2015届高考英语二轮提优(江苏专用)专题三+阅读理解10_【推理判断题】
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| 名称 | 2015届高考英语二轮提优(江苏专用)专题三+阅读理解10_【推理判断题】 |  | |
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| 文件大小 | 57.5KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 牛津译林版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2015-04-18 11:17:09 | ||
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推理判断题
推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )题型之一,也是考生失分率较高的题型。推理判断题要求考生不仅要读懂句子的字面含义,而且要理解其深层含义,也就是理解作者的言外之意(read between lines),并能够根据证据(evidence)或事实(fact)进行判断、分析和推理,从而得出结论。因此,在文章中快速准确地寻找到用以判断推理的证据就非常重要。
设计特点
1. 题干形式
推理判断题的题干中常有infer, imp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ly, suggest等标志性的单词,由此可判断,此类试题属于推理判断题。常见的题干设题形式如下:
(1) What can be inferred about...in the passage
(2) The last sentence “...” implies that .
(3) What Mr Smith said suggests that .
2. 选项特点
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,而不是文章中的具体事实。因此,干扰项具有以下特征:
(1) 似是而非:这类干扰项仅是对文章信息 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的简单陈述,而不是依据事实得出的结论。这种选项对考生的干扰性极大,极容易迷惑考生,表面上看起来很正确,符合原文的意思;第二种情况是前半句推理正确,后半句却错了。
(2) 夸大事实:对文章的事实或证据进行夸大。
(3) 推理过度:这类选项往往过于绝对化,有时会出现only, all等词语,所作出的结论不符合逻辑。
(4) 掺入常识:按常识来讲是正确的,但不是根据文章中的证据推断出来的结论。
解题思路
1. 返回原文,将选项与原文一一进行比较。看是否可以通过题干或选项返回原文。
2. 推理判断题一般针对原 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )文的一两个重点。无论推理判断题能否根据题干定位原文,都要将它对应文章的一两个点。这些点通常是原文中“话中有话”的间接表达句,这些句子往往采用说半句话、打比喻、反着说、对比等方式让考生有推理的余地。所以,找推理判断题的答案时要特别注意原文表示对比、比较或有转折的地方,以及含义深刻、结构复杂的句子(意思不容易一下子看透),这些往往是出推理判断题的地方。
3. 正确答案特征:最近答案原则。选项 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中与原文意思最接近、推理步骤最少的为正确答案。就是说,正确答案要么将原文某句话换个说法,要么做一步推理,而不会做多步推理。而且,推理必须以原文为依据,不能运用课外的知识。推理判断题的答案一般是这么编写的:
(1) 将原文的某句话换个说法,如换成同义词;
(2) 将原文几句话或一段话归纳一下,就是说以段落主题或句群的论点为答案;
(3) 由构成对比的一方推断另一方。如果原文中提到两个事物,二者形成对比,而且已知其中一个事物的特点,那么可以推断另一事物的特点。
(一)(2014·广东卷C篇)
Like many new g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )raduates, I left university full of hope for the future but with no real idea of what I wanted to do. My degree, with honors, in English literature had not really prepared me for anything practical. I knew I wanted to make a difference in the world somehow, but I had no idea how to do that. That’s when I learned about the Lighthouse Project. I started my jour ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ney as a Lighthouse Project volunteer by reading as much as I could about the experiences of previous volunteers. I knew it would be a lot of hard work, and that I would be away from my family and friends for a very long time. In short, I did not take my decision to apply for the Lighthouse Project lightly. Neither did my family. Eventually, however, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) I won the support of my family, and I sent in all the paperwork needed for application. After countless interviews and presentations, I managed to stand out among the candidates and survive the test alone. Several months later, I finally received a call asking me to report for the duty. I would be going to a small village near Abuja, Nigeria. Where What Nigeria I had no idea. But I was about to find out. After complet ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing my training, I was sent to the village that was small and desperately in need of proper accommodation. Though the local villagers were poor, they offered their homes, hearts, and food as if I were their own family. I was asked to lead a small team of local people in building a new schoolhouse. For the next year or so, I taught in that same schoolhouse. But I sometimes think I learned more from my students than they did from me. Sometime dur ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing that period, I realized that all those things that had seemed so strange or unusual to me no longer did, though I did not get anywhere with the local language, and I returned to the United States a different man. The Lighthouse Project had changed my life forever. 1. What do we know about the author A. His university education focused on the theoretical knowledge. B. His dream at university was to become a volunteer. C. He took pride in having contributed to the world. D. He felt honored to study English literature. 2. According to Paragraph 2, it is most likely that the author . A. discussed his decision with his family 【读文能力生成培养】when在“Tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t’s when I learned about the Lighthouse Project.”中可用哪些词替代 答:可用the time which。【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。全文讲了作者做志愿者 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的经历。刚毕业的那段时间,作者不知道该何去何从,后来在家人的支持下参加了一项志愿者服务活动,并从中收获了许多。【解题思路】1. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句“My degree , with honors, in English literature had not really prepared me for anything practical . ”可知,作者所接受的英国文学未能让他学到实用的知识,他的大学更关注的是理论性知识。故选A项。2. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段最 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )后两句“In short, I did not take my decision to apply for the Lighthouse Project lightly. Neither did my family.”可知作者与家人商量了他的决定。3. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段第二句“After countless interviews and presentations, I managed to stand out among the candidates and survive the test alone.”可知,想参加志愿者服务的人员竞争非常激烈,只有作者一人入选。
B. asked previous volunteers about voluntary workC. attended special training to perform difficult tasksD. felt sad about having to leave his family and friends3. In his application for the volunteer job, the author . A. participated in many discussions B. went through challenging survival tests C. wrote quite a few papers on voluntary work D. faced strong competition from other candidates 4. On arrival at the village, the author was . A. asked to lead a farming team B. sent to teach in a schoolhouse C. received warmly by local villagers D. arranged to live in a separate house5. What can we infer from the author’s experiences in Nigeria A. He found some difficulty adapting to the local culture. B. He had learned to communicate in the local language. C. He had overcome all his weaknesses before he left for home. D. He was chosen as the most respectable teacher by his students. 4. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段第 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )二句“Though the local villagers were poor, they offered their homes, hearts, and food as if I were their own family.”可知,当地居民把作者视为家人一般热情款待。5. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )第一句“Sometime during that period, I realized that all those things that had seemed so strange or unusual to me no longer did, though I did not get anywhere with the local language, and I returned to the United States a different man.”可知,作者在适应当地文化方面遇到了一些困难。ACDAA AADCA
(二)(2014·福建卷D篇)
Perhaps you t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hink y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ou could easily add to your happiness with more money. Strange as it may seem, if you’re unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires—not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you don’t have enough tastes.Real riches consist ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of well-developed and hearty capacities(能力) to enjoy life. Most people are already swamped(淹没) with things. They eat, wear, go and talk too much. They live in too big a house with too many rooms, yet their house of life is a hut.Your house of life ought to be a mansion(豪宅), a royal palace. Every new taste, every additional interest, every fresh enthusiasm adds a room. Here are several rooms your house of life should have. 【读文能力生成培养】1. “Strange as ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) it may seem, if you’re unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires—not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you don’t have enough tastes.”中的Strange as it may seem是一个 句式,陈述语序是 。答:倒装;Though it may seem strange。
Art should be a des ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ire for you to develop simply because the world is full of beautiful things. If you only understood how to enjoy them and feed your spirit on them, they would make you as happy as to find plenty of ham and eggs when you’re hungry. Literature, classi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )c literature, is a beautiful, richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment. To gain that love would go toward making you a rich person, for a rich person is not someone who has a library but who likes a library. Music like Mozart’s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) and Bach’s shouldn’t be absent. Real riches are of the spirit. And when you’ve brought that spirit up to where classical music feeds it and makes you a little drunk, you have increased your thrills and bettered them. And life is a matter of thrills. Sports, without which ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) you remain poor, mean a lot in life. No matter who you are, you would be more human, and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days, if you could, and did, play a bit.Whatever rooms you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) might add to your house of life, the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.1. The author intends to tell us that .A. true happiness lies in achieving wealth by fair meansB. big houses are people’s most valued possessionsC. big houses can in a sense bring richness of lifeD. true happiness comes from spiritual riches2. The underlined s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )entence in the second paragraph probably implies that .A. however materially rich, they never seem to be satisfiedB. however materially rich, they remain spiritually poorC. though their house is big, they prefer a simple lifeD. though their house is big, it seems to be a cage3. It can be learned from the passage that .A. more money brings more happinessB. art is needed to make your house beautifulC. literature can enrich your spiritual lifeD. sports contribute mainly to your physical fitness4. What would be the best title for the passage A. House of Life B. Secret of WealthC. Rest and Refreshment D. Interest and Enthusiasm 2. 举例说明本文作者用了什么修辞手法 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )来说明主题的。答:比喻手法。作者把人的生命之屋比喻成豪宅。如:Your house of life ought to be a mansion(豪宅), a royal palace.Literature, classic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )literature, is a beautiful , richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment.Whatever rooms yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )u might add to your house of life, the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。衡量幸福的不是物质财富的多少,真正的幸福来自精神的富足。你需要不断积累的不是更多的金钱,而是生命之屋的房间。【解题思路】1. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段第 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一句“Real riches consist of well-developed and hearty capacities(能力) to enjoy life.”以及下文列举的艺术、文学、音乐、体育都是精神上的东西可知,D项符合文意。2. 推理判断题。根据画线句的前两句中提到的大多数人已经被淹没在物质财富中和本句后半句中的转折连词yet可推断,不管他们物质上多么富有,他们精神上依旧贫穷。
3. 推理判断题。文章第五 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )段中提到文学能让你放松,使你精神焕发,富人不是拥有图书馆的人,而是喜欢图书馆的人,此处的富有是精神层面的,由此可推断文学能够丰富一个人的精神生活。4. 标题归纳题。本文强调的是精神追求,且文中多处出现了关键词house of life(生命之屋),所以A项最能概括文章大意。ACBD DBCA
及时训练
(一)
【读文能力生成培养】
1. 文章首句中短语around the corner的意思是“ ”。
2. “And one w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ay to reduce this guilt is to believe that time spent in these classes is somehow more beneficial to children than the time we know we should be giving them ourselves.”中them代指“ ”。
3. 本文是如何说明主题的
Clear My Calendar
Dear Mom,
September is around t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he corner, and some of us are already complaining about summer’s end. But parents have a special reason to do so. The end of summer means the start of school. And these days, planning a young child’s schedule is a big challenge. The challenge is no longer finding activities to fill a child’s day; it is saying no to the hundreds of options available. Our mailbox is filled with brochures urging us to sign our kids up for classes from cooking to martial arts(武术).
Educators are themselv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es discouraged by the number of special classes that many children attend. In the name of “enrichment”, three-year-olds not only go to preschool in the morning but study French or gymnastics after lunch. One teacher tells of a four-year-old asking for help in the toilet before hurrying off to tennis. Another teacher says that children sometimes hold on to her at pickup time. What happened to unstructured time
A generous explanation ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) is that we enjoy giving children opportunities we never had. The truth however is that many parents have doubts about how much time they spend away from their families. And one way to reduce this guilt is to believe that time spent in these classes is somehow more beneficial to children than the time we know we should be giving them ourselves.
David Elkind, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )an expert on children, suggests that the 1960s gave birth to the belief that earlier is better. Parents hope that early music lessons, for example, will build a child’s confidence. The truth, however, is that any time children are asked to do too much, too soon, they are at greater risk for feelings of failure.
A child’s time d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oes not have to be planned to be meaningful. Remember the lazy days of summer Some children sleep late and play with the kids across the street until it’s time to come home for dinner. However, with the majority of mothers working, fewer children enjoy that idle(空闲的) time now.
Come September, child ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ren across the country will finish a full day of kindergarten, only to attend an after-school program until 6 p.m., when a working mom or dad comes to take them home. That’s too much for a five-year old. Finances, of course, do limit some parents. But let’s be honest with ourselves—our own busy schedules, whatever they involve, are no excuse for burdening a young child’s.
1. The author holds ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that it’s a challenge to plan a schedule for a child mainly because .
A. a child’s sche ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dule is too complex B. activities suitable for kids are limited
C. parents are s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tuck in numerous choices D. children always say no to parents’ advice
2. What the two teachers say in Paragraph 2 implies that .
A. children love to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) stay at school B. they are popular with children
C. children disli ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ke after-school classes D. after-school classes are of poor quality
3. According to th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e author, what is the real reason for parents to send their children to after-school classes
A. Parents want to make up for their own regrets.
B. After-school classes develop children’s potential.
C. Parents have doubt about their own ability to guide children.
D. After-school classes give parents an excuse for being absent.
4. Which of the following will the author probably agree with
A. For children’s benefits, the earlier the better.
B.Children’s spare time should be carefully designed.
C. Idle time for children is becoming a thing of the past.
D. Parents should be forgiven if they have a good reason.
(二)
【读文能力生成培养】
1. 本文的行文结构是什么
2. “Plus, wave powe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r would get in the way of fishing and boat traffic.”的意思是什么
In summer, m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )illions of people will head for the beach. And while the ocean can be a great place to swim and play, it may also be useful in another way. Some scientists think that waves could help make electricity.
“Have you ever be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en on a surfboard or boat and felt yourself being lifted up by a wave Or have you jumped in the water and felt the energy as waves crashed over you ” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves.”
Scientists are working on using that energy to make electricity.
Most waves a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re created when winds blow across the ocean. “The winds start out by making little ripples(波纹) in the water, but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves,” Taylor said. “Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”
When waves come t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )owards the shore, people can set up dams or other barricades to block the water and send it through a large wheel called a turbine(涡轮). The turbine can then power an electrical generator(发电机).
The United State ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s and a few other countries have started doing research on wave energy, and it is already being used in Scotland.
The resource is h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uge. We will never run out of wave power, besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as other energy sources, such as oil and coal.
Oceans cover ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) three quarters of the earth’s surface.That would make wave power seem perfect for creating energy around the world. There are some drawbacks, however.
Jamie Taylor s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )aid that wave power still cost too much money. He said that its effects on animals in the sea were still unknown. Plus, wave power would get in the way of fishing and boat traffic.
“With more research, h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )owever, many of these problems might be overcome,” Taylor said. “Demand for energy to power our TVs and computers, drive our cars, and heat and cool our homes is growing quickly throughout the world. Finding more energy sources is very important, for traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may run out some day.”
In the future, wh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en you turn on a light switch, an ocean wave could be providing the electricity!
1. Which of the following is NOT true
A. Wave powe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r costs too much money.B. Wave energy creates the same amount of pollution as other energy sources.
C. Wave powe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r affects fishing and boat traffic. D. Wave power may affect marine animals.
2. We can infer from the passage that .
A. finding more new energy sources like wave energy is important
B. wave energy is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) an only resource that will never run out and is used all over the world
C. wave power is perfect for creating energy around the world
D. wave power doesn’t create any pollution
3. The underlined word “drawbacks” probably means “ ”.
A. regrets B. adventures C. disadvantages D. difficulties
4. What can be the best title for the passage
A. How to Get Electricity by Waves B. A Huge Resource of Energy
C. A New Energy—Wave ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Energy D. The Disadvantages of Wave Energy
(三)
【读文能力生成培养】
1. 本文是如何传递信息的
2. “The forum(论坛) w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as held in Pittsburgh, once a US industrial center, now facing job-cuts because of competition brought about by globalization.”中分词短语now facing job-cuts作什么句子成分
About 400 high school ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )students from Western Pennsylvania and the neighboring state of Ohio joined a heated discussion recently on “China: What Does the Future Hold ”
“It’s either go ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing to turn out really good or really bad—who knows ” said Braveen Ragunathan, a senior from an Ohio high school. In his mind all Americans are connected to China in some way.
The forum(论坛) was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) held in Pittsburgh, once a US industrial center, now facing job-cuts because of competition brought about by globalization. The aim of the forum is to help American students learn more about the outside world.
Elliott Blackw ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ell, a junior at the Neighborhood Academy, said the forum let him know more about how China’s economic development will affect America in the future.
Some students, althoug ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h impressed by China’s economic boom, expressed uneasiness about the nation’s practices and differences from the American way of doing business and politics.
“China is a power com ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing up,so they might challenge us,” Paul Amon, a junior from Oil City High School, said. “I’d hope that China can be our partner but I think that we’d clash(冲突) along the way because we’re too different,” he added.
George Riley, a teache ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r explained:“The view of China is usually negative(负面的) and I think that’s fueled by the media.”
However, some n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )egative feelings are not from the media. Merri Ebel is a senior at East Allegheny High School north of Pittsburgh. Both her parents lost their jobs recently. The company they worked for said it was cheaper to produce goods in China rather than in the US.
“China is just this bi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g question mark. China was just a big country with millions of people that no one really knew about because it was so far away and our class was more American history based,” she said.
For better or ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) worse US teenagers are eager to know more about China, the forum shows.
1. From the passage we know that most US teenagers .
A. know only ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a little about China B. know much about China
C. know nothing about China D. like China very much
2. Many US student ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s expressed their uneasiness about China because .
A. China and the US ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )are too different B. China and the US are close partners
C. China and the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )US are enemies D. they know China very well
3. The main reaso ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n that China in their eyes is usually negative is probably that .
A. their teach ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ers affect them B. their classmates affect them
C. newspapers an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d online news affect them D. the forum affects them
4. Which of the following from the passage is TRUE
A. The view of China is usually positive.
B. The forum is not necessary at all.
C. The US and China would clash along the way because we are too big.
D. US teenagers are eager to know more about China.
5. What is the best title of the passage
A. Teenagers in th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e USA B. Job-cuts in Pittsburgh C. Cheaper Goods in China D. China in Their Eyes
(四)
【读文能力生成培养】
1. 文中哪一段具体说明了“我”为了改变自己而储备知识
2. 短语take it for g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ranted在“...but because they took it for granted I would be no good at it.”中的意思是“ ”。
A city child’s su ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mmer is spent in the street in front of his home, and all through the long summer vacations I sat on the edge of the street and watched enviously the other boys on the block play baseball. I was never asked to take part even when one team had a member missing—not out of special cruelty, but because they took it for granted I would be no good at it. They were right, of course.
I would never for ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )get the wonderful evening when something changed. The baseball ended about eight or eight thirty when it grew dark. Then it was the custom of the boys to retire to a little stoop(门廊) that stuck out from the candy store on the corner and that somehow had become theirs. No grown-up ever sat there or attempted to. There the boys would sit, mostly talking about the games played during the day and of the game to be played tomorrow. Then long silences would fall and the boys would wander off one by one. It was just after one of those long silences that my life as an outsider changed. I can no longer remember which boy it was that summer evening who broke the silence with a question; but whoever he was, I nod to him gratefully now. “What’s in those books you’re always reading ” he asked casually. “Stories,” I answered. “What kind ” asked somebody else without much interest.
Nor do I know wh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at drove me to behave as I did, for usually I just sat there in silence, glad enough to be allowed to remain among them; but instead of answering his question, I told them for two hours the story I was reading at the moment. The book was Sister Carrie. They listened bug-eyed and breathless. I must have told it well, but I think there was another and deeper reason that made them so keen an audience. Listening to a tale being told in the dark is one of the most ancient of man’s entertainments, but I was offering them as well, without being aware of doing it, a new and exciting experience.
The books t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hey themselves read were the Rover Boys or Tom Swift or G. A. Henty. I had read them too, but at thirteen I had long since left them behind. Since I was much alone I had become an enthusiastic reader and I had gone through the books-for-boys series. In those days there was no reading material between children’s and grown-ups’ books, or I could find none. I had gone right from Tom Swift and His Flying Machine to Theodore Dreiser and Sister Carrie. Dreiser had hit my young mind, and they listened to me tell the story with some of the wonder that I had had in reading it.
The next nig ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ht and many nights thereafter, a kind of unspoken ritual(仪式) took place. As it grew dark, I would take my place in the center of the stoop and begin the evening’s tale. Some nights, in order to taste my victory more completely, I cheated. I would stop at the most exciting part of a story by Jack London or Bret Harte, and without warning tell them that that was as far as I had gone in the book and it would have to be continued the following evening. It was not true, of course; but I had to make certain of my new-found power and position. I enjoyed the long summer evenings until school began in the fall. Other words of mine have been listened to by larger and more fashionable audiences, but for that tough and athletic one that sat close on the stoop outside the candy store, I have an unreasoning love that will last forever.
1. Watching the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )boys playing baseball, the writer must have felt .
A. bitter and lonely B. special and different
C. pleased and excited D. disturbed and annoyed
2. The writer fee ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ls grateful even now to the boy who asked the question because the boy .
A. invited him to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) join in their game B. liked the book that he was reading
C. broke the lon ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g silence of that summer evening D. offered him an opportunity that changed his life
3. According to Par ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )agraph 3, story-telling was popular among the boys basically because .
A. the story wa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s from a children’s book B. listening to tales was an age-old practice
C. the boys ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) had few entertainments after dark D. the boys didn’t read books by themselves
4. The boys were attracted to Sister Carrie because .
A. it was written by ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Theodore Dreiser B. it was specifically targeted at boys
C. it gave them ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a deeper feeling of pleasure D. it talked about the wonders of the world
5. Sometimes the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) writer stopped at the most exciting part of a story to .
A. play a me ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )an trick on the boys B. experience more joy of achievement
C. add his own ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )imagination to the story D. help the boys understand the story better
6. What is the message conveyed in the story
A. One can fin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d his position in life in his own way. B. Friendship is built upon respect for each other.
C. Reading is mo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re important than playing games. D. Adult habits are developed from childhood.
(五)
【读文能力生成培养】
1. 文章最后一段表明作者的什么观点
2. 了解大卡热量与生活的关系。
Any diet on which yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )u eat fewer calories than you need to get through the day, like an 800-calorie-per diet, can be dangerous. Diets that don’t allow any fat also can be bad for you. Everyone needs a certain amount of fat in their diet, up to 30% of total calories, so no one should eat a completely fat-free diet.
Don’t have diets ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that restrict certain food groups, either. A diet that requires you to say no to bread or pasta or allows you to eat only fruit is unhealthy. You won’t get the vitamins and minerals you need. And although you may lose weight, you’ll probably gain it back as soon as you start eating normally again.
Some people start d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ieting because they think all the problems in their lives are because of weight. Others have an area of their lives that they can’t control, like an alcoholic parent, so they focus on something they can control, their exercise and food intake(摄入).
People who diet may ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )get lots of praise from friends and family when they start losing pounds, which makes them feel good. But eventually a person reaches a weight level and doesn’t lose as much weight as before because the body is trying to keep a healthy weight, so they aren’t any happier.
Some people ma ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y find it hard to control their eating, so they stick with an extreme diet for a little while, but then eat tons of food. Feeling guilty about the binge, they use laxatives(泻药). Eating too little to maintain a healthy weight or eating only to throw up the calories are both eating disorders, which are harmful to a person’s health.
1. The reaso ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n why some people start and keep dieting DOESN’T include .
A. they think their ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )trouble comes from their weight B. they have a strict parent
C. other people’s p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )raise when they lose some weight D. there is something they can’t control except food intake
2. The underlined phrase in the last paragraph refers to “ ”.
A. a fat-free diet ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )B. a special diet C. eating too much D. eating too little
3. Which of the following statements is TRUE
A. A person need ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s about 800 calories each day. B. A person who doesn’t eat bread is unhealthy.
C. An imprope ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r diet may cause eating disorder. D. Fat takes up the most part of calories inside body.
4. According to t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he passage, when people want to lose weight, they should .
A. avoid eatin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g some food that can lead to being fat B. control their eating amount and times
C. have a healthy a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nd balanced diet D. throw up some of what they eat
(一)【读文能力生成培养】
1. 答:即将来临。2. 答:childr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en。3. 答:本文采用了“总—分—总”的行文格式。第一、二段提出问题,第三至第五段分析原因和利弊,最后一段提出建议,作总结。
【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文,主要分析了孩子们被各种培训班所累的真正原因。
【解题思路】1. C 细 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )节理解题。根据文章第一段第五句“The challenge is no longer finding activities to fill a child’s day;it is saying no to the hundreds of options available.”可知,父母们在给孩子安排时间时,面临很多的选择,这也是一种挑战。故选C项。
2. C 推理判断题。根据文章第二段第一句“ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Educators are themselves discouraged by the number of special classes that many children attend.”并结合对本段的整体理解可推知,孩子们对那些课外活动并不感兴趣。故选C项。
3. D 推理判断题。通过对文 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )章第三段内容的整体理解和最后一段最后一句“But let’s be honest with ourselves—our own busy schedules, whatever they involve, are no excuse for burdening a young child’s.”可推知,父母把孩子们送去上各种培训班是为自己不能够在家好好照顾他们找的一个借口。故选 D项。
4. C 推理判断题。根据文章第五段最后 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一句“However, with the majority of mothers working, fewer children enjoy that idle(空闲的) time now.”可推知,孩子们享受空闲的时间已经成了过去的回忆了。故选C项。
（二）【读文能力生成培养】1. 答:采用了“总—分—总”的行文格式。首先提出波能这个话题,然后分析利用波能的优缺点,最后作出结论。
2. 答:该句中get in the way 意为“阻挡,碍事”。句意:另外,波能会妨碍捕鱼和船只出行。
【语篇解读】大海既是我们游泳和玩耍的好去处,又是新兴能源波能的发源地。本文主要介绍了波能的优缺点、利用价值和发展前景。
【解题思路】1. B 细节理解题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。根据文章倒数第三段第一句可知A项正确;根据文章第七段内容可知,波能不会产生和煤、石油等能源一样的污染,故B项错误;根据文章倒数第三段最后一句可知C项正确;根据文章倒数第三段第二句可知D项正确。故选B项。
2. A 推理判断题。根据 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )文章倒数第二段最后一句可知A项正确;根据文章第六段“...and it is already being used in Scotland.”和第七段内容可知,文章并未提及波能是唯一取之不尽、用之不竭的能源,同时该能源目前仅在苏格兰而非全世界使用,故B项错误;根据文章第八段内容可知,波能也有缺点,并非绝对的完美无瑕,故C项错误;根据文章第七段第二句“We will never run out of wave power, besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as other energy sources, such as oil and coal.”可知,波能并非没有污染,只是不会产生和石油、煤等能源一样的污染,故D项错误。故选A项。
3. C 词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )四段第二句“That would make wave power seem perfect for creating energy around the world.”和倒数第三段内容可知,波能似乎是一种完美的能源,然而也有缺点。故选C项。drawback意为“缺点,劣势”。
4. C 标题归纳题。综合文章内容以及第一段和最后一段可知,本文主要介绍了波能这种新兴能源的优缺点、利用价值和发展前景。故选C项。
（三）【读文能力生成培养】1. 答:主要是通过引用不同人的话语来传递信息。2. 答:作定语。
【语篇解读】本是一篇新闻报道 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),属于应用文。美国宾夕法尼亚州和俄亥俄州400多名高中生以“中国的未来”为主题进行讨论,结果说明美国的中学生对中国的情况知之甚少。
【解题思路】1. A 推理判断题。根据文章 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )第三段最后一句和第四段内容可推知,美国的中学生对外面的世界了解得很有限,而且他们对中国的了解也不深。故选A项。
2. A 细节理解题。根据文章第五段内容可知,一些美国学生对中国不安,其原因是由于两国在商业和政治体制领域存在诸多不同。故选A项。
3. C 细节理解题。根据文章第七段中的直接引语可知,美国中学生对中国的片面看法主要是受媒体的影响。故选C项。
4. D 推理判断题。根据文 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )章最后一段内容可知,美国中学生渴望更多地了解中国。故选D项。 5. D 标题归纳题。通读本文可知,本文主要讲述了美国中学生眼里的中国。故选D项。
（四）【读文能力生成培养】1. 答:第四段。 2. 答:想当然,认为理所当然。
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )作者是一名很喜欢文学阅读的学生,在很多时候,他受到了其他小伙伴的冷落,他们想当然地认为作者不擅长打棒球。但终于有一天转机出现了,在某一天晚上, 有个小朋友与作者搭了话,从此,作者开始给他们讲故事,并由此找到了自己的位置。
【解题思路】1. A 推理判断题。根 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )据文章第一段中的“...watched enviously the other boys... I was never asked to take part ... not out of special cruelty...”可推知,作者受到了其他男孩子的冷落,他感到孤单和痛苦。故选A项。
2. D 细节理解题。根据文章第二 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )段中“It was just after one of those long silence that my life as an outsider changed. I can no longer remember which boy...”可知,当一个男孩子与作者搭话的时候,作者的人生从此发生了改变。故选D项。
3. B 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Listening to a tale being told in the dark is one of the most ancient of man’s entertainments,...”可知,听人讲故事是一个古老而又传统的娱乐方式。故选B项。
4. C 推理判断题。根据文章第四 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )段最后一句“Dreiser had hit my young mind, and they listened to me tell the story with some of the wonder...”可推知,这些孩子们被作者讲的《嘉莉妹妹》的故事情节深深吸引住了,感到无比愉悦。故选C项。
5. B 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中“...in order to taste my victory more completely, I cheated. I would stop at the most exciting part of a story by Jack London...”可知,作者有时候会故意在精彩的地方停下来,这样他就能在第二天接着讲,延续这种成就感和愉悦感。故选B项。
6. A 主旨大意题。根据文章最 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )后一段中的but I had to make certain of my new-found power and position可知,作者通过给其他小朋友讲故事,感受到了自己身份和价值地位的变化,而这种变化源于他善于讲故事的才能。故选A项。
（五）【读文能力生成培养】
1. 答:表明作者不赞成不恰当的节食 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。2. 答:一般正常人每天的基础代谢是1600—1800 大卡 ,正常老百姓每天的3顿饭可摄入1800大卡热量。
游泳:每半小时消耗热量17 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )5大卡。它是一项全身协调动作的运动,对增强心肺功能,锻炼灵活性和力量都很有好处。它还有利于病人恢复健康,妇女生育后恢复体形,对老年人和身体瘦弱的人都是一项很好的运动。
篮球:每半小时消耗热量250大卡。它可增强灵活性,加强心肺功能。自行车:每半小时消耗热量330大卡。对心肺、腿十分有利。
慢跑:每半小时消耗热量300大卡。有益于心肺 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )和血液循环。跑的路程越长,消耗的热量越大。散步:每半小时消耗热量75大卡。对心肺功能的增强有益,它能改善血液循环,活动关节和有助于减肥。
【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章告诫减肥人群,在减肥的同时务必要保证健康和均衡的饮食,这样才能获得真正的健康。
【解题思路】1. B 细节理解题。根据文章第三、四段内容可知,A、C、D三项均是人们减肥的原因。B项内容文章没有涉及。故选B项。
2. D 短语理解题。根据画线短语后的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )but then eat tons of food中的but可推知,画线部分与其讲述的内容相反,因此an extreme diet指的是“吃得太少”。 故选D项。
3. C 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )“...like an 800-calorie-per diet, can be dangerous.”可知,A项表述错误;根据文章第二段第二句可知,不包括面包的饮食不健康,但并没说不吃面包的人不健康,故B项表述错误;根据文章第一段最后一句可知D项表述错误。故选C项。
4. C 推理判断题。通读全文特别是文章首段内容可知,人们在减肥的同时,还应保证健康和均衡的饮食。故选C项。
推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )题型之一,也是考生失分率较高的题型。推理判断题要求考生不仅要读懂句子的字面含义,而且要理解其深层含义,也就是理解作者的言外之意(read between lines),并能够根据证据(evidence)或事实(fact)进行判断、分析和推理,从而得出结论。因此,在文章中快速准确地寻找到用以判断推理的证据就非常重要。
设计特点
1. 题干形式
推理判断题的题干中常有infer, imp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ly, suggest等标志性的单词,由此可判断,此类试题属于推理判断题。常见的题干设题形式如下:
(1) What can be inferred about...in the passage
(2) The last sentence “...” implies that .
(3) What Mr Smith said suggests that .
2. 选项特点
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,而不是文章中的具体事实。因此,干扰项具有以下特征:
(1) 似是而非:这类干扰项仅是对文章信息 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的简单陈述,而不是依据事实得出的结论。这种选项对考生的干扰性极大,极容易迷惑考生,表面上看起来很正确,符合原文的意思;第二种情况是前半句推理正确,后半句却错了。
(2) 夸大事实:对文章的事实或证据进行夸大。
(3) 推理过度:这类选项往往过于绝对化,有时会出现only, all等词语,所作出的结论不符合逻辑。
(4) 掺入常识:按常识来讲是正确的,但不是根据文章中的证据推断出来的结论。
解题思路
1. 返回原文,将选项与原文一一进行比较。看是否可以通过题干或选项返回原文。
2. 推理判断题一般针对原 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )文的一两个重点。无论推理判断题能否根据题干定位原文,都要将它对应文章的一两个点。这些点通常是原文中“话中有话”的间接表达句,这些句子往往采用说半句话、打比喻、反着说、对比等方式让考生有推理的余地。所以,找推理判断题的答案时要特别注意原文表示对比、比较或有转折的地方,以及含义深刻、结构复杂的句子(意思不容易一下子看透),这些往往是出推理判断题的地方。
3. 正确答案特征:最近答案原则。选项 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中与原文意思最接近、推理步骤最少的为正确答案。就是说,正确答案要么将原文某句话换个说法,要么做一步推理,而不会做多步推理。而且,推理必须以原文为依据,不能运用课外的知识。推理判断题的答案一般是这么编写的:
(1) 将原文的某句话换个说法,如换成同义词;
(2) 将原文几句话或一段话归纳一下,就是说以段落主题或句群的论点为答案;
(3) 由构成对比的一方推断另一方。如果原文中提到两个事物,二者形成对比,而且已知其中一个事物的特点,那么可以推断另一事物的特点。
(一)(2014·广东卷C篇)
Like many new g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )raduates, I left university full of hope for the future but with no real idea of what I wanted to do. My degree, with honors, in English literature had not really prepared me for anything practical. I knew I wanted to make a difference in the world somehow, but I had no idea how to do that. That’s when I learned about the Lighthouse Project. I started my jour ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ney as a Lighthouse Project volunteer by reading as much as I could about the experiences of previous volunteers. I knew it would be a lot of hard work, and that I would be away from my family and friends for a very long time. In short, I did not take my decision to apply for the Lighthouse Project lightly. Neither did my family. Eventually, however, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) I won the support of my family, and I sent in all the paperwork needed for application. After countless interviews and presentations, I managed to stand out among the candidates and survive the test alone. Several months later, I finally received a call asking me to report for the duty. I would be going to a small village near Abuja, Nigeria. Where What Nigeria I had no idea. But I was about to find out. After complet ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing my training, I was sent to the village that was small and desperately in need of proper accommodation. Though the local villagers were poor, they offered their homes, hearts, and food as if I were their own family. I was asked to lead a small team of local people in building a new schoolhouse. For the next year or so, I taught in that same schoolhouse. But I sometimes think I learned more from my students than they did from me. Sometime dur ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing that period, I realized that all those things that had seemed so strange or unusual to me no longer did, though I did not get anywhere with the local language, and I returned to the United States a different man. The Lighthouse Project had changed my life forever. 1. What do we know about the author A. His university education focused on the theoretical knowledge. B. His dream at university was to become a volunteer. C. He took pride in having contributed to the world. D. He felt honored to study English literature. 2. According to Paragraph 2, it is most likely that the author . A. discussed his decision with his family 【读文能力生成培养】when在“Tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t’s when I learned about the Lighthouse Project.”中可用哪些词替代 答:可用the time which。【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。全文讲了作者做志愿者 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的经历。刚毕业的那段时间,作者不知道该何去何从,后来在家人的支持下参加了一项志愿者服务活动,并从中收获了许多。【解题思路】1. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句“My degree , with honors, in English literature had not really prepared me for anything practical . ”可知,作者所接受的英国文学未能让他学到实用的知识,他的大学更关注的是理论性知识。故选A项。2. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段最 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )后两句“In short, I did not take my decision to apply for the Lighthouse Project lightly. Neither did my family.”可知作者与家人商量了他的决定。3. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段第二句“After countless interviews and presentations, I managed to stand out among the candidates and survive the test alone.”可知,想参加志愿者服务的人员竞争非常激烈,只有作者一人入选。
B. asked previous volunteers about voluntary workC. attended special training to perform difficult tasksD. felt sad about having to leave his family and friends3. In his application for the volunteer job, the author . A. participated in many discussions B. went through challenging survival tests C. wrote quite a few papers on voluntary work D. faced strong competition from other candidates 4. On arrival at the village, the author was . A. asked to lead a farming team B. sent to teach in a schoolhouse C. received warmly by local villagers D. arranged to live in a separate house5. What can we infer from the author’s experiences in Nigeria A. He found some difficulty adapting to the local culture. B. He had learned to communicate in the local language. C. He had overcome all his weaknesses before he left for home. D. He was chosen as the most respectable teacher by his students. 4. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段第 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )二句“Though the local villagers were poor, they offered their homes, hearts, and food as if I were their own family.”可知,当地居民把作者视为家人一般热情款待。5. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )第一句“Sometime during that period, I realized that all those things that had seemed so strange or unusual to me no longer did, though I did not get anywhere with the local language, and I returned to the United States a different man.”可知,作者在适应当地文化方面遇到了一些困难。ACDAA AADCA
(二)(2014·福建卷D篇)
Perhaps you t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hink y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ou could easily add to your happiness with more money. Strange as it may seem, if you’re unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires—not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you don’t have enough tastes.Real riches consist ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of well-developed and hearty capacities(能力) to enjoy life. Most people are already swamped(淹没) with things. They eat, wear, go and talk too much. They live in too big a house with too many rooms, yet their house of life is a hut.Your house of life ought to be a mansion(豪宅), a royal palace. Every new taste, every additional interest, every fresh enthusiasm adds a room. Here are several rooms your house of life should have. 【读文能力生成培养】1. “Strange as ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) it may seem, if you’re unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires—not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you don’t have enough tastes.”中的Strange as it may seem是一个 句式,陈述语序是 。答:倒装;Though it may seem strange。
Art should be a des ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ire for you to develop simply because the world is full of beautiful things. If you only understood how to enjoy them and feed your spirit on them, they would make you as happy as to find plenty of ham and eggs when you’re hungry. Literature, classi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )c literature, is a beautiful, richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment. To gain that love would go toward making you a rich person, for a rich person is not someone who has a library but who likes a library. Music like Mozart’s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) and Bach’s shouldn’t be absent. Real riches are of the spirit. And when you’ve brought that spirit up to where classical music feeds it and makes you a little drunk, you have increased your thrills and bettered them. And life is a matter of thrills. Sports, without which ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) you remain poor, mean a lot in life. No matter who you are, you would be more human, and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days, if you could, and did, play a bit.Whatever rooms you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) might add to your house of life, the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.1. The author intends to tell us that .A. true happiness lies in achieving wealth by fair meansB. big houses are people’s most valued possessionsC. big houses can in a sense bring richness of lifeD. true happiness comes from spiritual riches2. The underlined s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )entence in the second paragraph probably implies that .A. however materially rich, they never seem to be satisfiedB. however materially rich, they remain spiritually poorC. though their house is big, they prefer a simple lifeD. though their house is big, it seems to be a cage3. It can be learned from the passage that .A. more money brings more happinessB. art is needed to make your house beautifulC. literature can enrich your spiritual lifeD. sports contribute mainly to your physical fitness4. What would be the best title for the passage A. House of Life B. Secret of WealthC. Rest and Refreshment D. Interest and Enthusiasm 2. 举例说明本文作者用了什么修辞手法 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )来说明主题的。答:比喻手法。作者把人的生命之屋比喻成豪宅。如:Your house of life ought to be a mansion(豪宅), a royal palace.Literature, classic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )literature, is a beautiful , richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment.Whatever rooms yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )u might add to your house of life, the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。衡量幸福的不是物质财富的多少,真正的幸福来自精神的富足。你需要不断积累的不是更多的金钱,而是生命之屋的房间。【解题思路】1. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段第 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一句“Real riches consist of well-developed and hearty capacities(能力) to enjoy life.”以及下文列举的艺术、文学、音乐、体育都是精神上的东西可知,D项符合文意。2. 推理判断题。根据画线句的前两句中提到的大多数人已经被淹没在物质财富中和本句后半句中的转折连词yet可推断,不管他们物质上多么富有,他们精神上依旧贫穷。
3. 推理判断题。文章第五 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )段中提到文学能让你放松,使你精神焕发,富人不是拥有图书馆的人,而是喜欢图书馆的人,此处的富有是精神层面的,由此可推断文学能够丰富一个人的精神生活。4. 标题归纳题。本文强调的是精神追求,且文中多处出现了关键词house of life(生命之屋),所以A项最能概括文章大意。ACBD DBCA
及时训练
(一)
【读文能力生成培养】
1. 文章首句中短语around the corner的意思是“ ”。
2. “And one w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ay to reduce this guilt is to believe that time spent in these classes is somehow more beneficial to children than the time we know we should be giving them ourselves.”中them代指“ ”。
3. 本文是如何说明主题的
Clear My Calendar
Dear Mom,
September is around t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he corner, and some of us are already complaining about summer’s end. But parents have a special reason to do so. The end of summer means the start of school. And these days, planning a young child’s schedule is a big challenge. The challenge is no longer finding activities to fill a child’s day; it is saying no to the hundreds of options available. Our mailbox is filled with brochures urging us to sign our kids up for classes from cooking to martial arts(武术).
Educators are themselv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es discouraged by the number of special classes that many children attend. In the name of “enrichment”, three-year-olds not only go to preschool in the morning but study French or gymnastics after lunch. One teacher tells of a four-year-old asking for help in the toilet before hurrying off to tennis. Another teacher says that children sometimes hold on to her at pickup time. What happened to unstructured time
A generous explanation ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) is that we enjoy giving children opportunities we never had. The truth however is that many parents have doubts about how much time they spend away from their families. And one way to reduce this guilt is to believe that time spent in these classes is somehow more beneficial to children than the time we know we should be giving them ourselves.
David Elkind, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )an expert on children, suggests that the 1960s gave birth to the belief that earlier is better. Parents hope that early music lessons, for example, will build a child’s confidence. The truth, however, is that any time children are asked to do too much, too soon, they are at greater risk for feelings of failure.
A child’s time d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oes not have to be planned to be meaningful. Remember the lazy days of summer Some children sleep late and play with the kids across the street until it’s time to come home for dinner. However, with the majority of mothers working, fewer children enjoy that idle(空闲的) time now.
Come September, child ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ren across the country will finish a full day of kindergarten, only to attend an after-school program until 6 p.m., when a working mom or dad comes to take them home. That’s too much for a five-year old. Finances, of course, do limit some parents. But let’s be honest with ourselves—our own busy schedules, whatever they involve, are no excuse for burdening a young child’s.
1. The author holds ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that it’s a challenge to plan a schedule for a child mainly because .
A. a child’s sche ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dule is too complex B. activities suitable for kids are limited
C. parents are s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tuck in numerous choices D. children always say no to parents’ advice
2. What the two teachers say in Paragraph 2 implies that .
A. children love to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) stay at school B. they are popular with children
C. children disli ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ke after-school classes D. after-school classes are of poor quality
3. According to th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e author, what is the real reason for parents to send their children to after-school classes
A. Parents want to make up for their own regrets.
B. After-school classes develop children’s potential.
C. Parents have doubt about their own ability to guide children.
D. After-school classes give parents an excuse for being absent.
4. Which of the following will the author probably agree with
A. For children’s benefits, the earlier the better.
B.Children’s spare time should be carefully designed.
C. Idle time for children is becoming a thing of the past.
D. Parents should be forgiven if they have a good reason.
(二)
【读文能力生成培养】
1. 本文的行文结构是什么
2. “Plus, wave powe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r would get in the way of fishing and boat traffic.”的意思是什么
In summer, m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )illions of people will head for the beach. And while the ocean can be a great place to swim and play, it may also be useful in another way. Some scientists think that waves could help make electricity.
“Have you ever be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en on a surfboard or boat and felt yourself being lifted up by a wave Or have you jumped in the water and felt the energy as waves crashed over you ” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves.”
Scientists are working on using that energy to make electricity.
Most waves a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re created when winds blow across the ocean. “The winds start out by making little ripples(波纹) in the water, but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves,” Taylor said. “Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”
When waves come t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )owards the shore, people can set up dams or other barricades to block the water and send it through a large wheel called a turbine(涡轮). The turbine can then power an electrical generator(发电机).
The United State ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s and a few other countries have started doing research on wave energy, and it is already being used in Scotland.
The resource is h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uge. We will never run out of wave power, besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as other energy sources, such as oil and coal.
Oceans cover ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) three quarters of the earth’s surface.That would make wave power seem perfect for creating energy around the world. There are some drawbacks, however.
Jamie Taylor s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )aid that wave power still cost too much money. He said that its effects on animals in the sea were still unknown. Plus, wave power would get in the way of fishing and boat traffic.
“With more research, h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )owever, many of these problems might be overcome,” Taylor said. “Demand for energy to power our TVs and computers, drive our cars, and heat and cool our homes is growing quickly throughout the world. Finding more energy sources is very important, for traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may run out some day.”
In the future, wh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en you turn on a light switch, an ocean wave could be providing the electricity!
1. Which of the following is NOT true
A. Wave powe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r costs too much money.B. Wave energy creates the same amount of pollution as other energy sources.
C. Wave powe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r affects fishing and boat traffic. D. Wave power may affect marine animals.
2. We can infer from the passage that .
A. finding more new energy sources like wave energy is important
B. wave energy is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) an only resource that will never run out and is used all over the world
C. wave power is perfect for creating energy around the world
D. wave power doesn’t create any pollution
3. The underlined word “drawbacks” probably means “ ”.
A. regrets B. adventures C. disadvantages D. difficulties
4. What can be the best title for the passage
A. How to Get Electricity by Waves B. A Huge Resource of Energy
C. A New Energy—Wave ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Energy D. The Disadvantages of Wave Energy
(三)
【读文能力生成培养】
1. 本文是如何传递信息的
2. “The forum(论坛) w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as held in Pittsburgh, once a US industrial center, now facing job-cuts because of competition brought about by globalization.”中分词短语now facing job-cuts作什么句子成分
About 400 high school ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )students from Western Pennsylvania and the neighboring state of Ohio joined a heated discussion recently on “China: What Does the Future Hold ”
“It’s either go ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing to turn out really good or really bad—who knows ” said Braveen Ragunathan, a senior from an Ohio high school. In his mind all Americans are connected to China in some way.
The forum(论坛) was ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) held in Pittsburgh, once a US industrial center, now facing job-cuts because of competition brought about by globalization. The aim of the forum is to help American students learn more about the outside world.
Elliott Blackw ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ell, a junior at the Neighborhood Academy, said the forum let him know more about how China’s economic development will affect America in the future.
Some students, althoug ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h impressed by China’s economic boom, expressed uneasiness about the nation’s practices and differences from the American way of doing business and politics.
“China is a power com ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing up,so they might challenge us,” Paul Amon, a junior from Oil City High School, said. “I’d hope that China can be our partner but I think that we’d clash(冲突) along the way because we’re too different,” he added.
George Riley, a teache ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r explained:“The view of China is usually negative(负面的) and I think that’s fueled by the media.”
However, some n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )egative feelings are not from the media. Merri Ebel is a senior at East Allegheny High School north of Pittsburgh. Both her parents lost their jobs recently. The company they worked for said it was cheaper to produce goods in China rather than in the US.
“China is just this bi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g question mark. China was just a big country with millions of people that no one really knew about because it was so far away and our class was more American history based,” she said.
For better or ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) worse US teenagers are eager to know more about China, the forum shows.
1. From the passage we know that most US teenagers .
A. know only ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a little about China B. know much about China
C. know nothing about China D. like China very much
2. Many US student ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s expressed their uneasiness about China because .
A. China and the US ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )are too different B. China and the US are close partners
C. China and the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )US are enemies D. they know China very well
3. The main reaso ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n that China in their eyes is usually negative is probably that .
A. their teach ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ers affect them B. their classmates affect them
C. newspapers an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d online news affect them D. the forum affects them
4. Which of the following from the passage is TRUE
A. The view of China is usually positive.
B. The forum is not necessary at all.
C. The US and China would clash along the way because we are too big.
D. US teenagers are eager to know more about China.
5. What is the best title of the passage
A. Teenagers in th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e USA B. Job-cuts in Pittsburgh C. Cheaper Goods in China D. China in Their Eyes
(四)
【读文能力生成培养】
1. 文中哪一段具体说明了“我”为了改变自己而储备知识
2. 短语take it for g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ranted在“...but because they took it for granted I would be no good at it.”中的意思是“ ”。
A city child’s su ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mmer is spent in the street in front of his home, and all through the long summer vacations I sat on the edge of the street and watched enviously the other boys on the block play baseball. I was never asked to take part even when one team had a member missing—not out of special cruelty, but because they took it for granted I would be no good at it. They were right, of course.
I would never for ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )get the wonderful evening when something changed. The baseball ended about eight or eight thirty when it grew dark. Then it was the custom of the boys to retire to a little stoop(门廊) that stuck out from the candy store on the corner and that somehow had become theirs. No grown-up ever sat there or attempted to. There the boys would sit, mostly talking about the games played during the day and of the game to be played tomorrow. Then long silences would fall and the boys would wander off one by one. It was just after one of those long silences that my life as an outsider changed. I can no longer remember which boy it was that summer evening who broke the silence with a question; but whoever he was, I nod to him gratefully now. “What’s in those books you’re always reading ” he asked casually. “Stories,” I answered. “What kind ” asked somebody else without much interest.
Nor do I know wh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at drove me to behave as I did, for usually I just sat there in silence, glad enough to be allowed to remain among them; but instead of answering his question, I told them for two hours the story I was reading at the moment. The book was Sister Carrie. They listened bug-eyed and breathless. I must have told it well, but I think there was another and deeper reason that made them so keen an audience. Listening to a tale being told in the dark is one of the most ancient of man’s entertainments, but I was offering them as well, without being aware of doing it, a new and exciting experience.
The books t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hey themselves read were the Rover Boys or Tom Swift or G. A. Henty. I had read them too, but at thirteen I had long since left them behind. Since I was much alone I had become an enthusiastic reader and I had gone through the books-for-boys series. In those days there was no reading material between children’s and grown-ups’ books, or I could find none. I had gone right from Tom Swift and His Flying Machine to Theodore Dreiser and Sister Carrie. Dreiser had hit my young mind, and they listened to me tell the story with some of the wonder that I had had in reading it.
The next nig ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ht and many nights thereafter, a kind of unspoken ritual(仪式) took place. As it grew dark, I would take my place in the center of the stoop and begin the evening’s tale. Some nights, in order to taste my victory more completely, I cheated. I would stop at the most exciting part of a story by Jack London or Bret Harte, and without warning tell them that that was as far as I had gone in the book and it would have to be continued the following evening. It was not true, of course; but I had to make certain of my new-found power and position. I enjoyed the long summer evenings until school began in the fall. Other words of mine have been listened to by larger and more fashionable audiences, but for that tough and athletic one that sat close on the stoop outside the candy store, I have an unreasoning love that will last forever.
1. Watching the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )boys playing baseball, the writer must have felt .
A. bitter and lonely B. special and different
C. pleased and excited D. disturbed and annoyed
2. The writer fee ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ls grateful even now to the boy who asked the question because the boy .
A. invited him to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) join in their game B. liked the book that he was reading
C. broke the lon ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g silence of that summer evening D. offered him an opportunity that changed his life
3. According to Par ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )agraph 3, story-telling was popular among the boys basically because .
A. the story wa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s from a children’s book B. listening to tales was an age-old practice
C. the boys ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) had few entertainments after dark D. the boys didn’t read books by themselves
4. The boys were attracted to Sister Carrie because .
A. it was written by ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Theodore Dreiser B. it was specifically targeted at boys
C. it gave them ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a deeper feeling of pleasure D. it talked about the wonders of the world
5. Sometimes the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) writer stopped at the most exciting part of a story to .
A. play a me ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )an trick on the boys B. experience more joy of achievement
C. add his own ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )imagination to the story D. help the boys understand the story better
6. What is the message conveyed in the story
A. One can fin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d his position in life in his own way. B. Friendship is built upon respect for each other.
C. Reading is mo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )re important than playing games. D. Adult habits are developed from childhood.
(五)
【读文能力生成培养】
1. 文章最后一段表明作者的什么观点
2. 了解大卡热量与生活的关系。
Any diet on which yo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )u eat fewer calories than you need to get through the day, like an 800-calorie-per diet, can be dangerous. Diets that don’t allow any fat also can be bad for you. Everyone needs a certain amount of fat in their diet, up to 30% of total calories, so no one should eat a completely fat-free diet.
Don’t have diets ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that restrict certain food groups, either. A diet that requires you to say no to bread or pasta or allows you to eat only fruit is unhealthy. You won’t get the vitamins and minerals you need. And although you may lose weight, you’ll probably gain it back as soon as you start eating normally again.
Some people start d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ieting because they think all the problems in their lives are because of weight. Others have an area of their lives that they can’t control, like an alcoholic parent, so they focus on something they can control, their exercise and food intake(摄入).
People who diet may ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )get lots of praise from friends and family when they start losing pounds, which makes them feel good. But eventually a person reaches a weight level and doesn’t lose as much weight as before because the body is trying to keep a healthy weight, so they aren’t any happier.
Some people ma ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y find it hard to control their eating, so they stick with an extreme diet for a little while, but then eat tons of food. Feeling guilty about the binge, they use laxatives(泻药). Eating too little to maintain a healthy weight or eating only to throw up the calories are both eating disorders, which are harmful to a person’s health.
1. The reaso ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n why some people start and keep dieting DOESN’T include .
A. they think their ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )trouble comes from their weight B. they have a strict parent
C. other people’s p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )raise when they lose some weight D. there is something they can’t control except food intake
2. The underlined phrase in the last paragraph refers to “ ”.
A. a fat-free diet ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )B. a special diet C. eating too much D. eating too little
3. Which of the following statements is TRUE
A. A person need ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s about 800 calories each day. B. A person who doesn’t eat bread is unhealthy.
C. An imprope ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r diet may cause eating disorder. D. Fat takes up the most part of calories inside body.
4. According to t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he passage, when people want to lose weight, they should .
A. avoid eatin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g some food that can lead to being fat B. control their eating amount and times
C. have a healthy a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nd balanced diet D. throw up some of what they eat
(一)【读文能力生成培养】
1. 答:即将来临。2. 答:childr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en。3. 答:本文采用了“总—分—总”的行文格式。第一、二段提出问题,第三至第五段分析原因和利弊,最后一段提出建议,作总结。
【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文,主要分析了孩子们被各种培训班所累的真正原因。
【解题思路】1. C 细 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )节理解题。根据文章第一段第五句“The challenge is no longer finding activities to fill a child’s day;it is saying no to the hundreds of options available.”可知,父母们在给孩子安排时间时,面临很多的选择,这也是一种挑战。故选C项。
2. C 推理判断题。根据文章第二段第一句“ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Educators are themselves discouraged by the number of special classes that many children attend.”并结合对本段的整体理解可推知,孩子们对那些课外活动并不感兴趣。故选C项。
3. D 推理判断题。通过对文 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )章第三段内容的整体理解和最后一段最后一句“But let’s be honest with ourselves—our own busy schedules, whatever they involve, are no excuse for burdening a young child’s.”可推知,父母把孩子们送去上各种培训班是为自己不能够在家好好照顾他们找的一个借口。故选 D项。
4. C 推理判断题。根据文章第五段最后 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一句“However, with the majority of mothers working, fewer children enjoy that idle(空闲的) time now.”可推知,孩子们享受空闲的时间已经成了过去的回忆了。故选C项。
（二）【读文能力生成培养】1. 答:采用了“总—分—总”的行文格式。首先提出波能这个话题,然后分析利用波能的优缺点,最后作出结论。
2. 答:该句中get in the way 意为“阻挡,碍事”。句意:另外,波能会妨碍捕鱼和船只出行。
【语篇解读】大海既是我们游泳和玩耍的好去处,又是新兴能源波能的发源地。本文主要介绍了波能的优缺点、利用价值和发展前景。
【解题思路】1. B 细节理解题 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。根据文章倒数第三段第一句可知A项正确;根据文章第七段内容可知,波能不会产生和煤、石油等能源一样的污染,故B项错误;根据文章倒数第三段最后一句可知C项正确;根据文章倒数第三段第二句可知D项正确。故选B项。
2. A 推理判断题。根据 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )文章倒数第二段最后一句可知A项正确;根据文章第六段“...and it is already being used in Scotland.”和第七段内容可知,文章并未提及波能是唯一取之不尽、用之不竭的能源,同时该能源目前仅在苏格兰而非全世界使用,故B项错误;根据文章第八段内容可知,波能也有缺点,并非绝对的完美无瑕,故C项错误;根据文章第七段第二句“We will never run out of wave power, besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as other energy sources, such as oil and coal.”可知,波能并非没有污染,只是不会产生和石油、煤等能源一样的污染,故D项错误。故选A项。
3. C 词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )四段第二句“That would make wave power seem perfect for creating energy around the world.”和倒数第三段内容可知,波能似乎是一种完美的能源,然而也有缺点。故选C项。drawback意为“缺点,劣势”。
4. C 标题归纳题。综合文章内容以及第一段和最后一段可知,本文主要介绍了波能这种新兴能源的优缺点、利用价值和发展前景。故选C项。
（三）【读文能力生成培养】1. 答:主要是通过引用不同人的话语来传递信息。2. 答:作定语。
【语篇解读】本是一篇新闻报道 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),属于应用文。美国宾夕法尼亚州和俄亥俄州400多名高中生以“中国的未来”为主题进行讨论,结果说明美国的中学生对中国的情况知之甚少。
【解题思路】1. A 推理判断题。根据文章 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )第三段最后一句和第四段内容可推知,美国的中学生对外面的世界了解得很有限,而且他们对中国的了解也不深。故选A项。
2. A 细节理解题。根据文章第五段内容可知,一些美国学生对中国不安,其原因是由于两国在商业和政治体制领域存在诸多不同。故选A项。
3. C 细节理解题。根据文章第七段中的直接引语可知,美国中学生对中国的片面看法主要是受媒体的影响。故选C项。
4. D 推理判断题。根据文 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )章最后一段内容可知,美国中学生渴望更多地了解中国。故选D项。 5. D 标题归纳题。通读本文可知,本文主要讲述了美国中学生眼里的中国。故选D项。
（四）【读文能力生成培养】1. 答:第四段。 2. 答:想当然,认为理所当然。
【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )作者是一名很喜欢文学阅读的学生,在很多时候,他受到了其他小伙伴的冷落,他们想当然地认为作者不擅长打棒球。但终于有一天转机出现了,在某一天晚上, 有个小朋友与作者搭了话,从此,作者开始给他们讲故事,并由此找到了自己的位置。
【解题思路】1. A 推理判断题。根 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )据文章第一段中的“...watched enviously the other boys... I was never asked to take part ... not out of special cruelty...”可推知,作者受到了其他男孩子的冷落,他感到孤单和痛苦。故选A项。
2. D 细节理解题。根据文章第二 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )段中“It was just after one of those long silence that my life as an outsider changed. I can no longer remember which boy...”可知,当一个男孩子与作者搭话的时候,作者的人生从此发生了改变。故选D项。
3. B 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Listening to a tale being told in the dark is one of the most ancient of man’s entertainments,...”可知,听人讲故事是一个古老而又传统的娱乐方式。故选B项。
4. C 推理判断题。根据文章第四 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )段最后一句“Dreiser had hit my young mind, and they listened to me tell the story with some of the wonder...”可推知,这些孩子们被作者讲的《嘉莉妹妹》的故事情节深深吸引住了,感到无比愉悦。故选C项。
5. B 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )中“...in order to taste my victory more completely, I cheated. I would stop at the most exciting part of a story by Jack London...”可知,作者有时候会故意在精彩的地方停下来,这样他就能在第二天接着讲,延续这种成就感和愉悦感。故选B项。
6. A 主旨大意题。根据文章最 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )后一段中的but I had to make certain of my new-found power and position可知,作者通过给其他小朋友讲故事,感受到了自己身份和价值地位的变化,而这种变化源于他善于讲故事的才能。故选A项。
（五）【读文能力生成培养】
1. 答:表明作者不赞成不恰当的节食 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。2. 答:一般正常人每天的基础代谢是1600—1800 大卡 ,正常老百姓每天的3顿饭可摄入1800大卡热量。
游泳:每半小时消耗热量17 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )5大卡。它是一项全身协调动作的运动,对增强心肺功能,锻炼灵活性和力量都很有好处。它还有利于病人恢复健康,妇女生育后恢复体形,对老年人和身体瘦弱的人都是一项很好的运动。
篮球:每半小时消耗热量250大卡。它可增强灵活性,加强心肺功能。自行车:每半小时消耗热量330大卡。对心肺、腿十分有利。
慢跑:每半小时消耗热量300大卡。有益于心肺 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )和血液循环。跑的路程越长,消耗的热量越大。散步:每半小时消耗热量75大卡。对心肺功能的增强有益,它能改善血液循环,活动关节和有助于减肥。
【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章告诫减肥人群,在减肥的同时务必要保证健康和均衡的饮食,这样才能获得真正的健康。
【解题思路】1. B 细节理解题。根据文章第三、四段内容可知,A、C、D三项均是人们减肥的原因。B项内容文章没有涉及。故选B项。
2. D 短语理解题。根据画线短语后的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )but then eat tons of food中的but可推知,画线部分与其讲述的内容相反,因此an extreme diet指的是“吃得太少”。 故选D项。
3. C 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )“...like an 800-calorie-per diet, can be dangerous.”可知,A项表述错误;根据文章第二段第二句可知,不包括面包的饮食不健康,但并没说不吃面包的人不健康,故B项表述错误;根据文章第一段最后一句可知D项表述错误。故选C项。
4. C 推理判断题。通读全文特别是文章首段内容可知,人们在减肥的同时,还应保证健康和均衡的饮食。故选C项。