Module 1 Europe 模块精品备课

Book 3 Module 1 Europe
第二部分： 英语知识运用 （共两节，满分45分）
第一节：语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5 分，满分15 分）
阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。
After William Ⅰ conquered (征服) England in 1066 AD, he needed a castle to live in when he was in London. He needed a castle that would protect London, but also a castle that would give him 21. ________ (protect) from angry English people who didn’t like being conquered.
To build his new castle, William brought some stones over on boats all 22. ________ way from France, where he had just finished 23. ________ (build) a castle at Caen, his hometown.
William built the White Tower 24. ________ a Romanesque style. Like the walls of Cairo just a little 25. ________ (late), William’s walls had little walls on the top that men could hide behind while they were shooting 26. ________ their enemies.
Inside, the White Tower was only two stories high at first. One walked up and down by stairs.
Built into the wall, William had several toilets. William also had a well built into his castle, so he could get water without going outside if the castle 27. ________ (attack).
One of the rooms was a Romanesque church 28. ________ William could attend Christian Mass without having to leave his safe castle.
In the 1100s, King Richard built 29. ________ stone wall around the White Tower to be extra safe and dug a moat (护城河). Some kings also worked on the Tower, and continued to live there 30. ________ after 1500 AD.
第二节：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
★★★☆☆
Johnathan, a six-year-old from Milton Keynes, will share the stage with a host of famous people, after winning an award for bravely fighting against his illness.
He was ?31 ?from hundreds of nominations (提名) across the UK to win the Inspirational Child in 2013 WellChild Awards, which celebrate the ?32 ?of children facing serious illnesses and honour the effort of professionals who go the extra mile to ?33? sick children and their families.
Johnathan was nominated by Helen Braggins — a nurse specialist who looks after children — for his ?34 ?in the face of a very serious illness. The future remains uncertain? ?35 ?a high-risk operation offers him some hope.
Brave Johnathan has had long periods in ?36 ?with serious infections (感染) and ??37 ?has to deal with weak sight, but he has ?38 ?people with his bravery. When an infection prevented him eating for five months, Johnathan decided to become a chef and learn to ?39 . Helen said: “Johnathan has an amazing ability to turn a ?40 ?situation into a new experience. He is a truly ?41 ?young man.”
With hundreds of nominations received from across the country, the job of choosing ?42 ?in all WellChild Award categories (类别) is given to judges. The judges ?43 ?leading health professionals and others with an interest in children’s ?44 , as well as children and young people who face ?45 ?illnesses.
Director of WellChild Awards, Linda Partridge, said: “It is a great ?46 ?to choose winners from the many amazing nominations we ?47 ?from all over the country. All the judges are ?48 ?by the bravery of the children, the stories of selfless care and ?49 ?of the doctors, nurses and teachers. They made a great ?50 ?to the lives of sick children. Johnathan truly deserves to be the winner of the award.”
31. A. picked? ? ????????????????? B. prevented?? ??? ?????? 21教育名师原创作品
C. protected ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. separated
32. A. love????????????????????????? B. care??????????
C. progress?????????????????? ?????? D. courage
33. A. teach??? ???????????????????? B. help??????????
C. treat?????????? ???????????????????? D. meet
34. A. bravery ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. discovery?? ????? ???
C. creation?????????????????????????? D. calmness
35. A. for ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. so?????? ????
C. but ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. and
36. A. school?????????????????????? B. hospital??? ?????
C. garden ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. factory
37. A. just?????????????????????????? B. soon?????????
C. also ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. almost
38. A. upset???????????????????????? B. pleased? ??
C. interested???????????????? ?????? D. amazed
39. A. write??? ???????????????????? B. cook?? ?? ?
C. ride?????????? ???????????????????? D. swim
40. A. similar? ???????????????????? B. different????
C. wonderful ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. bad
41. A. strange ???????????????????? B. happy???????
C. unusual????? ???????????????????? D. lovely
42. A. stars ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. winners????? ? ?
C. volunteers ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. students
43. A. include????????????????????? B. expect???? ????? 【出处：21教育名师】
C. welcome ???????????????? ?????? D. discuss
44. A. dreams?????????????? ?????? B. speeches????
C. study???????? ???????????????????? D. health
45. A. common? ???????????????? B. serious??????
C. heart????????? ?? ???????? ?????? D. brain
46. A. challenge? ??????????????? B. trouble????????????? 21cnjy.com　　21*cnjy*com
C. gift ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. plan
47. A. interview ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. introduce????
C. receive ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. remember
48. A. controlled????????????????? B. valued???????
C. delighted????????????????? ?????? D. moved
49. A. support????????????????????? B. talk???????????
C. wish ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. success
50. A. decision ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. difference??
C. promise?????????????????????????? D. choice
第三部分： 阅读理解 （共两节，满分40分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
A
★★☆☆☆
Samuel de Champlain was a French explorer, navigator (航海家), and mapmaker. He explored much of eastern Canada and became known as the “Father of New France”.2-1-c-n-j-y
Born into a family of sailors, Champlain, while still a young man, began exploring North America. In 1603, he sailed up the Saguenay River and the St. Lawrence River. From 1604 to 1607 Champlain joined in the exploration and settlement of the first permanent (永久的) European settlement north of Florida. Then, in 1608, he established the French settlement that is now Quebec City. He also made the first accurate (精确的) map of the Canadian coast.21教育名师原创作品
Champlain spent most of the rest of his life going between France and Canada. His goals were to map North America and find a quicker way to get to the Pacific Ocean.
In 1629 Quebec was controlled by the English and Champlain was taken to England as a prisoner. When Canada was returned to France in 1633 Champlain returned to Canada as governor of Quebec and remained in Quebec until his death on Christmas Day in 1635.
Champlain was the first European to explore and describe the Great Lakes, and published maps of his journeys and reports of what he learned from the natives and the French living among the natives. Champlain was memorialized as the “Father of New France”, and many places and streets in North America use his name. The most famous of these is Lake Champlain, which lies between northern New York and Vermont.
51. Which is the correct order of the events about Champlain?
a. established the settlement in Canada
b. travelled up the St. Lawrence River
c. returned to Canada as governor of Quebec
d. was taken to England
A. b-a-c-d?????????????????????????? B. b-a-d-c??????
C. a-d-b-c??????????????????????????? D. a-b-d-c
52. We can learn from the text that Champlain _____.
A. was important to Canadian history
B. was famous for the lake named for him
C. was the first person to explore North America
D. was the first family member to work on a ship
53. The underlined word “memorialized” in the last paragraph probably means “_____”.
A. described?? ?????????????????? B. chosen?
C. remembered? ????????? ?????? D. trusted
54. What’s the best title for the text?
A. Exploration of North America
B. Origin of Lake Champlain?
C. Foundation of Quebec
D. Father of New France
?
B
★★★☆☆
Jacob’s Pillow Dance Festival
Where:?Becket, Massachusetts
When:?June 15-Aug. 24
Each summer, this influential dance center presents a number of classes and performances by more than 50 companies from around the world. Highlights (最精彩的部分) this season include the Dance Theater of Harlem’s production of Alvin Ailey’s “The Lark Ascending”, which opens the festival. 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
Many events are free. Ticketed performances start at $22.?jacobspillow.org. ?【版权所有：21教育】www.21-cn-jy.com
Moab Music Festival
Where:?Moab, Utah
When:?Aug. 29-Sept. 9
This area is better known for mountain biking than for music. But since 1992, it has hosted a private festival that brings classical, jazz, Latin and other types of music to the land. This year there will be 16 concerts, including three “Grotto Concerts”, where guests take a 45-minute boat ride down the Colorado River to performances.
Events start at $25. moabmusicfest.org. ?
Cheyenne Frontier Days
Where:?Cheyenne, Wyoming
When:?July 19-28
There’s something for everyone at this 117-year-old festival, from an “Indian village” and Old West museum to country concerts. But the competition is still the main attraction, with cowboys (牛仔) and cowgirls competing for major money in the world’s largest outdoor stage.
Competition tickets start at $18, and concert tickets at $23.?cfdrodeo.com. ?
The Glimmerglass Festival
Where:?Cooperstown, New York
When:?July 6-Aug. 24
Each summer, opera lovers from around the country (and the world) travel to upstate New York to watch productions that include stars like Nathan Gunn and Ginger Costa-Jackson. This year’s performances include Wagner’s “The Flying Dutchman” and Verdi’s “King for a Day”, in honor of the 200th birthdays of both composers. 21·cn·jy·com
Tickets start at $26.?glimmerglass.org.55. If you want to enjoy a “Grotto Concert”, which date suits you best?
A. June 15.???? ????????? B. July 19.????
C. August 24.??? ???????? D. September 4.
56. If you go to Cheyenne to watch a competition and enjoy a concert, how much will you pay at least?
A. $18. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. $22.??? ???
C. $36.????????? ????????????? D. $41.
57. If you are a big fan of Wagner, you’re advised to go to _____.
A. Jacob’s Pillow Dance Festival
B. the Glimmerglass Festival
C. Cheyenne Frontier Days
D. Moab Music Festival
58. Which part of a website is the text probably chosen from?21教育网
A. Education.???? ????????????? B. Art.??
C. Business. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. Literature.
?
C
★★★★☆
COLUMBIA, SC — Students at the Columbia Jewish Day School have been pouring through the pages of a new book circulating (传阅) at school. The youngsters are the main characters in the book that shares stories about greeting newcomers, helping others in wheelchairs, reaching out to the lonely and performing various other acts of kindness. And this story’s ending has yet to be penned.21cnjy.com
The school has been planning “Columbia’s Book of Kindness” for the past year. The 1,000-page, hardcover book was designed by Columbia Jewish Day School educator Jane Muller. Since last February, students and community (社区) members have been encouraged to write down acts of kindness in the book they have shown to others or have received.
“When you turn the pages, you’ll see some wonderful things going on,” said Muller, who founded the school 21 years ago with her husband Rabbi Meir Muller.
Muller, a poet and book artist, said the book offered her the chance to use her art to bring something meaningful to the community. She said she hopes to help young people in particular understand the importance of making a difference where they are, rather than just looking to other acts of kindness.
Those lessons appeared to be catching on at school in recent days, as a group of students shared some of their stories with each other. Eight-year-old Will Obradovich shared how he had helped his neighbors with their pet, while ten-year-old Samantha Beckmer designed a page showing how she believes a community should care for its people, the animals and the environment. “When we spread the kindness book around, it will encourage more people to be kind,” Samantha said. Ten-year-old Jack Lamey said the stories shared in the book have inspired? (激励) him to look for new ways to be kind to others.
“Columbia’s Book of Kindness” will be circulated to various places in the community in the coming months of 2014. At each stop, people will be invited to share their stories about kindness through poetry, drawings and photographs. The goal is to fill the 1,000 pages before the book is officially presented to the city.
“Let your story inspire others,” Jane Muller said. “Let others inspire you. It’s Columbia’s book.”
59. Jane Muller designed the book to _____.
A. inspire acts of kindness???
B. protect the environment
C. encourage creative writing???
D. improve students’ writing skill
60. We can infer from Jane Muller that _____.
A. good deeds should be kept secret
B. community members should care for the youth
C. it is important to do good around us
D. community education depends on everybody
61. According to the text, the book _____.
A. was finished last February
B. was written by students
C. was thin and expensive
D. was popular at school
62. Who learned a lot from the book?
A. Samantha Beckmer.?? ?????? B. Rabbi Meir Muller.21世纪教育网版权所有
C. Will Obradovich.???????????? D. Jack Lamey.
?
D
★★★☆☆
The argan forest in Morocco, northwest Africa, is a very special place. The trees help to stop the spread of the desert. It takes between 40 to 60 years for an argan tree to become an adult. And scientists say that the tree may live for 200 to 400 years. But this long growing time can be a problem. When someone cuts down an argan tree, it takes a very long time for another one to grow and replace it.2·1·c·n·j·y
The women in Morocco make a special product from the trees: argan oil. They gather the fruit from the ground. Then, they take the seeds (籽) out of the fruit. When these seeds dry, they pound them between two stones to remove the oil.
In the past, the women produced argan oil to use in cooking, on their skin, and to treat sicknesses. In the 1990s people in Europe began to learn about the special qualities of the oil, so the production of argan oil started to change. Many companies in the West moved to Morocco and used chemicals (化学物质) to get the oil out of the seeds, pushing out the native people and also making the argan forest suffering.
So the Moroccan government started to help fix this problem. First, they talked to UNESCO. In 1998, UNESCO recognized the argan forest as a special place that the world will protect. The second step was to encourage the women in Morocco to form cooperatives (合作社). And the European Union declared that argan oil must be produced by these cooperatives. www-2-1-cnjy-com21教育网
Today there are over 50 argan oil cooperatives run by women in Southwestern Morocco. These cooperatives not only give women a way to help support their families but also care for the existing forest and plant more argan trees. They make sure that the argan forest will exist for many more generations. Argan oil is more than just something to eat or rub (擦) on your skin. It is a product that makes a difference.
63. What’s good about the argan tree?
A. It stops the soil from blowing away.???
B. It can live in a very wet place.
C. It has a short growing time.
D. It doesn’t break easily.
64. Why did the Western companies go to Morocco?
A. To learn from the Moroccan women.
B. To learn about the argan tree.
C. To trade with the natives.
D. To produce argan oil.
65. Why does argan oil make a difference?
A. It helps the people in Morocco.
B. It helps the world get to know Africa.
C. It helps the women get their equal rights.
D. It helps improve Morocco’s international position.21·世纪*教育网【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Food safety is a problem in all places around the world and people in different areas of the world prepare foods in different ways. The WHO released (发布) five simple rules for preparing food in a safe way. They call these rules the “Five Keys to Safer Food”. 2-1-c-n-j-y【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
Key 1: Keep clean
?66 . People should wash their hands often — before touching food and while they are preparing food. People should wash all surfaces and equipment used for preparing food. 　　21*cnjy*com21*cnjy*com
Key 2: Separate raw (生的) and cooked
Raw foods should not touch prepared foods. ?67 .
Key 3: ?68
People should cook eggs and meat especially carefully. These foods may carry more micro-organisms (微生物) than other foods. Food like soup must be boiled for at least a minute to make it be cooked completely. It is also important that people re-heat cooked food completely.
Key 4: Keep food at safe temperatures
When people are finished with eating, they should keep the left food in a refrigerator below 5oC and shouldn’t store it for too long. At room temperature, about 20oC, the amount of micro-organisms can increase very quickly. But temperatures above 60oC or below 5oC control the growth of micro-organisms.? 69 .
Key 5: Use safe water and raw materials
?70 . Damaged or old food may develop harmful chemicals as it gets older.
A. Eat healthily
B. Cook completely
C. They can live where we make food
D. This key tells about the importance of washing
E. People should use safe water and choose fresh foodswww-2-1-cnjy-com
F. They cannot grow as quickly in a very hot or very cold environment
G. People should use separate equipment and tools for touching and preparing raw foods
?
第四部分： 写作 （共两节，满分35分）
第一节：短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词； 2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Early on the morning, it was snowing heavily. After while, the roads were deeper in snow. Trees along the roads fell down, but many cars were trapped on the roads. The city government takes immediate measures to clean up the snow. In a moment, many people were organized to help cleaning up the snow on the roads. We moved the snow to the sides of the roads to make people and car go through. As a result, thank to everybody’s help, everything was returned to normal as soon as possible.
第二节：书面表达（满分25分）
假设你是李华，今年暑假你参加了前往法国巴黎的夏令营活动。请你根据表格中所给的信息，用英语写一篇介绍巴黎的短文给校英语报投稿。
别名
世界花都
地理位置
位于法国北部，塞纳河边
面积
105.4平方公里
人口
220多万
历史
建都1400多年
地位
法国首都，法国的政治、经济、文化中心；世界第四大最具影响力的城市，仅次于纽约、伦敦和东京
著名景点
埃菲尔铁塔、凯旋门（the?Arc de Triomphe）、卢浮宫
注意：1. 词数100左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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Book 3 Module 1参考答案
参考答案
21. protection ? ? ? ? 22. the?
23. building??? ??? ?????? 24. in ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?25. later????? www.21-cn-jy.com
26. at? ????????? ?????????27. was attacked ? ? ?28. where? ???
29. another? ? ?????????? 30. until ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?31-35 ADBAC??????
36-40 BCDBD??? ?????? 41-45 CBADB???? ????
46-50 ACDAB ? ? ? ? ? ?51-55 BACDD???
56-60 DBBAC ? ? ? ? ? ?61-65 DDADA
66-70 DGBFE
短文改错：
71. Early on the morning, ...???????? on → in
72. After while, ... ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?while前加a
73. ... were deeper in snow. ? ? ? ? deeper → deep
74. ..., but many cars were ... ? ? ? ?but → and?????
75. ... takes immediate measures ...?? takes → took2·1·c·n·j·y
76. ... help cleaning up ... ? ? ? ? ? ? cleaning → clean
77. We moved the snow ...????????? We → They
78. ... people and car ...? ???? ???????car → cars
79. ..., thank to everybody’s ... ? ? thank → thanks
80. ..., everything was returned ...????去掉was
One possible version:
Known as World Flower Capital, Paris is one of the most famous cities in the world. Paris is situated on the River?Seine, in the north of France. It covers an area of 105.4 square kilometres and has a population of more than 2.2 million. It has been the capital of France for more than 1,400 years.21世纪教育网版权所有
Paris is not only the centre of French politics, economy and culture, but also the fourth most influential city in the world, following New York, London and Tokyo. It has many famous places of interest, such as the Eiffel Tower, the Arc de Triomphe and the?Louvre.
部分解析
语法填空：
21. protection。根据give sb. sth.可知，此处应该用protect 的名词形式。
22. the。all the way表示“一路上，自始至终”。
23. building。finish 后接动词-ing 形式作宾语。
24. in。in a ... style表示“以……风格”。
25. later。根据句意“就像晚些时候的开罗城墙”可知，应用late的比较级，a little也是提示。
26. at。shoot at sb. 表示“向某人射击”。
27. was attacked。此处表示过去将来发生的动作，在if条件句中用一般过去时代替过去将来时；主语the castle 是attack 的受动者，所以用被动语态。
28. where。先行词是church，空格处引导定语从句且在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
29. another。由to be extra safe可知，“在塔外又建了一堵石头墙”，故填another（又一，另一）。【出处：21教育名师】
30. until。句意：一些国王也修建这个塔，并继续住在那里，直到公元1500 年之后。
?
完形填空：
话题：人际关系
?????? 本文是记叙文。文章讲述了身患重病的Johnathan勇敢地与病魔抗争并获得“鼓舞人心的孩子”奖项。
31. A。根据下文内容可知，Johnathan是从几百名提名者中挑选出来的获奖者。
32. D。33. B。根据Johnathan得奖以及他的故事可知，WellChild Awards是奖给那些面对病魔勇气可嘉的孩子以及不惜一切帮助病人的专业人士。
34. A。根据下文的with his bravery可知。
35. C。“未来不明朗”和“手术给了他些许希望”之间为转折关系。
36. B。得了严重的传染疾病，因此Johnathan是在医院住了很长的时间。
37. C。Johnathan不仅要在医院住很长时间而且还要应对自己的视力问题。
38. D。根据下文的has an amazing ability可知，他的勇敢让人们为之惊讶。
39. B。根据上文的prevented him eating和become a chef可知，Johnathan开始学习做饭。
40. D。根据上文的“五个月不能吃东西，然后自己学习做饭”可知，Johnathan能把很糟糕的情况变成全新的冒险经历。
41. C。根据上文对Johnathan的描述可知，Helen评价他真的是一位很与众不同的年轻人。
42. B。根据下文的choose winners from the many amazing nominations可知，裁判的工作是评选获奖者。【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
43. A。44. D。45. B。由上文的children facing serious illnesses和sick children可知，裁判包括那些关注孩子健康的专业人士以及勇敢面对病魔的孩子。
46. A。从这么多的提名者中选择获奖者，这是一项艰巨的任务。
47. C。根据上文的With hundreds of nominations received from across the country可知，Linda Partridge收到来自全国各地的很多提名。 21·cn·jy·com
48. D。这些评审专家们被孩子们的勇敢所感动。
49. A。根据上文的selfless care可知，这里指医生、护士和老师无私的关爱和帮助。
50. B。医生、护士和老师的关爱对这些孩子有很大影响。
?
阅读理解：
A篇 (历史)
??? 本文是记叙文。文章主要介绍了航海家Champlain的探险历程。
51. B。细节理解题。a项发生在1608年，b项发生在1603年，c项发生在1633年，d项发生在1629年，由此可知答案。
52. A。推理判断题。根据第二段的he established the French settlement that is now Quebec City. He also made the first accurate map of the Canadian coast可知，Champlain在加拿大的历史上起了很大的作用。21·世纪*教育网
53. C。词义猜测题。根据最后一段的many places and streets in North America use his name可知，Champlain被后人称作“Father of? New France” memorialize与remember同义。
54. D。标题归纳题。文章主要讲述了航海家Champlain的探险历程，他被后人铭记为“Father of New France”，因此，D项概括了文章主旨。
B篇 (节假日活动)
?????? 本文是应用文。文章主要介绍了四个不同的节日。
55. D。细节理解题。根据第二个节日介绍中的including three “Grotto Concerts”和Aug. 29-Sept. 9可知。
56. D。细节理解题。根据第三个节日介绍中的Competition tickets start at $18, and concert tickets at $23可知。
57. B。细节理解题。根据第四个节日介绍中的This year’s performances include Wagner’s “The Flying Dutchman”可知。
58. B。推理判断题。本文介绍了四个节日，因此可能摘自网站的艺术版块。
C篇 (教育)
??? 本文是说明文。文章介绍了一本特别的书。
59. A。推理判断题。根据第一段的the book that shares stories about ... other acts of kindness，第二段的have been encouraged to write down acts of kindness in the book以及最后一段的“Let your story inspire others,” Jane Muller said. “Let others inspire you. It’s Columbia’s book.” 可知。【版权所有：21教育】
60. C。推理判断题。根据第四段的understand the importance of making a difference where they are, rather than just looking to other acts of kindness可知，Jane Muller认为对身边的人做好事很重要。
61. D。细节理解题。根据第五段的Those lessons appeared to be catching on at school可知。
62. D。推理判断题。根据第五段的Ten-year-old Jack Lamey said the stories shared in the book have inspired him to look for new ways to be kind to others可知。
D篇 (自然)
?????? 本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了生长于摩洛哥的阿甘树及其相关内容。
63. A。细节理解题。根据第一段的The trees help to stop the spread of the desert可知。
64. D。推理判断题。根据第三段的the production of argan oil started to change和used chemicals to get the oil out of the seeds可知，当时西方公司去摩洛哥的主要目的就是要榨取阿甘油。
65. A。推理判断题。根据最后一段的“合作社不仅帮当地的妇女养家而且还种植阿甘树以使更多的后代受益”可知，阿甘油帮助了摩洛哥的人民。
?
七选五：
话题：健康
本文是说明文。文章介绍了如何保障食物准备过程中的安全。
66. D。由后两句中的wash their hands often和wash all surfaces and equipment可知，空格处强调洗涤的重要性。
67. G。由本段的小标题Separate raw and cooked可知，用于准备生的食物的工具要和其他分开。G项中的separate和标题中的separate相呼应。
68. B。由最后两句中的make it be cooked completely和re-heat cooked food completely可知，本段主要讲述要将食物完全做熟。
69. F。由上一句的temperatures above 60oC or below 5oC control the growth of micro-organisms可知，微生物在太热或太冷的环境下不太容易生存。
70. E 。由本段的小标题Use safe water and raw materials可知，人们应该用安全的饮用水并且选择新鲜的原材料。E项中的fresh foods和下一句中的Damaged or old food相对应。21*cnjy*com
Part 1 INTRODUCTION & READING AND VOCABULARY
I. 选用方框内所给的介词填空（每个介词限用一次）。
with, off, across, in, opposite, between, of
1. Our hotel is near the main street; in other words, it is just ________ the main street.
2. Mix the sugar and the water ________ a cup.
3. He is the greatest athlete ________ all time, in my opinion.www.21-cn-jy.com
4. Standing ________ the two adults was a small child.【出处：21教育名师】
5. He arrived in Los Angeles ________ nothing but the clothes he was wearing.
6. The people sitting ________ us looked very familiar.21教育名师原创作品
7. Do you know who became the first person to fly ________ the English Channel?
II. 根据本模块所学单词及所给的提示,写出所缺单词的正确形式。
1. They believed a________ Greece and Rome were important sources of learning.
2. Teens should learn to f________ any challenges they meet in their life.
3. There is a r________ of mountains along the border, by which the two countries are separated. 21cnjy.com
4. The Olympic torch (火炬) is considered as the s________ of peace and friendship.
5. There is an exhibition of African art at the Hayward G________.
6. Some of the ________ (雕塑) on display are taller than real people.
7. Vienna is known as the ________ (发源地) of European classical music.
8. Chinese ________ (文明) is one of the oldest in the world.21教育网
9. As a young man he had wanted to be a(n) ________ (建筑师), but he became a composer.21·世纪*教育网21cnjy.com
10. Moscow is the transportation centre of Russia and its climate is typically ________ (大陆的) climate.【出处：21教育名师】
III. 每空填一词，使每组句子的意思相同或相近。
1. His hotel is situated in one of the loveliest places on the Loire.
His hotel ________ ________ ________ one of the loveliest places on the Loire.
2. He became internationally famous for his novels and poetry. www-2-1-cnjy-com
He became internationally ________ ________ his novels and poetry.
He ________ ________ ________ a novelist and poet.21世纪教育网版权所有
3. The church was built in the 13th century.
The church was built ________ ________ ________.
4. That sum of money is to cover costs like travel and accommodation.
That sum of money is to cover costs ________ ________ travel and accommodation.
5. Because his wife was there, I said nothing about it. 2·1·c·n·j·y　　21*cnjy*com
________ ________ his wife’s being there, I said nothing about it.
6. Harvard has been there since he started working for the company when he left school.【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
Harvard started working for the company when he left school, and he has been there ________ ________.
?
?
Part 2 GRAMMAR
I. 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. If nothing _____, the oceans will turn into fish deserts.? (湖南 2013)
A. does??????????????????????? ?????? B. had been done?????????? 2-1-c-n-j-y21教育网
C. will do ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. is done
2. A Midsummer Night’s Dream _____ at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland. (重庆2013)【版权所有：21教育】
A. opens?????? ???????????????? B. is opened?????????
C. will open ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. will be opened
3. The basketball coach, as well as his team, _____ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance. (陕西2012)
A. were ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. was??? ???????????
C. is?????????? ??????????????? ?????? D. are
4. All the scientific evidence _____ that increasing use of chemicals in farming _____ damaging our health.? (湖南2012)　　21*cnjy*comwww-2-1-cnjy-com
A. show; are ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. shows; are?????????? 21教育名师原创作品
C. show; is??????? ?????????????????? D. shows; is
5. The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which _____ saved for other purposes. (安徽2011)【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
A. is ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. are??? ????? ?????
C. was????? ????????????????????? ?????? D. were??
II. 用括号内所给动词的适当形式完成下面短文。
I want to introduce my class to you. My class 1. ________ (be) very small and there 2. ________ (be) only 20 students in it. Among us 11 3. ________ (be) boys and the others 4. ________ (be) girls. All of us 5. ________ (be) getting along well with each other. None of us 6. ________ (have) quarrelled with each other. Every boy and every girl 7. ________ (help) each other in every subject, so nobody 8. ________ (fail) in any exam. Our teacher often 9. ________ (praise) us for our helping each other. Every weekend, there 10. ________ (be) a meeting and our teacher, with five of us, 11. ________ (attend) it, discussing how to make our class better.
?????? Such 12. ________ (be) my class, a happy and friendly family.
?
Part 3 FUNCTION, LISTENING, WRITING, PRONUNCIATION AND EVERYDAY ENGLISH, CULTURAL CORNER & TASK
I. 根据本模块所学单词及所给的提示，写出所缺单词的正确形式。
1. The painting isn’t s________ so we don’t know who it’s by. 2-1-c-n-j-y
2. An important f________ of Van Gogh’s paintings is their bright colours.
3. If the three parties cannot reach a________ now, there will be a war.
4. Every day we can see agricultural ________ (产品) is shipped by train to other parts of the country.21*cnjy*com【版权所有：21教育】
5. John is the company sales manager for the entire southwest ________ (地区).
II. 根据汉语意思补全下列句子（每空一词）。
1. 这本书确实写得不错，但就实际销量而言，并不是很成功。
The book is really well written, but ________ ________ ________ actual sales it isn’t very successful.
2. 那工作没有多大意思，但是另一方面工资很高。
The job wasn’t very interesting, but ________ ________ ________ ________ it was well paid.
3. 如果你每天有规律地学习，你的词汇量将逐渐增加。
If you study regularly each day, ________ ________ ________ your vocabulary will increase.21·cn·jy·com
4. 和他的房子相比，我的更小了。
________ _______ his house, mine is much smaller. www.21-cn-jy.com
5. 我们村的人口是600人，是他们村的三倍。　　
Our village ________ ________ ________ ________ 600, ________ ________ ________ _________ _______ theirs.? 21世纪教育网版权所有
6. 戴维斯博士认为，孩子们应该支配自己的生活。
Dr. Davis believes that children should ________ ________ ________ their own lives.21·cn·jy·com2·1·c·n·j·y
7. 你能告诉我他出生在美国什么地方吗？
Can you tell me ________ ________ ________ he was born?【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
8. 二十世纪下半叶，国际旅游业发展迅速。
________ ________ ________ ________ of the 20th century, international tourism grew very rapidly.【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
9. 那种鸟属于什么科？
What family does that bird ________ ________?
10. 这个国家现在由工党治理。
The country is now being ________ ________ the Labour Party.
III. 完成下列附加疑问句。
1. Let’s put all the things in order before our mother comes back, ________ ________?
2. There is a small village at the foot of the mountain, ________ ________?
3. You’d better ask your parents for permission, ________ ________?
4. Tom would like to go with us, ________ ________?
5. Eating vegetables is good for our health, ________ ________?
6. Don’t let the children play football in the street, ________ ________?
?
答案
Part 1
I. 1. off ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?2. in ? ? ? ? ? 3. of ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?4. between??
5. with??? ?? ???????? 6. opposite ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?7. across21*cnjy*com
II. 1. ancient?? ???? 2. face?? ????? 3. range? ????? 4. symbol?
5. Gallery? ????????? 6. sculptures ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7. birthplace
8. civilisation?? ??? 9. architect?? 10. continental
III. 1. is located in?
2. well-known for; became known as?
3. in the 1200s???????? ???? 4. such as
5. Because of ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?6. ever since
Part 2
I. 1-5 DABDD
II. 1. is????? ???????????????????? 2. are ??? ?????? ?3. are????????? 21·世纪*教育网
4. are? ?? ???????????????????? 5. are ???
6. have / has?? ???? ????? 7. helps ? ? ? ? ?8. fails?
9. praises? ????????????????? 10. is? ????????? 11. attends ??? 12. is
Part 3
I. 1. signed ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?2. feature? ??? 3. agreement?
4. produce??? ???????????? 5. region
II. 1. in terms of???????? 2. on the other hand?
3. little by little ? ? ? ? ? 4. Compared with
5. has a population of; three times as large as
6. have control over
7. whereabouts in America
8. During the second half?
9. belong to ? ??????10. governed by
III. 1. shall we? ??? ??2. isn’t there
3. hadn’t you ? ? ? ?4. wouldn’t he?
5. isn’t it ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 6. will you ?
课件30张PPT。Module 1Module 1
EuropeCultural Corner
The European Union 1)?Do you know European Union?
2)?Where is it?
3)?Is it one country?
4)?Is the United kingdom its member?
5)?How many countries were its first
members?
6) Are its member countries independent?
7)?How did it start?Warm-upBelgium 比利时
Luxembourg 卢森堡
the Netherlands 荷兰
Denmark 丹麦
Finland 芬兰
The Czech Republic 捷克
Estonia 爱沙尼亚
Hungary 匈牙利 Latvia 拉脱维亚
Lithuania 立陶宛
The Slovak Republic 斯洛伐克
Slovenia 斯洛文尼亚
Cyprus 塞浦路斯
Malta 马耳他The development of the European Unionflag欧元Find the names of three first members and three new members of the European Union. Read the passage and answer the questions.First three members: France, Germany, Belgium.
New members: Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovak, Republic, Slovenia, Cyprus and Malta (choose 3).In terms of size and population, how big is the European Union compared with China?Comparison of EU and ChinaThe countries are independent and
are governed in different ways. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions.The European Union is an organization of European countries.1) Is the European Union an organization?2) Do the countries have one
government or their own governments?3) What does each government do to the
EU?Each of them sends representatives to the European Parliament, which has some control over what happens in each of the member countries.1. In terms of size and population…
就规模和人口来说……
in terms of 就……来说; 从……的
角度Language pointse.g. It was a bad year for the company,
in terms of both quantity and
quality.
公司今年无论是就(产品)数量还是
质量来说都不好。
In terms of money, her loss was
small.
从钱的角度看, 她的损失很小。___________ achievement, last week’s ministerial meeting of the WTO here earned a low, though not failing, grade. A. In terms of B. In case of
C. As a result of D. In face ofAin terms of 就……来说; in case of 以防万一; as a result of 由于……的结果; in face of 面临, 不顾, 在……面前。2. The countries are independent and
are governed in different ways.
这些国家都是独立的，被用不同的方
法管理。
govern vt. 管理, 统治(国家) 营运e.g. The mayor governed the city very
wisely.
那位市长治理此市非常的贤明。
govern a school
管理一个学校
govern a bank
经营一个银行 3. But each of them sends representatives
to the European Parliament, which has
some control over what happens in
each of the member countries.
但是每一个成员国都会向欧洲议会派
遣代表, 而欧洲议会又对各成员国所发
生的事情起一定的控制作用。本句是一个主从复合句。逗号前的部分是主句, 逗号后是which引导的非限制性 定语从句修饰先行词the European Parliament, which在从句中作主语。在该定语从句中what引导的宾语从句又作介词over的宾语, what是宾语从句中的主语。in the 1950s 25 France, Germany,
Belgium, Luxembourg,
the Netherlands, and Italy. Close your books and finish the following chart by yourselves.Austria, Denmark,
Finland, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. More than half a billion people. The Czech Republic, Estonia,
Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania,
Poland, the Slovak Republic,
and Slovenia, Malta, the
Mediterranean islands of
CyprusPreparing a fact file on a region of China Work in groups. Choose a region of China and prepare a fact file about it. Include information about:TASKthe main towns and cities in the region
the main geographical features (mountains, rivers, lakes, deserts)
the main industries and / or main agricultural produce
the main places for touristsMake a poster display of your fact file. Include photos and newspaper or magazine articles, if you can.Homework课件42张PPT。Module 1Module 1
EuropePassive voiceGrammar I 语态是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。当主语是谓语动作的执行者，则为主动语态；当主语是谓语动作的承受者，则为被动语态。只有及物动词才有被动语态。
被动语态由助动词be + 过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来，过去分词不变。被动语态一、何时使用被动语态 1. 不清楚谁是动作的执行者:
① His bike was stolen.
② He was wounded in the fight. 2. 没有必要或不想指出动作的执行
者时:
① Paper was first made in China.
② Do you know when the
building was built?3. 需要强调或突出动作的承受者时:
① Pairs is visited by more than eight
million tourists every year.
② This painting was painted by
him.二、被动语态的构成
1. be + done构成被动语态, done可以带
by短语。
被动语态发生时态变化时只变be的形
式，过去分词不变。
be + done也可以是系表结构形式, 而
系表结构中done相当于adj.不带by短
语。① Such questions are settled by us.
(被动语态)
② The composition is written with great care. (被动语态)
③ The question is settled. (系表结构)
④ The composition is well written.
(系表结构) 2. 许多verbs (broken, interested, shut, worried), 既可以用做adj., 也可以在被动语态结构中作过去分词, 句中如果有by, 通常是被动语态。① I was worried about you all night.
(表状态)
I was worried by mosquitoes all night.
(表动作)
② The glass was broken by Jack.
(表动作)
The glass is broken. (表状态)三、不同形式的被动语态
1. 一般现在时的被动语态是由“am / is /
are? + 及物动词的过去分词”构成。
e.g. Amy is considered to be the best
singer in the group.
Customers are advised to buy
their tickets in advance.2. 一般过去时的被动语态是由“was /
were? + 及物动词的过去分词”构成。
e.g. The local cinema was closed
down three years ago.
When they got to the police
station, they were immediately
questioned.温馨提示
1. 不及物(短语)动词没有被动语态。
2. 某些及物(短语)动词，如have, fit, equal, cost, wish, look like, belong to等没有被动语态。
e.g. The book cost him 30 dollars. 3. 某些连系动词，如look, sound, smell,
taste, feel 等没有被动语态，常用其
主动结构表示被动含义。
e.g. This kind of food tastes very good.
4. 某些动词，如sell, lock, wash, open,
wear等，若表示主语的性能时，常
用主动形式表示被动意义。
e.g. The cloth washes well. 5. 含有情态动词的被动语态结构是：
情态动词 + be + 及物动词的过去分
词。
e.g. This book shouldn’t be put here. 6. 在使役动词have, make, let以及感官动
词see, notice, watch, hear等后面跟动词
不定式作宾语补足语时，在主动结构
中不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结
构时，要加to。
e.g. I heard him say good-bye to his
friends. (主动)
He was heard to say good-bye to
his friends. (被动)7. 被动语态还可用“get +过去分词”结
构。
e.g. The boy got hurt on his way to
school.Read the sentences and answer the questions.a Paris is visited by more than eight
million tourists every year.
b The Sagrada Familia was designed
by an architect called Antonio Gaudi.c Florence’s most beautiful paintings
and sculptures were produced by
great artists such as Leonardo da
Vinci.
d Athens is known as the birthplace of
western civilisation.
e The Parthenon was built during this
period.1. What does the word by in the first
three sentences tell you?It tells us who did the action. (In grammatical terms: It tells us who the agent was.)2. Is there any difference in meaning
between these two sentences?
Paris is visited by more than eight
million tourists every year.
More than eight million tourists visit
Paris every year.The focus is different. In the first sentence it is Paris which is more important. In the second sentence we are more interested in the tourists.3. Why is the word by not in the
sentences d and e?In sentence d, because we understand that it means “is known by everyone”, and the inclusion of the agent would be superfluous. In sentence e, because we are not interested in who built it (although it would be perfectly alright to add “by Iktino and Kallikrates” here.)Make these sentences passive.1. About a million tourists visit Florence each year. ? London was visited by ten million people last year.Florence is visited by about a million
tourists each year. 2. Ten million people visited London
last year.3. Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona
Lisa. The Mona Lisa was not painted by
Picasso. The Mona Lisa was painted by
Leonardo da Vinci. 4. Picasso didn’t paint the Mona Lisa. 5. Thousands of workers built the Great Wall of China. The Great Wall of China was built by thousands of workers. Example:
–The Sagrada Fimilia was designed
by an English architect (Spanish).
–No, it wasn’t. It was designed by a
Spanish architect. Correct the wrong statements.1. The Louvre Art Gallery is located in
Athen. (Paris)No, it isn’t. It is situated on the River Seine.No, it isn’t. It’s located in Paris.2. Paris is situated on the coast. (River
Seine)3. Florence is visited by eight million tourists every year. (one million)4. Barcelona is known as the birthplace of western civilization. (Athens)No, it isn’t. It is visited by one million
tourists every year. No, it isn’t. Athens is known as the birthplace of western civilization. 5. The Parthenon was built a hundred
years ago. (2,400 years ago.No, it isn’t. The Parthenon was built
2,400 years ago. 课后练习将下面主动语态的句子转化为被动语态, 每空一词。
1. All the people made fun of him.
He ____ _____ ____ ___ by all the people.
2. The whole country uses electricity widely.
Electricity __ ______ ____ in the whole
country.was made fun ofis widely used3. People say that house price will
continue to go up in the next few years.
___ __ _____ that house price will
continue to go up in the next few years.
4. We expect all the students to come early
to school.
All the students ___ ________ to come
early to school.It is saidare expected5. We found him working in the fields
when we arrived.
He ___ _____ ________ in the fields
when we arrived.
6. The father made the boy work on the
farm during summer holidays.
The boy ____ _____ __ _____ on
the farm during summer holidays.was found workingwas made to work7. The nurse is taking care of the sick
man.
The sick man __ _____ _____ ____ ___
by the nurse.
8. People all over the world know
Picasso.
Picasso ___ ______ ___ people all
over the world.is being taken care ofis known by9. The couple provide money for their son
to study abroad.
The couple’s son ____ ________ ____
money to study abroad.
10. Eleven players make up a soccer team.
A soccer team __ _____ ___ ___ eleven
players.was provided withis made up of1. Experiments of this kind ____ in both
the U.S. and Europe well before the
Second World War.
A. have conducted
B. have been conducted
C. had conducted
D. had been conductedD高考链接2. In the last few years thousands of films ____ all over the word.
A. have produced
B. have been produced
C. are producing
D. are being producedB3. In the near future, more advances in the robot technology _______ by science.
A. are making B. are made
C. will make D. will be madeD4. All visitors to this village ____ with
kindness.
A. treat B. are treated
C. are treating D. had been treated B5. After getting lost in a storm, a member
of the navy team ______ four days
later.
A. rescued B. was rescued
C. has rescued D. had been rescuedBHomework用被动语态描写中国的城市西安，能说几句说几句，如Xi’an is a famous city with a long history. It is visited by … It was built…课件26张PPT。Module 1Module 1
EuropeGrammar II
Subject and verb agreementRead the sentences and answer the questions. My family lives in Cardiff.
Our soccer team is fantastic.
The whole class is here.
What have the words family, team, and class got in common?(a) They are all singular nouns.
(b) They are followed by a singular verb.
(c) They refer to only one person.
(d) They refer to a number of people.对于这些集体名词：family, class, team, committee, audience, public, government 等, 如果强调这个集体是一个整体就被看作单数, 如果强调组成这个整体的每个成员就当作复数用。e.g. ① The class is a good one.
② The class are all there.
③ My family is in Beijing.
④ My family are all soccer fans.
⑤ The team is loved by all the people in the city. ⑥ The team has now known the whole story.
⑦ The audience was large.
⑧ The audience are now enjoying the play so much.1. The Valencia soccer team _____ in a large stadium.
2. Carlos’s class ____ a meeting.
3. Amy ____ in London but her family
________ in Cardiff. plays has lives live/lives live play haveComplete each sentence using a verb.Read the examples and answer the questions.a Neither Amy nor Helen is English.
b Neither of them is English.
c None of them has arrived yet.
d Each country in the United Kingdom has a capital city.
e Each of them has a capital city.Do the first and second sentences mean the same thing?Yes, they do.Only that it is more than two (which would be “he / she” for one person and “neither” for two people.)2. Do we know how many people the third sentence refers to?3. The fourth and fifth sentences refer to countries. Do we know how many countries they refer to?No we don’t, except that there must be two or more.Rewrite the sentences using neither, none, or each.1. Amy and Helen can’t speak Chinese.Neither Amy nor Helen can speak
Chinese.2.?All the countries in Europe have a good soccer team.Each country in Europe has a good soccer team.3.?France and Germany aren’t going to sign the agreement.None of the class wants to study Japanese.Neither France nor Germany is going to sign the agreement.4. The whole class doesn’t want to study
Japanese. neither指“两者都不”, 在一般情况下用单数(特别是正式文本和英国英语中)在neither…nor…连接主语的情况下, 动词谓语和nor后面的成分保持数的一致; none表示“否定”, 既能指人又能指物, 可用单数, 也可用作复数;each指“两个或两个以上的人或物中的一个”, 强调个体的意义, 如：① Neither the teacher nor the students are in the classroom.
② Neither you nor anyone else is to blame.③ None of the stories is believable.
④ None of the emails have been answered.
⑤ Each of the two girls has glasses on.
⑥ Each of the students in the class has made progress in English. 1) None __ (be) willing to miss her lecture.
2) None of them ___ (have) a camera.
3) Each of the boys ___ (have) a room to himself.
4) Neither the students nor their teacher
__ (be) here. is has has is Extra exercises5)?Is there any call for me today? Sorry, there __ (be) none.
6) So many students are doing it. None ______ (think) it impossible.
7)?Neither they nor he ___ (be) to blame.
8) Two students are from America. Each _______ (speak) American English. is thinks is speaks用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. This is one of the best novels that
_____________ (appear) this year.
2. The homeless _____ (be) well looked
after by the government after the
earthquake.werehave appeared课后练习3. Not only the students but also I ___
(be) fond of watching sports games.
4. I have read a large part of the book;
the rest ___ (be) more difficult.
5. The students in his class each _____
(have) an English-English
dictionary.amishave6. Between the two lines of trees ___ (be)
our newly-built teaching building.
7. No one except high officials of the
country ______ (know) anything about
the accident now.isknows8. The number of people invited ___
(be) forty. However, a number of
people ____ (be) absent for
different reasons.
9. All that can be done ____ (have)
been done.isarehas10. All present at the meeting ___ (be)
in favor of my idea.
11. The whole class _____ (be) listening
to the teacher carefully.
12. We are surprised to find that every
man and every woman ___ (be) at
work.areareisHomework1. The class _______ (be) big.
2. The class _______ (be) taking notes
at the moment.
3. His family _____ (be) small in the
past, but now it ____ (be) big.
4. His family ____ (be) all soccer fans.
5. The team ____ (have) made progress.
6. The team ____ (have) all forgot the
meeting.课件69张PPT。Module 1EuropeModule 1Introduction and Reading5Introduction Lead-inListening to the textFast-reading4123Detailed-readingDiscussion6 IntroductionAthens 雅典 Greece 希腊 Greek
adj. 希腊(人)的 n. 希腊人, 希腊语Lisbon 里斯本 Portugal n. 葡萄牙Portuguese
n.葡萄牙人, 葡萄牙语
adj. 葡萄牙的, 葡萄牙人的, 葡萄牙语的Spanish
adj. 西班牙的, 西班牙人的
n. 西班牙语，西班牙人Madrid n. 马德里Spain n. 西班牙London 伦敦United Kingdom n. 英国, 联合王国Paris 巴黎France 法国Italy n. 意大利 Rome 罗马 Italian
adj. 意大利的，意大利人的
n. 意大利人，意大利语FranceItalyGreecePortugalSpainParisRomeAthensLisbonSpanishFrenchItalianGreekPortugueseMadridGermanyBerlinGermanprep. 横过, 穿过, 横过, 在……对面e.g. 1) The two lines cut across each other.2) Can you swim across the river? 3) a bookstore across the river. 1. acrossWords of part 22. bootn. 靴子, 长统靴 a pair of boots
一双长筒靴3. continental adj. 大陆的e.g. ① There is a continental climate in that place.
在那个地方是大陆性气候。② I ask for a continental holiday.
我申请到欧洲大陆休假。 4. face vt. 面向; 面对; 正视等。
e.g. ①We should learn to face the
difficulty with courage.
我们应学会勇敢地面对困难。
②I had to face the fact that I
hadn’t passed the exam.
我不得不正视我没有通过考试
这一事实。5. look like 看上去像e.g. ① The man looks like a cartoon character with a plaster on his temple.
那人太阳穴上贴了一块膏药, 看上
去像个卡通人物。② He looked like a postman but he was
really a fake.
他看上去像个邮递员, 但实际上是假
冒的。6. mountain range 山脉，山峦e.g. The himalayas are the greatest
mountain range on earth.
喜马拉雅山脉是地球上最大的山
脉。Check the meaning of the words and phrases. Read the information and find the countries on the map below. across boot continental face (v) look like mountain rangeacross: on the other side of
boot: something you wear on your
foot and lower leg
continental: belonging to the main body
of the continent of Europe
face: to look at something or somebody
face to facelook like: to have the appearance of, to
seem to be
mountain range: a long continuous line
of mountainsf = the United Kingdom1. The United Kingdom is off the
northwest coast of continental
Europe. It has four countries with
one government. These countries
are England, Northern Ireland,
Scotland, and Wales.a = France2. France is Europe’s third largest
country and faces the United Kingdom across the England Channel.c = Italy3. Italy is in the south of Europe on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It looks like a boot. Between Italy and France, there is a mountain range called Alps.e = Spain 4. Spain is to the south of France.
Between France and Spain is another mountain range ----- the Pyrenees.d = Portugalb = Greece5. Portugal is to the west of Spain.
6. Greece is in the southeast of Europe.
Twenty percent of the country is covered by islands. FranceGreeceItalyPortugalSpainUnited KingdomGreat European CitiesReadingLouvre 卢浮宫Eiffel Tower PairsTriumphal Arch 凯旋门巴黎圣母院 Cathedral of Notre Dame Versailles凡尔赛宫Acropolis 雅典卫城Athens帕特农神庙the ParthenonSagrada Familia 圣家大教堂BarcelonaFlorencethe Uffizi PalaceListen to the text and match the photos with these descriptions.1 a landmark in Paris
2 an art gallery in Florence
3 a church in Barcelona
4 a building in AthensCDBAA The Eiffel TowerB The Parthenona landmark in Parisa building in AthensC The Uffizi PalaceD The Sagrada Familiaa church in Barcelonaan art gallery in FlorenceRead the passage and answer the questions.Fast readingAthens and Paris.Barcelona.Which of the cities are capital cities?2. Which one is situated on the coast?Paris and Athens.Athens.3. Which is famous for its places to eat?Paris.4. Which one are or were important
cities for writers and artists?5. Which was the world’s greatest city
a long time ago?Decide if these sentences are true (T) or false (F).Detailed-readingThe Eiffel Tower is a tall building in France. ( )
There are a lot of restaurants and cafes in Paris. ( )T T 3. Barcelona is the capital of Spain.( )
4. The Church of the Sagrada Familia was built in 1926. ( )
5. The artistic movement called the Renaissance began in Florence. ( )
6. The Uffizi Palace is a famous hotel in Florence. ( )F F T F 7. A long time ago, Athens was the world’s most powerful city. ( )
8. There were a lot of good writers in ancient Athens. ( )T T The Eiffel
Towercapitalrestaurants theatresRead the text carefully
and fill in the blanks.coastSpainthe Renaissancemuseumsa millionGreecewestern civilizationpowerful1. About _______ of France’s artists and
writers live in the largest city of France.
A. one third B. two thirds
C. half D. one fourthRead the text carefully again and choose the best answers.2. Which of the following statements is
NOT true?
A. Madrid is about five hundred
kilometers west of the city,
Barcelona.
B. Gaudi worked on the project the
Church of the Sagrada Familia for 44
years.C. Athens was once the world’s most
powerful city.
D. Greece’s best writers whose works
has influenced other writers ever
since lived in modern Athens.3. The great artistic movement — the
Renaissance began _____, and ended
____________.
A. in Florence; in the 1600s
B. in Florence; in the 1300s
C. in Paris; in the 1600s
D. in Paris; in the 1300s4. Michelangelo was a great artist who
_________________.
A. designed the Parthenon
B. designed the Eiffel Tower
C. produced many beautiful sculptures
D. designed the LouvreDiscuss these questions.What did you know about these cities before you read the text?
What new information did you learn?
Which of them would you most like to visit?Introduce your city and talk about your city’s landmark and famous buildings.Homework课件47张PPT。Module 1EuropeModule 1Language points1. off: in the sea but in the land
在 (陆地附近) 的海面
e.g. an island off the coast of France
法国海岸附近的一个岛屿
2. the English Channel 英吉利海峡Language points of introduction3. Between France and Spain is another mountain range – the Pyrenees.
在法国和西班牙之间的另一座山脉—
比利牛斯山脉当表示方位的状语或表语位于句首时,句子采用全部倒装的结构, 即把谓语动词的所有组成部分都移到主语之前, 这类状语或表语的词常见的有:e.g. To the list may be added the following names.
在这个名单上还可以添上下列人员。There goes the bell. 铃响了。away, down, in, off, out, over, up,
above, below, here, there及介词短语与分词。4. Twenty percent of the country is
covered by islands.
这个国家20%的国土被岛屿覆盖.cover n. 封面, 盖子, 表面
v. 覆盖, 涉及, 包含e.g. ① We tried to find cover from the storm.
我们设法寻找遮蔽暴风雨的地方。② Do not try to cover a mistake.
不要试图掩盖错误。③ By sunset we had covered thirty miles.
到日落的时候, 我们已经走了三十英里。1. Paris is the capital and largest city
of France, situated on the River Seine.
巴黎是法国的首都，也是法国最大
的城市，坐落在塞纳河畔。Language points of readingParagraph 1.situated on the River Seine是过去分词作定语, 修饰Paris, “坐落在塞纳河河边”。situated: to be in a particular place or
position adj.
位于……的, 坐落在……的。 e.g. The hotel is situated at the edge of the town.
该饭店坐落于市区的边缘。 2. The most popular place for tourists
is the Eiffel Tower, the famous
symbol of Paris.
最受游客欢迎的旅游景点是埃菲尔
铁塔, 它是巴黎著名的象征。 the famous symbol of Paris和the Eiffel Tower是同位关系。symbol n. 符号, 标志, 象征e.g. On maps, a cross is the symbol for a church.
在地图上, 十字符号代表教堂。The dove is the symbol of peace.
鸽子是和平的象征。【辨析】 symbol, sign, mark
symbol指作为象征或表达某种深邃意义的特殊事物, 意为“象征(和介词of搭配); 符号(和介词for搭配)”。
sign指代表具有固定意义的一种简明的符号或标志, 意为“符号 (和介词for搭配); 迹象(和介词of搭配)”。mark指在其他事物上留下的可见的印痕或先天固有的标志, 意为“符号; 记号”, 与介词的搭配视情况而定。1) Scientists have found no _____ of life
on Mars so far, though great efforts
have been made on the research.
A. symbols B. signs
C. marks D. signalsB单项选择2) In ancient China, a gold dragon on the
emperor’s clothes was regarded as a
_____ of power and position.
A. mark B. sign C. symbol D. feature
3) Put a question _____ at the end of that
sentence.
A. mark B. sign C. symbol D. featureCA3. One of the world’s largest art galleries,
the Louvre, is also located in Paris.
最受游客欢迎的旅游景点是埃菲尔铁
塔,也位于法国。 located adj. 处于, 位于e.g. The company has located on the West Coast.
公司设在西海岸。
Greece is located in the south of
Europe.
希腊位于欧洲南部。locate v. 找出(确定)……的准确位置e.g. We couldn’t locate the source of the radio signal.
我们无法确定无线电信号的来源。Ideally _____ for Broadway theatres and Fifth Avenue, the New York Park hotel is a favourite with many guests.??
A. locating? B. being located ?
C. having been located??? D. located 选D。be located ...位于……。此句中Ideally located for Broadway theatres and Fifth Avenue作原因状语。4. The city is famous for its restaurants,
Cafés and theaters.
这个城市以餐馆, 咖啡馆和剧院而闻
名。 be famous for 因……而著名be famous as 作为……而著名be remembered for 因……而被怀念be remembered as 作为……而被缅怀 他将作为一名民族英雄而被人们缅怀。
He ____ always ________________ a
national hero.
那个村庄过去因贫穷而出名。
That village ______________ its poverty. willwas known forbe remembered as 5. About two thirds of France’s artists
and writers live in Paris.
法国约三分之二的艺术家和作家住
在巴黎。about 作介词, 意为“大约……左右”。e.g. 1/5 one fifth / one over five
4/7 four sevenths / four over
seven6. Barcelona is the second largest city of
Spain and is situated on the northeast
coast, about five hundred kilometres
east of the Spanish capital, Madrid.
巴塞罗那是西班牙的第二大城市，它
位于西班牙东北海岸，大概在离西班
牙首都马德里东边五百千米的地方。本句是个简单句。主语为Barcelona, and连接两个并列的系表结构, situated为形容词化的过去分词; 意为“位于……的”; about five hundred kilometres east of the Spanish capital, Madrid作定语修饰coast, 它相当于定语从句which is about ...... Madrid; Madrid在句中作the Spanish capital的同位语。7. Gaudi worked on the project from
1882 until his death in 1926.
高迪从1882年起从事这项工程直至
1926年逝世。 work on sth. 从事某事相当于spend time/energy on sth. e.g. Whenever I get the time, we go out
to the camp and work on it.
只要我有时间, 我们就去营地干活。8. One of Barcelona’s most famous
landmarks is the Church of the
Sagrada Familia, which was designed
by an architect called Antonio Gaudi.
巴塞罗那最著名的标志性建筑之一就
是由建筑师安东尼奥●高迪建造的圣
家大教堂。 本句是一个主从复合句。主句是One of Barcelona’s most famous landmarks is the Church of the Sagrada Familia, 从句是which引导的非限制性定语从句。在从句中, called Antonio Gaudi是过去分词短语作后置定语, 修饰an architect, 相当于定语从句who was called Antonio Gaudi。9. … began in the 1300s and
lasted for three hundred years.
始于14世纪而且延续了300年。1) in the 1300s 在14世纪 e.g. It was in the 1960s that great
architect was born.
20世纪60年代，这个著名的建
筑师诞生了。2) last vi.继续, 延续e.g. I don’t think the nice weather will last for a whole week.
我认为好天气将不会持续一周。The operation lasted for three hours.
这台手术持续了3个小时。 10. During the Renaissance, some of the
greatest painters of all time lived and
worked in Florence.
在文艺复兴时期, 历史上一些最伟
大的画家在佛罗伦萨生活和工作。of all time 有史以来 【拓展】
in no time 马上
at no time 绝不
in time 及时, 迟早
at the same time 同时, 然而
at a time 一次, 每次
at one time 曾经, 一度11. Their works has influenced the
writersever since.
他们的作品影响了后世的作家。 ever since “从那时起一直到现在”，其中since是副词, ever since后面也可跟名词或从句, 解作 “从……时起一直到现在”, 通常与持续性动词的完成时态连用。e.g. I have known her ever since she was 9 years old.
从她九岁开始, 我就认识她了。
They have been friends ever since.
从那以后他们就成了好朋友。【拓展】
ever 构成的其它常用短语有:
ever more 日益; 越来越
ever so / such 非常
for ever (and ever) 永远地
hardly ever 很少; 极少1. 她三年前来到这个城市, 从那时起就
一直当老师。She came to this city three years ago and has worked as a teacher ever since.He has been writing a play ever since he left school. 汉译英2. 自从毕业后, 他就一直在写一部戏剧。ever before “在以往任何时候”, 其中
before是副词, ever before常出现在
than后面, 其中ever 用以加强before
的语气, 有时before可以省略。e.g. It’s raining harder than ever
before.
雨比以前下得都大。用ever before 或 even since 填空。1. He fell off his horse a week ago and
has been in bed _________.
2. China is richer and stronger than
__________.
3. I have been here _________ 1995. ever since ever before ever since1. Paris is situated on the River Seine and
is known as a city of romance.
________________ ___ the River
Seine, Paris is known as a city of
romance.Situated / Located on 课后练习I. 句型转换。2. It is known to all that the modern
Olympic Games began in Athens, the
capital of Greece.
___ __ ______ __ ___, the modern
Olympic Games began in Athens, the
capital of Greece.As is known to all3. The style of Chinese buildings
influenced the Japanese architecture
greatly.
The style of Chinese buildings
____ __ _____ ________ ___ the
Japanese architecture.had a great influence on 4. Beijing is very famous in the world.
Thousands of tourists visit Beijing
every day.
Beijing is very famous in the world
and ___ _______ by thousands of
tourists every day. is visited 1. 这家新开的超市位于市中心。(situate)The newly-opened supermarket is situated in the center of town.Li Bai is considered as one of the greatest poets of all time in China.2. 李白被认为是中国有史以来最伟大的
诗人之一。 (of all time)II. 根据括号内所给的提示翻译下列句子。3. 众所周知, 有钱并不意味着幸福。
(As is known to all)As is known to all, money doesn’t mean happiness.She moved to London last May, and has worked as a reporter ever since.4. 她去年五月搬到伦敦, 此后一直做记
者。 (ever since)课件55张PPT。Module 1Module 1
EuropeListeningWhat do you know about these places?Cardiffthe capital of Wales
the seventh largest city of the UK
many beautiful countries around it
famous tourist cityValenciaa big city in Spain
famous for its soccer team, beautiful beaches and sunshine
on the east coast about 200 km south of BarcelonaEdinburghthe capital of Scotland
the most beautiful city of Europe
famous for its natural scenery and towers1. Where is Edinburgh? In Scotland or
in England?Listen and answer the questions. Cardiff is the capital of Wales.Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.2. Where is Cardiff? In Scotland or in
Wales?3. Where is Valencia? In Italy or in
Spain? Valencia is about 200 kilometers south of Barcelona in Spain.Listen again and complete the form.Listen again and decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F).1. All of them are living in the same city at the moment. ( )
2. All of them come from the same country. ( )T F 3. None of them speaks Spanish. ( )
4. None of them is a student. ( )
5. Neither of the girls comes from
England. ( )F T F There are so many _______ cities in the United Kingdom. Edinburgh and Cardiff are two of them. Edinburgh is in _______ and Cardiff is in ______. They are in
________ countries of the United Kingdom. capitalScotland Wales separate Fill in the blanks according to the Listening text.There is a big city in Spain called ________. It is ___ the east _____ of Spain. Its ______ team is fantastic. on coast soccer Valencia Function: Describing location on the left below
on the right beside
between with
in front of from
to next to
near behind
opposite abovedescribe
movement
from to
Matchingdescribe
locationson the left between
on the right near
in front of next to
behind beside
above below
oppositeItaly is in the south of Europe.
Portugal is to the west of Spain.
Barcelona is on the northeast coast of Spain.Read these sentences. Write three similar ones about places in China.in the south of
在……的南部, 常指在某一范围
to the south of
在……的南边, 常指超出了某一范围
on the south of
在……的南面, 强调两者毗邻, 接壤e.g. Jilin Province lies in the northeast of
China.
Jilin Province lies to the northeast of
Hebei Province.
Korea lies on the northeast of China.
Northeast of Hebei Province lies Jilin
Province. Look at the pictures, then describe the location.United Kingdom
(London)English ChannelFrance
(Paris)Portugal
(Lisbon)Spain
(Madrid)Italy
(Rome)Greece
(Athens)1. Where is Italy?Italy is in the south of Europe.Portugal is to the west of Spain.The UK is off the northwest coast of continent Europe.Study the map and answer the questions.2. Where is Portugal?3. Where is United Kingdom?4. Where is France?France faces the UK across the English Channel.Barcelona is on the northwest coast of Spain.5. Where is the Barcelona?1. What’s the difference between on the coast and off the coast?Answer these questions.On the coast means that the place is actually on the land, where it meets the sea; off the coast means that the place is an island (or on an island) not far from the mainland. 2. What’s the difference between across and between? Across means that something is on the other side, that there is something between two places, two objects or also two people (e.g.: You can sit across the table from someone; live across the street from them); between refers to the “thing” which separates two objects, places or people, e.g.: There is a river between the two parts of the city; there is a busy street between your house and time. across through along on off between acrossthroughalong onoffbetweenMatch the propositions with the pictures.Now complete these sentences using correct prepositions. 1. Paris is situated ___ the River Seine.
2.?France and England face each other
______ the English Channel. on across 3.?There is a mountain range ________
France and Italy.
4.?Barcelona is a city ___ the coast of
Spain.
5.?Britain is an island ___ the coast of
continental Europe. between on off Complete these sentences using correct prepositions or prepositional phrases. 1. Mongolia is ________ China and Russia.
2. China is _________________ of India.
3. Guangzhou is ____________ of China. between to the northeast of in the south 4.?Shenyang is ________ Beijing and Harbin.
5.?The Qinghai –Tibet Plateau (高原) is ______________ of China. between in the southwest① Choose one of the cities from
Great European Cities.WritingExample:
How many people live there?
What kind of work do people do there?② Think of some questions
about the city.③ Find answers from another
source and write an extra
paragraph about the city.假如你是李华，请你给某英文报社的“城市风采”栏目写一篇短文，介绍世界文化名城法国首都——巴黎。要点如下：
1. 巴黎的人口超过220万，面积为105平
方公里。
2. 属温和的海洋性气候，夏无酷暑，冬
无严寒。写作任务3. 巴黎是法国政治、文化中心，对世
界有重要的影响。
4. 作为世界文化名城，吸引了众多游
客。
要求：1. 词数：100左右。???
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文
连贯。介绍一个城市，一般主要介绍其位置、人口、面积、气候、景点和影响。属于说明文范畴，通常以一般现在时和第三人称为主。写作时要客观地介绍，用词准确，语言简练，使读者对该城市有一个清晰的认识。审定主体结构本文可浑然一体、一气呵成，用短小精悍的语句勾勒出文化名城巴黎的总体印象。
注意事项：
1. 要按照合理的说明顺序进行写作，如时间顺序、空间顺序等。
2. 介绍城市特点的事实要准确，条理要清楚，层次要分明。确定篇章结构常用词汇：
总体印象: beautiful, famous, modern,
attractive, large ...
地理位置: lie, situated, located, stand,
east, coast, west, southeast,
opposite ...核定句子结构气候状况: climate, mild, gentle, hot,
cold, warm, cool ...
景点风光: landscape, clean, amazing,
sightseeing, attraction,
ancient ...
地位影响: center, culture, influence,
politics, economy, technology,
education ...... lie / be situated / be located + in /
on / to + the +方位词+ of +地点名词
... have a population / an area of ...
... neither ... nor ...
... be known as / for ...
... be the center of ...
... have an influence on ...句型应用Example:
Paris, the capital of France, is situated on the river Seine in northern France. Its population is over 2.2 million and it has a total area of 105 square kilometers. It’s neither hot in summer nor cold in winter there because of the mild sea climate. The Eiffel Tower is one of the world’s most popular attractions. The Louvre, one of the world’s largest art galleries, attracts large numbers of visitors from all over the world. Paris is the center of French politics and culture and also has a great influence on the world. Pronunciation and Everyday EnglishLook at the questions tags in this conversation. A: Where do you live?
B: In Edinburgh.
A: Edinburgh. That’s the capital of Scotland, isn’t it?
B: Yes, it is. And where are you from?A: From Brighton.
B: Whereabouts is that?
A: It’s in the south of England.C: Amy, you’re from Wales, aren’t you?
D: That’s right.
C: That’s in the west, isn’t it? What’s it like?
D: It’s very quite. And you’re from England?C: No, I’m not. I’m from Dublin.
D: That’s in Scotland, isn’t it?
D: No, it’s in Ireland.Work in pairs and practice the conversation in activity 1.Remember: your voice rises when you ask a real question, and falls when you check you know something.Work in pairs. Ask real questions or check what you know.Hollywood is in the US, isn’t it?
France is in Europe, isn’t it?
Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, wasn’t he?
Picasso painted the Mona Lisa, didn’t he?5. Amy lives in London, doesn’t she?
6. You speak English, don’t you?Work in pairs. Role-play the conversation about the places where you live.Student A: Imagine you are from one of
the places mentioned in this
module.
Student B: You’re from China.HomeworkExample: Chongqing is situated on the
Yangtze River.Write sentences to describe geographical area of China.Module 1 Europe
Ⅰ. 单元教学目标
技能目标Goals
Talk about location and know the different features of four cities in European countries.
Practise describing a famous city.
Study Passive Voice & subject and verb agreement.
Write an introduction about a city.
Ⅱ. 目标语言
功 能 句 式
Introduce the place one lives or a famous place:
Where do you live?
Edinburgh. That’s the capital of Scotland, isn’t it?
-Whereabouts is that?
That’s in the west, isn’t it?
What’s it like?
-It’s very quite.
The United Kingdom is off the northwest coast of continental Europe.
France is Europe’s third largest country and faces the United Kingdom across the English Channel.
Twenty percent of the country is covered by islands.
Athens, the capital of Greece, is known as the birthplace of western civilisation.
Paris is the capital and largest city of France, situated on the River Seine.
词 汇
Across, boot, continental, face, range, landmark, gallery, situated, symbol, located, architect, project, sculpture, birthplace, civilisation, ancient, opposite, sign, agreement, whereabouts, govern, head, representative, parliament, region, geographical, feature, produce
语 法
Passive voice: present and past forms.
The Sagrada Familia was designed by an architect called Antonio Gaudi .
Athens is known as the birthplace of western civilisation.
Subject and verb agreement.
My family lives in Cardiff.
The whole class is here.
重 点 句 子
The United Kingdom is off the northwest coast of continental Europe.
France is Europe’s third largest country and faces the United Kingdom across the English Channel.
One of Barcelona’s most famous landmarks is the Church of the Sagrada Familia, which was designed by an architect called Antonio Gaudi.
Florence is an Italian city which became famous because of the Renaissance, a great artistic movement which began in the 1300s and lasted for three hundred years.
Barcelona is the second largest city of Spain and is situated on the northeast coast, about five hundred kilometres east of the Spanish capital, Madrid.
III. 教材分析与教材重组
1. 教材分析
本单元以Europe 为话题，旨在通过教学使学生了解欧洲一些著名城市的地理位置及其特色，能运用所学词汇结合课文中及课下查找的资料描写一个城市，能写关于所在城市情况的介绍。21世纪教育网版权所有
1.1 INTRODUCTION 通过对一幅欧洲地图的描述，激活学生的背景知识并介绍了部分欧洲国家的概况引出本单元的话题Europe，同时进行词汇，句型的学习，为学生进行阅读，写作打下基础。
1.2 READING AND VOCABULARY 课文分为四个部分,分别描写了欧洲著名城市巴黎、巴塞罗那、佛罗伦萨和雅典。从文中读者可了解这些城市的地理位置和不同特色，展示了欧洲古典丰富的文化,扩大了学生的视野。各部分都从三方面对城市进行描写：1.城市所在位置2.重要地位3.特色或著名的名胜。阅读理解题设置了猜测词义,问答,判断正误及讨论四个题, 检测学生对课文的理解，培养学生获取信息，猜词的能力，引导学生在掌握课文的基础上联系实际，陈述自己的观点。
1.3 FUNCTION 同课文紧密联系,使学生掌握并自如运用描述位置的词和词组。
1.4 GRAMMA 1 讲解了本单元的语法项目：被动语态的一般现在时和一般过去时。并给出相关示例，使学生通过观察,分析掌握所学内容，再进行练习运用。
1.5 LISTENING 是围绕Europe话题文章。强化学生通过听来获取讲话人信息并得出结论的能力。
1.6 WRITING 示范写作步骤，培养学生为写作准备素材的能力，并与阅读紧密联系，降低了写作难度，巩固了所学知识。
1.7 GRAMMA 2 讲解了本单元的另外一个语法项目：主谓一致。通过例句讲解和问答使学生体会学习主谓一致,并通过练习加以巩固。
1.8 PRONUNCIATION AND EVERYDAY ENGLISH 口语训练目的是培养学生通过说话人的语调变化来了解他所要表达真实含义的能力，其内容依然紧紧围绕着Europe 和Location。学生通过听来辨别不同语调，而后将其用于实践，加以巩固，同时复习了本单元重点。
1.9 CULTURE CORNER提供了相关的背景知识,简略介绍了欧共体，使学生进一步了解欧洲，扩大了知识面，训练题培养学生快速获得所需信息的能力。
1.10 TASK 设置了一个难度不大且学生感兴趣的任务：以小组为单位选择中国某一地区，为其建立档案，且已给出提纲。有助于学生将所学知识用于实践，锻炼了学生查找资料和自主学习的能力。
2. 教材重组
从教材内容与单元目标分析，本单元可分为五课时。
2.1 将Introduction ,Reading and vocabulary, Culture corner和Workbook 中的Vocabulary部分整合在一起上一节“阅读课”。
2.2 将Function 与Writing, Task 组合在一起成为一节“写作课”。
2.3 Listening 与Pronunciation and Everyday English 及Workbook 中的Reading设计为一节“听说课”。
2.4 将Grammar 1和Grammar2同Workbook 中的Grammar结合设计为一节“语法课”。
2.5 将Workbook 中的Listening and speaking, speaking and writing 作为一节“综合实践课”。
3. 课型设计与课时分配
1st period: Reading
2nd period: Writing
3rd period: Listening and speaking
4th period: Grammar
5th period: Integrating skills
Ⅳ. 分课时教案
The First Period Reading
Teaching goals 教学目标
Target language目标语言
a. 重点词汇和短语:
across, boot, continental, face, range, landmark, gallery, situated, symbol, located, architect, project, sculpture, birthplace, civilisation, ancient, be famous for, work on, of all time, be known as21·世纪*教育网
b. 重点句子:
The United Kingdom is off the northwest coast of continental Europe.
France is Europe’s third largest country and faces the United Kingdom across the English Channel. One of Barcelona’s most famous landmarks is the Church of the Sagrada Familia, which was designed by an architect called Antonio Gaudi.
Florence is an Italian city which became famous because of the Renaissance, a great artistic movement which began in the 1300s and lasted for three hundred years.
Barcelona is the second largest city of Spain and is situated on the northeast coast, about five hundred kilometres east of the Spanish capital, Madrid.
2. Ability goals能力目标
Enable the students to describe some famous cities of European countries and know of the world famous places of interest in Europe.
3. Learning ability goals学能目标
Help the students learn how to analyze the way the author introduces these beautiful cities.
Teaching important points 教学重点
Introduce the famous cities in his/her own words.
Teaching difficult points 教学难点
Work together with partners and tell others what one has learnt after reading the text.
Teaching methods 教学方法
⒈ Discussion;
⒉ Cooperative learning.
Teaching aids 教具准备
Some maps;
A projector and some slides.
Teaching procedures & ways 教学过程与方式
Step I Greeting and Lead in
This is the first English lesson in this term, after they spent the winter holiday. Teacher can ask the Ss talk about their holiday and lead them to describe a city. When they begin to introduce a city, grasp this chance and lead in the topic Europe. Then get the students to read the passage and map in Page 1 and fill in the table.
T: Welcome you back to school! Have you enjoy your holiday?
Sa: Yes. I spent the Spring Festival with my grandparents in my hometown, a small village. People there are all friendly, and they know each other. We prepared for the new year together. My father wrote couplets and we glued them on the gate. On the last day of the year, all the members of the family got together, cooking, having dinner, staying up to welcome the new year. At twelve o’clock we lit fireworks. I’ll never forget the interesting holiday.
Sb: I read a book named “Gone with the wind”during the holiday. It describes the American civil war. I like strong-willed Scarlett, because she never gives up. What’s more, I learnt a lot about slavery, customs, life and culture in America. I spent a rich holiday.
Sc: I have had a good time in the holiday, too. My family went to Harbin. The buildings there are of different characters. Sometimes I was puzzled whether I was in an European country or in China. We visited Sun island Park. It’s no more than wonderful. We saw a fairy-tale world---- a kingdom of snow. There were castles, sculptures made of snow. It’s the best holiday I spent. I like travelling.
T:I even admire you now. Which place would you like to travel next time?
Sc: The United Kingdom because I am learning English. I want to know more about America, to talk with native speakers and taste English food.
Sd: My choice is Spain. We can enjoy sunshine, beach and blue sea. Besides the sea, we can visit many Roman buildings. Tasty seafood should be part of travelling, too.
Se: Greece is a country with a long history. And 2004 Olympic Games were hold there. When I watched the games, I began to learn the city--Athens. I dream of visiting Athens.
Sf: I prefer to visit France, because I have seen a film about Louvre. It’s wonderful. And I can sit by a window in a café, enjoying a cup of coffee and observe passing people.
(Ss may give different advice.)
T: Excellent! Today the text will introduce more interesting places. Let’s go and visit Europe. Please turn to Page 1. Look at the map of European. Which countries do the letters refer to? Please read the information in the second part and find the countries on the map.
(Three minutes later)
T: Are you ready? Who can tell us your answer?
Ask one student to answer the question.
S: F stands for the United Kingdom. A is France. C refers to Italy, which looks like a boot. E is Spain, D Portugal and B Greece.
T: Ok. Another question. Can you name their capitals and languages spoken in these countries? The words in the box can help you. Now please work in pairs and fill in the table.
T shows the table on the screen.
T: Who will come and fill the table. Zhang Rui, will you?
After a few minutes, check the answers in class.
Suggested answers:
Country
Capital
Language
United Kingdom
London
English
France
Paris
French
Italy
Roma
Italian
Greece
Athens
Greek
Spain
Madrid
Spanish
Portugal
Lisbon
Portuguese
T: Read these passages aloud and then work in pairs to describe the location of these countries.21cnjy.com
Ss work in pairs to be familiar with the topic “Europe”. 2-1-c-n-j-y
Step II While- Reading
It is a good chance for the students to form a good habit of reading. Get the students to read the passage quickly and accurately. First, ask the students some questions and give the students a few minutes to read the passage silently to get the information they need quickly. Then encourage the students to guess the meanings of the words by reading the passage again. After they understand the passage, let them discuss with their partners to express their ideas.
Skimming
T: Excellent! Now, we’ll learn more about Europe. Attention, please. Look at these beautiful photos. Can you name them? What is this?
Ss: The Eiffel Tower.
T: Very good. What about the second one?
Ss: Sorry. I don’t know the rest of the photos.
T: Turn to Page 2. Read the passage and match the photos with these descriptions.
(Two minutes later)
T: Can you tell me your answer?
Ss: The Eiffel Tower is a landmark in Paris. The Parthenon is a building in Athens. The Uffizi Palace is an art gallery in Florence. And the Sagrada Familia is a church in Barcelona.
(T may deal with pronunciations of names of the places at the same time.)
T: Turn to Page 3.There are some new words in the passage. Read the text again and find the words to guess their meaning, and then match the words in the box with their definition.
Ss read the text to finish it independently. Then check their answers in class.
Scanning
T: Very good! Please read the questions in Part 3 first to know what information we should get. Then read the passage to find the answer to Part 3 and judge the sentences in Part 4. Which sentences are true? And which ones are false? If false, please correct it. Now please read the passage again and work in pairs.
Ss work in pairs and find the answers.
（A few minutes later）
T: Now answer my questions.
Explanation
T: Wonderful! Now, let’s deal with some language points. In the second passage. Look at the fourth line. One of the Barcelona’s most famous landmarks is the Church of the Sagrada Familia, which was designed by an architect called Antonio Gaudi. In this sentence, “which” refers to“the Church of the Sagrada Familia? And “called Antonio Gaudi” means “the architect’s name is Antonio Gaudi”.
T: And the next sentence: Gaudi worked on the project from 1882 until his death in 1926.It means that Gaudi spent his time and energy on the subject up to the time when he died.
T: Any other questions?
Discussion
T: Quite right. Now please look at the screen. Discuss these questions with your partners. Then I’ll ask some of the students to report your work. Are you clear?
Show the following questions on the screen.
What did you know about these cities before you read the text?
What new information did your learn?
After their discussion.
T: Now who would like to answer the first question?
Sa: I will. Before learning the text I knew Paris is the capital of France, and the Eiffel is very famous. I have seen a film about Louvre. It’s wonderful. Also I knew people there enjoyed a comfortable life. In the evening, they would go to café to have a good time.
Sb: I knew little about Barcelona, except the Olympic Games. But I knew Spain is famous for its sunshine, beach, and blue sea. There are many Roman buildings, too. And tasty seafood is very popular.
Sc: What I knew is that Florence is a city of art. Leonardo da Vinci lived there. Also, I knew another famous city Venice in Italy.
Sd: Athens—2004 Olympic Games were hold there. It’s the birthplace of Olympic Games. When I watched the games, I began to learn the city. The name brings to mind Greek gods and goddesses. When visiting the city, visitors feel like they're in the middle of a history lesson. Some world famous writers lived there. Today we can enjoy their works.
T: Wonderful! Things we have learnt in other subjects may be useful in English class, too. What information did you learn?
Sa: After learning the text, I get more information about Paris. I know Paris is situated on the River Seine. It’s visited by more than eight million tourists every year. And about two thirds of France’s artists and writers live in Paris, so it’s the culture center of France.
Sb: Now I know not Barcelona but Madrid is the capital of Spain. And the Church of the Sagrada Familia, which was designed by Antonio Gaudi, is the landmark of Barcelona.
Sc: Florence is a birthplace of the Renaissance. Many greatest painters and artists of all time lived and worked there. They produced a large number of paintings and sculptures. So today we can see the art galleries, church and museums.
Sd: Athens is not only the birthplace of the Olympic Games, but also the birthplace of western civilisation. Two thousands years ago, it was the world’s most powerful city. During this period buildings such as the Parthenon on the Acropolis Hill were built.
Step III Post-reading
In this part, the students will read the passage again and work together with their partner to learn the way the author describe a city. Then the teacher shows the table on the screen. Give them a few minutes to fill in the table about the whole text. Check the answers with the whole class.
T: Read the text again to find out in which aspects the author describes the city? Discuss it in groups of four, please.
Sa: Read the first paragraph---Pairs. In the first sentence, we can learn where the city is. And the following introduce some famous places of interest. So I think the author describe the city in two parts: its location and some places of interest.
Sb: I don’t thinks so. From the first and second sentences we can know the city is important both in the country and in the world. Many writers and artists live in Paris. And in the second paragraph, the author also introduces Florence in three parts: where it is, it’s an important and famous city, and places worth visiting.
Sc: I’ll have a try. The writer describes the text in three parts: where the city is, how important the city is/was, and what the city is famous for…
T: Good! The author describes the cities in three aspects: its location, status and features.
Prepare for retelling.
T: You are quite right.（Draw a table on the Bb）Look at the table. Let’s try to obtain a general understanding of the passage. Fill in it by reading the text again. Who will come here and fill the table on the Bb? One student, one city.
name
location
status
features
Ask four Ss to come to the Bb to fill in the table. Ss work invidually.
T: Now let’s check the answers together. Are their answers right?
Suggested answers:
name
location
status
features
Pairs
France, on the River Seine
The capital, the largest city of France, one of the most beautiful, in the world, 2/3 France’s artist and writers live here
The Eiffel Tower, the Louvre, restaurants, cafes, theatres
Barcelona
Spain, one the northeast coast, 500km east of the capital
the second largest city,
The Church of the Sagrada Familia
Florence
Italy
The Renaissance happened there, some of the greatest painters lived and worked here
The art galleries, churches and museums, the Uffizi galleries
Athens
Greece
The capital, the birthplace of western civilisation, was the world’s most powerful city, best writers lived there
The Parthenon,
Step IV Retelling
After the students read the passage for several times, they have master it. Now they can retell the passage according to the table. Give them several minutes to prepare for retelling. After they retell the passage, they will understand deeply how the author describes a city, and master the way of writing.
T: Well done! After reading the text, we know all of the four cities. Tell your partner: Which of them would you most like to visit? Please describe the city. The table can help you.
Ss prepare retelling individually.
T: Are you ready? Who can introduce the city you like best?
S: I’d like to.
A sample of retelling:
⒈ Paris is the city I would most like to visit. Now I’ll introduce this beautiful city. Paris is in the north of France. It’s on the River Seine. Paris, the largest city of France, is the capital. As one of the largest cities in the world, Pairs is visited by eight million tourists every year. About two thirds France’s artists and writers live there. If you visit Pairs, you can see the Eiffel Tower, and the Louvre, one of the world largest art galleries. It’s a good idea to go to restaurants, cafes and theatres. I like Paris. I hope I will visit it some day.
⒉ I would like to visit Barcelona, the second largest city of Spain. It is situated on the northeast coast. So we can enjoy sunshine, blue sea and beach. If you like tasty seafood, Barcelona is the place you must visit. There are many ancient buildings worth visiting. Among them, The Church of the Sagrada Familia is the most famous landmark of Barcelona. It was designed by Antonio Gaudi. He worked on the church for 44 years. But the church hasn’t been finished yet!
⒊ Let me introduce Florence, an Italy city. It’s famous because of the Renaissance. The great artistic movement began in the 1300s and lasted for three hundred years. During the time, some of the greatest painters lived and worked there. They produced a great number of beautiful paintings and sculptures. About a million tourists come to see the art galleries, churches and museums.
⒋ Why not choose Athens as the capital of Greece. It is known as the birthplace of western civilisation and the Olympic games. It was the world’s most powerful city. There are many ancient buildings. When visiting the city, visitors feel like they're in the middle of a history lesson. Greece’s best writers lived in ancient Athens. Today we can enjoy their works.
T: Excellent! You have know the four famous city.
StepV Reading
This passage offers materials about European to enrich the students background knowledge. Get the students to read the questions first and then read the passage to answer the questions.
(Write “the European Union” on the Bb.)
T: Can you name some countries which are members of The European Union?
S：I know France and Germany.
T: Good! Do you know how The European Union started, and how many countries belong to it now？Please turn to P9. Read the passage “The European Union” and answer the questions. Read the questions first then read to find the answers quickly.
Ss read the questions to see what information they are required to get while reading.
Two minutes later, ask two students read aloud their answers.
Step VI Practice (If time is limited, it can be finished after class)
Vocabulary. P68 Work individually.
T: Now there is a little time left. Let’s come to Vocabulary on P68.
Ex 8 Choose the correct answer. Before doing Ex9, let the students read the example first to see how to complete the sentences with words made from those in brackets.
Step Ⅶ Homework
Collect more information about one of the cities from the Great European cities.
Example:
How many people live there?
What kind of work do people do there?
What kind sports do they like?
What’s their favorite food?
What the attractions are there?
What about the climate?
What’re the geographical features?
Finish P68 Ex6
The Second Period Function and writing
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language目标语言
重点词汇和短语
on the left, on the right, between, in front of, to, behind, near, next to,?opposite, above, below, beside, with, from, off, across, situate, region, geographical, feature, produce
重点句型
Italy is in the south of Europe.
Purtogal is to the west of Spain.
Barcelona is on the northeast coast of Spain.
France and England face each other across the English Channel.
2. Ability goals能力目标
Enable the students to describe location and write a composition on a city they like.
3. Learning ability goals 学能目标
Help the Ss learn to describe location and make an outline for the compositions about the city they like.
Teaching important points教学重点
How to describe the location of a place.
How to organize collected materials to write a composition.
Teaching difficult points教学难点
Use prepositions or prepositional phrases correctly.
Teaching methods教学方法
Discussion and cooperative learning.
Teaching aids教具准备
A recorder and a projector
Teaching procedures & ways教学过程与方法
Step I Revision
Check the Ss’ homework by asking some of the students to tell their answers.
T: Good morning/afternoon, boys and girls. Have you find the odd words in Ex 6?
S: Let me have a try.
Step II Word study
Get the students to describe a map of Europe to review the passage they learnt last lesson. And at the same time, we can remind the students of prepositions and prepositional phrases. Guide the students to find out the difference among the words by reading the given examples. Then teacher answers any question they ask.
（Show a map of Europe and some questions.）
T: Look at the map and answer my questions. Read the questions first and then ask and answer with your partner. After you finish, I’ll ask one student come here and show the answers on the map. www.21-cn-jy.com
Questions:
Where is Italy? (Italy is in the south of Europe.)
Where is Portugal? (Portugal is to the west of Spain. ）
Where is Barcelona? (Barcelona is on the northeast coast of Spain.)
Where is the United Kingdom? (The United Kingdom is off the northwest coast of continental Europe.)
Where is France? (France faces the United Kingdom across the English Channel.)
Where is the Pyrenees? (The Pyrenees is between France and Spain.）
Ss ask and answer questions in pairs. They can find the answer in the text in Page1.
T: Ok. Any volunteer？(Ask one student to come to the platform and introduce the map in class.)
S: I will. Look at the map. This is Italy, which looks like a boot. It’s in the south of Europe. This is Spain. Barcelona is on the northeast coast of Spain. Portugal is on the west of Spain. We can see France here. The Pyrenees is between France and Spain. We call this English Channel. France faces the United Kingdom across the English Channel. The United Kingdom is off the north coast of continental Europe.……
T writes these sentences on the Bb and marks the phrases at the same time.
in the south of, to the west of, on the northeast coast of, off the northwest coast of, across, between
T: Your description is wonderful.(Turn to the other students.) Do you have any question?
S: Yes. What’s the difference between on the coast and off the coast?
T (Point to the map) Look at the map please. The United Kingdom is separated from continental Europe by the English Channel, so we say The United Kingdom is off the northwest coast of continental Europe. This is Barcelona. It’s near the northeast coast, so we use on the coast.
S: What about the difference between across and between?
T: Across means on the other side and between means in or into the space
separating.
Step III Practice
Show a map of China to get them to put the words into practice. Then the students will do more exercises to help them grasp the meaning of the prepositions and prepositional phrases.
T: Turn to Page4. Complete these sentences using correct prepositions. (Part2)
Ask the students to do it by themselves, then check the answers by asking some students to read aloud their answers.
T: (Show a map of China)
Look at this map. Now you should write six similar sentences about places in China.
Ss work in groups of four. They may have different sentences.www-2-1-cnjy-com
Suggested sentences:
Wuhan is in the south of China.
Tianjin is to the north of Jinan.
Xiamen is on the southeast coast of China.
Taiwan is off the southeast coast of continental China.
Taiwan faces Fujian across the Taiwan Straits.
Shanxi is between Shannxi and Hebei.
T: In Part 3 there are some prepositions or prepositional phrases. Point out which ones can be used to describe locations and which ones can be used to describe movements. Discuss with your partner.
After a few minutes.
T: Who can point out the words used to describe movements?
S: I’ll have a try.……
T: Turn to P69.Ex 10. There are mistakes in these sentences. Please correct the sentences.
After Ss finishing it, check in class.
Step IV Pre-writing
Last lesson we have learnt a passage about four cities. The students have known a little on how to describe a city. And after the class they have collected enough information to describe one of the cities from Great European cities. First check their homework and get the students to discuss how they will write a composition about a city or country. Second, teacher shows the instructions on how to describe a city. At last, ask some of the students to read their outlines.
T: Last lesson I wanted you to collect information about a city or a country. It’s time to use it. Have you done it?
Ss: Yes, of course.
T: This lesson we’ll write a composition to introduce the city you like best. Please work in groups of four and tell your partners how you will write the composition.
Ss talk in groups of four.
T: ZhangHua, which city would you like to describe? And how will you describe it?
S1: I prefer Barcelona. I’ll write the composition in three aspects: the location, the climate, the sports and galleries.
S2: I collect some information about Pairs. I’ll describe it in three aspects: the location, status, and features.
T: Good. When we describe a city, we must choose the materials that can show its features. I will give you some suggestions on the composition. let’s take Paris as an example.
Paris
Part1
Status
Capital, the biggest city,
Location
in northern central France
Part2
Population
2.15 million
Climate
at its best in springtime, sometimes a little wet, in summer the weather is warm and lazy - sometimes sizzling.
Part3
Attractions
Notre Dame de Paris, Effiel Tower, Arch of Triumph, Elysee Palace, Louvre,
Festivals
25 Dec - Christmas Day,11 Nov - Armistice Day/Remembrance Day,1 Nov - All Saints' Day,15 Aug - Assumption Day, late Mar/Apr – Easter,1 Jan - New Year's Day, May - Ascension Thursday,8 May - Victory in Europe Day, 1 May - May Day, 14 July - Bastille Day
Part4
Conclusion
Paris is without doubt one of the most attractive cities in the world.
Step V Writing
T: Please write down your outline first. Please finish your composition in twenty minutes. Li Ping, come here and write your composition on the Bb.
After twenty minutes.
T: Are you ready? Let’s read Li Ping’s composition together.
Samples:
1. Paris
As the capital of France, Paris is the nation's political, economic, cultural and educational center. It’s the biggest city of the country. Paris is located in northern central France, divided neatly in two by the Seine.21教育名师原创作品
Paris is at its best in springtime, even if it is sometimes a little wet, while in summer the weather is warm and lazy - sometimes sizzling. In August, many Parisians flee for the beaches to the west and south. With a population of 2,15 million, Paris is not so crowed.
Every year, millions of people go to Paris to visit some of the most attractive museums in the world such as Louvre, Centre Pompidou or Musée d'Orsay .Paris is also famous for French perfume and fashionable clothes. Also, Paris is a romantic city. Young coupled like to spend their honeymoon there. In different seasons, people celebrate different festivals, such as, Christmas Day, Assumption Day, late Mar/Apr – Easter, and Bastille Day.
Paris is without doubt one of the most attractive cities in the world. I hope one day I can sit in a cafe by the window, enjoying a cup of coffee and romantic street
2. Barcelona
Part1
status
Second largest, popularitist city
location
On the coast of Spain
Part2
climate
cool in winter, and hot in summer
sports
footbajj, tennis, cycling, sailing
Part3
attractions
Art gallaries, museum Picasso, the church of Sagrada Familia
Part4
conclusion
Inconceivable, unbelievable, unforgettable
Barcelona is situated on the coast of Spain. Covering 485 square kilometers, it’s the second largest city and one of the most popularities cities in Spain.
In Barcelona, it’s cool in winter, and hot in summer. July and August are the hottest months of the year. It’s close to both the sea and the mountains, so people there like different kinds of sports, such as, footbajj, tennis, cycling, sailing and so on
It’s one of the most dynamic and stylish cities in the world. In this beautiful city you can enjoy art galleries, which displays wonderful collections of art. Visiting museum Picasso, the church of Sagrada Familia is a good choice.
Someone said, “Barcelona is a city that is inconceivable until you get there, unbelievable while you walk its streets and unforgettable after you've gone - if you ever manage to tear yourself away.” If you have chance to visit Barcelona, grasp it and go at once.
T: After class, please read your partner’s compositions, write down your comments, and correct his or her mistakes. Then hand it in.
Step Ⅵ. Homework
Turn to P10. Prepare a fact file on a region of China. Collect information about the four aspects:
the main towns and the cities in the region
the main geographical features（mountains, river, lakes, deserts）
the main industries and/or main agriculture produce
the main places for tourist
And write a composition to introduce it. First of all, decide which region will you choose. If you have some difficulties, you can turn to your geography book. Second, collect information on the four aspects. At last, discuss with your partners to choose proper materials and write an outline. After you are ready, write the composition.
For example:
HuNingHang region（沪宁杭地区）
Location
In the southeast of China
Towns and cities
Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, and so on
Geographical features
Rivers and lakes,
Industries and agricultural produce
fish, rice, silk and tea
Places for tourists
Shanghai museum, west Lake, Hanshan Temple, Zhouzhuang, Oriental Pearl TV Tower

I will introduce HuNinHang region, which lies in the southeast of China. It’s made up of Shanghai, nanjin, Hangzhou and some other places. The main part is the Changjiang Delta. The famous lake----Taihu lake is in the centre of the region. Producing a large quantity of fish, rice, silk and tea every year, it’s one of the developed regions in China. There are a large number of world famous places of interest, such as, Suzhou, Hanzhou.
The Third Period Listening and speaking
Teaching goals教学目标
1. Target language目标语言
重点词汇和短语
Italy, Spain, Spanish, French, Chinese, German, Russian, capital, whereabouts, the same, all of, none of, neither of【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
b. 重点句子
Where do you live?
Where are you from?
There’ in the west, isn’t it?
What’s it like?
Whereabouts is that?
You speak English, don’t you?
2. Ability goals 能力目标
Get the Ss to know more about European countries by listening. And get the Ss to express different attitudes using intonation..
3. Learning ability goals 学能目标
Help the students learn how to grasp the key points by reading the questions first and make notes while listening.
Teaching important points 教学重点
Listen to materials and grasp the information needed.
Teaching difficult points 教学难点
Come to conclusions by listening to the talk and judge given sentences.
Teaching methods 教学方法.
Discussion;
Notes-making.
Teaching aids 教具准备
A recorder and some slides.
Teaching procedures & ways教学过程与方式
Step I Revision
Ask some students to read their compositions in class. And ask some questions on it to make sure every student listen carefully.
T: First, who will introduce a city in China?
S1: Let me read my composition.
Step II Listening
Let the students answer the questions first and then listen to check their answers. Get the students to listen to the tape for three times. The first time, listen to check their answers. It’s very easy for the students to grasp the answers. The second time, listen and complete the chart. The teacher can pause sometimes so that the students can find the right answers. For Part3, tell the students to write down the key words, if necessary.
1. Listen and answer questions
T: Turn to P6 Look at the three beautiful pictures. Cardiff, Valencia and Edinburgh. Let’s guess where they are?
Ss give different answers.
T: Are you answers right? Now listen to the tape to check your answers.
After listening.
T: Is your guess right? Can you tell me the right answer?
Ss: Yes.
T: Now listen for a second time and complete the chart. Read the chart first to see what information you are asked to get. Make notes while listening.
A few minutes later, check their answers.
T: A, can you tell us your answer?
Ask one student to read his/her answer.
T: Well done! We’ll listen to the tape again. Read Part 3. What are we asked to do? Who know?
S: We need to decide whether the sentences are true or false. If it’s true, tick the box under “T”.
T: Good! Please read the sentences quickly. Pay attention to these words: all of them, none of them and neither of the girls.
Ss read to know what information they should grasp.
After listening.
T: Which sentences are true? Which sentences are false? If false, it should be corrected. Who can do it? What about you, Zheng li?
S: ……
T: Excellent!
Step III Pronunciation and everyday English
Get the students to know they can express their opinion by intonation. First make the students observe the conversation and listen to the tape to find the rule. Then read after the tape to imitate the intonation. After they can use it freely, role- play the conversation about the places where you live.
T: Turn to Page 8. Observe the dialogues. Do you find something special?
Allow the Ss some time to look at the conversation.
Ss : Yes. Some words are in bold and they are in the same form.
T: Clever! We name them question tags. Listen to the conversation and pay attention to the question tags. If the speaker’s voice rises, mark↗. If it falls, mark↘. Now let’s listen.
Ss listen and mark on the question tags.
T: Can you read the sentences that the speaker speaks with his voice rising?
Ss read the sentences.
T: Why does the speaker’s voice rise sometimes, while sometimes fall? Please listen and follow the conversation again and try to find the answer. After listening, exchange your opinion with your partner.
Listen to the tape for a second time.
T: What’s your opinion? Zhang Hua, can you?
S: If you ask a real question, your voice rises, and if you just want to check you know something, your voice falls.
T: You are quite right. I’ll play the tape for you to listen and repeat. Pay attention to your intonation and stress.
Ss read after the tape.
T: Listen to me carefully, please. Let’s make a dialogue. We’ll work in pairs. Image one of you come from London, Hollywood, Pairs, or Athens, and the other is from China. Make a conversation, according to the conversation we read just now. Remember: your voice rises when you ask a real question, and falls when you check you know something.
Ss work in pairs and practise a conversation.
T: Which pair would come and act out your conversation. LiLi and ZhouHua, will you?
Ss: We will.
LiLi: ZhouHua, you are from Paris, aren’t you?
Z: That’s right.
L: That’s the capital of France, isn’t it? What’s it like?
Z: It’s very beautiful and romantic. And you’re from Japan?
L: No, I’m not. I’m from Shanghai.
Z: Whereabouts is that?
L: It’s in the south of China.
Step IV Reading
This passage introduces some other famous cities in European countries. After they read and choose the right answers, get them work in pairs to think of a Chinese city for each of the headings.
T:In the following passage, we’ll learn some different capitals: ancient capital, business capital, capital of romance, entertainment capital, capital of football. And I’ll also offer you some names of cities.
(Write the above phrases on the Bb and make sure Ss can understand the phrases.)
T: Can you guess which city is ancient capital and which is business capital? Match the headings and the names of the cities. Wang Ping, come and match them, please.
The student does it, and the others can offer help.
ancient capital Venice
business capital Madrid
capital of romance London
entertainment capital Roma
capital of football
T: Thank you. Open your books and turn to Page 69Now read the article to see if your choice is right.
Two minutes later.
T: Are you ready? Is your choice right? Please correct the wrong ones.
Ss correct their answers.
1. ancient capital Venice
2. capital of romance Madrid
3. entertainment capital London
4. capital of football Roma
T: Another exercise. Read Ex12 first and choose the correct answer.
Ss read and then check their answer in class.
T: Are there these kinds of cities in China? Discuss with your partner to think of a Chinese city for each of the headings and list your reasons. Tell us next lesson.
Step Ⅴ Homework
Think of a Chinese city for each of the headings and list your reasons.
The Fourth Period Language study
Teaching Goals教学目标
1.Target language 目标语言
重点词汇和短语
sign, agreement, family, team, class, refer to, neither…,nor…, neither of, none of, each, each of,
重点句型
Pairs is visited by more than eight million tourists every year.
Florence’s most beautiful paintings and sculptures were produced by great artists such as Leonardo da Vinci.
My family lives in Cardiff.
The whole class is here.
Neither Amy nor Helen is English.
None of them has arrived yet.
Each of them has a capital city.
2. Ablity goals能力目标
Enable the students to express freely using passive voice.
Learn Subject and verb agreement.
3. Learning ability goals学能目标
Help the students to summarize a rule after they observe some examples.
Teaching important and difficult points 教学重点
How to express one’s opinion in passive voice.
Master subject and verb agreement.
Teaching difficult points 教学难点
How to decide which word refer to one person and which refer to a group of people.
How to change the predicate when turning a sentence from active form to passive form.
Teaching methods 教学方法
Study individually, practice, discussion.
Teaching aids 教具准备
A projector and slides
Teaching procedures & ways 教学过程与方式
Step I Greeting and revision
T: Good morning boys and girls. First, can you tell me which city you think is the capital of romance in China? 21·cn·jy·com
Suggested answers:
Sa: Hangzhou, I think, is the capital of romance because of its beautiful lake---the west lake. It is regard as “Paradise on the earth”for its scenic beauty. Many young coulpes go there to spend their honeymoon.
T: What about the ancient capital?
Sb: Beijing is an ancient capital. There are many places of interest, such as the Great Wall, the summer palace, the Forbidden City and temple Heaven . It has been capital for many years.
Sc: Shanghai is the entertainment capital because lots of musicals, plays are performed there.
Sd: I don’t think there is a city which can be the capital of football. Maybe a few years later, we can have a capital of city.
Step II Grammar (1) Passive Voice
The students will learn the use of passive voice. First get the students to observe some sentences to learn the use of by and know when the passive voice is used. Second, learn how to make a sentence passive and summarize the rules.
1. To be familiar with passive voice and observe its feature.
T: I agree with you. Please look at the screen. What’s the difference between the two sentences?
Paris is visited by more than eight million tourists every year.
Athens is known as the birthplace of western civilization.
Ss observe the two sentences.
T: Any volunteer? Can you find it?
S: In the first sentence “by” is used.
T: Good! What does the word “by”tell you?
S: It tells us who visit Pairs. But I’m not sure when we should use “by”?
T: When we want tell who do it, you can use “by”. But if you don’t know or you needn’t mention who do it, there is no need to use “by”.
2. T: Look at the Bb. I’ll write another two sentences. Are they the same in meaning? Please translate them into Chinese.
Paris is visited by more than eight million tourists every year.
More than eight million tourists visit Pairs every year.
S:1每年巴黎被八百多万游客游览。2 每年八百多万游客游览巴黎。They are the same in meaning. But in the first sentence, Paris is highlighted, while in the second sentence, the author emphasizes“more than eight million tourists”. Passive voice is used when we want to highlight the object or when we don’t know who do it.
3. To learn the way of making sentences passive.
T: How can we make sentence passive? Observe the two sentences and find the way.
Ss observe the sentences.
T: Now who can tell us how to make sentences passive?
S: I’ll show it on Bb.
More than eight million tourists visit Pairs every year.
Pairs is visited by more than eight million tourists every year.
T: Excellent! Pay attention to the way of changing visit to is visited. Be+done is the predicate form of passive voice. “Be”is used to show the tense. For example,
The students cleaned the classroom.
--- The classroom was cleaned by the students.
They speak Chinese.
--- Chinese is spoken.
T: Read the following sentences and list different tenses of passive voice.
He is regarded as brilliant.
The book was first published in 1975.
They are being meet at the airport.
He said it was being repaired.
This car has been driven a long way today.
The road had been opened to traffic.
Suggested answers:
形式
时态
助动词be的变化形式+ 表意动词的过去分词
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
一般过去将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
将来完成时
过去将来完成时
am（is, are）
was（were）
shall（will）be
should（would）be + asked
am（is, are）being
was（were）being
has（have）been
had been
shall（will）have been
should（would）have been
Step III Practice
T: Now make these sentences passive. Let’s see who completes the task well.
Get the students to change the sentences in Part 2 P5. Then check the answers with the whole class.21教育网
Suggested answers:
Florence is visited by about a million tourists each year.2·1·c·n·j·y
London was visited by ten million people last year.
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
Mona Lisa was not painted by Picasso.
The Great Wall of China was built by thousands of workers.
T: The following statements in Part 3 are wrong. Please correct them. Before doing it, read the example first.　　21*cnjy*com
Ss read the example to know what they are expected to do, then do it in pairs.
Here are three exercises.
T: Turn to Page 67.We’ll do some exercise.
Get the Ss to do Ex1 individually. Make sure they know how to this exercise, then call out some students to read their answers.
Suggested answers:
Was Athens built by the Romans?
The sculpture was created by a Beijing company.
Many famous artists lived in Paris in the nineteenth century.
The opera wasn’t shown in London.
Every year, thousands of Chinese people visit France.
For Ex 2, first make sure Ss can spell p.p. of each verb correctly. Then complete the sentences.【出处：21教育名师】
Ex can be done after class.
We can complete Ex3 after class.
Step IV Grammar (2) Subject and verb agreement
To learn collective noun.
T: Turn to P7. Read?the sentences in Part 1 and answer question: What have the words family, team and class got in common? There are four points for you to choose in Page 97. Read and then tick the right ones.
(Make sure the students know the meaning of ”in common”. ）
After a few minutes.
T: Are you ready?
S: I think we should choose B and D.
T: Any different idea?
S: Why are family, team and class followed by a singular verb, when they refer to a number of people?
T: Who can tell us why?
S: In my opinion, the words family, team and class refer to a number of people, but they refer to the unit as a whole. So they are followed by a singular verb.
T: Ok. Now please complete the sentences in Part 2 using verbs from the box.
After Ss finish it , check their answers in class.
Learn neither, none, and each.
(Show the five sentences on the Bb.）
Neither Amy nor Helen is English.
Neither of them is English.
None of them has arrived yet.
Each country in the United Kingdom has a capital city.
Each of them has a capital city.
T: Look at the Bb. Read the first two sentences. Do they mean the same thing?
Do you know how many people the third sentence refer to? And Do you know how many countries the fourth and fifth sentences refer to?
Ss observe the sentences and discuss with their partners.
Step V Practice
T: Let’s rewrite the sentences in part 4 using neither, none or each.
（T shows how to rewrite the sentences , making sure that the students know how to do this exercise.）
After they finish rewriting the sentences, check their answers in class.
T: Please turn to P68. Ex4. Look at the following words. Decide which words refer to one person and which refer to a group of people. If necessary, you can turn to the dictionary.
Get the Ss work through the exercise individually, and then check their answers.
For Ex5, first make sure the students know what they should consider when they correct the mistakes in the sentences.
After check the answers, get students to read aloud the right sentences.
Step Ⅵ Homework
Translation.
Translate the following sentences into English.
花已经浇过了. (The flowers have already been watered.)
这些树是五年前栽的.（These trees were planted five years ago.）
计划将在月底完成.（The plan will have been completed by the end of this month.）
我们的建议已经讨论了.（Our suggestion has already been discussed.）
这本书已经译成了英语.（This book has already been translated into English.）
Find a map of southeast Asia. Work in groups of four. Read the map and disc?ss the following:
--- countries you want to visit
--- cities and tourist attractions you want to see
-- -things you want to see
--- where you start and finish your voyage
The Fifth Period Integrating skills
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language目标语言：
重点词汇和短语
govern, head, representative, parliament, lifetime, destination, what’s more, particularly, belong to, little by little, the European Union,21*cnjy*com
重点句子
But each of them sends representatives to the European Parliament, which has some control over what happens in each of the member countries.
The expanded European Union has a population of more than half a billion people, twice as big as the population of the United States.
What’s more, you can go with your best friend.
All you have to do is to answer our European culture quiz and write about a place in Europe you’d particularly like to visit and why.
2. Ability goals能力目标
Enable the students to write a similar quiz about countries in southeast Asia, according to the quiz about countries in Europe and write a letter, using given paragraph headings.
3. Learning ability goals学能目标
Help the students learn to put learnt knowledge into practice.
Teaching important points教学重点
Listen and write the speakers’ answers to quiz.
Write a letter about a city in southeast Asia.
Teaching difficult points教学难点
How to write a quiz about countries in southeast Asia.
Teaching methods 教学方法
Task-based learning, Discussion
Teaching aids教具准备
A tape recorder and a map.
Teaching procedures & ways过程与方式
Step I Revision
Check students’ homework. (Ask some students to read the sentences they translated.)
Step II Reading and listening
The passage is an advertisement. First, read the questions to know what they are required to learn. Then read the passage and get the information they need. Second, answer the quiz which is about the text we learnt in lesson one. It’s an opportunity to review the text. The students can make use of the text. At the same time prepare the students for listening. Third, listen to the tape and write down their answers. At last, design a quiz by themselves.
1. T：As we all know, there are many beautiful cities and places of interest. Are you eager to visit European countries?
Ss: Of course!
T: A good chance is coming. Let’s win the holiday of a lifetime! Turn to P 71 to see how we can get the chance. Read the advertisement and answer questions in Ex14.
Ss read and find the answers quickly.
T: Yes, first we must answer the quiz and write about a place you like. Look at the table. Work in pairs and write your answers in the “You”column.
Ss can turn to the text in P2.
2. T: Ok. You have filled your column. Jill and Sam answer the quiz, too. Which question is asked first? Now let’s listen and number the questions in correct order.
Ask some students show their answers.
T: Are their answers the same as yours? Listen to the tape again and write their answers to the quiz.
3. Check their homework
T: Last lesson I asked you to read a map and discuss some questions. Now which group can report your answers?
Group1：
I want to go to Philippines and climb the volcano. There are places of interest. I want to see Fort Santiago, Malacanang Park etc. Also I want to swim next to whale sharks, and visit mountain tribes. I’ll start my journey in Manila, then finish it in Zamboanga.
Group2.
I want to visit Vietnam. It is one of the countries that are becoming popular with many Chinese tourists. Ho Chi Minh City, which lies in the south of the country and is sometimes called “the heart and soul of Vietnam with its old traditions and culture. The capital city Ha Noi is a pleasant city with beautiful lakes, buildings and many small streets. I also want to see Halong Bay, which is made up of three thousand islands spread out in the clear green waters of the sea with wonderful beaches and mysterious caves to explore. Then I can relax and enjoy a good meal in one of the many restaurants in Halong Bay after exploring the islands.
T: Excellent! Now we can design a quiz about countries in southeast Asia. Work in groups of four and design it.
Ask some groups to write their quiz on the slides. After they finish the quizzes, show them on the screen and ask the other groups to answer.
Questions
Answers
What is the capital of Thailand?
Bangkok
Which are the neighboring countries of China?
（1）Thailand （2）Laos （3）Malaysia
（2）
Which country is Angko Wat in?
Cambodia
Which language is spoken in Thailand?
Thai, and English
Where is the Strait of Malacca?
Between Malaysia and Pulau Sumatra
In which country can you see Taj Mahal?
India
Step IV Speaking and writing
This part asks the students to read a letter first and summarize the main idea of each paragraph. Then write a letter about a city in southeast Asia they would like to visit, imitating the letter above.
1. Read a letter to learn the way of writing a letter.
T: After answering the quiz, they also need to write about a place in Europe that they would particularly like to visit and why. Read Jill’s letter and find out answers to the questions.
Where is she from?
（She is from the New York city in the United States.）
What country and city does she want to visit?
（She want to visit to visit Paris , France.）
What does she want to see?
（She want to see the Eiffel Tower, Champs-Elysees the River Seine and the Louver Museum where she can see the Mona Lisa ）【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
Why does she particularly want to visit the place?
（Because she plans to study history of art at university and she is learning French at school and she would like to have an opportunity to practise French.）
Ss read to find the answers.
T: There are four paragraphs in this letter. Match the four paragraphs with the headings A—D.
Paragraph 1: personal details
Paragraph 2: choice of country
Paragraph 3: what there is to see
Paragraph 4: reasons why the visit is important for her
2.Write a letter.
T: It’s your turn to write a letter. Write a letter about a city in southeast Asia you would like to visit. Write the letter in four paragraphs, using the headings. (Write the headings on the Bb.）
1. personal details
2. choice of country,
3. what there is to see,
4. reasons why the visit is important for her
A sample:
Dear Destination Southeast Asia:
My name is Zhanghua and I’m from Wuhan in China. I’m a high school students. I’m in Grade 3.It’s the final year in senior middle school. I’m interested in travels.
I want to go to Singapore because it is the Kingdom of travel in Asia. It’s so beautiful that it looks like a garden.
I want to see China town, Merlion, World Trade Center, and Giok Hong Tian and so on.
I plan to study travel administration. And I think it’s very important for me to have this opportunity. I hope I win the competition.
Yours,
ZhangHua
Step Ⅴ Homework
Memory the new words and phrases.
附 件
1. 课文注释与疑难解析：
France is the third largest country and faces the United Kingdom across the English Channel.
Barcelona is the second largest city of Spain and is suited on the northeast coast.
这两个句子中,都使用了 the +序数词+最高级 这一结构.
最高级可以被序数词及much, by far, nearly, almost 等修饰.如:
The Yellow River is the second longest in China.
Of the three boys, Nike is almost the cleverest.
3. One of Barcelona’s most famous landmark is the Church of the Sagrada Familia, which was designed by an architect called Antoniao Gaudi.
4. Paris is the capital and the largest city of France, situated on the River Seine.
called Antoniao Gaudi与 situated on the River Seine 在句中都做定语修饰the Church of the Sagrada Familia 和an architect. 过去分词做定语相当于定语从句.这两个词组可写为: who was called Antoniao Gaudi 和 which is situated on the River Seine.
5. The expended European Union has a population of more than half billion people, twice as big as the population of the United States.
Have a population of 的意思是有……人口,
twice as big as 用来表示倍数, 倍数的表达方式如下:
A is … times as+ adj./adv. + as B
A是B的几倍（大小/多少/长短……）
e.g. Your room is three times as big as mine.
= Your room is twice bigger than mine.
= Your room is three times the size of mine.
= The size of your room is three times that of mine.
6. The city is also famous for its restaurants, cafes and theatres.
Athens, the capital of G“be known for”.
. be known for “以…闻名”，for后面接“闻名”的原因。
be known as “被认为，大家公认，叫做”
be known to “为…所知”，to后面一般接人。
句型“It is （well）known to us that…”，其含义为“众所周知。
e.g.
Some capital cities are well-known for some special characteristics.
一些首都城市以其一些特性而著称。
He is known as a successful architect.
他被大家公认为是成功的建筑师。
It is well-known to us that failure is the mother of success. 【版权所有：21教育】
众所周知，失败是成功之母。
II. 文化背景知识：
Barcelona
Barcelona Information and Barcelona TourismThe sophisticated and stylish city of Barcelona is one of the most popular cities in Spain, second only to Madrid. Barcelona has something to suit everyone and although this city is very large, it is surprisingly easy to find your way around. There are several tourism and tourist information offices situated in the city centre of Barcelona and these provide up-to-date information about Barcelona attractions, museums, events, festivals, travel, Barcelona sightseeing and general Barcelona tourism and tourist information. Situated on the coast of Spain, Barcelona has the perfect location and is only a few hours drive from southern France, the Pyrenees and northern Costa Brava. Barcelona is protected from the elements by the encircling Collserola hills and gently slopes down towards the sea. Barcelona has increased in popularity since the early 1990s, when preparations for the 1992 Olympic Games relaunched the city, with a multi-billion-dollar building boom. Many structures were restored and new impressive buildings and landmarks created, particularly around Montju?c, the hub of the Olympic Games. When the games finished, Barcelona was left with an entirely new harbour development containing the new Olympic Village and many existing buildings had face-lifts in this economic transformation. The World Trade Fairs of 1888 and 1929 also had a strong influence of the city and resulted in much of the beautiful architecture in Barcelona, such as the Arc de Triomf and the spectacular Barcelona Magic Fountain (Font Màgica), with colour light shining through the water.Barcelona has an enormous number of sites and tourist attractions worth visiting. Top tourist attractions in Barcelona include the Parc Güell - which features some wonderful tile work by the world-famous Antoni Gaudi, Las Ramblas – Spain's most famous street, lined with trees and used by both tourist and locals, the Parc de la Ciutadella, Barcelona's favourite parks and the perfect place for relaxing in the sun, La Sagrada Familia – Gaudi's towering church which has become a symbol of Barcelona, the Casa Mila – an unusual building created by Gaudi, and The Eixample – a 19th-century expansion of majestic avenues and mansions. There are also many important museums and art galleries in Barcelona and the most popular is Barcelona's Picasso Museum, which features a large collection of paintings and ceramics created by the famous artist. Shopping in Barcelona is excellent and Barcelona has the best shopping in the whole of Spain. With everything from top designer outlets to traditional family speciality stores, there are also large shopping arcades and department stores. The markets in Barcelona are equally impressive and the food markets in particular draw large crowds of both tourists and locals. Boqueria Market is an exciting food market that is situated in a cavernous iron and glass structure and is filled with the freshest produce. Street-café life in Barcelona is rich and in the evenings, many people site outside in the squares and watch the world go by.Barcelona is without doubt one of the most exiting cities to visit in the Mediterranean, and with glorious beaches and a history stretching back over 2,000 years, Barcelona deserves to be seen and enjoyed.Barcelona is one of the world's great cities and the Spanish are cheerful, friendly and generally very helpful. Good manners in Barcelona are welcome everywhere and expected by most people. Barcelona is undeniably a major-league cultural and historic city and worth a visit, whatever the time of year.
Barcelona Weather
The climate in Barcelona is typically Mediterranean, with cool winters and hot summers. July and August are the hottest months of the year and temperatures can reach as much as 37oc. Being close to the sea, Barcelona can also be fairly humid in the hot weather, although the sea breezes are most refreshing. From November to April, it is advisable to wear either a warm sweater, jacket or coat. In mid-winter, around February time, Barcelona is at its coldest, although January can quite often have pleasant mild spells. From March onwards the weather begins to warm up dramatically and is certainly more sunny. May is a particularly pleasant time to visit Barcelona, with the weather being warm and fresh.Rainfall in Barcelona is at its highest in autumn and winter, and between September to October there can be the occasional thunderstorm, usually followed by a sunny spell. Barcelona Art Galleries (Barcelona, Spain)Barcelona art galleries display some wonderful collections of art, including paintings by world famous and local Barcelona artists, both modern and more classical. Here are some of the top art galleries in Barcelona worth visiting.Orence is the capital of the region of Tuscany, on Italy's north-west coast. The cultural and historical impact （影响力）of Florence is overwhelming. However, the city is one of Italy's most atmospheric and pleasant, retaining a strong resemblance（特征）to the small late-medieval center that contributed so much to the cultural and political development of Europe.
Athens
Athens—the name brings to mind buildings with tall, white columns2 and statues3 of Greek gods and goddesses. Museums take visitors back to the time of ancient Greece. When visiting the city, visitors feel like they're in the middle of a history lesson.
Athens gave birth to Western culture. This is where the West's ideas of government, law, justice and liberty all began. Architecture4, science, drama and poetry also flourished here.
The history of Athens is tied to mythology5. The god that came up with the most valuable legacy6 for humans was to give the city its name. Poseidon and Athena7 each wanted the honor. Athena produced an olive8 tree—the symbol of peace and wealth. Poseidon offered a strong horse needed for war. The gods decided Athena's gift would better serve the people, and the city became known as Athens.
The Acropolis9, or “high city,” stands on a hill overlooking the city. Western civilization's most important ancient monument10 was built by Pericles, the leader of Athens from 461-429 B.C. He spared no expense11 when he constructed the buildings of the Acropolis. He used only the best materials, architects and artists. His artists created huge statues of marble12 and covered them with gold and jewels. Sadly, only ruins remain of this “high city” of temples.
More treasure of ancient Greece lies in the National Archaeological13 Museum. Opened in 1874, the museum contains the best collection of Greek art in the world. It is crammed14 with treasures—more than visitors can see in a single visit. Visitors can view treasures from all the ancient civilizations that controlled the city throughout history. The vases, statues, carvings and other art objects show the life of those who lived in ages past.
But a visit to Athens is more than a lesson in ancient history. Modern Athens hums with activity. The city offers every modern convenience.
One thing that hasn't changed since ancient times, though, is Greek hospitality15. Ancient Greeks believed that a stranger might be a god in disguise16. Therefore, they always treated strangers kindly. Nowhere else in Europe will you find people who invite complete strangers to their homes for coffee or dinner.
If you do go to a Greek home for dinner, do your best to eat everything on your plate. Uneaten food insults the cook. Taking second helpings is the best way to show how much you enjoy the meal.
With thousands of years of history and mythology under its belt (这里指地域、地区), Athens - named for the olive-tree-loving Athena (雅典娜 goddess of wisdom) - is more than a concrete jungle. It‘s an affable (和蔼可亲的，友善的) city enlivened (使有生气) by outdoor cafes, pedestrian streets (行人步行街), parks, gardens and characters aplenty (丰富的，大量的). If you get into the spirit of things, you might not even notice the layer of nefos (smog) hanging overhead.
The city is bounded on three sides by Mt Parnitha, Mt Pendeli and MtHymettos. Within Athens there are no less than eight hills, of which the Acropolis and Lykavittos are the most prominent (重要的，著名的). The hills provide a peaceful respite (短暂的休息或喘息) from the clamour (喧嚣，吵闹) of the city, and offer stunning views to the glistening waters of the Saronic Gulf - the city’s boundary on the south side.
Barcelona
Barcelona has transformed itself from smug backwater into one of the most dynamic and stylish cities in the world. Summer is serious party time, with week-long fiesta fun. But year-round the city sizzles – it's always on the biting edge of architecture, food, fashion, style, music and good times.
The buildings, many the work of the eccentric genius Gaudí, will blow you away. The art, with significant collec主谓一致
主谓一致，即主语和谓语动词在人称和数上的一致。主谓一致的原则可大致归为以下三类：语法一致原则（谓语动词必须在人称和数上与主语保持一致）、意义一致原则（由主语所表示的意义来决定谓语动词的数）、就近原则（谓语动词的人称和数与邻近的词语保持一致）。以下是主谓一致的具体应用：
1. 并列主语前分别用each, every, many a, no等修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
Each book and each paper was in its proper place.
Many a playwright (剧作家) and many an actor is satisfied with the play.
2. 在not only A but also B, either A or B, neither A nor B结构中，谓语动词的数要与B保持一致，即与最靠近它的主语保持一致。如：21·世纪*教育网
Not only the students but also their teacher goes to the exhibition.
3. A as well as B结构作主语时，谓语动词的数要与A保持一致。有类似用法的还有：except, in addition to, but, rather than, with, along with, together with, more than, no less than等。如：www-2-1-cnjy-com
The missing things, as well as the bag, have been found and returned to the owner.
4. 在There be句型中有并列主语时，如果靠近be的名词为单数，则be既可以用单数形式is，也可以用复数形式are，即可遵循就近原则或语法一致原则。
5. “分数或百分数+ of +名词”作主语时，谓语动词要与of后的名词的数保持一致。如：
Thirds fourth of the students come to school on time.21cnjy.com
6. 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量等的复数名词作主语，若把这些复数名词看作整体时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：2-1-c-n-j-y
Four thousand dollars is more than she can afford.　　21*cnjy*com
7. 定语从句中谓语动词的数要与先行词保持一致；从句或非谓语动词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数，但如果有两个或两个以上的从句或非谓语动词并列作主语表示不同含义时，谓语动词常用复数。【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
8. 集体名词作主语，强调整体时谓语动词用单数，强调个体时谓语动词用复数。常见的集体名词有population, family, class, team, majority, public等。如：
The team is the best in the league.
The team are driving to the game in their own cars.2·1·c·n·j·y
9. 两个并列主语在意义上表示同一个人、物或者概念时，谓语动词用单数。如：
Law and order means different things to people with different political opinions.
A worker and engineer was present at the meeting.
10. the +形容词/过去分词或the rest作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据意义一致的原则来决定。如：21世纪教育网版权所有
The unemployed lead a miserable life.
The lost is her six-year-old son.
11. 以-s结尾的名词或what从句作主语时，谓语动词的数由其表示的意义来决定。如：
The United Nations was formed in 1945.
The Times is Britain’s oldest national daily.
What you want is a big bag.
You need not get any more stamps. What we have are quite sufficient (充足的).
12. 加减乘除四则运算时，谓语动词多用单数形式。如：
Nine plus six is fifteen.
【即学即练】从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. Generally, students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others _____ essential to their development. (江苏2013)21教育网
A. is??????? ?????? B. are
C. was???? ?? D. were
2. The famous musician, as well as his students, _____ to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo. (福建2013)21·cn·jy·com
A. were invited ???
B. was invited ?????
C. have been invited
D. has been invited
3. Either you or one of your students _____ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.?? (湖南2009)www.21-cn-jy.com
A. are????????????????????????? B. is
C. have???????????????? ?????? D. be
?
答案
【即学即练】1-3 ABB
SENTENCE EXPLANATIONS，Book 3 Module 1
请和你的同学一起认真分析下列句子，并补全所缺内容。这种学习方式能逐步提高你理解长难句的能力。
1. 【原句】Barcelona is the second largest city of Spain and is situated on the northeast coast, about five hundred kilometres east of the Spanish capital, Madrid. (P2)?? 21世纪教育网版权所有
【译文】巴塞罗那是西班牙第二大城市，位于（西班牙的）东北海岸线上，距离首都马德里东部500公里处。
【分析】这是一个________句。Barcelona 为句子的主语，and连接两个并列的系表结构is the second largest city of Spain和is situated on the northeast coast。about five hundred kilometres east of the Spanish capital, Madrid作________，补充说明Barcelona；Madrid作the Spanish capital的同位语。www.21-cn-jy.com
【仿写】这座体育馆是这个城市的第四大建筑物，位于城市西部。
____________________________________________________
2. 【原句】Florence is an Italian city which became famous because of the Renaissance, a great artistic movement which began in the 1300s and lasted for three hundred years. (P2)2·1·c·n·j·y
【译文】佛罗伦萨是一个因文艺复兴变得出名的意大利城市，文艺复兴是一场始于14世纪并且持续了三百年的伟大艺术运动。【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
【分析】这是一个主从复合句。句子的主句是：主语（Florence）+系动词（is）+表语（an Italian city）。两个which引导的都是定语从句，分别修饰先行词________和________。 a great artistic movement是the Renaissance的________语。
【仿写】桂林是一个因优美风景而变得闻名的中国城市。
____________________________________________________
?
答案
1.【分析】简单；定语
【仿写】The stadium is the fourth largest building in the city and is situated in the west of the city.21教育网
2. 分析】an Italian city；a great artistic movement；同位21cnjy.com
【仿写】Guilin is a Chinese city which became famous because of its beautiful scenery.21·cn·jy·com
如何介绍一个城市
【写作任务】
假设你是李华，今年暑假你跟随某国际旅行社游历了欧洲十国。罗马这个充满神奇色彩的城市给你留下了深刻的印象。请根据以下提示，在英语课上用英语向你的同学们介绍罗马。21·cn·jy·com
地理位置
意大利中部
面积
约1500平方公里
人口
约260万
历史
欧洲文明的发祥地之一，2500余年的历史使其成为“永恒之城（the Eternal City）”。
地位
意大利政治、经济和文化中心；景点有万神殿（Pantheon）与古罗马斗兽场（Colosseum）等。
注意：1.词数100左右； 2.不要逐条翻译，可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
【写作指导】
1. 审题定调：
介绍城市属于说明文范畴。一般要介绍城市的地理位置、面积、人口、历史、经济、文化及重要景观等。写作时要突出城市特色，不要面面俱到。另外要注意合理安排说明的顺序，使短文错落有致。www.21-cn-jy.com
2. 确定主体内容：
根据提示要点，可分为三部分：
第一部分：交代罗马的地理位置、面积、人口等情况。
第二部分：重点描写罗马的特色，如城市的历史、地位、景点等。
第三部分：简单评论并总结全文。
3. 确定人称、时态：
短文以第三人称、一般现在时为主。介绍历史时常用过去时态。
4. 核定表达：
★所处位置(location)
.... lies / is located / situated near / behind / in front of / by the side of / between / among / ...21世纪教育网版权所有
.... is in / on / to the east / west / north / south of ...21cnjy.com
Surrounded by mountains on three sides, ... faces ... on the east.2·1·c·n·j·y
★人口(population)、面积(area)
... has a population of ...
... covers an area of ...
... is ... metres long and ... metres wide.
★历史(history)、名胜(places of interest)
... has a history of over ... years.
There are many places of interests, such as ...
【范文展示】
Rome
Rome, the capital of Italy, 1. ________________ (位于意大利中部). It covers an area of about 1,500 square kilometres and? 2. ________________ (有约260万人口).
Rome was one of the birthplaces of European civilisation. 3. ________________ (它有2500余年的历史), which is why it is known as the Eternal City.
4. ________________ (罗马是意大利的政治、经济和文化中心). The city 5. ________________ (拥有如此多的世界闻名的旅游景点) such as Pantheon and Colosseum that tourists won’t leave it.21教育网
Rome is really a great and attractive city.
?
答案
1. is located in the middle of Italy
2. has a population of about 2.6 million
3. It has a history of over 2,500 years
4. Rome now serves as Italy’s political, economic and cultural centre
5. has so many world-famous places of interest
Module 1 Europe
Teaching Aims:
Words:
七级: across, boot, face, symbol, architect, project, birthplace, civilization, ancient, head, produce
八级: range, gallery, sculpture, govern, representative
Phrases:
because of, be known as, ever since, in terms of, on the other hand, little by little, more than, be famous as, work on
Sentence patterns:
1.?Whereabouts is that?
2.??What’s it like?
Oral English
1.?Where do you live?
2.?That’s in the west, isn’t it?
Grammar:
1.?Passive voice of present and past tense.
2.?集体名词做主语以及neither---nor等连接主语时的主谓一致。
第一课时
The usage of the words and phrases in the reading material【版权所有：21教育】
1.?on the coast of, off the coast of,
coast means the area where the land meets the ocean
on the coast means on the land near the ocean
off the coast means in the ocean near the land
2.?face(动词)
My house faces the sea.
She turned to face me.
He is facing the biggest challenge of his career.
If found guilty, he could face up to 20 years in jail.
I want to have a face- to -face talk with you.
His father hit him in the face.
3.?across
She took a ship across the Atlantic.
The boat carried them across the river.
The police pushed their way through the crowd.
across为穿过一个平面，而through为穿过一个立体空间
4.?be situated/located 加介词表示某物的位置。
The house is situated/located on a small hill.
The house is on a small hill.
lie in, lie on, lie to的区别：
5.?on the River Seine
on 表示在河畔。
Wuhan is on the Changjiang River. 武汉位于长江边上。
London is on the River Thames 伦敦在泰晤士河畔。.
?6.?two thirds of, three fifths of, five twelfths of, two ninths of21教育网
Two-thirds of France’s artists and writers live in Paris.21cnjy.com
7.?the second largest city in China, China’s second largest city2·1·c·n·j·y
8.?work on something means spend time or energy doing something
The writer is working on a new book.那位作家在写一本新书
He has been working on this painting for days.
这张画他已经画了好些天了.
The scientists are still working on inventing new methods of researching outer space.
科学家仍致力于发明新的探索外层空间的方法.
9.?in the 1300s or in the 1300’s, in his twenties or in his 20s【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
10.?of all time有史以来
11.?be known as means be famous as, be known for means be famous for
12.?the birthplace of western civilization
13.?ever since
We’ve been friends ever since we met at school.
14.?opposite
Put the piano opposite the sofa.(介词)
The words have the opposite meanings.(形容词)
15.?influence
动词用法
influence means to have an effect on the way someone or something develops, behaves, thinks, etc. without directly forcing or commanding them
Don’t let me influence your decision.
What influence you to study geography?
affect means to do something that produces an effect or change in someone or something21·世纪*教育网
Citizens want more control over matters which directly affect their lives.
Homework: the words and phrases, the usage of themwww-2-1-cnjy-com
第二课时
Language points of the reading:
1.?The United Kingdom is an island in northwest Europe off the coast of continental Europe.英国是欧洲西北大陆海岸线附近的一个岛屿。21教育名师原创作品
句子中的off 是介词，意思是“与---相隔，脱离”
He lives in a village a little away off the main road.他住在离大路不远的村子里。
It will be a good thing when those old cars are off the road. 那些旧车不再上路将是件大好事。21世纪教育网版权所有
off 短语可以转换为一个定语从句，which is off…
2.?Italy is in the south of Europe.
Spain is to the south of France.
两个句子中的in和to 都表示位置，但是含义不同。in 表示在范围之内，而to表示在范围之外。如:
Taiwan lies in the east of China. 台湾位于中国东部.
Japan is to the northeast of China. 日本在中国东北面.
Tianjin is to the southeast of Beijing. 天津在北京的东南面.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
3. France is Europe’s third largest country.
India is the second most populous country in the world.
China is the third largest country in the world.
This is the first visit of Mr. Smith to Beijing.
This is her third visit to the People’s Republic of China.
注意: 形容性物主代词和冠词不能同时出现.
4.?It is one of most beautiful cities in the world and is visited by more than eight million tourists every year.
more than 超过,多于
China Daily is more than a newspaper. Also it can help us to improve our English.
The number of students in our class is more than 60.
less than, not more than, no more than的意义及用法.
The people who attended the meeting are less than/ not more than 500.
参加会议的人不超过500.
Our school lies no more than(=only) 2 miles away from the sea.2-1-c-n-j-y
我们学校离大海仅仅2英里.
Tom is no richer than me. Tom is as poor as me. Tom和我都不富裕.
Tom is not richer than me. Tom不如我富裕.
5.?the city is also famous for its restaurants, cafes and theaters.　　21*cnjy*com
be famous for means be known for
Jinan is famous for her springs.
Wang Guozhen is well known for his poems, so he is known as a poet.
6.?About two-thirds of France’s artists and writers live in Paris.
A half of the students in Class 16 are girls.
I’m sure that three quarters of milk is produced in the factory.21*cnjy*com
7.?Florence is an Italian city which became famous because of the Renaissance, great artistic movement which began in the 1300s and lasted for 300 years.
because of means on account of, by reason of
I didn’t go to attend Mary’s wedding because it rained heavily.www.21-cn-jy.com
I didn’t go to attend Mary’s weeding because of the heavy rain.
last 不及物动词
The heavy rain lasted two days, so we could do nothing but stay in the hotel.
The cloth lasts well, but it sells cheap.
这种布很耐穿, 但是价格便宜.
8.?The idea of the European Union began in the 1950s.21·cn·jy·com
in the 1950s or in the 1950’s , in one’s twenties or in one’s 20s【出处：21教育名师】
In the 1980s, which is in his twenties, great changes have taken place in his hometown. 二十世纪八十年代, 即在他二十多岁的时候, 他的故乡发生了巨大的变化.
介词专项训练
1. China is _______ the west of Korea.
2. Nepal lies _________ China and India.
3. Britain is an island _______ the coast of continental Europe.
4. Shandong Province is next _____ Hebei Province.
5. Guangzhou is situated _______ the Pearl River.
6. Harbin is ________ the northeast of China.
7. Taiwan is part of China and faces the mainland _______ the Taiwan Strait.
8. The number of the employees has grown from 1000 to 1200. This means it has risen ________ 20%.
9. We offered our congratulations _______ his passing the college entrance examination.
Key:
1. to 2. between 3. off 4. to 5. on 6. in 7. across 8. by 9. on
Module 1 Europe
主谓一致
大部分集体名词做主语时，要根据意思来决定谓语动词的形式。当强调个别成员时，谓语动词用复数形式；当强调整体时，谓语动词用单数形式。常用词有audience, army, class, company, crowd, family, government, group, population, public, team, village, school等。21cnjy.com
1.?Her family is a big one with 8 people, most of whom are workers in this city.
她的家庭是一个8口人的大家庭，大多数都是本市的工人。
2.?After supper, her family usually watch TV and seldom go out for a walk.
晚饭后，她一家人通常看电视，很少出去散步。
3.?What is the population of the small country?
那个小国有多少人口？
4.?Over 80% of the population of our country are farmers.21·cn·jy·com
我们国家80%的人口是农民。
5. The village is far from here.
那个村子离这儿很远。
6. The whole village are out greeting him.
全村人都出来迎接他。
由neither---nor, either---or, not only---but also等连接两个主语时，谓语动词的形式与后面的主语保持一致。例如：【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
Neither his parents nor he has ever received higher education.www-2-1-cnjy-com
Either I or you are to answer for the accident.
主谓一致的几种特殊情况
1.?In front of the girl are some flowers.
2.?Each of us has a dictionary. We each have a dictionary.　　21*cnjy*com
3.?The teacher together with/with/as well as his students is going there on foot.
4.?Many a / More than one way has been tried. Many ways have been tried.
5.?There is a pair of shoes left. There are two pairs of shoes left.www.21-cn-jy.com
6.?Driving cars is easy. （动名词作主语一般用单数）
7.?Maths/News/Physics/The United states is-----
8.?The police are after the thief who has just broken into a house.
9.?The poor/rich/wounded 后用复数，而the 加抽象形容词表示单数概念。
The beautiful is not always the useful.
10. The writer and singer is invited to attend the meeting.2·1·c·n·j·y
The writer and the singer are invited to attend the meeting.2-1-c-n-j-y
11.?Every/No teacher and every/no student is eager for the summer vacation.
There is a pen and two pencils on the desk.
主谓一致：在英语句中，谓语受主语动支配，必须同主语在人称和数上保持一致。＊名词＋as? well? as/no? less? than/but/except/with/like +其他名词，作主语时，谓语与前面的第一个名词一致.＊few/a?few/both/many/several+名词复数／of+名词复数＋复数???????????? ＊不定代词／疑问代词(something/anything/anywhere/somewhere/where/when)＋单数?? 语法一致原则：句子谓语动词的数取决于该句子主语的数。? 1。“the＋姓氏名词的复数形式”(---的成员)＋复数????? 2。all/some/half/enough/two? thirds ＋名词（单／复数）＋单／复数??? 3.复数形式的名词：clothes/trousers/shorts(短裤)/glasses/scissors/gloves/chopsticks等＋复数???????????? ＊计量单位（pair）＋ 复数形式的名词＋谓语取决于 计量单位 意义一致原则：谓语动词的单、复数形式，取决于主语所表达的概念。? 1.集体名词：people/public(公共)/police/crew(船员)＋复数???? 2。复数形式，单数意义。（news/physics/maths/politics）?? 3.集合名词：class/family/team/Chinese/Japanese强调总体－－单数；强调个体－－复数。The?class?has?45?students.? The?class?are?planting?trees?on?the?hill.?4.时间、距离、价格、重量的复数名词／算式＋单数?? Ten? days? is? a? long? time.?5.the? +形容词“表一类人”＋复数;?? The? rich? have? much? money.?? 6.and/both--- and? + 复数???? 21世纪教育网版权所有
7. one? of/each? of/none? of/either? of/neither? of ＋名词＋单数?????
8.a? number(许多) +n +复数；the? number (---的数量)+n +单数?? ?9. 名词＋and＋名词“表同一人／物用单数”“表不同人／物用复数”?? The?writer?and?the?speaker?are?from?the?USA.?? 21教育网
The?writer?and?speaker?is?from?the?USA.就近一致原则：谓语动词的数要与它紧邻的名词／代词的数保持一致。?1.or/not--- but/either--- or---/neither--- nor---/not? only--- but? also--- ＋就近原则2.There? be＋并列主语21·世纪*教育网
Blue is a symbol of peace. 蓝色是和平的象征。
The cross is the symbol of Christianity 十字架是基督教的象征。
symbol 同signal和sign的区别
（1）“signal”指信号暗号和警告等
Traffic signals 交通信号
A red light is usually a signal of danger.红灯通常是危险信号。
(2) sign 表示“记号、符号”时同“symbol”互用。
mathematical signs 数学符号
sign 表示“告示、牌示”，侧重指用图画、文字表达的告示、图示。
traffic signs交通牌示，如说明速度限制，路弯等指示牌
sign 还可以为“迹象、征兆”
Dark clouds are usually a sign of rain 乌云往往是大雨的征兆。
David loves his car very much. He will take his car to a garage at the first sign of problem.大卫非常爱惜车子，车子一有点小问题马上就送去修理。
La Renaissance
The term Renaissance, adopted from the French equivalent of the Italian word rinascita, meaning literally "rebirth," describes the radical and comprehensive changes that took place in European culture during the 15th and 16th centuries, bringing about the demise of the Middle Ages and embodying for the first time the values of the modern world. The consciousness of cultural rebirth was itself a characteristic of the Renaissance. Italian scholars and critics of this period proclaimed that their age had progressed beyond the barbarism of the past and had found its inspiration, and its closest parallel, in the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome.21cnjy.com
The term Renaissance, describing the period of European history from the early 14th to the late 16th century, is derived from the French word for rebirth, and originally referred to the revival of the values and artistic styles of classical antiquity during that period, especially in Italy. www.21-cn-jy.com21教育网21教育网21世纪教育网版权所有
To Giovanni BOCCACCIO in the 14th century, the concept applied to contemporary Italian efforts to imitate the poetic style of the ancient Romans. In 1550 the art historian Giorgio VASARI used the word rinascita (rebirth) to describe the return to the ancient Roman manner of painting by Giotto di Bondone about the beginning of the 14th century. 21·cn·jy·com21世纪教育网版权所有21cnjy.com21教育网21教育网
It was only later that the word Renaissance acquired a broader meaning. Voltaire in the 18th century classified the Renaissance in Italy as one of the great ages of human cultural achievement. In the 19th century, Jules MICHELET and Jakob BURCKHARDT popularized the idea of the Renaissance as a distinct historical period heralding the modern age, characterized by the rise of the individual, scientific inquiry and geographical exploration, and the growth of secular values. In the 20th century the term was broadened to include other revivals of classical culture, such as the Carolingian Renaissance of the 9th century or the Renaissance of the 12th Century. Emphasis on medieval renaissances tended to undermine a belief in the unique and distinctive qualities of the Italian Renaissance, and some historians of science, technology and economy even denied the validity of the term. Today the concept of the Renaissance is firmly secured as a cultural and intellectual movement; most scholars would agree that there is a distinctive Renaissance style in music, literature and the arts. 21·世纪*教育网www.21-cn-jy.com21·cn·jy·com21cnjy.com21cnjy.com21世纪教育网版权所有21教育网
The Renaissance as a Historical Period
The new age began in Padua and other urban communes of northern Italy in the 14th century, where lawyers and notaries imitated ancient Latin style and studied Roman archaeology. The key figure in this study of the classical heritage was PETRARCH, who spent most of his life attempting to understand ancient culture and captured the enthusiasm of popes, princes, and emperors who wanted to learn more of Italy's past. Petrarch's success stirred countless others to follow literary careers hoping for positions in government and high society. In the next generations, students of Latin rhetoric and the classics, later known as humanists, became chancellors of Venice and Florence, secretaries at the papal court, and tutors and orators in the despotic courts of northern Italy. Renaissance HUMANISM became the major intellectual movement of the period, and its achievements became permanent.
By the 15th century intensive study of the Greek as well as Latin classics, ancient art and archaeology, and classical history, had given Renaissance scholars a more sophisticated view of antiquity. The ancient past was now viewed as past, to be admired and imitated, but not to be revived. 21世纪教育网版权所有21cnjy.comwww.21-cn-jy.com
In many ways, the period of the Renaissance saw a decline from the prosperity of the High Middle Ages. The Black Death (bubonic and pneumonic plague), which devastated Europe in the mid-14th century, reduced its population by as much as one-third, creating chaotic economic conditions. Labor became scarce, industries contracted, and the economy stagnated, but agriculture was put on a sounder basis as unneeded marginal land went out of cultivation. Probably the actual per capita wealth of the survivors of the Black Death rose in the second half of the 14th century. In general, the 15th century saw a modest recovery with the construction of palaces for the urban elites, a boom in the decorative arts, and renewed long-distance trade headed by Venice in the Mediterranean and the HANSEATIC LEAGUE in the north of Europe. 21教育网21·cn·jy·com2·1·c·n·j·y21·cn·jy·com21世纪教育网版权所有21教育网21世纪教育网版权所有
The culture of Renaissance Italy was distinguished by many highly competitive and advanced urban areas. Unlike England and France, Italy possessed no dominating capital city, but developed a number of centers for regional states: Milan for Lombardy, Rome for the Papal States, Florence and Siena for Tuscany, and Venice for northeastern Italy. Smaller centers of Renaissance culture developed around the brilliant court life at Ferrara, Mantua, and Urbino. The chief patrons of Renaissance art and literature were the merchant classes of Florence and Venice, which created in the Renaissance palace their own distinctive home and workplace, fitted for both business and rearing and nurture of the next generation of urban rulers. The later Renaissance was marked by a growth of bureaucracy, an increase in state authority in the areas of justice and taxation, and the creation of larger regional states. During the interval of relative peace from the mid-15th century until the French invasions of 1494, Italy experienced a great flowering of culture, especially in Florence and Tuscany under the MEDICI. The brilliant period of artistic achievement continued into the 16th century--the age of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian, and Michelangelo--but as Italy began to fall under foreign domination, the focus gradually shifted to other parts of Europe. 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】2·1·c·n·j·y21世纪教育网版权所有
During the 15th century, students from many European nations had come to Italy to study the classics, philosophy, and the remains of antiquity, eventually spreading the Renaissance north of the Alps. Italian literature and art, even Italian clothing and furniture designs were imitated in France, Spain, England, the Netherlands, and Germany, but as Renaissance values came to the north, they were transformed. Northern humanists such as Desiderius ERASMUS of the Netherlands and John Colet (c. 1467-1519) of England planted the first seeds of the Reformation when they applied critical methods developed in Italy to the study of the New Testament.
Philosophy, Science, and Social Thought
No single philosophy or ideology dominated the intellectual life of the Renaissance. Early humanists had stressed a flexible approach to the problems of society and the active life in service of one's fellow human beings. In the second half of the 15th century, Renaissance thinkers such as Marsilio FICINO at the Platonic Academy in Florence turned to more metaphysical speculation. Though favored by the humanists, Plato did not replace Aristotle as the dominant philosopher in the universities. Rather there was an effort at philosophical syncretism, to combine apparently conflicting philosophies, and find common ground for agreement about the truth as did Giovanni PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA in his Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486). Renaissance science consisted mainly of the study of medicine, physics, and mathematics, depending on ancient masters, such as Galen, Aristotle, and Euclid. Experimental science in anatomy and alchemy led to discoveries both within and outside university settings. www-2-1-cnjy-com【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
Under the veneer of magnificent works of art and the refined court life described in BALDASSAIC CASTIGLIONE's Book of the Courtier, the Renaissance had a darker side. Warfare was common, and death by pestilence and violence was frequent. Interest in the occult, magic, and astrology was widespread, and the officially sanctioned persecution for witchcraft began during the Renaissance period. Many intellectuals felt a profound pessimism about the evils and corruptions of society as seen in the often savage humanist critiques of Giovanni Francesco Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459) and Desiderius Erasmus. Sir Thomas MORE, in his Utopia, prescribed the radical solution of a classless, communal society, bereft of Christianity and guided by the dictates of natural reason. The greatest Renaissance thinker, Nicolo MACHIAVELLI, in his Prince and Discourses, constructed a realistic science of human nature aiming at the reform of Italian society and the creation of a secure civil life. Machiavelli's republican principles informed by a pragmatic view of power politics and the necessity of violent change were the most original contribution of the Renaissance to the modern world. 2·1·c·n·j·y21·世纪*教育网21·世纪*教育网www.21-cn-jy.com
Influence
The Renaissance lived on in established canons of taste and literature and in a distinctive Renaissance style in art, music, and architecture, the last often revived. It also provided the model of many-sided achievement of the creative genius, the "universal man," exemplified by Leonardo da Vinci or Leon Battista ALBERTI. Finally, the Renaissance spawned the great creative vernacular literature of the late 16th century: the earthy fantasies of RABELAIS, the worldly essays of MONTAIGNE, the probing analysis of the human condition in the plays of William SHAKESPEARE.
The euro
The euro (Symbol: ?; ISO 4217 code EUR) is the common currency of many countries of the European Union. One euro equals 100 cents; officially referred to as 'euro cent' to differentiate them from their US counterpart. 21世纪教育网版权所有
The euro has not been adopted by all EU countries. The 12 countries of the EU that have replaced their own national currencies are commonly called the Euro zone. Most other EU countries are due to replace their currencies with the Euro over the next few years. 3 countries (Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom) currently have no intention of adopting the Euro in the foreseeable future; however some shops within the United Kingdom accept both British Pounds and Euros.
Established in 1999 and introduced in cash form on January 1st, 2002, the euro removes the need for money exchange. As such it is not only a boom to pan European business, but of course also to travelers. While the transition to the euro was relatively smooth, it has resulted in much higher prices in some industries so take all price tags published in travel guides etc from before the switch to the euro with a grain of salt. Chances are that they are not valid anymore. This is especially true for restaurants and similar places. 21教育网21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有
Since it has been only a few years since the introduction of euro cash, some people will still use the old national currency names. For example, it is entirely possible that a German would still refer to "Marks" and "Pfennige". They mean euros and cents, so just substitute the two mentally. 21cnjy.com21教育网21教育网21教育网
It's not a good idea to accept any of the obsolete currencies. While several countries' banks will still change them into euro it's a lot of hassle and there is no guarantee that this will be possible everywhere or on short notice. You should also expect to leave your personal information with the bank as a precaution against money laundering.
The Taste of Paris
Headed back to Philadelphia, I look out the airplane window at Paris and am struck by how similar it looks to a U.S. city. Having been in Paris and experienced its culture, however, I now know how different it is, like no city in the United States could ever be. In France is a voluptuous domesticity, a feeling of pleasure combined with comfort and a sense of being protected, which I came to recognize as a particular sense of the beautiful.21世纪教育网版权所有21教育网21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有
Meals in the many Paris restaurants are social events par excellence.
Parisians live to enjoy life. They find no problem in keeping their own schedule, stopping to smell any flowers that come their way. They hold dear what we Americans sometimes leave by the wayside in our rush to get things done: good food, good drink and good friends. The American mindset is totally different — we are focused on work, on getting ahead. Our streets are flanked by business buildings, littered with fast-food restaurants and filled with "American-sized" cars. The streets of Paris, in comparison, are lined by cafes where people enjoy their morning cup of coffee and people-watch. Restaurants are numerous — indeed, it seems the French live more for food, more for the quality of living, than for the "job" of living. 21教育网
I have found that meals in and of themselves speak volumes about a culture. What goes into meals, how they are prepared, how long diners take to eat, all give one an idea of a country's history, resources and philosophy on life. While I can refer to my sketchbook to recall the contrasting architecture of the Louvre and the Pompidou Center and my journal entries to bring back my interactions with locals, it is the food that lingers in my mind and on my palate. How could I ever forget the crispy breast of duck with a vegetable stir-fry and aigre-doux? Or the clear tomato soup with the fresh taste of ripe crushed tomatoes, a hint of garlic and onion served with lobster tail meat and a julienne of leeks, carrots and celery? Each time I have breakfast at the Pryz, I will remember the eggs of France, with a true farm flavor and velvety texture you don't usually find in the States, scrambled with a superb spicy ham. The next time I have roast beef, I will remember it infused with cognac, butter and the flavors and scent of the herbs of Provence.21cnjy.com21世纪教育网版权所有21教育网21教育网21世纪教育网版权所有
French cuisine is not just an experience of taste. It is a kind of physical philosophizing that acknowledges the richness and limits of its environment, the influences brought to it by historical accident, the creativity that transforms materials in short supply into world-class meals, and the qualities that constitute a good life.
In the early 19th century, English essayist Sydney Smith wrote, "Fate cannot harm me. I have dined today." He must have dined in Paris.
佛罗伦萨市
佛罗伦萨（英文：Florence 意大利文:Firenze）意大利城市，托斯卡那(Toscana)大区的首府, 人口: 439,000??一座具有悠久历史的文化名城，它既是意大利文艺复兴运动的发源地，也是欧洲文化的发源地。它位于阿尔诺河谷的一块平川上，四周环抱以丘陵。街道两旁布满了工匠店铺，出售金、银器、珠宝、高级皮服、时装、真丝领带及木框镶嵌的古建筑印刷品。佛罗伦萨素有“翡冷翠”之称，在意大利语中意为“鲜花之城”。21cnjy.com21教育网21教育网www.21-cn-jy.com21cnjy.com21cnjy.com
文艺复兴的伟大先驱诗人但丁，科学家伽里略，政治理论家马基雅弗利以及天才的艺术家达-芬奇和米开朗琪罗，艺术巨匠多纳泰罗，菲利溥-利波等都在这里生活过。佛罗伦萨是文艺复兴的传统和艺术的宝库，整个城市保留着文艺复兴时的风貌，仍弥漫着文艺复兴的气氛。佛罗伦萨堪称是那个伟大时代留给今天的独一无二的标本。21·cn·jy·com21·cn·jy·com21cnjy.com21cnjy.com21教育网21·cn·jy·com
佛罗伦萨有40多个博物馆、美术馆；60多座宫殿和许多大小教堂、广场，收藏了大量的优秀艺术精品和精美文物。www.21-cn-jy.comwww.21-cn-jy.com2·1·c·n·j·y
著名的圣玛丽亚-德尔弗洛雷大教堂座落在市中心的杜奥莫广场，建于13-15世纪，是当今世界著名的天主教堂。洗礼堂是该城最古老的建筑之一，堂内富丽辉煌，青铜门和大理石建筑之一。宫侧翼的兰齐走廊连同整个广场如同露天雕塑博物馆、各种铜像、石雕栩栩传神。乌菲齐宫和皮蒂宫气宇轩昂，意大利艺术精华于此，其中拉斐尔的“圣母像”、提香的“佛罗拉”、波提切利的“维纳斯的诞生”被视为神品。2·1·c·n·j·y2·1·c·n·j·ywww.21-cn-jy.com21教育网21·cn·jy·com21世纪教育网版权所有
佛罗伦萨的历史：
建于公元前的佛罗伦萨是城市规划和建筑艺术的杰作，是6个世纪不断发展创造的成果。这里艺术作品琳琅满目，既是中世纪和文艺复兴时期繁荣的商业重镇的历史见证，又是充满永恒之美的举世闻名的名胜区。??【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
佛罗伦萨原为一个罗马军队驻扎区，呈长方形，城中心为一广场，城内多古堡。罗马帝国时期该城逐渐繁华，在教皇阿德里安年间达到顶峰，并一直保持到公元4世纪。当时的建筑遗迹有大理石铺地的广场，一座三门廊神殿，一座伊西斯庙，两处浴场，一座剧院，一个露天剧场和两座纪元初年的大教堂。
此后，佛罗伦萨城经历了一个较为暗淡的时期。1115年佛罗伦萨取得完全独立以后有了新的发展。11至12世纪初，新建或改建了一系列教堂，如圣徒教堂、圣彼得·斯凯拉焦教堂、圣米尼亚托·阿尔蒙特教堂等。1284年，在阿尔诺福·迪坎比奥主持下修建了一道高大的砖石城墙。城墙近于方形，与45°转角的罗马古城形成对照。迪坎比奥的作品还有大公府的宅邸和圣十字教堂（它与圣玛利亚·诺维拉教堂同为托钵僧教派最重要的堂）。后来，宗教建筑和宫殿大增，城内居民亦从3万增至10万人。??21世纪教育网版权所有21cnjy.com21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有
1348年瘟疫后，居民人数减少；但在1418-1434年美第奇任大公期间，勃鲁涅列基·多纳太罗和马萨乔为代表的艺术与科学新潮流发展起来。此后几代人巩固了文艺复兴时期的文化，成了美第奇王朝的见证。城区虽未扩大，但勃鲁涅列斯基及其继承者在城内增建了圣玛利亚广场及其连拱廊等新设施，使城内面貌大为改观。??21教育网21世纪教育网版权所有21·cn·jy·com21·cn·jy·com21世纪教育网版权所有21教育网
科西莫一世公爵（1537-1574）时期，矫饰派艺术家以及公爵的后代弗朗西斯科一世和弗尔南多二世大公时期进行了城市改造工程。阿曼纳蒂·波翁塔伦蒂和瓦萨里创造了佛罗伦萨新装饰风格，其代表作是用乌菲奇宫和瓦萨里"空中走廊"把韦基奥宫连接起来。文艺复兴时期，文学、绘画、科学、工艺、建筑、经济等方面人才辈出，商业、金融、科学和艺术均达到很高水平，迄今仍保留着许多文艺复兴时期的珍贵文物。这里是著名诗人但丁的诞生地，市内留有许多纪念诗人的文物古迹，如但丁纪念碑、但丁画像等。有建于1563年的艺术学院。在40多个博物馆中收藏有艺术大师米开朗琪罗等人的珍品。有乌菲奇美术宫和帕拉佐、匹蒂等著名艺术画廊，展出佛罗伦萨画派的绘画。有 60多座宫殿和大小教堂，保存着大量艺术珍品和历史文物，这些都是研究文艺复兴时期社会、经济、文化、艺术的宝贵资料。
圣家族教堂
Sagrada Familia
坐落在巴塞罗那市中心的圣家族教堂，是高迪倾尽毕生之力创作的结晶，巴塞罗那的象征。我们一定会记得在巴塞罗那举行奥运会时，每当电视中出现运动会的主题图像，和着庄严悠扬的歌声，圣家族教堂玉米一样奇异的尖顶梦幻般地耸立于茫茫雾气之中，那种超然遗世的美感令人过目难忘。
在设计米拉公寓之前二十多年，高迪就接受了续建圣家族教堂的任务。按照原设计，这是一座哥特式教堂，人们把它安置在市中心，希望它成为巴塞罗那的标志和精神支柱。为不负众望，开始时高迪细心谨慎地进行设计和建设。后来，米拉公寓的成功带给他的声誉，使他有足够的信心把教堂也变成个性化的梦幻曲，他不断地在模型上推敲修改，教堂越向上升高，高迪的个人印迹越浓厚，高耸的方塔变成了镂空的圆塔，并且有18个！我们眼前的圣家族教堂，尖塔两两并肩，挺拔高耸，顶部装饰着色彩夸张的马赛克，这是我们在哥特式教堂和英国国会大厦中都绝对见不到的浪漫奇观。圣家族教堂是哥特式的幽灵，它刺激着人们的眼睛和习惯于传统的大脑，令人目瞪口呆——建筑还可以是这个样子！尖塔下面有一个我们熟悉的巨大尖拱和圆花窗，我们刚要对它投以会心的赞许，马上就又被它周围奇形怪状的装饰带人了迷阵之中，那些细小怪异的装饰就像钟乳石一样垂挂下来，纯正的哥特式布局被这些个性化的装饰“吞食”了。
高迪说，他以教堂的三面象征耶稣的诞生、受难和复活，18个圆形尖塔分别代表他的12个信徒、4个传教士和圣母玛丽亚，中间最高的那个则象征着耶稣，他还一再指出那些怪异的几何形体、雕塑和浮雕的含义。我们不必太看重他的解释，这不过是高迪表露激情与个性的托辞。在米拉公寓中，我们看到的是一个雕塑化的建筑，圣家族教堂与它相比，简直像神秘的天外来物，高迪卓绝非凡的想像力在这里发挥得淋漓尽致。 21cnjy.com21教育网21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有
可惜的是直到他去世的时候，教堂的建设还远没有完工的迹象，人们至今不得不在高迪设计的壮观的墙壁间，头顶蓝天举行宗教仪式，仿佛置身于废墟之中，这愈加增强了它的神秘色彩。圣家族教堂已经成为巴塞罗那的象征，人们喜爱它，并以它为自豪，在明信片、玩具、手帕、发卡和胸针上都留下它的形象。就像米拉公寓一样，圣家族教堂神秘怪异的情调也透露出民间艺术的质朴天真的情趣，它不追求意大利和法国建筑豪华高贵的气派，所以人们说，高迪的建筑只适合巴塞罗那，离开这座城市的特殊环境就会顿失风采。 21·cn·jy·com
建造中的古建筑
在西班牙的巴塞罗那，有一座已开工100多年的教堂，至今仍在建造中，其1884年开工，预计到2050年方可告竣，它就是由高迪设计的圣家族大教堂。大教堂显示出来的梦幻浪漫、怪诞陆离，吸引了来往于这座城市的所有目光。对这幢高矗的半成品几代巴塞罗那人都没有为着急与烦燥所惑，而是从容地等待，耐心地守候。高迪于1926年便逝世了，他所留下的教堂石膏模型也已毁坏，这反而唤起了更多人的好奇心，更有气盛的建筑师怀着一种使命感，要为之续补。 其实在西方，用几个世纪的功夫建一座教堂的例子比比皆是。比萨大教堂用了221年、亚眠大教堂用了190年、米兰主教堂用了100年、佛罗伦萨主教堂用了200年、乌尔姆主教堂用了115年方始成，而西敏寺教堂、科隆大教堂都用了500年的时间架构。在中国，也不乏这样的例子，云冈石窟的开凿费时60余年，龙门石窟以400余年的时间营造，敦煌莫高窟的成就竟用了900多年，而几乎所有的寺观庙宇都经验过屡毁屡建、几度伸缩的反复。 21世纪教育网版权所有
已习惯于“当年开工、当年完工”“一年一小变、三年大变样”的现代人是没有耐性去等待长不高的墙柱、撑不起的脊檩的，更无法容忍米开朗基罗、拉斐尔们在未完成的穹顶画下一伫就是十天半个月，无法克制多纳太罗、贝尼尼们因为毫厘之差而执意毁弃几近告竣的雕塑。资金充足、电机助势、预件拼装的现代工艺没法让工程不快捷，但今日的建筑工人实在无法体味古代工匠融情感责任、忠实坚贞于其间的劳动。虔诚一旦化作精细，笃信已而转作纤致，不是巧夺天工，也是鬼斧神工。这样的建筑建造之中已成了古建筑，建成之后必定为名建筑。 几百年后，继任者的设计仍能与先前风格保持和谐，仍能与早期工程合恰链接，原因就在于沟通几代人心灵的同为悃?之忱、披沥之真，同为拳拳之诚、殷殷之意，有了这样的忱真诚意，老年与青年间弥平了沟犁，现代与过去间化解了区别，宗教与艺术间模糊了界限。 21教育网21世纪教育网版权所有21教育网21教育网21世纪教育网版权所有
在任何一件伟大的艺术品前，你只要驻足冥思、超然物外，便会出见一个空旷悠荡、或隐或现的对话声。那些未能熬到其竣期的人们，便也想到了它完壁的堂皇，经历了它喜剧的结局。
埃菲尔铁塔
埃菲尔铁塔(Eiffel Tower, French: La Tour Eiffel)是现代巴黎的标志,是一座于1889年建成位于法国巴黎战神广场上的镂空结构铁塔，高320米。埃菲尔铁塔得名于它的设计师桥梁工程师居斯塔夫·埃菲尔。铁塔设计离奇独特，是世界建筑史上的技术杰作，因而成为法国和巴黎的一个重要景点和突出标志。 埃菲尔铁塔位于巴黎市中心的西区，临塞纳河的左岸。铁塔建成于1889年，使为了庆祝法国大革命100周年和迎接巴黎世界博览会而建立。埃菲尔铁塔分为三层，从塔座到塔顶共有1711级阶梯，分别在离地面57米、115米和276米处建有平台。据说，该塔共用去钢铁7000吨，12000个金属部件，250万只铆钉而相连起来。 21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有
1889年5月15日，为给世界博览会开幕式剪彩，铁塔的设计师居斯塔夫·埃菲尔亲手将法国国旗升上铁塔的300米高空，由此，人们为了纪念他对法国和巴黎的这一贡献，特别还在塔下为他塑造了一座半身铜像。 直到2004年1月16日，为申办2012年夏季奥运会，法国巴黎市政府特意在埃菲尔铁塔上介绍了其为申奥所做出的准备情况，而埃菲尔铁塔更成为了法国申奥的“天然广告”。
意大利文艺复兴
意大利文艺复兴 13世纪末14世纪初，意大利在欧洲最早产生资本主义萌芽。先进地区有佛罗伦萨、热那亚、威尼斯等地??。这3个城市成为意大利乃至整个欧洲的文艺复兴发源地和最大中心。21教育网21教育网21世纪教育网版权所有
意大利文艺复兴最早的两位代表人物是佛罗伦萨诗人但丁和画家乔托。但丁的不朽名作《神曲》以恢弘的篇章描写诗人在地狱、炼狱和天堂的幻游，虽然仍以基督教的宗教观念为依归，文艺复兴的新思想却是其精华与主流。但丁借神游三界的故事描写现实生活和各色人物，抨击教会的贪婪腐化和封建统治的黑暗残暴；他强调人的“自由意志”，反对封建教会宣扬的宗教宿命论，歌颂有远大抱负和坚毅刚强的英雄豪杰，从而表现了新的人文主义思想的曙光。但丁标志着封建的中世纪的终结和近代资本主义纪元的开端，是中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是近代的最初一位诗人。乔托的壁画虽然以宗教题材为主，却力求表现真实生动的人物形象和丰富多彩的现实世界，一反中世纪宗教艺术的抽象与空洞，从而传述了新的时代精神。他的作品不仅内容有新意，技法上也有极大革新，所绘人物形象有很强的立体感，呈现出真实的空间效果，为文艺复兴的现实主义艺术树立了楷模，因而他被后人尊为第一个奠定了近代绘画传统的天才。14世纪后半期又出现了两名新文化的代表人物：F.彼特拉克和G.薄伽丘。彼特拉克诗文并茂，热心提倡古典学术的研究，他最优秀的作品是用意大利文写的抒情诗集《歌集》，被称为人文主义之父。薄伽丘的名作《十日谈》以诙谐生动的语言讽刺教会贵族，赞扬市民群众，是欧洲文学史上第一部现实主义巨著。
15世纪??，人文主义在意大利蓬勃发展，出现了“言必称古典”的局面。许多学者、诗人搜求古籍成风。随着对古典文化的学习，人文主义思想也日益发展，深入人心。当时的先进人士以所谓“全面发展的人”作为理想，蔑视宗教禁欲主义和封建门第观念，力求成为学识渊博、多才多艺的人。封建教会对文化的垄断钳制被打破了，文化领域百花竞放，为新兴的资本主义经济、政治开拓了道路。这一时期文艺复兴的代表人物有人文主义者L.布鲁尼和L.瓦拉??，建筑家F.布鲁内莱斯基和数学家L.B.阿尔贝蒂，雕刻家多那太罗，画家托马索·迪乔瓦尼·迪西莫内·圭迪（即马萨乔）和S.波提切利。21世纪教育网版权所有
16世纪是意大利文艺复兴特别繁荣的时期，产生了3位伟大的艺术家：达·芬奇、米开朗琪罗和拉斐尔。达·芬奇既是艺术家，又是科学家，为当时“全面发展的人”的完美典型。他的艺术水平在体现人文主义思想和掌握现实主义手法上都达到新的高度，从而塑造了一系列无与伦比的艺术典型。肖像画《蒙娜丽莎》被誉为世界美术杰作之冠，表现了艺术家对女性美和人的丰富精神生活的赞赏；壁画《最后的晚餐》则反映了艺术家创造典型人物和戏剧性场面的能力，深刻描绘了人物的性格，布局严谨又富于变化，为后人学习的典范。达·芬奇精深的艺术创作又与广博的科学研究密切结合，凡各种写实表现无不穷究其科学技术的基础。他对许多学科都有重大发现，在解剖学、生理学、地质学、植物学、应用技术和机械设计方面建树尤多，被誉为许多现代发明的先驱。米开朗琪罗是艺术上造诣极高的大师，在建筑，雕刻、绘画、诗歌等方面都留有很多不朽杰作。他创作的罗马梵蒂冈西斯廷礼拜堂的巨幅屋顶壁画，虽属宗教题材，却充满热情奔放、力量无穷的英雄形象，被称为世界上最宏伟的艺术作品。他的许多雕塑，例如《大卫》、《摩西》和《垂死的奴隶》等，在技艺上较希腊古典名作有过之无不及。拉斐尔则是卓越的画家，被后世尊为画圣。他善于吸收各家之长，加以自己的创造，在艺术的秀美、典雅方面大放异彩，留下了许多第一流的杰作??。如《花园中的圣母》、《西斯廷圣母》??，以及梵蒂冈教皇宫中的许多壁画??，尤其是《雅典学派》、《教义的争论》等，都达到构图和谐和形象完美的极致。除这三位艺术大师之外，这一时期文艺复兴的代表人物还有建筑师D.布拉曼特（1444～1514）、政治学家和史学家N.马基雅维利、诗人阿里奥斯托（1474～1533）。布拉曼特通过在罗马的设计和作品，创立了文艺复兴时期气象浩阔的建筑风格。马基雅维利的代表作有《佛罗伦萨史》、《君主论》等 ；阿里奥斯托的代表作则有长诗《疯狂的奥尔兰多》。他们的作品都对现实问题作了深入分析或反映。21cnjy.com21世纪教育网版权所有21cnjy.com21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有
德意志、尼德兰的文艺复兴 德意志的人文主义代表人物是鹿特丹的D.伊拉斯谟。名作有《愚人颂》、《希腊语圣经新约批注》等。他以人文主义精神批判、考订基督教的经典，痛斥宗教神学的荒诞和教士的愚昧，揭露教皇、主教以及封建贵族的贪婪淫逸，为宗教改革提供了思想武器。德意志文艺复兴在艺术方面的突出代表有著名艺术家A.丢勒。同达·芬奇一样，丢勒具有多方面的才能。他支持宗教改革，同情农民战争，艺术上版画成就极高，被视为西方最伟大的版画家之一。尼德兰画派从15世纪起即注重写实，名家辈出，到16世纪产生了绰号庄稼汉的画家P.勃鲁盖尔（老）。勃鲁盖尔和尼德兰人文主义者有密切联系，积极参与尼德兰人民反抗西班牙统治的斗争，并以描绘乡村景色和农民生活为其艺术创作的特色，杰作《绞刑架下的舞蹈》从空中鸟瞰的角度展现林野风光，近景的舞蹈情节与远景山水的幽静完美相辅相成，富有诗意，在文艺复兴美术中独树一帜。21·cn·jy·com21cnjy.com21·cn·jy·com21教育网21教育网21教育网21世纪教育网版权所有
英国、法国、西班牙等国的文艺复兴 英国文艺复兴的代表人物是人文主义者和空想社会主义者的先驱T.莫尔。他的名著《乌托邦》对私有制进行了无情的批判，并设计了一个“公有”的空想社会，对后世影响很大。进步哲学家F.培根提倡“知识就是力量”，代表作有《新工具论》、《科学的伟大复兴》等，强调以科学方法研究自然和征服自然，对知识的进步充满信心。伟大的戏剧家W.莎士比亚则是文艺复兴文学的巨人之一，他写有37部戏剧、两首长诗和154首十四行诗。其代表作如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《奥赛罗》、《威尼斯商人》等都是世界剧坛中普遍推崇的名剧，均以情节生动、内容丰富、形象突出、语言精练著称。法国的学者M.E.de蒙田强调自由思考，反对禁欲主义教条；他的散文言情说理，舒展自然，在传播人文主义思想方面发挥了巨大作用??。法国文学家F.拉伯雷，以长篇小说《巨人传》在欧洲获得崇高声誉。他批斥封建思想，强调人性发展和教育的作用，反映了资产阶级的要求。西班牙的文学巨匠M.de塞万提斯的小说《堂·吉诃德》，是可与莎士比亚的戏剧并列的世界文化宝库中的瑰宝。在艺术方面，法国、西班牙也达到了高度的繁荣，文艺复兴美术成为本国艺术发展史上的重要篇章之一??。代表人物有法国的J.古戎（约1510～1565)，善作优美浮雕；西班牙的D.委拉斯贵支则精于油画，作品《宫娥》与达·芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》齐名。此外，佛兰德斯画家P.P.鲁本斯在人像、风景方面都有卓越成就。荷兰现实主义画家伦勃朗造诣极深，代表作如《夜巡》、《浪子回头》等皆以逼真生动著称。www.21-cn-jy.com21·cn·jy·com21教育网
意义及影响 文艺复兴是欧洲从中世纪封建社会向近代资本主义社会转变时期的反封建、反教会神权的一场伟大的思想解放运动，代表欧洲近代资本主义文明的最初发展阶段，是“人类从来没有经历过的最伟大的、进步的变革”，其光彩夺目的成果影响深远。现代的自然研究和自然科学的形成，是文艺复兴文化最有积极意义的成果之一。波兰天文学家 N.哥白尼提出的太阳中心说，用科学真理给几千年来上帝创造世界的神学以毁灭性打击。航海家C.哥伦布和F.de麦哲伦等在地理上的大发现，为地圆说提供了无可辩驳的证据。意大利科学家、思想家G.布鲁诺，在天主教反动时期坚持科学真理，写了《论原因、本原和统一》、《论无限性、宇宙和世界》等专著，抨击宗教黑暗统治，最后为此牺牲于火刑柱上。他们的研究成果和斗争精神都在世界科学史上树立了辉映千古的范例。
文艺复兴运动不仅是希腊、罗马古典文化影响的结果，它还吸收了外来文化，特别是阿拉伯、印度和中国文化中许多有用的东西，中国的指南针、火药制造术、造纸术引起了欧洲航海、军事、文化等领域的革命，对文艺复兴起了重要推动作用。
意大利盛期文艺复兴美术
16世纪头25年的意大利，是一个政局紧张、战事几乎连绵不断的时期。正是在这极其动乱的阶段里，盛期文艺复兴艺术形成了。这是一种明朗而又高尚观念的、伟大而又有克制力的艺术，总而言之，就是古典式平衡的艺术。文艺复兴三杰--著名的艺术家达?芬奇(1452--1519年)，米开朗琪罗(1475--1564年)和拉斐尔(1483--1520年)出现了，标志着意大利文艺复兴美术达到光辉灿烂的鼎盛时期。他们每一位都是突出的个人主义者，尽管互相之间产生灵感碰撞的火花，却从未形成一个团体。他们三位都达到了超凡的技巧造诣和完美的心灵、眼与手的配合。不太费力地解决了早期艺术家们为难的问题。他们作品的艺术形式总是美妙地昭示出理智性的内容。 在文艺复兴盛期，以达?芬奇、米开朗琪罗、拉斐尔为代表的一批美术家，迸一步完善了15世纪意大利人的探索，使理性与情感、现实与理想在美术品中获得了完美统一，使形与空间的关系获得了高度和谐，从而为再现性的美术确立了一种经典样式，给后世提供了效法的最佳范例。在以后西方美术的发展历程中，无时不感到它的强大影响力。推崇也好，否定也好，都是因为意识到它的存在。通过这些美术家的介绍和作品，您可以看到意大利盛期文艺复兴美术的状况。 21世纪教育网版权所有21·cn·jy·com2·1·c·n·j·y21cnjy.com
（l）达?芬奇
达?芬奇(Leonardo da Vinci,1452--1519)出生在芬奇镇，或许人类有史以来，还不曾有过达?芬奇这样全面发展的人。他涉猎的领域之广、取得的成就之大，真是令人难以置信。美术只不过是他渴求理解世界的方式之一，并没有占据他的全部时间和精力，但他在这一领域内却获得了惊人成就。把自然科学知识引人美术，是15世纪意大利人的重大贡献，达?芬奇继承了这种传统并大大完善了它。 21cnjy.comwww.21-cn-jy.com21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有
代表作品：著名的《最后的晚餐》(约1495--1498) 完美的构图、和谐的形与空间、丰富的心理刻划、深刻的人性，昭示着古典美。《蒙娜?丽莎》(约1503--1506) 达?芬奇历时数年绘制的这幅半身像，他把这位商人妻子处理成两手自然交搭，身躯和头部不同程度侧转的方式，既克服了单调又显得从容。蒙娜?丽莎富于实体感的血肉之躯及神秘的微笑，与宛如中国山水一般的淡远背景结合在一起，给人留下无限遐想的余地，使后人可以进行不同的阐释。这种像现实生活一样复杂丰富、让人一言难尽的感觉，恰是最伟大的文艺作品特有的品质，为后人确立一种半身肖像画模式。 www.21-cn-jy.com【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
（2）米开朗琪罗
西方最伟大的雕刻家米开朗琪罗(Michelangelo Buonarroti,1475--1564)。在致力于领悟古人成就时，也致力于解剖人体，研究人体的结构和运动，这使他成为量充分发挥人体．表现力的美术家之一。不同于充满深遂智慧之美的达?芬奇的艺术，米开朗琪罗的作品以力量和气势见长，具有一种雄浑壮伟的英雄精神。或许，他是一位最接近贝多芬境界的美术家。在他的雕塑上，在他的绘画中，一个个巨人般的宏伟形象挺立起来，就连他塑造的女性形象，也都具有刚勇的气概，仿佛是神话中的阿玛宗女子。 21·cn·jy·com21·世纪*教育网21cnjy.com2·1·c·n·j·y
代表作品：雕像《大卫》(1501--1504)，是美术史中最为人们熟悉的不朽杰作，也是最鲜明展示盛期文艺复兴意大利美术特点的作品。在用一块久被弃置的名贵石材雕刻大卫形象时，他真正实现了把生命从石头中释放出来的理想，以精湛的技巧、强烈的信心，雕凿出这尊完美的英雄巨像。 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
(3)拉斐尔
拉斐尔(Raphael Sanzio,1483--1520)，作品一直被人们视为古典美术精神最完美的体现。安格尔称他是绘画之神。拉斐尔是西方美术史上最擅长塑造圣母形象的大师。他那一系列圣母像，把感性美与精神美和谐无间地统一起来，从而传达出人类的美好愿望和永恒感情。平易近人、亲切自然是拉斐尔作品的最大特色。在他笔下，深刻的知识和精心的推敲全溶在用流利线条构成的轻松自如的艺术世界中，一切都仿佛是天性的自然流露，是一派天籁之声。纯真优美、庄重自然、明快清晰、和谐简洁，这些古典美术最推重的品质，在拉斐尔身上获得了最鲜明的体现。因而，那些推崇古典风尚的美术家，都把他当成理想的楷模，恰如雷诺兹说的:他本人成为所有后代画家的样板。 www-2-1-cnjy-com2·1·c·n·j·y
代表作品：《美丽的女园丁》(约1606)，拉斐尔以圆润流畅的线条把圣母、耶稣和圣约翰的优美形象和谐地组合起来，创造出充满人间气息的、亲切的神的世界。这一世界远离了中世纪的精神，它那纯洁、明朗、单纯、自然的情韵更接近希腊的精神。 21教育网21cnjy.com21·cn·jy·com21·cn·jy·com21教育网21教育网
(4)提香和威尼斯画派的杰出代表
在意大利文艺复兴美术的发展中，佛罗伦萨、罗马发挥着极为重要的作用，大部分15世纪的美术家，都是在这两座城市中活动的。其他城市如威尼斯这座意大利北方的城市，曾是东西方贸易的中心，它的共和政体，它的商业气氛，使它的社会生活中洋溢着浓重的世俗色彩和欢乐情调。在这种独特的形势下，威尼斯美术也呈现出与佛罗伦萨、罗马不同的独特面貌。它的绘画，大大发挥了富于感官魅力的色彩的表现力，与重视线条和素描的佛罗伦萨、罗马绘画颇有差异。
A提香
提香(Titian,1488/90--1576)以其漫长一生的丰富创作，成为威尼斯画坛的泰斗。他在实践中创造出了洋溢着欢乐气息、生机盎然、富丽堂皇的风格。成为与达?芬奇、米开朗琪罗、拉斐尔一起象征盛期文艺复兴意大利美术光辉成就的主要代表人物。 2·1·c·n·j·y21世纪教育网版权所有www.21-cn-jy.comwww.21-cn-jy.com21cnjy.com
代表作品 《戴荆棘冠的基督》(约1570) ，威尼斯画派画家素以擅长用色著称，构成他作品魅力的主要因素，就是色彩。这是佛罗伦萨美术家与威尼斯美术家间的差异。这种差异，往往使后代油画家能更直接地从提香等威尼斯画家作品中获得技法上的启示。油画这种能发挥光色表现力的形式，在意大利，是由提香等人完善起来的。在提香晚年的作品中，油画语言的特点得到淋漓尽致的发挥。创作时，他运用阔大奔放的笔触涂抹着不同的色彩，用它们来塑造形体、渲染气势。在这儿已没有了清晰的形与线，也没有了以往他作品中的明朗欢快气息。浑厚凝重的色彩配置，成为表现强烈悲剧情调的有力武器。在这件展示提香炉火纯青的油画技法的作品中，我们可以看到他在精神和语言方面的发展变化。 （5）其它地区的美术家 21·世纪*教育网21教育网21教育网21教育网21·cn·jy·com21cnjy.com
A萨托
萨托(Andrea del Sarto,1486--1530)真实姓名安德烈亚?达格诺罗?狄?弗兰切斯柯。文艺复兴三杰离开佛罗伦萨后，萨托就成为当地最著名的画家。萨托是位精于造型和用光的画家，他的精湛技巧为他赢得了完美画家的称号。
代表作品，是祭坛画《哈匹圣母》(1517)。那庄严的古典式构图和那典雅的形象，均具有盛期文艺复兴美术的特征，然而在光线处理上却有一种不尽相同的意味。
欧洲联盟
西欧国家推行欧洲经济、政治一体化，并具有一定超国家机制和职能的国际组织。欧洲煤钢共同体、欧洲原子能共同体和欧洲经济共同体的总称。又称欧洲共同市场，简称欧共体。21世纪教育网版权所有21教育网21教育网21世纪教育网版权所有
成立和发展? ?欧洲统一思潮存在已久，第二次世界大战后进入高潮。1950年5月9日，法国外长R.舒曼提出欧洲煤钢共同体计划（即舒曼计划），旨在约束德国。1951年 4 月18日，法、意、联邦德国、荷、比、卢 6 国签订了为期50年的《关于建立欧洲煤钢共同体的条约》。1955年6月1日，参加欧洲煤钢共同体的 6 国外长在意大利墨西拿举行会议，建议将煤钢共同体的原则推广到其他经济领域，并建立共同市场。1957年3月25日，6国外长在罗马签订了建立欧洲经济共同体与欧洲原子能共同体的两个条约，即《罗马条约》，于1958年1月1日生效。1965年4月 8日，6国签订了《布鲁塞尔条约》，决定将欧洲煤钢共同体 、欧洲原子能共同体和欧洲经济共同体统一起来，统称欧洲共同体。条约于1967年7月1日生效 。欧共体总部设在比利时布鲁塞尔。1991年 12月11日，欧共体马斯特里赫特首脑会议通过了建立欧洲经济货币联盟和欧洲政治联盟的《欧洲联盟条约》 ，（通称马斯特里赫特条约，简称马约）。1992年2月1日，各国外长正式签署马约。经欧共体各成员国批准，马约于 1993 年11月1日正式生效，欧共体开始向欧洲联盟过渡。【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】21cnjy.com
成员??欧共体创始国为法国、联邦德国、意大利、荷兰、比利时和卢森堡 6 国。1973年，丹麦、爱尔兰和英国加入欧共体，1981年，希腊加入欧共体。1986年，西班牙和葡萄牙加入欧共体。1992年12月召开的欧共体爱丁堡首相会议决定，从1993年起开始与奥地利、瑞典、芬兰并稍后与挪威就其加入欧共体的问题进行正式谈判。1993年10月29日，欧共体布鲁塞尔特别首脑会议计划于1994年3月1日前结束谈判，以使4国得以于1995年1月1日加入欧共体。
宗旨和组织机构? ?欧洲共同体的基础文件《 罗马条约 》规定其宗旨是：在欧洲各国人民之间建立不断的、愈益密切的、联合的基础，清除分裂欧洲的壁垒，保证各国经济和社会的进步，不断改善人民生活和就业的条件，并通过共同贸易政策促进国际交换。在修改《罗马条约》的《欧洲单一文件》中强调：欧共体及欧洲合作旨在共同切实促进欧洲团结的发展，共同为维护世界和平与安全作出应有的贡献。欧共体下设：①理事会。包括欧洲联盟理事会和欧洲理事会。欧洲联盟理事会原称部长理事会，是欧共体的决策机构，拥有欧共体的绝大部分立法权。由于马约赋予了部长理事会以欧洲联盟范围内的政府间合作的职责，因此部长理事会自1993年11月 8 日起改称作欧洲联盟理事会。欧洲联盟理事会分为总务理事会和专门理事会，前者由各国外长参加，后者由各国其他部长参加。欧洲理事会即欧共体成员国首脑会议，为欧共体内部建设和对外关系制定大政方针。1974年12月欧共体首脑会议决定，自1975年起使首脑会议制度化，并正式称为欧洲理事会。1987年7月生效的《欧洲单一文件》中规定，欧洲理事会由各成员国国家元首或政府首脑，以及欧洲共同体委员会主席组成，每年至少举行两次会议。马约则明确规定了欧洲理事会在欧洲联盟中的中心地位。理事会主席由各成员国轮流担任，任期半年。顺序基本按本国文字书写的国名字母排列。②委员会。欧共体委员会是常设执行机构。负责实施欧共体条约和欧共体理事会做出的决定，向理事会和欧洲议会提出报告和建议，处理欧共体日常事务，代表欧共体进行对外联系和贸易等方面的谈判。委员会由17人组成 ，法国、德国、英国、意大利、西班牙各2人，其他成员国各1人。主席由首脑会议任命，任期 2 年；委员由部长理事会任命，任期 4 年。③欧洲议会。欧共体监督、咨询机构。欧洲议会有部分预算决定权，并可以2／3多数弹劾委员会，迫其集体辞职。议员共有 518 名，法国、德国、英国、意大利各81名，西班牙60名、荷兰25名，比利时、希腊、葡萄牙各24名，丹麦16名，爱尔兰15名，卢森堡6名。议长任期2年半 ，议员任期 5 年。议会秘书处设在卢森堡。每月一次的议会例行全体会议在法国斯特拉斯堡举行，特别全体会议和各党团 、委员会会议在布鲁塞尔举行。④欧洲法院。欧共体的仲裁机构。负责审理和裁决在执行欧共体条约和有关规定中发生的各种争执。⑤审计院。欧共体审计院成立于1977年10月，由12人组成，均由理事会在征得欧洲议会同意后予以任命。审计院负责审计欧共体及其各机构的账目，审查欧共体收支状况，并确保对欧共体财政进行正常管理。其所在地为卢森堡。2·1·c·n·j·y21·cn·jy·com21cnjy.com21教育网21世纪教育网版权所有
此外，欧共体还设有经济和社会委员会、欧洲煤钢共同体咨询委员会、欧洲投资银行等机构。
经济实力? ?欧共体是世界上一支重要的经济力量。12国面积为236.3万平方千米，人口3.46亿。1992年欧共体12 国国内生产总值为 68412 亿美元（按当年汇率和价格）。欧共体是世界上最大的贸易集团，1992年外贸总额约为 29722 亿美元，其中出口14518.6亿美元，进口15202.7亿美元。
主要活动? ?在内部建设方面，欧共体实行一系列共同政策和措施。①实现关税同盟和共同外贸政策。1967年起欧共体对外实行统一的关税率，1968年 7 月 1 日起成员国之间取消商品的关税和限额，建立关税同盟（西班牙、葡萄牙1986 年加入后，与其他成员国间的关税需经过10 年的过渡期后才能完全取消）。1973年，欧共体实现了统一的外贸政策。马约生效后，为进一步确立欧洲联盟单一市场的共同贸易制度，欧共体各国外长于1994年2月8日一致同意取消此前由各国实行的6400多种进口配额，而代之以一些旨在保护低科技产业的措施。②实行共同的农业政策。1962年7月1日欧共体开始实行共同农业政策。1968年 8 月开始实行农产品统一价格 ；1969年取消农产品内部关税；1971年起对农产品贸易实施货币补贴制度。③建立政治合作制度。1970年10月建立。1986年签署，1987年生效的《欧洲单一文件》，把在外交领域进行政治合作正式列入欧共体条约。为此，部长理事会设立了政治合作秘书处，定期召开成员国外交部长参加的政治合作会议，讨论并决定欧共体对各种国际事务的立场。1993年11月 1 日马约生效后，政治合作制度被纳入欧洲政治联盟活动范围。④基本建成内部统一大市场。1985年 6 月欧共体首脑会议批准了建设内部统一大市场的白皮书，1986年 2 月各成员国正式签署为建成大市场而对《罗马条约》进行修改的《欧洲单一文件》。统一大市场的目标是逐步取消各种非关税壁垒，包括有形障碍（海关关卡、过境手续、卫生检疫标准等）、技术障碍（法规 、技术标准）和财政障碍（税别、税率差别），于1993年1月1日起实现商品、人员、资本和劳务自由流通。为此，欧共体委员会于1990年 4 月前提出了实现上述目标的282项指令。截至 1993 年12月10日，264 项已经理事会批准，尚有18项待批。在必须转化为12国国内法方可在整个联盟生效的219项法律中，已有115项被12国纳入国内法。需转化为成员国国内法的法律，平均已完成87％。1993年1月1日，欧共体宣布其统一大市场基本建成，并正式投入运行。⑤建立政治联盟。1990年 4 月，法国总统密特朗和联邦德国总理科尔联合倡议于当年底召开关于政治联盟问题的政府间会议。同年10月，欧共体罗马特别首脑会议进一步明确了政治联盟的基本方向。同年12月，欧共体有关建立政治联盟问题的政府间会议开始举行。经过 1年的谈判，12 国在1991年12月召开的马斯特里赫特首脑会议上通过了政治联盟条约。其主要内容是12国将实行共同的外交和安全政策，并将最终实行共同的防务政策。21教育网www.21-cn-jy.com21世纪教育网版权所有
此外还实行了共同的渔业政策、建立欧洲货币体系、建设经济货币联盟等措施。
在对外关系方面，欧共体同世界上许多国家和地区建立和发展了关系。至1993年，已有 157 个国家向欧共体派驻外交使团，欧共体委员会也已在 107 个国家及国际组织所在地派驻代表团。欧共体同其中的绝大多数国家缔结了贸易协定、经贸合作协定或其他协定，并与一些地区性组织建立了比较密切的关系。欧共体于1975年 5 月与中华人民共和国建立正式关系。21cnjy.com
欧盟的主要出版物 有：《欧洲联盟公报》、《欧洲联盟月报》、《欧洲文献》、《欧洲新闻—对外关系》和《欧洲经济》等。21·cn·jy·com21世纪教育网版权所有
欧盟的会旗 ：1986年5月29日正式悬挂，会旗为天蓝色底，上面有12颗金黄色的星，表示欧洲联盟12个成员国。制作会旗的目的是表示要建立一个统一的欧洲，增强人们对欧洲联盟和欧洲同一性的印象。www.21-cn-jy.com
欧盟的会徽：1988年1月开始使用，会徽的底呈蓝色，上面12颗星围成一个圆圈，象征着欧共体12个成员国，圆圈中间为各成员国国名。
考点点拨，ever since和since，across
1. ever since和since
【用法】
① ever since意为“自从……一直”，可以单独使用，也可以后接从句。ever放在since之前是用来表达说话人强调主句的动作或状态持续时间很长的语气。如果要表达主句的动作或状态的持续时间之短，就不能用ever。如：
I lost my money and I have been worried ever since.21世纪教育网版权所有
You have been reading to me ever since James went out.21教育网21教育网
It is just a week since we arrived.
② since意为“自从……以来”，可用作介词，也可用作连词。since后跟表示过去的时间点时，其前的句子通常用现在完成时；since后的从句用一般过去时，主句通常用现在完成时。21cnjy.com21cnjy.com21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有21世纪教育网版权所有
【考例1】I have heard a lot of good things about you _____ I came back from abroad. (陕西2013)21·cn·jy·com21·cn·jy·com21教育网21教育网21教育网21世纪教育网版权所有
A. since ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. until? ??????
C. before????? ?????????? D. when
【考例2】His first novel _____ good reviews since it came out last month. (陕西2011)www.21-cn-jy.comwww.21-cn-jy.com21cnjy.com21cnjy.com21cnjy.com21教育网
A. receives? ??????????????? B. is receiving? ??? 2·1·c·n·j·y21世纪教育网版权所有21·cn·jy·com
C. will receive? ?????????? D. has received
【点拨】在考例1中，根据句意及主从句时态可知，应选since。在考例2中，since后的从句用了一般过去时，主句常用现在完成时，故选D项。
2. across
【用法】
①作介词，意为“穿过，跨过，在（河、街等）另一边”。如：
They’re building a new bridge across the river.
②作副词，意为“从一边到另一边，横过，在对面”。如：
It’s too wide. We can’t swim across.
【考例】Do you think this shirt is too tight _____ the shoulders?? (北京2012)
A. at??????? ???? ????????????? B. on???????
C. to ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. across
【点拨】由题意“你觉得这件衬衫肩膀处太紧吗”可知,应选across（从一边到另一边）。