Section Ⅱ Discovering Useful Structures
Grammar——限制性定语从句(2)
语法导图
语法讲练
一、关系副词的基本用法
关系副词 先行词 在定语从句中所作的成分
when 表时间的名词 时间状语
where 表地点的名词以及抽象意义的名词 地点状语
why 表原因的名词 原因状语
D 典例呈现
①I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
我仍然记得我首次来北京的那一天。
②This is the house where I lived two years ago.
这就是我两年前住过的房子。
③Do you know the reason why I left early
你知道我为什么早走吗？
W 温馨提示
当先行词为position，situation，stage，case等抽象意义的名词并且在定语从句中作状语时，用where引导定语从句。
①Can you think of a situation where we can use this expression
你能想出一个我们可以使用这个词语的情况吗？
J 即学即练1
A．用适当的关系副词填空
①The kids have reached the age when they can care for themselves.
②The factory where he worked was built in 1940.
③That's the reason why I wrote to him.
④Now we are in a position where we can be very successful this year.
B．把下列两个简单句合并成一个句子，使第二个句子成为定语从句
①I don't remember the year.In the year the Second World War broke out.
I don't remember the year when the Second World War broke out .
②This is the house.I was born in the house.
This is the house where I was born .
③I know the reason.She was angry for the reason.
I know the reason why she was angry .
④Li Fang lives in that street.Do you know the street
Do you know the street where Li Fang lives
⑤The days are gone.During those days we used“foreign oil”．
The days when we used“foreign oil”are gone.
二、关系代词和关系副词的选用
有时尽管先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的名词，但如果定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，此时应使用关系代词。
D 典例呈现
①This is the room where Lao She once lived.
这是老舍曾经居住过的房间。
②His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.
他的父亲在一家制造收音机零件的工厂里工作。
J 即学即练2
单句语法填空
①I will never forget the days that/which I spent in the countryside.
②I will never forget the days when I worked in the countryside.
③That is the school where I studied 10 years ago.
④That is the school that/which I visited 10 years ago.
⑤The reason that/which he gave us was hard to accept.
⑥The reason why he was late for school is that he missed the first bus.
三、关系副词与“介词＋关系代词”的转化
关系副词 在从句中作 介词＋关系代词
when 时间状语 on/in/during/at...＋which
where 地点状语 on/in/at...＋which
why 原因状语 for＋which
D 典例呈现
①This is the room where(＝in which) we lived last year.
这就是我们去年住过的房间。
②I won't forget the days when(＝in which)I stayed with you.
我不会忘记跟你待在一起的日子。
③That is the reason why(＝for which)he dislikes me.
那就是他不喜欢我的原因。
J 即学即练3
单句语法填空
①This was a time when(＝ during which ) there were still slaves in the USA.
②The house where(＝ in which ) Lu Xun once lived has become a place of interest.
③The reason why(＝ for which ) he was late is that the car broke down on the way.
专项练习
用关系代词、关系副词或“介词＋关系代词”填空
1．When I arrived，my friend took me to see the house where/in which I would be staying.
2．We have entered into an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true.
3．He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows，most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.
4．The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people，many of whom left their village homes for a better life in the city.
5．—Do you have anything to say for yourself
—Yes，there is one point that/which I must insist on.
6．Self-driving is an area where/in which China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
7．—Are you familiar with the music
—Yes.There was a time when this kind of music was quite popular.
8．I saw a house，the windows of which were broken.
9．She has two sons，both of whom graduated from Harvard University.
10．This is the apartment in which you once lived.
11．The reason that/which he explained at the meeting sounds reasonable.
12．I didn't become a serious climber until the fifth grade， when/in which I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.
13．English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of which uses it differently.
14．It was in the village where he once lived that he got his junior education.
15．September 30 is the day by which you must pay your bill.
16．Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where/in which they live.
17．It is generally believed that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet where life has developed gradually.
18．―What do you think of teaching，Bob
—I find it fun and challenging.It is a job where/in which you are doing something serious but interesting.
19．The days are gone when/in which/during which physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
20．The USA is a country where many different dialects are spoken.Section Ⅳ 写作指导
写一封针对学习问题提建议和求助的博客
写作储备
阅读教材P66的发在网上的帖子，提炼一篇针对学习问题提出建议的博客的写作特点。
Ⅰ.写作格式
有两种格式
1．正式的博客：文章包括标题、日期、分类和正文。
2．非正式的博客：没有标题、日期和分类，只有正文。
Ⅱ.黄金写作模板
Ⅲ.写作语言特点
1．时态多用一般现在时和一般过去时；
2．语言要诚恳，提供的建议要有实用性；
3．语言具有互动性。
Ⅳ.写作常用词汇
1．have trouble/difficulty with sth.在某方面有困难
2．find it difficult to do sth.发现做某事很难
3．my biggest difficulty/headache我最大的问题
4．give/offer sb.some advice给某人一些建议
5．help sb.with sth.在某方面帮助某人
6．suggest/advise doing sth.建议做某事
7．listen to English programmes收听英语节目
8．enlarge/increase one's vocabulary扩大某人的词汇量
9．pay attention to grammar注意语法
10．practice speaking Chinese with native speakers和以汉语为母语的人练习说汉语
Ⅴ.写作常用句型
1．I used to do well in math, but now I'm having difficulty working out some exercises.
我过去数学很好，但是现在我在计算一些练习题方面有困难。
2．I think you'd better take down notes while listening.
我认为你最好边听边记笔记。
3．Speak English every day to achieve your greater fluency.
每天说英语使你说英语更流利。
4．If you often practice giving speeches in English, you will get your oral English improved.
如果你经常练习用英语做演讲，你就会提高你的英语口语。
5．Please give me some help.
请给我一些帮助。
典例剖析
假如你是李华，你在网上看到李明发的帖子，他说他的英语口语不好，希望得到大家的帮助，你给他回帖。内容要点提示：
1．给李明提建议；
2．你的练习英语口语的成功做法；
3．你在英语学习中遇到的困难一并请求帮助。
注意：词数80左右。
审题谋篇
Ⅰ.定框架→好的开始，成功的一半
体裁 应用文
人称 第一、二人称为主
时态 一般现在时为主
框架 首段：针对李明的问题提出建议中段：自己的问题尾段：求助
Ⅱ.定要点、关键词及动词时态→打造一篇要点全面、用词准确得体、时态多样的作文
要点一：我过去常常遇到这样的问题。
I used to meet such a problem.
要点二：现在我英语说得很好。
Now I speak English well.
要点三：当我回放它时，我比较那些演讲者的发音和我的发音。
When I play it back, I compare the pronunciation of the speakers with mine.
要点四：我尽可能经常地在公共场合练习说英语。
I practice speaking English in public as often as possible.
要点五：这帮助我获得自信和流利的英语。
This helps me gain confidence and fluency.
要点六：我知道大多数单词的意思。
I know the meanings of most words.
要点七：我不能理解整个句子。
I can't understand the whole sentence.
Ⅲ.词汇、句式升级→创造极优作文的倩词靓句
升级句式一：用but连接要点一和要点二
I used to meet such a problem but now I speak English well.
升级句式二：用现在分词作状语改写要点三
Playing it back, I compare the pronunciation of the speakers with mine.
升级句式三：以要点四为主句，把要点五改为which引导的非限制性定语从句
I practice speaking English in public as often as possible, which helps me gain confidence and fluency.
升级句式四：把要点六改为though引导的状语从句，要点七为主句
Though I know the meanings of most words, I can't understand the whole sentence.
Ⅳ.组建极优作文→水到渠成的成就感：动力的源泉
参考范文：
Hi, Li Ming! How to improve your spoken English is really a problem. I used to meet such a problem but now I speak English well. I listen to high-quality spoken English every day and record my own speech. Playing it back, I compare the pronunciation of the speakers with mine and correct my wrong pronunciation. Besides, I practice speaking English in public as often as possible, which helps me gain confidence and fluency. I hope these suggestions will benefit you.
However, I have trouble in reading. Though I know the meanings of most words, I can't understand the whole sentence because of some set phrases and idioms.
Any advice I am eager for your help.
J 即学即练
(2023·山东省济宁市高一检测)
假设你是李华，你的美国笔友David最近在学汉语，他给你发来一封电子邮件讲述他对学习汉语兴趣浓厚，但是他在学习汉语的过程中常常因为犯错误而懊恼。请你用英语给他回一封邮件。
内容包括：
1．鼓励他继续努力，正确看待错误；
2．给David提出一些学好汉语的建议(至少两条)；
3．邀请他来中国玩。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear David，
I'm glad to receive your e-mail and happy to know that you are interested in learning Chinese.
Yours，
Li Hua
参考范文：
Dear David，
I'm glad to receive your e-mail and happy to know that you are interested in learning Chinese. It is well known that Chinese is difficult to learn. One can't avoid making mistakes when learning a foreign language.
Here are some tips on how to learn Chinese. First，don't be afraid to make mistakes. Making mistakes is a good way to learn how to say things right. Second，if you know a Chinese friend, ask him or her to practise with you. Third，you should spend more time practising listening to and speaking Chinese frequently.
I wish you success in learning Chinese. I am expecting to hear from you. At last，welcome to China.
Yours，
Li HuaSection Ⅲ Listening and Talking，Reading for Writing
Ⅰ.重点单词
1． struggle n.& vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗
2． gas n.汽油；气体；燃气
3． petrol n.(NAmE gas)汽油
4． subway n.(BrE underground)地铁
5． apartment n.(especially NAmE)公寓套房
6． beg vt.恳求；祈求；哀求
7． equal n.同等的人；相等物 adj.相同的；同样的→ equally adv.相等地
8． gap n.间隔；开口；差距
9． demand n.要求；需求 vt.强烈要求；需要 vi.查问
10． vocabulary n.词汇
11． description n.描写(文字)；形容→ describe vt.描述
12． relate vt.联系；讲述
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．point of view观点；看法
2．fight for ...为争取……而斗争
3．give up 放弃
4．used to do sth. 过去常常做某事
5．have trouble with sth.在某方面有困难
6．compare... with ...把……和……相比
7．depend on 依靠；依赖
8．relate to ...与……相关；涉及；谈到
9．aside from ...除了……以外
10．can't help but do 不得不做……
11． at the beginning of...在……开始的时候
12．introduce sb. to sb.把某人介绍给某人
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．When I listen to native English speakers talking in a video, I can catch only a few words.
当我听视频里的以英语为母语者说英语的时候，我只能听懂几个单词。
2．Would you mind opening the window，please
打开窗户，你介意吗？
Ⅳ.课文预读
Read the text on Page 66 and then choose the best answers.
1．What is Liu Wen's biggest problem of learning English？ B
A．Speaking. B．Listening.
C．Reading. D．Writing.
2．To get used to how native speakers talk, Jia Xin does things except D .
A．listening to English radio programmes
B．repeating what he hears
C．recording his voice
D．asking the radio host for help
3．What does the word “bridge” in the sentence “...，so I only need a few words to bridge the gap between us.” mean？ A
A．消除。 B．架桥。
C．桥梁。 D．减少。
核 心 单 词
1.struggle n．& vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗
①After a long struggle，the old woman gained control of her business.
经过长期努力，这位老妇人在业务上已能应付自如。
②I've been struggling to understand this article all afternoon.
我琢磨了整整一下午，想弄懂这篇文章的意思。
③They had to struggle against all kinds of adversity.
他们不得不同各种困境作斗争。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① Many families struggle to make (make)ends meet.
② He struggled with/against his attacker(攻击者)who then ran away.
翻译句子
③I could see the young boy struggling to free himself.
我能看见这个小男孩正使劲挣脱。
2.equal n．同等的人；相等物 adj.相同的；同样的
①All people are equal，deserving the same rights as each other.
所有人都是平等的，享有同等的权利。
②It's a challenging job but I'm sure you'll prove equal to it.
这项工作很有挑战性，但是我相信你最终能完成它。
③Diet and exercise are equally important.
饮食和锻炼同样重要。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2022·全国乙卷)Long-lasting friendships share the characteristic that both sides equally (equal) contact (联系) and share with one another.
②Zach insists that he is but one among many who are fighting for equality (equal)．
③ He is a player without equal.
翻译句子
④尽管年轻，但是约翰却能胜任这项重要的工作。
Young as he was，John was equal to the important task.
3.demand n．要求；需求 vt.强烈要求；需要vi.查问
①He said the task of reconstruction would demand much patience，hard work，and sacrifice.
他说重建工作会需要高度坚韧、勤劳和奉献。
②He was much in demand as a lecturer in the US，as well as at universities all over Europe.
他在美国是个非常受欢迎的演讲者，在全欧洲的大学中也是。
③She strode purposefully up to the desk and demanded to speak to the manager.
她故意大步走到前台，要求和经理说话。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①She demanded that he (should)return (return)the books he borrowed from her.
②Good teachers are always in great demand.
③My father came down and demanded to know (know)what was going on.
翻译句子
④There's an increased demand for organic produce these days.
目前对有机农产品有更大的需求。
4.relate vt.联系；讲述
①We need to explain why these issues are important and relate to everyday life.
我们需要解释为什么这些问题很重要并且和日常生活相关。
②These problems are closely related.
这些问题都是密切相关的。
③I have some comments to make in relation to this matter.
关于这件事我有几点看法。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①The only demand is that the topic you choose must be related (relate)to your studies.
②She used the map to discover where she was in relation to her surroundings.
③Can you relate what happened in your childhood to your present state of mind
翻译句子
④The culture that he describes is so different from mine that I sometimes find it hard to relate to.
他所描述的那种文化和我所处的文化如此迥异，有时我觉得很难理解。
重 点 句 型
1.It was exercise for the brain；the more I learnt of a language，the more my brain would grow.(P64)
这是对大脑的锻炼，我学的语言越多，我的大脑就会越发达。
J 句型剖析
the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..意为“越……，就越……”，前面的句子相当于条件状语从句，后面相当于主句。
①The more stress you are under，the more likely you are to catch a cold.
你所受的压力越大，越有可能患感冒。
②The longer she waited，the more impatient she became.
等待的时间越长，她就变得越来越没耐心。
③The higher you stand，the further you will see.
你站得越高，看得就越远。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①They believe the harder their children study，the happier (happy)life they will have in the future.
②The harder you work，the greater (great)progress you will make.
③The longer (long)the war lasts，the more the people there will suffer.
④(2019·浙江)There are lots of ways to raise awareness for a cause.Usually，the stranger (strange)the idea is，the more it gets noticed.
翻译句子
⑤ The more air there is inside the tyre，the greater the pressure there is in it.
轮胎里空气越多，里面的压力就越大。
⑥ The further you go into the forest, the more dangerous it will be.
在森林中，越向里走就越危险。
2.I used to get high marks in English，but now I'm having a lot of trouble with my listening.(P66)
我以前英语拿过高分，但是现在我的英语听力遇到了很多困难。
J 句型剖析
have trouble with sth.意为“对某事有困难”。
①Whenever we have trouble with our studies, our teachers help us patiently.
每逢我们在学习上遇到困难，老师总是耐心辅导。
②They have difficulty with their own language, let alone someone else's.
他们说自己的语言都有困难，更不要说其他人的语言了。
③Builders have trouble getting the right amount of cement into their concrete.
建筑工人们不知道该往混凝土中加入多少水泥才合适。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①If you have trouble with a lesson, repeat it the next day.
②Many young people have trouble communicating (communicate)with their parents.
③I'm sure you' ll have no trouble finding (find)us.
翻译句子
④Such people have difficulty with simple activities because they are overweight.
这种人进行简单活动都很困难，因为他们体重过重。
3.Don't you like to have somebody tell you if the pants look good or not？(P65)
难道你不喜欢有人告诉你，你的裤子看起来好不好看吗？
J 句型剖析
本句是复合句。if引导的是宾语从句。句中have somebody tell you是have sb. do sth.结构。
①I'm sorry to have you waiting here so long.
我很抱歉让你在这儿等这么久。
②He could not have Yong Hui getting away with telling people lies!
他不容许永慧向人们说谎而不受到惩罚。
③I have had my washing machine repaired.
我已经找人修了我的洗衣机。
④She had all her jewellery stolen.
她所有的首饰都被偷走了。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Some people even forget to turn off the tap after using it and have water running (run)all the time.
②I'm very busy now and you can have Tom do (do)it.
③You'd better have your bad teeth pulled (pull)out.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Whatever background you come from，you can be equally (equal) successful with your hard work like many others.
2．In history，many people have died trying to achieve basic equality (equal) for women.
3．The teacher demanded that the test papers (should) be handed (hand) in within two hours.
4．Mr.Lin demanded to see (see) my plan，but I refused him politely.
5．Mary's description (describe) of the party was so vivid that I felt as if I had been there.
6．Changes in the vocabulary of a language may be related (relate) to the social system of a nation.
7．The outside and inside of the stinky tofu exist as two extremely different worlds.Perhaps that is what makes it such a tasty dish.
8．Helen has some trouble with maths，while her brother is good at it.
9．Jane told him not to depend on others，including his mother，to finish the task.
10．Going on a group spring outing can not only enable them to get close to nature and broaden their horizons，but also help improve cooperation skills.
Ⅱ.选词填空
1．For the risk-seekers，a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active，while for the rest of us，a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.
2．Mary was so angry that she was close to tears.
3．The Harry Potter books are quite popular.They are in great demand in this city.
4．David has much experience and is very serious，so he is equal to this position.
5．Your site can have one or more pages， depending on how you design it.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
根据课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Chinese students who are learning English often meet with some problems with English.Liu Wen used to get high marks 1.but now he is having much trouble 2.with his listening.Jia Xin suggests that Liu Wen should listen to English radio programmes 3.to improve (improve) his listening. However, Jia Xin is also 4.confused (confuse) about how to be polite in English.For example, she can't decide whether to say “Open the window, please！” or “Would you mind 5.opening (open) the window, please？” Li Rui tells Jia Xin how to be polite in English all 6.depends (depend) on how close the people you are talking to.If their 7.relationship (relation) is close and they are equals, they can need a few words to bridge 8.the gap.But vocabulary is Li Rui's 9.biggest (big) problem.She can't remember so many words and how to use them 10.properly (proper)．Therefore, she also needs help.UNIT 5 LANGUAGES AROUND THE WORLD
主题语境 单元语法 单元写作
人与自我——世界上的语言 限制性定语从句——关系副词 建议信
语言知识 语音知识 英式英语和美式英语的发音规律
单词巧记 reference, based, majority, global, appreciation, subway, apartment, beggar, description, vary
高频单词 native, attitude, refer, base, divide, variety, major, communicate, means, regard, appreciate, struggle, beg, equal, demand, relate
重点短语 all the way, ups and downs, date back(to...), along with, point of view
常用句式 ①neither... nor...既不……，也不…… ②“be＋of＋抽象名词”结构 ③“no matter＋特殊疑问词”引导让步状语从句 ④the＋比较级……，the＋比较级…… ⑤使役动词have的用法 ⑥“感官动词＋宾语＋宾补”结构
[导语]语言都不是一成不变的，让我们看一下英语的发展变化以及新单词的形成方式吧！
The English language is different from any other language.Yet English words do not stay the same.Our language is always changing.We need new words for new inventions and new ideas.Different words come into use，or older words are used in a new way.
English can change by borrowing words from other languages.Tomato was borrowed from Mexico and Pajama(睡衣)from India.The word coffee came from Turkey，and tea came from China.Now new space and science words are being borrowed from other countries，too.
New words are also made by adding two words together.Strawberry，postman，and grandfather are words made up of two parts.
Sometimes new words are shorter forms of older words.The word photo was made from photograph by cutting off the end of the longer word.Plane was made by cutting off the front part of airplane.Smog was made by using only the first two and last two letters from the words smoke and fog.
The names of people and products can become new words.Our sandwich was named after a man named Sandwich.Scotch tape，band-aid，and jello(果冻)were names made up by the companies that first made the products.
1．Why is the English language always changing？ D
A．People get tired of using the same words.
B．People use words for movies and TV plays.
C．There are too many books and magazines.
D．People need words for new inventions and ideas.
解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“We need new words for new inventions and new ideas.”可知，人们需要词汇来表达新的发明和想法。故选D。
2．The word “photo” is an example to show that C .
A．the English language is always changing very fast
B．English is not as perfect as some other languages
C．sometimes new words are shorter forms of older words
D．English can change by borrowing words from other words
解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“Sometimes new words are shorter forms of older words.”可知，新词是旧词的缩写。故选C。
3．Which of the following may be the best title of the passage？ A
A．A Changing Language
B．English—a Beautiful Language
C．Names Can Become Words
D．Different Languages
解析： 标题判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段第二、三句“Yet English words do not stay the same.Our language is always changing.”可知，本文主要介绍英语这种语言是不断变化的。故选A。
Section Ⅰ Listening and Speaking，Reading and Thinking
Ⅰ.重点单词
1． billion n.十亿→ million n.百万→ thousand n.千→ hundred n.百
2． native adj.出生地的；本地的；土著的 n．本地人
3． attitude n.态度；看法
4． refer vi.提到；参考；查阅 vt.查询；称……(为)
5． system n.体系；制度；系统
6． despite prep.即使；尽管
7． factor n.因素；要素
8． based adj.以(某事)为基础的；以……为重要部分(或特征)的→ base vt.以……为据点；以……为基础 n．底部；根据
9． bone n.骨头；骨(质)
10． symbol n.符号；象征
11． carve vt.& vi.雕刻
12． dynasty n.王朝；朝代
13． variety n.(植物、语言等的)变体；异体；多样化
14． major adj.主要的；重要的；大的 n．主修课程；主修学生 vi.主修；专门研究
15． means n.方式；方法；途径
16． classic adj.传统的；最优秀的；典型的 n．经典作品；名著
17． regard n.尊重；关注 vt.把……视为；看待
18． character n.文字；符号；角色；品质；特点
19． global adj.全球的；全世界的→ globe n.球体；地球仪；地球
20． affair n.公共事物；事件；关系
21． appreciate vt.欣赏；重视；感激；领会 vi.增值
22． specific adj.特定的；明确的；具体的
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．refer to 指的是；描述；提到；查阅
2．be known for ...因……而闻名
3．ups and downs浮沉；兴衰；荣辱
4． at the beginning起初
5．date back to 追溯到
6．lead to 导致
7．be of importance重要的
8． no matter where/who/what...不论在哪/谁/什么……；不管……
9．be connected with ...与……有联系/关联
10．see... as ...把……看作……
11．play a role in ...在……中扮演角色；在……中起作用
12． a number of许多；大量
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture.
该书写体系对于统一中国人民和中国文化都具有极大的重要性。
2．Even today， no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak，they can all still communicate in writing.
即使在今天，不论住在哪里，也不论说何种方言，中国人仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。
3． As China plays a greater role in global affairs，an increasing number of international students are beginning to appreciate China's culture and history through this amazing language.
随着中国在全球事务中扮演着更为重要的角色，越来越多的国际学生开始通过汉语这一奇妙的语言了解和欣赏中国的文化和历史。
Ⅳ.课文预读
(Ⅰ)Reading for the main idea.
1．What does the text mainly tell us？ D
A．The development of the Chinese writing system.
B．The effect of the Chinese writing system.
C．The important role of the Chinese writing system.
D．The development and effect of the Chinese writing system.
2．Find out the main idea of each paragraph. BACEDF
(1)Paragraph 1 A．At the beginning, written Chinese was a picture-based language.
(2)Paragraph 2 B．The Chinese writing system has a great effect on the ancient civilisation of China.
(3)Paragraph 3
C．The Chinese writing system developed into different forms.
(4)Paragraph 4 D．Chinese calligraphy has become an important part of Chinese culture.
(5)Paragraph 5 E．The Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction.
(6)Paragraph 6 F．The Chinese writing system is still an important part of Chinese culture in modern times.
(Ⅱ)Reading for the details.
1．What do you think is one of the main factors that has helped the Chinese language and culture survive？ A
A．The Chinese writing system.
B．Chinese wisdom.
C．Hard work of the Chinese.
D．The Chinese spoken language.
2．What is the main idea of Paragraph 2？ D
A．How did people carve symbols on bones and shells
B．What did the symbols on bones and shells mean
C．When did the picture-based language begin
D．A picture-based language, the earliest written Chinese.
3．Why did the Chinese writing system begin to develop in one direction？ B
A．People wanted to live in peace.
B．Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country.
C．People were willing to communicate in a language.
D．People were divided geographically.
4．How do foreigners appreciate China's culture and history？ C
A．Through classic works.
B．Through music.
C．Through the Chinese language.
D．Through a picture-based language.
核 心 单 词
1.native adj.出生地的；本地的；土著的 n．本地人
①Joshua Halpern is a native Northern Californian.
乔舒亚·哈尔彭是土生土长的北加州人。
②As is known to us all, giant pandas, which are native to China，are loved by people all over the world.
众所周知，原产于中国的大熊猫受到全世界人民的喜爱。
③China is our native country, and Chinese is our native language.
中国是我们的祖国，汉语是我们的母语。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①The red squirrel is a native of Britain.
②(2022·全国甲卷)Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old.
翻译句子
③It was his first visit to his native country since 1948.
这是1948年以来他首次访问祖国。
2.base vt.以……为据点；以……为基础 n．底部；根据
①The novel is based on a true story.
这部小说是根据真实的故事写成的。
②At the base of the cliff was a rocky beach.
悬崖的下面是多岩石的海滩。
③Hospitals lack even basic drugs for surgical operations.
医院甚至缺乏外科手术的基本必需的药品。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2022·浙江1月卷)My choices are based on/upon the lifestyle I want.
②They have to have a basic (base) understanding of computers in order to use the advanced technology.
③ This article will form the basis (base) for our discussion.
翻译句子
④We're going to be meeting there on a regular basis.
我们将定期在那里会面。
3.variety n．(植物、语言等的)变体；异体；多样化
①There are a variety of tourist attractions and historical sites in London.
伦敦有各种各样的旅游景点和历史古迹。
②She took the job for various reasons.
她由于种种原因接受了这份工作。
③As they're handmade，each one varies slightly.
由于它们是手工制作的，每一件都会略有不同。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①This tool can be used in a variety of ways.
②The heights of the plants vary from 8 cm to 20 cm.
③ There are various (variety)courses open to us.
翻译句子
④A variety of heavy industries grew up alongside the port.
各种重工业在港口边上兴起并发展起来。
4.major adj.主要的；重要的；大的 n．主修课程；主修学生 vi.主修；专门研究
①The major factor in the decision to stay or to leave was usually professional.
决定去留的主要因素通常与职业相关。
②She was a history major at the University of Oklahoma.
她曾是俄克拉何马大学历史专业的学生。
③In fact，he inspires me to major in English in college，to be a bridge between China and the world.
事实上，他激励我在大学主修英语，成为中国与世界之间的桥梁。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① He majored in finance at Claremont Men's College in California.
② Her father was a major in the Scots Guards.
③ The majority (major) of my patients come to me from out of town.
翻译句子
④Stress is a major problem of modern life.
压力是现代生活中的主要问题。
5.means n．方式；方法；途径
①This is a two-year course taught by means of lectures and seminars.
这是一门通过讲座和研讨会形式讲授的两年制课程。
②—Can I come and have a look at your house
—Yes，by all means.
——我能过来看看你的房子吗？
——当然可以。
③Television is an effective means of communication.
电视是一种有效的通讯手段。
G 归纳拓展
M 名师点津
means作“方式，方法”讲时，单复数同形。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①She tried to explain by means of sign language.
②The government must not use this method as a means of resolving the pension problem.
③—May I borrow this book
— By all means.
翻译句子
④By no means is punishment a wise choice to help them grow up mentally and physically.
惩罚绝不是一个帮助他们在精神上和身体上健康成长的明智选择。
6.regard n．尊重；关注 vt.把……视为；看待
①I have very high regard for him and what he has achieved.
我非常尊重他和他所取得的成就。
②I have nothing further to say in this regard.
在这方面，我没什么要说的了。
③He seemed to regard the whole thing as a joke.
他似乎是把整件事当成玩笑。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①I regard this as a serious matter.
② He is generally/widely regarded (regard)as the father of international law.
③The union is the largest in the country and in this regard is best placed to serve its members.
翻译句子
④What are the misunderstandings that we usually have with regard to happiness
对于幸福我们通常有什么误解吗？
7.character n．文字；符号；角色；品质；特点
①The film is autobiographical and the central character is played by Collard himself.
这部影片是自传式的，主角由科勒德亲自扮演。
②Her behaviour last night was completely out of character.
她昨晚的举止与她的性格截然不符。
③The new wing of the museum was not really in character with the rest of the building.
博物馆新建的侧翼楼与大楼其他部分的风格有些不一样。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
①They get drunk and act totally out of character，shouting.
② Genes determine the characteristics (character)of every living thing.
翻译句子
③There are more than 80,000 Chinese characters，most of which are seldom used today.
中国有超过8万个汉字，其中大部分现在已经很少使用了。
8.appreciate vt.欣赏；重视；感激；领会 vi.增值
①(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)This was the sort of work that made you appreciate the dollars you earned and respect those who did the work，he told me.
他告诉我，这种工作能让你珍惜自己赚的钱，并尊重那些做这些工作的人。
②I would appreciate it if you could point out my shortcomings.
如果您能指出我的不足之处，我将不胜感激。
③We want to express our appreciation to you for inviting us here.
邀请我们来此地，我们非常感谢。
G 归纳拓展
T 图解助记
M 名师点津
当appreciate，hate，dislike，love，like，depend/rely on等词后接宾语从句时，一般先加it，再接宾语从句。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Any advice that you can give me would be appreciated (appreciate)．
②I would appreciate it if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will be coming.
③ She shows little appreciation (appreciate)of good music.
翻译句子
④如果您能就如何解决这些问题给我一些建议，我将不胜感激。
I'd appreciate it if you can give me some advice on how to solve these problems.
必 备 短 语
1.refer to指的是；描述；提到；查阅
①In her autobiography she occasionally refers to her unhappy schooldays.
在自传中，她偶尔提及了她不快乐的学生时代。
②He always refers to the house as his“refuge”．
他总是把这座房子称为他的“避难所”。
③I am writing with reference to your article on salaries for scientists.
我给你写信是要谈谈你写的有关科学家工资的那篇文章。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
写出下列句中refer to的含义
①You may refer to your notes if you want. 查阅
②That remark does not refer to her. 指的是
③The victims were not referred to by name. 提到
④They come from Tuam，a place they refer to on the title track of their album，“All the Way From Tuam.” 描述
翻译句子
⑤在他的讲话中，他提到了最近的加拿大之行。
In his speech，he referred to a recent trip to Canada.
2.date back(to...)追溯到
①The issue is not a new one.It dates back to the 1930s at least.
这杂志不是新的，它至少可以追溯到20世纪30年代。
②The regulations were out of date and confusing.
那些规定已经过时，而且令人费解。
③She brought him up to date with what had happened.
她让他知道最新的情况。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① To date, we have received over 200 replies.
②We need to fix a date for the next meeting.
③Don't check out other people when you on a date.
翻译句子
④This tradition dates back to medieval times.
这个传统可以追溯到中世纪时期。
重 点 句 型
1.There is no egg in eggplant nor ham in hamburger；neither apple nor pine in pineapple.(P61)
茄子里没有鸡蛋，汉堡里没有火腿；菠萝里也没有苹果和松树。
J 句型剖析
neither...nor...意为“既不……也不……”，连接两个同等成分。
①I neither know nor care what happened to him.
我不知道，也不关心他出了什么事。
②(2021·浙江高考)Although Mary loved flowers，neither she nor her husband was known as a gardener.
虽然玛丽喜欢花，但她和她丈夫都不是园丁。
③I can't ever recall Dad hugging me.Neither did I sit on his knee.
我记不得爸爸拥抱过我，也不曾在他膝上坐过。
G 归纳拓展
M 名师点津
其他连接并列名词或代词作主语时谓语动词的数要遵循就近一致原则的词组：not only...but(also)．..不仅……而且……；not... but... 不是……而是……。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① They speak neither French nor German, but a strange mixture of the two.
②Neither you nor I am (be) interested in music.
③He didn't remember and neither did (do) I.
翻译句子
④I can give you neither an opinion nor any advice.
我既不能给你一个意见，也不能给你任何建议。
2.That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture.(P62)
该文字体系对于统一中国人民和文化非常重要。
J 句型剖析
be of great importance意为“至关重要”，是“be＋of＋抽象名词”结构，相当于be very important。
①The support of our members is of great importance to the association.
我们会员的支持对协会来说非常重要。
②So long-term studies on people eating average diets wouldn't be of much use to me personally.
这些对人们进行平衡饮食的长期研究对我个人来说，用处不大。
③I owe a debt of thanks to Joyce Thompson，whose careful and able research was of great help.
我欠乔伊斯·汤普森一份感谢之情，他谨慎杰出的研究是极大的帮助。
G 归纳拓展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Introduction is of great importance (important)since it sets the tone for the speech.
② It can be of benefit (beneficial)to share your feelings with someone you trust.
③ The arrival of canals was of great value to many industries.
④(2022·全国乙卷)Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
翻译句子
⑤We consider their works to be of great value.
我们觉得他们的作品很有价值。
3.Even today，no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak，they can all still communicate in writing.(P62)
即使在今天，中国人无论住在哪里或者讲什么方言，他们仍然都能用书写来交流。
J 句型剖析
本句是复合句，主句是they can all still communicate in writing；no matter where...or what...引导让步状语从句。
①No matter what/Whatever may happen, they've decided to leave this evening.
不管发生什么事，他们已决定今晚离开。
②(2018·天津)Whenever/No matter when you move to a new area，you should locate the fire alarm pull stations and the two exits nearest your room.
无论何时你搬到一个新地方，都应该确定好火警报警器的位置和离你房间最近的两个出口。
③(2018·天津)The gold medal will be awarded to whoever wins the first place in the bicycle race.
无论是谁在自行车比赛中获得一等奖，就会得到金牌。
G 归纳拓展
“no matter＋特殊疑问词”引导让步状语从句 意为：无论……，不管……
no matter what/who/when/where/how/which＝whatever/whoever/whenever/wherever/however/whichever无论什么/无论谁/无论何时/无论哪里/无论多么/无论哪个
注意 whatever/whoever/whichever/however引导名词性从句时，不能换成no matter what/who/which/how
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① Wherever you go，you will always find the same thing.
②These are free to you.You can take whatever you like.
③(2022·全国甲卷)Knowing some tips will help ensure that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family—no matter where you are in the world.
④(2022·浙江1月卷)I decided to stick to it no matter what .
完成句子
⑤ No matter who carries out the plan , he should be a reliable person at first.
无论谁来执行这个计划，他首先得是一个可靠的人。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．No matter how difficult the problem is，we can always deal with it.
2． Despite their efforts，the primary school will be closed down at the end of this term.
3．We have different summer camps for your holidays；you can choose one based (base) on your own interests.
4．(2022·全国Ⅱ卷)“Big change requires big ideas.” he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety.
5．There are varieties (variety) of flowers shown in the park and many people go to have a look.
6．He appreciates classic Chinese literature and regards it as his major research subject.
7．According to Mr.Green，the global (globe) economy is becoming better and better.
8．I don't doubt that our country will play a more and more important part in the world affairs (affair)．
9．I would appreciate it very much if you give me some advice on how to improve my listening.
10．Jack didn't lose heart.Instead，he continued to struggle against/with his illness.
11．The beautiful legend dates back to medieval times.
12．There were also times when life was hard.
13．Believe it or not，exercise is equally of great importance to our health.
14．Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a lack of exercise.
15．Parents play a very important role in their children's growth，so they should set a good example to them.
Ⅱ.选词填空
ups and downs，date back to，be based on，a variety of， struggle for，lead to，along with，at least，be known for， write down
1．There are a variety of books about heroes in science，sports and other fields in our library.
2．These bone and shell fossils can date back to a billion years ago.
3．Mary listened attentively and wrote down every word Professor Lin said.
4．Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to a waste of limited resources.
5．There were several ups and downs in their lives but the husband's support brought fresh hope to her life.
6．The writer Margaret Mitchell is known for writing Gone with the Wind，first published in 1936.
7．Despite the faults in the system，it is based on facts.
8．Last Sunday，I， along with my parents，went to take part in an activity called “I Walk，I'm Fit”．
9．The two families have struggled for/have been struggling for the land for several years，and they haven't reached an agreement.
10．One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
根据课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
China is 1.widely (wide) famous for its ancient 2.civilisation (civilise) which has continued into modern times thanks to the Chinese writing system.
At the beginning, written Chinese was a language 3.based (base) on symbols carved on bones and shells.The symbols had become a well-developed writing system by the Shang Dynasty.In the Shang Dynasty, the Chinese people 4.were divided (divide) geographically, 5.leading (lead) to many varieties of dialects and characters.
6.After Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major 7.states (state), he had the Chinese writing system unified， 8.which helped unite the Chinese people and culture.Today, almost all Chinese people can communicate in writing.
Now with China playing 9.an important role in global affairs, more and more international students are beginning to appreciate China through this 10.amazing (amaze) language.
