one is available.Never shout for help.Shouting can cause you to breathe in dangerous amounts of dust.Do not light a match because you may burn yourself.Do not move about or kick up dust.
1．What is the purpose of the passage？ D
A．To tell readers the damage caused by earthquakes.
B．To tell readers the rescue work after earthquakes.
C．To tell readers how to prevent earthquakes.
D．To tell readers what to do about earthquakes.
解析： 写作目的题。根据文章第一段的最后一句可知，本文讲了一些应对地震的简单的安全建议。故选D项。
2．What does the underlined word“Fragile”in Paragraph 2 probably mean？ B
A．Easily found. B．Easily broken.
C．Expensive. D．Heavy.
解析： 词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“like those made of glass are easily broken”可知，画线词意思是“易碎的”。故选B项。
3．To reduce the injury from the earthquake, where should items made of glass be put？ B
A．On cupboards.
B．On a lower surface.
C．In the bedroom.
D．Where children can't reach them.
解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Fragile items...and should usually be placed on a lower surface，near the ground instead of placing them on cupboards higher up.”可知，应把那些玻璃制品放置在接近地面的较低处，故选B项。
4．During the earthquake, people are advised to D .
A．go out of the building at once
B．drive to a safe place quickly
C．take shelter under a tree
D．turn off electricity and gas immediately
解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第三段的最后一句可知，当地震发生时，要设法确保立即关闭电源插头和天然气。故选D项。
Section Ⅰ Listening and Speaking，Reading and Thinking
Ⅰ.重点单词
1． disaster n.灾难；灾害
2． drought n.旱灾；久旱
3． slide vi.& vt.(使)滑行；滑动
4． flood n.洪水；大量 vi.淹没；大量涌入 vt.使灌满水；淹没
5． rescue n.& vt.营救；救援
6． damage vt.损害；破坏 n．损坏；损失
7． destroy vt.摧毁；毁灭
8． death n.死；死亡
9． affect vt.影响；(疾病)侵袭；深深打动
10． shelter n.避难处；居所；庇护 vt.保护；掩蔽 vi.躲避(风雨或危险)
11． ruin n.& vt.破坏；毁坏
12． percent n.百分之…… adj.& adv.每一百中
13． brick n.砖；砖块
14． metal n.金属
15． shock n.震惊；令人震惊的事；休克 vt.(使)震惊
16． electricity n.电；电能
17． trap vt.使落入险境；使陷入圈套 n．险境；陷阱
18． bury vt.埋葬；安葬
19． breathe vi.& vt.呼吸→ breath n.呼吸；气息
20． effort n.努力；艰难的尝试；尽力
21． wisdom n.智慧；才智→ wise adj.有智慧的；英明的；明智的→ wisely adv.明智地；精明地
22． context n.上下文；语境；背景
23． suffer vt.遭受；蒙受 vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．write down 写下；记下
2．refer to 指的是；参考
3．think about 考虑
4．set up 搭起；建立
5． at least至少
6． as usual像往常一样
7． as if似乎；好像；仿佛
8．come to an end结束；终止
9． in ruins严重受损；破败不堪
10． the number of ……的数目
11．nothing but 除……以外什么也不；只有；只不过
12．tens of thousands of数以万计的
13． in shock震惊；吃惊
14．dig out 掘出；发现
15．look up 抬头看，查阅
16．suffer from ...患……疾病；受……之苦
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat，and dogs refused to go inside buildings.
鸡甚至猪都紧张得不敢吃食，狗也拒绝进入建筑物中。
2．It seemed as if the world were coming to an end !
世界末日似乎到了！
3．Thousands of children were left without parents.
成千上万个孩子变成了孤儿。
4．Water, food and electricity were hard to get .
水、食物和电都很难获得。
Ⅳ.课文预读
(Ⅰ)Reading for the main idea.
1．What's the main idea of the text？ A
A．A terrible earthquake of Tangshan.
B．Before the earthquake of Tangshan.
C．During the earthquake of Tangshan.
D．Damages of the earthquake of Tangshan.
2．Find out the main idea of each paragraph. DBACE
Para.1 A．The earthquake caused unbelievable destruction to Tangshan.
Para.2 B．The earthquake happened and caused deaths or injuries in Tangshan.
Para.3
C．Help came soon after the quakes.
Para.4 D．Strange things happened，but no one paid
attention to them.
Para.5 E．Tangshan came back to life again.
(Ⅱ)Reading for the details.
1．All the following unusual things happened before the quake EXCEPT that C .
A．the water in the village wells rose and fell
B．the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat
C．tens of thousands of cows would never give milk again
D．fish jumped out of the water
2．Before the earthquake, people were asleep as usual because D .
A．they didn't notice anything strange happening
B．they knew well about earthquakes
C．something strange happened in many places
D．they didn't realize the arrival of an earthquake
3．The second and third paragraphs are mainly about A .
A．the great loss the earthquake brought to Tangshan
B．the number of people who were killed or injured
C．when and where an earthquake happened
D．the cause of the big earthquake in Tangshan
4．What does the sentence “Slowly, the city began to breathe again.” mean？ A
A．The city will not die.It has hope.And it can recover from the pain.
B．The army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to help people.
C．Hundreds of thousands of people were helped.
D．Most of the 10,000 miners were rescued.
5．What is the mood (语气) of this passage？ C
A．Sad. B．Serious.
C．Serious and sad. D．Calm.
核 心 单 词
1.rescue n．& vt.营救；救援
①Six people were rescued by helicopter from a fishing boat in distress off the Cornish coast.
在康沃尔海岸附近，一艘渔船遇险，六人被直升机救起。
②The 23-year-old's screams alerted a passerby who went to her rescue.
那名23岁女孩的尖叫声引起了一个过路人的警觉，他救了她。
③Volunteers formed a human chain to rescue precious items from the burning house.
志愿者排成一条长龙，从着火的房子里手传手把贵重物品抢救出来。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① Lifeboats carry out many rescues (rescue) every month.
②The lifeboat rescued the sailors from the sinking boat.
③When we were in danger, they came to our rescue.
翻译句子
④I didn't know anybody at the party, but the hostess came to my rescue by introducing me to a few people.
在聚会上我谁也不认识，但女主人过来把我介绍给几个人，帮我解了围。
2.damage vt.损害；破坏 n．损坏；损失
①But tourism is double-edged，for although it's boosting the country's economy，the Reef could be damaged.
但旅游业是有利有弊的，因为尽管它能繁荣国家经济，海礁却会被破坏。
②Recent discoveries about corruption have done serious damage to the company's reputation.
近来曝光的一些腐败行为使该公司的声誉受到严重损害。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① Tree roots can cause damage to buildings.
②(2021·全国甲卷)Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam(横杆)，I fell onto the stones, damaging (damage)a nerve(神经) in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up：Safe, man.
③Several vehicles were damaged (damage) in the accident.
翻译句子
④Smoking seriously damages your health.
吸烟严重损害健康。
3.ruin n．&vt.破坏；毁坏
①“Many students were buried under the ruins，”she recalls of the darkest moment in her life.
“许多学生被埋在废墟下，”她回忆起她生命中最黑暗的时刻。
②Years of fighting have left the area in ruins.
经年的战事已经使得这个地区满目疮痍。
③It is no use trying to plan an 18-hole golf course on a 120-acre site if you have to ruin the environment to do it.
要规划一个占地120公顷、拥有18洞的高尔夫球场如果必须破坏环境才能做到，那就毫无益处了。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① The economy was in ruins after the war.
② The country was ruined (ruin) by the war.
③ We visited the ruins (ruin) of a Norman castle.
翻译句子
④Many companies are on the edge of ruin.
很多公司濒临破产。
4.shock n．震惊；令人震惊的事；休克 vt.(使)震惊
①He was found beaten and in shock.
他被发现遭到殴打，处于休克中。
②The advertisements were designed to shock—that was the whole point of the campaign.
这些广告为的就是惊世骇俗——这就是此次活动的全部意义。
③Visitors to the slums were clearly shocked to see so many families living in want.
到过贫民窟的人看到有这么多的家庭生活在贫苦之中显然震惊不已。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① Her mother's death came as a great shock—it was so unexpected.
② Many people were shocked by the film when it first came out.
③It's really hard getting back to work after three months off—it's quite a shock to the system.
翻译句子
④I was in shock for about two weeks after the accident.
事故发生后，我约有两个星期都处于惊魂未定的状态。
5.trap vt.使落入险境；使陷入圈套 n．险境；陷阱
①The train was trapped underground by a fire.
列车被一场大火困在了地下。
②He seemed to think I was setting some sort of trap for him.
他似乎认为我正给他设置某种陷阱。
③She's too smart to fall into the trap of working without pay.
她这人很聪明，决不会上当去做任何不给报酬的工作。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped (trap)．
②By the time he realizes he has fallen into a trap, it'll be too late for him to do anything about it.
③He was so careless that he was caught in a trap.
翻译句子
④All of the travelers were trapped by the sudden flood.
所有的旅客都被突如其来的洪水给困住了。
6.bury vt.埋葬；安葬
①In AD 79 the city of Pompei was buried under a layer of ash seven metres deep.
公元79年，庞贝城被埋在7米深的火山灰层下。
②I found the article buried in the business section of the newspaper.
我在报纸的商务版找到了这篇文章。
③She buried herself in the country to write a book.
她隐居乡间写书。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① He'd had to bury his (he)pain over the years.
②In some places, food alone can be buried (bury)in sand.
③She buried her face in her hands and began to sob.
翻译句子
④The scientist knew nothing about the matter, because he was always burying himself in his study.
那位科学家对此事一无所知，因为他一直专心于他的研究工作。
7.effort n．努力；艰难的尝试；尽力
①In their efforts to reduce crime the government expanded the police force.
为了减少犯罪，政府扩大了警察的队伍。
②It takes a long time to prepare the dish but the results are so good that it's worth the effort.
做这道菜很费时间，但结果大家都很爱吃，工夫真没白费。
③If we could all make an effort to keep this office tidier it would help.
如果我们都努力保持整洁，那么办公室的面貌肯定会大有改观。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① You should put more effort into your work.
②He's jogging around the park every morning in an effort to get fit.
③(2022·全国乙卷)Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers' efforts to avoid (avoid) the charge, according to Treasury figures.
翻译句子
④It can take time and effort to match buyers and sellers.
匹配买主和卖主可能需要花费一些时间和精力。
必 备 短 语
1.as if似乎；好像；仿佛
①They completely ignored these facts as if/though they never existed.
他们完全无视这些事实，就好像它们从未存在过。
②I ate as if there was no tomorrow.
我狼吞虎咽地吃着。
③From time to time, Jason turned round as if(he was) searching for someone.
杰森不时地转过身来，好像在找人。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① She spoke to me as if she knew (know) me.
② Her head felt as if it would burst (burst)．
③He opened his lips as if to answer (answer)this question.
翻译句子
④He behaved as if nothing had happened.
他表现得若无其事。
2.set up设立；建立
①The police set up roadblocks on the roads out of the city.
警察在城外的路上设置了路障。
②We set off for the station early for fear that we would miss the train.
我们很早就动身去车站了，唯恐错过火车。
③You had better set aside some time every day for sports so that you can keep yourself energetic.
你最好每天都留出一些时间来锻炼，这样你就可以保持精力充沛。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
用适当的介词或副词填空
①They will set off for Paris next week.
②Once I realized what was wrong, I set about correcting it.
③Having made the plan, she set out to carry it out.
④You had better set your idea down before you forget it.
3.come to an end结束
①It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!
仿佛世界末日即将来临！
②By the end of this week，I will have finished most of the work.
到本周末为止，我将会完成大部分工作。
③Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own.
无人驾驶汽车最后可能成为一种公共交通工具而非你自己拥有的交通工具。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①The peace talks brought the war to an end eventually.
②The meeting ended up with an encouraging song.
③ In the end, the headmaster rose to announce that the conversation was at an end.
④(2022·浙江1月卷)Klein doesn't think the age of electricity will come to an end sooner or later.
重 点 句 型
1.Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide, and fish jumped out of the water.(P50)
老鼠从田里跑出来找地方躲藏，鱼也从水里跳了出来。
J 句型剖析
looking for places to hide作ran的伴随状语，looking for表示的动作与句子的谓语ran表示的动作同时发生。
①(2021 ·浙江高考)He explained our basic task，the tractor fired up and we were off, riding down the field looking for weeds to spray with chemicals.
他解释了我们的基本任务，拖拉机启动了，我们就出发了，沿着田野骑行，寻找野草喷洒化学药剂。
②(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)The staff is friendly and helpful，providing you with a map of the city when you arrive，and offering advice if you require some.
这里的工作人员很友好也很乐于助人，当你到达时，他们会给你一张城市地图，如果你需要的话，他们还会给你一些建议。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2021·全国乙卷)My colleague(同事) refused to accept it, saying (say) that we were all just doing our job.
②(2021·全国甲卷)A few minutes later, when I landed the trick，my friends beat their boards loud, shouting (shout)：“Safe! Safe! Safe！”
翻译句子
③He made his way to the station, carrying a heavy bag on his back.
他背着沉重的包，朝车站走去。
2.Thousands of children were left without parents.(P50)
成千上万的儿童成了孤儿。
J 句型剖析
本句是简单句。为“leave＋宾语＋宾补”结构的被动式。该句的主动句为The earthquake left thousands of children without parents.
①His illness has left him very weak.
生病使他很虚弱。
②His parents died two years ago, leaving him an orphan.
他的父母两年前去世了，使他成了孤儿。
③Kate's sudden leaving left us all wondering what was going to happen.
凯特的突然离去使我们大家都想知道将要发生什么事。
④The bad weather left the project half finished.
糟糕的天气使工程只完成了一半。
⑤I can't find my purse.I could have left it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.
我找不到我的钱包了。也许我昨天把它落在超市里了，但是我不确定。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Qi Baishi's style of painting often leaves the audience guessing (guess) and makes them use their imagination.
②He didn't feel excited at the news that our team won the game, leaving me confused (confuse)．
③Firefighters put out the fire，which left the kitchen damaged (damage)．
3.Water, food, and electricity were hard to get.(P50)
水、食物和电很难获得。
J 句型剖析
本句是简单句。是“sth.＋be＋adj.(＋for sb.)＋to do”句型。
①The physics problem is difficult to work out.
这道物理题很难做出来。
②My boss is easy to get along with.
我的老板很容易相处。
G 归纳拓展
句式 sth.＋be＋adj.＋to do
用法 不定式与主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式用主动形式表被动含义。若不定式为不及物动词，应加上适当的介词
常用形容词 hard, difficult, easy, important, interesting, necessary, pleasant, fit
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①This machine is very easy to operate (operate)．Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.
②The noise outside is hard to put up with .
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．When the runners got to the finishing line, all of them were quite out of breath (breathe)．
2．Their inventions have contributed to the development of electrical (electricity) engineering.
3．Ignoring the danger，he rushed into the fire to rescue those trapped (trap) in the house.
4．It is well known that ancient Greece was a fountain of wisdom (wise) and philosophy.
5．When I finally got to the meeting room, the discussion had already come to an end.
6．Nearly two thirds (three) of the students in our class like playing football.
7．The audience applauded when the chairman got up on his feet (foot) to speak.
8．The number of students in this school has increased by 20 percent this year.
9．I still remember visiting a friend who'd lived here for five years and I was shocked (shock) when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time.
10．The 65-year-old Steve Goodwin was found suffering (suffer) from early Alzheimer's.
Ⅱ.选词填空
as if， in ruins， in shock， be trapped in， be buried in， make efforts， breathe in， suffer from， percent of， come to an end
1．Ninety percent of the buildings lay in ruins , metal pipes and taps cracked, and bricks covered the ground.
2．They are trapped in the burning building.Please call 119 right away.
3．When you're breathing deeply, you are breathing in some fresh air.
4．The millionaire has handed over 50 percent of his stock to his first son.
5．Everyone was shocked.It seemed as if the world was at an end.
6．We must make efforts to take exercise for the benefit of our health.
7．How time flies！The term has come to an end .
8．She was buried in thought and didn't notice the water was boiling.
9．In the first two months after the incident I was still in shock .
10．Some cities of the world suffer from traffic jam.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
根据课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Strange things happened before Tangshan Earthquake happened. 1.Smelly (smell) gas came out from the cracks of wells and animals became too nervous 2.to eat (eat)．At 3?42 on the morning of 28 July, 1976, everything began to shake.It seemed as 3.if the world were coming to an end！Soon the whole city lay 4.in ruins and more than 400,000 people were killed or badly injured in the quake and nearly everything in the city 5.was destroyed (destroy)．People were 6.shocked (shock) at this and wondered how long the disaster would last.Soldiers were sent to dig out those who were trapped and to bury 7.the dead.Workers built shelters for 8.survivors (survive)．With strong support from the government and the tireless 9.efforts (effort) of the city's people, everything improved and the city began to
10.breathe (breath) again.
