Module 2 Developing and Developed Countries 模块精品备课

课件48张PPT。Module 2Module 2
Developing and Developed CountriesCultural corner
and WritingOxfordDo you know the places? Grenoble 牛津因闻名于它的世界一流学府的地位和遍布各地的古迹, 使它成为人们极度梦想的城市。9世纪建立，距今有1100多年历史的牛津城是英国皇族和学者的摇篮。现在遍布城市各个角落的商业企业，特别是高科技企业使牛津这座古老的城市焕发了青春的活力。 　　 牛津从公元7世纪已有人在那里居住。到公元912年，它已成为英格兰的一个要地。泰晤士河和柴威尔河在此会合，当时河水不深，用牛拉车即可涉水而过，牛津由此得名。 格勒诺布尔(Grenoble)位于法国东南部。是法国伊泽尔省的省会。位于阿尔卑斯山区。Grenoble风景秀丽古迹众多, 有建于十四世纪的大学，还有艺术博物馆、教堂等古典建筑。　Grenoble大学建于1339年, 是法国最老的大学之一。司汤达（著名的法国作家），Berlioz（著名的音乐家）和张伯伦（发现了埃及金字塔）都曾就读于此。What are the similarities between Oxford and Grenoble?Read the passage and answer these questions.They’re both medium-sized towns of between 100,000 and 200,000 inhabitants. They both have universities and industries. Tourism is important to both of them, and they are both close to some of the most beautiful countryside in the region.2. What’s Town Twining?It’s an agreement between towns and cities of similar size and age, and which have similar features such as tourism, industry, culture and entertainment.3. What happens when two towns have a town twinning agreement?Two similar towns exchange people for educational, cultural and sporting events.4. What’s the significance of the
agreement?Town twinning agreements encourage people from the two towns to visit each other. The agreements are perhaps most useful for students and people who want to practise speaking another language.1. The “twinning towns” have much in
common. ( )
2. Town twinning is a new idea, and it
has become more popular in recent
years. ( )
3. Town twinning agreements forbid
people from the two towns to visit
each other. ( )True or False.TFF4. They will hold a big party to welcome
the visitors from the other town.
( )
5. Town twinning is especially good for
students to learn another language.
( )TT Town twinning is an __________ between two towns or cities which have many similarities, such as ______ size and age, tourism, industry, culture and
____________, Oxford in the UK and Grenoble in France are an example. agreementsimilarentertainmentFinish the passage with your partner. People from the two towns visit each other like ________. Town twinning agreements are ________ with students and people who want to ________ speaking another language. relativespopularpractise1. How are Oxford in the UK and
Grenoble in France similar?
英国的牛津和法国的格勒诺布尔有什
么相似之处?
similar: alike
be similar to: 和……相似
be similar in: 在……方面相似Language pointse.g. This car is similar to that one in
color.
这辆车和那辆车在颜色方面相似。【拓展】1) similarly adv. 相似地; 相应地
e.g. The first letter she wrote me was less
than a page long, and her second
letter was similarly brief.
她给我写的第一封信不到一页，她的
第二封信同样简洁。2) similarity n. 相似；类似; 相似；相似
点; 相似之处
e.g. The similarity between the two
reports suggests that they were
written by the same person.
这两篇报告的相同之处表明它们是同
一 个人写的。 2. … and they are both close to some of
the most beautiful countryside in the
region.
……它们都靠近该地区一些最漂亮
的郊区。
be close to 1) 与某物在距离上近
e.g. His house is close to the factory.
他家靠近该厂。2) (指关系) 密切的, 亲密的
e.g. My brother and I are close (to
each other).
我和我哥哥很亲密。
3) 接近, 快要
e.g. We’re close to clinching the deal.
我们快要达成协议了。3. There are visits and exchanges
between schools , theater groups
and sports teams.
学校、剧院以及体育团体之间都可
进行参观和交流。
1) vt. 交换; 调换; 兑换
exchange sth. with sb. for sth.
用某物和某人交换某物e.g. I’d like to exchange some pounds
for dollars.
我想把一些英镑兑换美元。
At the end of the game, players
exchange shirts with each other.
比赛结束时，两队球员互换球衣。 2) n. 交换; 交流; 交易
e.g. An exchange of opinions is helpful.
相互交换意见是有益的。
What is the rate of exchange
between the pound and the mark?
英镑与马克的兑换率是多少？【拓展】
exchange sth. with sb. 与某人交换某物
exchange A for B 以A换取B
in exchange for 作为……的交换
exchangeable adj. 可交换的; 可替换的;
可兑换的e.g. These tokens are exchangeable for
CDs only.
这些礼券只能用来兑取激光唱盘。4. This is because living with a foreign
family for one or two weeks means
that you have to speak their language
and as a result you improve fast.
这是因为和一个外国家庭在一起住一
两个星期，就意味着你得讲他们的语
言，结果使你进步得很快。result 常见短语小结:
as a result 因此, 结果
as a result of + n. 因为, 由于
result in 导致(某种后果)
result from 源于, 起因于1. 苏珊坐在一个靠近窗户的位置上。
____________________________ ________
2. 他用黑茄克换了一件蓝色的。
______________________________ ___________Susan sat on a chair close to the window.He exchanged the black jacket for a blue one.Translate the following sentences.Exercises1. He runs everyday. __________, he
has lost weight.
2. She was late for school ___________
the heavy snow.As a resultas a result ofFill in the blanks by using ‘result’.3. His failure ____________ his
carelessness.
4. Their carelessness _________ that
terrible accident.resulted fromresulted inRead the following dialogue between Lily and James. James: What do you know about
Canada, Lily?
Lily: Do you mean Calgary?
James: hm, it’s Calgary! You know
Calgary?Lily: Yeah, because my hometown is
DaQing. DaQing and Calgary are
friend cities. There’s a DaQing
road in Calgary and a Calgary
road in DaQing.James: Really!
Lily: Yeah!
James: DaQing, hmmmm ...
Lily: The famous oil city in China.
James: O yeah! Calgary is the same in
Canada!
Lily: So that’s the reason, right?
James: Maybe, haha ...Look at the following pictures and learn more details about Daqing and Calgary.大庆人都知道本市有一条卡尔加里路；大庆路的路牌同样出现在了加拿大卡尔加里市的街道上。18年前在这两条路边栽下的友谊树早已郁郁葱葱，成为两市人民友好情谊的见证。素有“加拿大石油之都”之称的卡尔加里市与大庆市在城市规模、所处纬度、气候条件以及经济地位都极为相似。两市在文化教育、体育、卫生、环保等领域的交往也十分频繁。根据双方签署的协议，卡尔加里每年选派7名英语教师到大庆市任教，大庆油田职工参加英语培训的达近万人次。 Write notes about some of these features:
population climate industry location
tourism transport
Write sentences according to the passage.Try to write a description comparing the two cities.Daqing is a famous oil city in northeast China.
Calgary is a oil city in west Canada. Rewrite the sentences, using the link
words we have learned in Grammar.
Organise your sentences into paragraphs.
Each paragraph should discuss one
particular feature. Write a sentence to start your description
about the two places saying what you
know about them or what’s special about
them.
Write a sentence to finish your description and give your opinion about the two places.Finish your composition about
the description of the two cities.课件40张PPT。Module 2Module 2
Developing and Developed CountriesGrammar连词可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词：
表转折或对比: but, while, yet, however连接词 (Link words)表选择: or, otherwise等。
e.g. Seize the chance, or you will regret it.
表联合: and, when等。
e.g. We should keep the room clean and
tidy.
表因果: for, so等。
e.g. It’s morning, for the birds are singing.其他平行或对称结构：
Not…but…, both…and…, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, would rather…than…等。
e.g. Not only was everything in his
classroom taken away, but also in
his bedroom.从属连词:
表时间：when, while, since, as soon as
等。
e.g. I will get in touch with you as soon
as I arrived.
表原因：as, because, since等。
e.g. I know it’s true, because I read
about it in the official report. 表条件：if, unless, as long as。
e.g. He will not come unless he is
invited. 表地点：where, wherever。
e.g. Wherever you go, keep in touch
with me.表目的：so that, in order that, in
case。
e.g. He took a taxi to the station in order
that he should not miss the train.
表结果：so, so that。
e.g. It was very cold, so that the water in
bowl froze. 表让步：though / although。
e.g. Although / Though I live near the
sea, I’m not a good swimmer.
表方式：as, as if / though。
e.g. They talked as if they had been
friends for years.
表比较：as… as, than。
e.g. This river is ten times as long as that
one.1. Schools in the north are well-equipped,
while those in the south are poor.
2. While I’m cleaning the floor, you can
clean the windows.
3. While we don’t agree with each other,
we continue to be friends.请观察下列句子, 注意总结while和although的用法。4. Although born in Chicago, the author
is most famous for his stories about
New York City.5. Although he said he was ill, yet I saw
him in the street just now.【总结归纳】
1. while的用法
1) 表示对比, 意为“而; 然而”。
2) 引导时间状语从句, 意为“当……时候;
在……期间”, 强调某一段时间内主句
和从句的动作在同一时期发生, while
从句中的动词通常是持续性动词。3) 引导让步状语从句, 意为“虽然, 尽管”,
多放在句首。2. although的用法
although为从属连词, 意为“虽然, 尽管”, 引导让步状语从句。注意以下两点:
1) although在多数情况下可与though通
用, 在正式文中, though可用于一种不
以其为首的让步状语从句, 须以形容
词、名词或动词(原形)等开头。整个从句须置于主句之前。这时although不能替换though。
e.g. Tired though he was, he went on
working.
他虽然累, 但还是继续工作。
2) although所引导的从句不能与but, and,
so, however等连用, 但可以和副词yet,
still等连用。1. I was going to write you a letter, but I
lost your address.
2. However, I can discuss this all when I
see you.请观察下列句子, 注意总结however和but的用法。3. He said that it was so; he was
mistaken, however.
4. He hasn’t arrived. He may, however,
come later.【总结归纳】but与however都表示 “但是, 然而”, 都可以引导并列句, 但二者用法有些区别。
1. 从语义上看, but所表示的是非常明显
的对比, 转折的意味较however要强。2. 从语法上看, but是个并列连词, 而
however是个连接副词。
3. 从语序上看, but总是位于它所引出的
分句之首, 而however却可位于分句之
首、之中或之尾。
4. 从标点上说, but之后一般不使用逗号,
但however则通常用逗号与句子其他部
分分开。Although developed countries are rich,
they don’t give enough financial help to
developing countries. 1. Developed countries are rich. They
don’t give enough financial help to
developing countries. (although)Join the sentences using the words in brackets.2. Europe has a lot of industry. Africa
does not have much. (while)Europe has a lot of industry, while
Africa does not have much. In some part of Europe, incomes are
high, while in other parts, they are much lower.3. In some part of Europe, incomes
are high. In other parts, they are
much lower. (while)Although there is poverty in this area. People are happier than in the city. 4. There is poverty in this area. People
are happier than in the city.
(although)5. Some children receive a good education. Others never go to school at all. (while)Some children receive a good education. while others never go to school at all.Although Life expectancy is still low. It has improved in the last ten years. 6. Life expectancy is still low. It has
improved in the last ten years.
(although)I. Complete the sentences with and / however / while / although.1. British English ____ American
English are more or less the same.
2. ________ it was not safe to stay in the house, they didn’t move at all.andAlthough Exercises3. He knows so many difficulties are in
front of him. He will not, ________,
give up.
4. He wants to study abroad, _____ his
brother wants to stay at home.howeverwhileII. Translate the following sentences into English.他个子矮而他兄弟个子高。
他很努力, 然而还是失败了。
3. 痛得厉害, 可是他并不呻吟。
He is short, while his brother is tall.He worked hard. However, he failed.The pain was bad, but he did not complain.1. _____ I accept that he is not perfect,
I do actually like the person.
A. While B. Since
C. Before D. Unless III. Choose the best answer.2. ______ modeling business is by no
means easy to get into, the good
model will always be in demand.
A. While B. Since
C. As D. If 3. You should try to get a good night’s sleep ____ much work you have to do.
A. however B. no matter
C. although D. whatever
4. — Have you been to New Zealand?
— No, I’d like to, _____.
A. too B. though C. yet D. either 5. _____ you call me to say you’re not
coming, I’ll see you at the theatre.
A. Though B. Whether
C. Until D. Unless
6. I do every single bit of housework ____
my husband-Bob just does the dishes
now and then.
A. since B. while C. when D. as 7. Paul had to write a history paper,
_____ he couldn’t find time to do it.
A. but B. so C. because D. if1. ____ the Internet is of great help, I
don’t think it’s a good idea to spend too
much time on it.
A. If B. While C. Because D. AsB高考链接Choose the correct answer.2. In some places women are expected to
earn money _____ men work at home
and raise their children.
A. but B. while C. because D. though
3. —Are you ready for Spain?
—Yes, I want the girls to experience
that _____ they are young.
A. while B. until C. if D. beforeBA4. I thought we’d be late for the concert,
_____ we ended up getting there ahead
of time.
A. but B. or C. so D. for
5. We had to wait half an hour _____ we
had already booked a table.
A. since B. although C. until D. beforeAB6. Although badly hurt in the accident,
the driver was _____ able to make a
phone call.
A. still B. even C. also D. everAFinish the exercises 1- 3 on page 14.课件43张PPT。Module 2Module 2
Developing and Developed CountriesIntroduction and ReadingArcticPacificAtlanticIndian OceanDo you know these places?North AmericaEuropeAsiaOceaniaAfricaAntarcticaSouth AmericaAustralia France Germany Iceland Japan Sweden Norway the Netherlands the UK the USMatch the countries with their continents. JapanAustraliaFrance, Germany, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, the UK, Icelandthe USMatch the words with the definitions. 1. the knowledge that you get at school or college _________
2. when people have very little money
_______education povertydeveloped country developing country disease education hunger income poverty 3. an illness ______
4. when you do not have food, especially for a long period of time _______
5. the money that you make _______
6. a country that has a lot of business and industry ________________
7. a country that is poor and does not have much industry _______________hungerincomedeveloped countrydeveloping countrydiseaseWhich countries are developed countries and which are developing ones?DiscussionDeveloped countries are most of the western countries. Mainly included: America, Germany, France, the UK, Italy and Japan.Developing countries are most of countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Income
Industry and commerce
Education
Life expectancy
Environment
…What do you know about the differences between developed and developing countries? PovertyWhat are the problems that the developing countries face? How to solve them?Less education Bad environmentDiseases A Short Discussion1) Develop education (make sure
everyone can receive education)
2) Reduce tax items;
3) Improve the environment; 4) Encourage developed countries to
give more help to the developing
countries;
5) The government should encourage
people to improve the present
condition to reduce poverty and
hunger.Work in pairs. Which are the two biggest problem for developing countries, in your opinion?□ hunger □ poverty
□ not many children have an
education up to 11 years old
□diseaseReading and vocabularyThe Human Development ReportFind out the main idea of each paragraph.SkimmingHow the Human Development Report came out.Para. 1The H.D Index measures a country’s achievement.Para. 2The five most important goals of the report.Para. 3Examples of successful development in 2003Developed countries should give more financial help.Para. 4Para. 51. What did world leaders agree to do in 2000?Read the passage. Answer these questions.They agreed to work together to reduce world poverty by 2015 or earlier.2. What does the Human Development
Index measure?It measures a country’s achievement (through life expectancy, education and income).3. What are the first two Development
Goals?To reduce poverty and hunger, and ensure all children are educated up to the age of 11.4. What progress have we made
towards these goals?There are some examples of successful development, like in China, but more effort is needed.5. What do developed countries
need to do?They need to give more money.Read the passage again. Write the names of the countries below.NorwayUSthe UKSierra LeoneCheck the meaning of these words.effort encourage goal
human development report improve increase leader list measure reduce1. How can we _____________________
development?
2. We have written a ______ on the
subject.
3. We are ___________ people to send
their children to school.Increase / encouragereportencouragingNow complete the sentences.4. Are you at the top or bottom of the
___?
5. Who is the _____ of your country?
6. Our ____ is to help poorer countries.listleadergoal7. We are trying to ______ poverty
and _________________ people’s
income.
8. Our ________________ have
helped. The situation has ________.reduceimprove / increaseEfforts /measuresimproved1. section means ____.
(a) part (b) table
2. primary school means school up to
the age of ____.
(a) 16 (b) 11(a)(b)Find these words in the passage. Choose the correct answers.3. region means _____.
(a) area (b) city
4. financial means _____.
(a) useful
(b) connected with money(a)(b)Decide whether the following
statements are true (T) or false (F)
according to the text. 1. In 2000, 147 world leaders agreed to work together to reduce poverty after 2015. ( )
2. Life expectancy means that how long a person usually lives in the world. ( )FT3. Every day, nearly 799 million people in
South Asia or Africa are hungry. ( )
4. The Human Development Report came
from the Index. ( )
5. The top five countries on the list are all
from Europe while the bottom 10
countries are all African countries.( ) TFFOne of the most important _______ of the Human Development Report is the Human _____. The Index ________ a country’s achievements in three ways: life expectancy, education and _______. sectionsIndexmeasuresincomeFill in the blanks with proper words and phrases.surprisesat the top of whilebottomThe list has some ________. Norway is ___________ the list, _____ the US is at number 7. The ______ ten countries are all African countries. China is ______________ the list. It is one of the examples of successful ___________. in the middle of developmentChina increased life expectancy ___ 13 years. In the last ten years in China, 150 million people ____________ poverty. However, a great many people in _________ countries are hungry.bymoved out of developingOver ____ of these are in South Asia or Africa. In developing countries about 115 million children are not being ________, and more than 1 billion people do not drink safe water, so the report suggests that we need to __________________ in the future. halfeducatedmake greater effortsWhat are the eight Development Goals? What should we do to reach the goals?Discuss课件46张PPT。Module 2Module 2
Developing and Developed CountriesLanguage pointsFind these important phrases in the reading part.1. 同意 2. 在……顶端
3. 在……末尾 4. 确保
5. 直到 6. 取得进步
7. 做出努力1. agree to
2. at the top of
3. at the bottom of
4. make sure
5. up to
6. make progress (in)
7. make efforts1. The index measures a country’s
achievements in three ways:…
这项指标从三个方面衡量一个国家的
成就：
index 指数；指标；measure vt. 测量……的尺寸, 大小等;
衡量, 估量;
vi. (指尺寸、长短、数量等)量
度为……
n. 措施, 方法; e.g. It’s hard to measure his ability when
we haven’t seen his work.
还没看过他的作品我们很难估量他
的能力。Our garden measures 5.2 meters by 8 meters.
我们的花园宽有5.2米, 长有8米。
They took necessary measures to prevent a flood.
他们采取了必要的措施以防止洪水。【拓展】
take measures 采取措施
take / have / get the measure of sb.
评估某人的能力; 量某人的尺寸做衣
服1. What measures shall we take to catch
the thief?
n. 我们采用什么方法抓小偷?2. Did you measure the window before
buying the curtains?
vt. 在买窗帘之前你量过窗户没?判断句子中measure的词性并翻译。【练习】3. The pond measures about 2 meters
across.
vi. 这个池塘约两米宽。in … way 在……方面；以……方式
e.g. I may be able to help you in some
way. 我也许可以从某个方面去帮助你。
He talked about it in a similar way.?
他对此事有相似的说法。2. The UK is in the thirteenth position,…
英国位居第十三位，……
position n.
e.g. 1) If you change the position of the
chairs around the table, there will be
more room here.
如果你改变一下桌子周围的椅子的位
置, 这里就会有更多的空间。2) My knees get stiff when I sit in the
same position for a long time.
长时间保持同一个姿势坐着, 我的膝
盖变得僵硬了。
3) What would you do in my position?
你要是碰到我这样的状况会怎么办?
4) What’s your position on this problem?
你对这个问题持什么态度?5) He has a high position in society.
他社会地位很高。
6) I should like to apply for the position
of Sales Director.
我想申请销售部主任一职。【总结归纳】
position n. 位置, 地点; 姿势, 姿态; 处境, 状况; 观点, 态度; 地位, 等级; 职位, 职务【拓展】
in position 在适当的位置上
out of position 在不适当的位置上1. 这些书放错位置了, 把它们放回原位。These books are out of position. Put them back in position.He lost his position because he was not honest.2. 因为他不诚实所以他失去了工作。汉译英。【即学即练】3. 直到我知道了细节之后才能给出我
的意见。I can’t give my position until I have known the details.3. The report shows that we are making some progress but that we need to make greater efforts.
报告显示我们正在进步，但是我们必须作出更大的努力。make progress 取得进步；
e.g. Study well and?make
progress?every day.?
好好学习，天天向上。make effort 表示“(作出)努力”, 也可以用make an effort或make efforts。
e.g. Please make effort to get there on
time.
请努力按时到达。4. From this agreement came the
Human Development Report.
这个协议达成后接下来便产生了《人
类发展报告》。 当句首状语为表示地点的介词短语时句子要倒装。
e.g. Round the corner walked a large
policeman.
Under the table lay a wounded
young man.倒装句常见句型可分为两种倒装:
一是全部倒装, 也就是“谓语动词＋主语”; 第二种是部分倒装，也就是“助动词/情态动词＋主语＋谓语动词”。
e.g. From this agreement came the
Human Development Report.
(全部倒装)【拓展】地点状语提前句子用全部倒装。
e.g. East of the school lies a big factory.
On the wall are pictures.1) Here comes the bus.
2) Out rushed the students as soon as
the bell rang.
3) In came the teacher with a book in
his hand.
4) Away he went without saying a word.总结out / in / up / down / away / here / there
等副词放在句首句子也使用全部倒装。注意：
当主语为代词时，不倒装。
e.g. In she came.5. Make sure they have safe drinking
water.
确保他们都喝上安全健康的饮用
make sure that / of: 弄明白, 保证
做e.g. I only came to make sure that
everything was all right.
我只是来弄清楚是否一切都没问题。
Have you made sure of the time?
你弄清楚时间了吗?6. These are among the five richest
countries in the world, so it is right
that they should do so.
这几个国家都是世界上最富裕的五
个国家中的，所以它们应该这么做
的。 it is right that they should do so是it作形式主语, 真正主语为后面的that从句。当it作形式主语, 表语为表示要求、建议、意图、决定、推荐等意义的形容词时, that从句里常用“should + 动词原形”, e.g. It’s necessary that I should return it
this morning.
我必须在今早把它还回去。should可以省略。类似用法作表语的形容词有important, necessary, impossible等。根据下列各句句意及所给单词的首字母或汉语意思, 写出下列单词的正确形式。
1. Dogs can hear much better than _______ (人).
2. Do you know the price _____ (指数) in
the city is increasing?humansindexExercises3. I’ll just run through this list of _______ (数字) this afternoon?
4. Can you show me the p______ of the
school on this map?
5. I finally achieved my g___ of visiting
all the capital cities of Europe.ositionoalfiguresII. 用方框内所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. Flying across the Atlantic for the first time was a great ___________ (achieve).
2. ___________ (interest), he was only seven when he composed the music.achievementInterestingly 3. The ___________ (develop) of
agriculture and industry needs
careful planning.
4. It’s very important to teach children
about road _____ (safe).
5. The three countries reached an
__________ (agree) to stop the war.safetyagreementdevelopmentIII. 用方框内所给短语的适当形式填空。 make sure at the top of up to
make efforts make progress1. Jane is still sick in hospital, but she is
________________.
2. You can have a better view of the small
village _____________ the hill.making progressat the top of3. Her story has proved that we can
succeed so long as we _____________.
4. To ___________ that he was at home,
I called him up in advance.
5. The newly-built hall in this school
can hold _____ 500 students.make effortsmake sureup toIV. 根据括号内所给的汉语提示完成下列
句子。
1. Do you know why the government
______________________________
(鼓励人们骑自行车)?
2. A lot of high-rise buildings have been
built _________________
(在最近十年里).encourage people to ride bicyclesin the past ten years3. Our English teacher, Miss Li, came
in _____________________________
(胳膊下夹着一本词典).
4. The government has promised to
_____________ (采取措施) to help
the unemployed.take measureswith a dictionary under her arm5. In the eastern part of China
____________________ (坐落着青岛
市), a major shipping centre.
6. The medical group continues to
_____________ (取得进展) in the
fight against cancer.lies the city of Qingdaomake progress7. Although we have ________________
____________ (取得一些成绩), we still have a long way to go.
8. When leaving the office, _________
(确保) the door is locked. gained / made some achievementsmake sure9. _______________________ (在过去几
年中), over 1,500 houses have been
built in this village.
10. On the ground _________________
(躺着一只狗), sleeping, while many
children were under a tree, playing.
11. Please __________ (列一张清单) of
all things you want to buy for the picnic.In the past / last few yearslay / was lying a dogmake a listFinish the exercises 9-11 on page75.课件33张PPT。Module 2Module 2
Developing and Developed CountriesListening and FunctionWhat do you know about Beijing and Sydney?Sydney Opera HouseNational Grand
TheatreCheck the meaning of these words.construction crowded fascinating
freeway huge inhabitants
similarity unfortunate2. Which word is connected with
building? ___________Now answer the questions.1. Which words can be used to describe a city? ________________________crowded, fascinating, hugeconstruction3. Which word means the opposite of
difference? __________similarity4. Which word do we use to say that
something is sad? ____________
5. Which word describes the people
who live in a particular place?
___________
6. Which word means a wide road on
which cars can travel fast? ________unfortunate inhabitantfreeway 1. Beijing has a lot more inhabitants than Sydney and is much more crowded.
2. Beijing doesn’t have as many freeways as Sydney does.
3. There are fewer tourists in Sydney
than in Beijing.Work in pairs. Tick the statements you think are true. 4. Beijing is less dangerous than Sydney.
5. Beijing has less rain than Sydney.
6. Beijing doesn’t have as much pollution as Sydney.
7. There are as many rich people in
Beijing as in Sydney.
8. Beijing is as lively as Sydney.Listen to the conversation to check your guesses.1, 2, 4, 7, 8Listen to the conversation again and circle the topics you hear. climate industry location
pollution population safety
tourism transport wealthEveryday English1. How do you find it? means _____.
A. What is your opinion?
B. How did you get here?
2. It’s totally fascinating means ______.
A. It’s very, very interesting
B. It’s very, very importantChoose the correct answer.3. as you see means ______.
A. while you see them
B. in your opinion
4. I didn’t get that means _____.
A. I didn’t take that
B. I didn’t hear what you said
5. find some of the action means ____.
A. let’s do something interesting
B. let’s actA: I visited Great Wall yesterday.
B: Really? __________________
A: ___________________ I enjoyed it very much.
B: Can you describe it, ___________?Fill in the blanks. How do you find it?It’s totally fascinating.as you see itA: Well, I can’t imagine how can they build it hundreds of years ago?
B: Sorry, ___________.
A: I mean it is incredible. The Great Wall can be built hundreds of years ago.
B: Yes, it’s really great.I don’t get itFunctionLook at these sentences from Vocabulary and listening activity 2. Answer the questions.a … Beijing has a lot more inhabitants
( than Sydney) and is much more
crowded.
b … I don’t think we have as many
freeways as Sydney does.c … there are fewer tourists in Beijing
(than in Sydney).
d … (Beijing) is less dangerous (than
Sydney).
e … I think Sydney has less rain (than
Beijing).
f … (Sydney doesn’t ) have as much
pollution as (Beijing). much many fewer less1 Which words do we use with
countable nouns?
2 Which words do we use with
uncountable nouns?countable
nounsuncountable
nounsmuch
many
fewer
less1. Is Hong Kong less / fewer crowed than Beijing?
2. Beijing doesn’t have as many /much high-rise building as Hong Kong.
3. Beijing has a lot / much more
inhabitants than Hong Kong.Choose the correct word.4. Hong Kong has less/ fewer
industry than Beijing.
5. Beijing doesn’t have as much / many
tourism as Hong Kong.There are _______ poor countries in Europe than in Africa.
There are not as ______ rich countries in Africa as in Europe.fewermanyUse the words to fill the blank.3. There is not as _______
transportation in my hometown as in
Shanghai.
4. There is ____ transportation in my
hometown than in Shanghai.
5. I don’t think there are as ______
students in this university as in that
one.muchlessmanyFinish the exercises 12-14 on page 76.Thank you!Module 2 Developing and Developed Countries教案
Ⅰ. 单元教学目标
单元目标Skill Goals
Talk about the human development
Situation and the most important goals in
the report.
Practise making comparisons.
Learn to use link words: but, however,
Although and while.
Write an advertisement for your
hometown.
Ⅱ. 目标语言 Target Language
功
能
句
式
Making comparisons
a. Norway is at the top of the list, while the United States is at number 7.
b. The UK is in the thirteenth position, while China is in the middle of the list.
c. Hong Kong has fewer inhabitants than Shanghai.
d. There is less pollution in Lhasa than Beijing.
e. The freeways are much more crowded in my country.
f. Hong Kong doesn’t have as many inhabitants as Beijing.
g. Sydney doesn’t have as many inhabitants as Beijing.
h. Beijing isn’t as lively as Hong Kong.
Everyday English
How do you find it?
It’s totally fascinating!
as you see (them)
I didn’t get that.
(Let’s) find some of the action.
词
汇
四会词汇
hunger, income, poverty, human, index, development, measure, goal, expectancy, homeless, charity, crowded, freeway, inhabitant, similarity, unfortunate, location, tourism, transport, industrial, polluted, smart, vast, entertainment, exchange
重点词汇
measure, expectancy, educate, household, homeless, crowded, freeway, similarity, unfortunate, location, transport, industrial, polluted, entertainment
语
法
Link words: but, however, although, while
“But” is very frequent in spoken English , at the beginning of a sentence. In writing, it is not usually at the beginning of a sentence. “However” is used especially in more formal writing, often with commas before and after it in the middle of a sentence.
“While” can be used to emphasize the
difference between two situations,
activities etc.
1. The report shows that we are making progress but that we need to make greater efforts.
2. In the last ten years in China, 150 million people moved out of poverty. However, the challenges are still great.
3. That region has plenty of natural resources while this one has none.
4. Although there is less poverty, life expectancy is still very low.There is less poverty, but life expectancy is still very low.
重
点
句
子
1. The Index measures a country’s achievement in three ways: life expectancy, education and income.
2. The index has some surprises.
3. The bottom ten countries are all African countries, with Sierra Leone(in West Africa) at the bottom of the list.
4. For example, in nine years(1953—1962), China increased life expectancy by 13 years.
5. The report shows that we are making some progress but that we need to make greater efforts.
6. Although developed countries give some financial help, they need to give much more.
7. Though I need money for myself, I’m still willing to help.
8. They are both medium-sized towns of between 100,000 and 200,000 inhabitants.
9. This is because living with a foreign family for one or two weeks means that you have to speak their language, and as a result you improve fast.
10. CARE’s goal is to reduce poverty and hunger in developing countries and …
11. CARE is teaching local people how to build their own cheap water systems.
12. In Sri Lanka, CARE volunteers are teaching local people how to increase the production of rice by using better farming methods.

Ⅲ.教材分析与教材重组
1. 教材分析
本单元以Developing and Developed Countries为话题，旨在通过单元教学，使学生对人类发展的现状有所了解。掌握比较级的表达方式。了解并掌握连接词but, however, although和while的用法。使学生能用所学知识，写一篇广告体裁的短文，介绍自己的家乡。21教育网
1.1 INTRODUCTION部分包括了3个练习题。分别考查学生的地理基础知识、对词汇的理解和区分及表达意见或看法的能力。而练习册部分的词汇则将重点放在词性的转换上，以期帮助学生扩大词汇量，学会积累。www-2-1-cnjy-com
1.2 READING是一篇关于The Human Development Report的介绍性文章。文章介绍了2003年人类发展所取得的成就及存在的问题。全文包括报告产生的背景、报告所包含的主要内容以及指标衡量的现状。通过该文章的阅读，可以丰富学生有关本单元主题的语言和信息。读后的练习题从不同侧面培养学习仔细阅读、获取信息及对词汇的理解与区分的能力。
1.3 GRAMMAR部分是通过多种形式对本单元的Link words: but, however, although and while进行训练。练习册的相应部分也安排了语法训练部分，旨在使学生熟练掌握并灵活运用该语法项目。
1.4 PRONUNCIATION 部分要求学生听语法练习中的句子并重复。在输入的过程中注意句子的节奏，输出时学着模仿。
1.5 SPEAKING是与生活实际紧密结合的一个分角色口语模拟情景：学生A和B在谈论向慈善机构捐款，以帮助贫困国家的人们喝上清洁的饮用水的问题。要求学生能根据不同的情景发表自己的见解，并能就某些问题做出决定，并说明理由。
1.6 VOCABULARY AND LISTENING部分先安排练习词汇的理解及比较级句型的应用。旨在培养学生从听力材料中获取主要信息的能力，即文章主旨、细节要点等。同时让学生更多地了解两城市间各自的特点。
1.7 FUNCTION部分重温Vocabulary and Listening 练习2中的比较级句子，回答该部分①中的问题，注意在比较级中，many和few与可数名词连用，而much和less则同不可数名词连用这一语法特征。
1.8 VOCABULARY AND SPEAKING部分让学生判断形容词的褒、贬义词。这一练习有助于培养学生在写作时的遣词造句能力的提高。接着用所学词汇和语法，选择两座城市进行比较，旨在培养语言的实际运用能力。
1.9 WRITING部分要求学生描述他所熟悉的两座城市并进行对比。该练习分八个步骤，详细解释各部分的写作要求，旨在引导学生运用英语将事物层次分明，连贯清楚地表达出来。
1.10 EVERYDAY ENGLISH部分要求学生理解并区分英语交际用语的准确含义。
1.11 CULTURAL CORNER部分是一篇短文，Town Twinning（城市结谊，城市结对或姐妹城市）。该阅读旨在使学生了解这一文化特色，城市间通过相互交流，促进关系的发展。读后是一篇书面表达，以广告的形式介绍自己的家乡，让世界了解自己的家乡，以便吸引更多的来访者。
1.12 MODULE FILE简要地总结了本单元的重点项目——词汇、语法、功能及交际用语。引导学生对本单元进行归纳总结。
2. 教材重组
本单元共12个部分。为了便于课堂上的实际操作，教材重组如下：
2.1 将课本中Introduction部分Vocabulary and Speaking与练习中的Vocabulary整合在一起上一节Vocabulary课。
2.2 将课本中Grammar and Listening部分与练习中的Listening and Speaking整合在一起上一节Listening课。
2.3 将课本中Speaking部分与练习中的Speaking and Writing重组上一节Speaking课.
2.4 将课本及练习中的Grammar重组在一起上一节Grammar课。
2.5 课本Reading and Vocabulary 为一节Reading(I)课。
2.6 将课本中的Cultural corner——Town Twinning与Task 中的Writing an advertisement for your hometown 整合在一起上一节Reading(II) and Writing课。
3. 课型设计与课时分配
1st period: Vocabulary
2nd period: Listening
3rd period: Speaking.
4th period: Grammar
5th period: Reading (I)
6th period: Reading (II) and Writing
Ⅳ.分课时教案
The First Period Vocabulary
Teaching goals 教学目标
1．Target language 目标语言
重点词汇和短语
poverty, development, measure, expectancy, educate, household, homeless, crowded, transport, unfortunate, attractive, industrial, vast, wealthy, developing country, developed country, late at night
2．Ability goals 能力目标
Enable the students to learn the formation of words and how to remember words as quickly as possible.
3．Learning ability goals 学能目标
Help the students learn how to remember words in an easier way to enlarge vocabulary.
Teaching important points 教学重点
Let the student learn how to build up their vocabulary and express themselves in an easy way.
Teaching difficult points 教学难点
How to enlarge the students’ vocabulary and give opinions.
Teaching methods 教学方法
Inductive method:
Pair / Group work:
Discussion.
Teaching aids 教具准备
A slide projector and some pictures.
Teaching procedures & ways 教学过程及方式
Step 1 Revision
T: Good morning/ afternoon, boys and girls! Let’s check the assignment for the last lesson.(Brief revision on the words with the prefix, the base and the suffix.)
Step 2 Word Study
Learning vocabulary is one of big challenges for students, so they should better try to master a concise number of basic vocabulary and a set of strategies to deal with the rest of the vocabulary they encounter in a sensible way——the FORM strategy. When using the FORM strategy, students look at the word form and guess the meaning from putting together all the information they can get out of a word, looking at the prefix, the base (root) and the suffix of a word.
T: Now, turn to page 113. Let’s learn new words and expressions.
The teacher asks one of the Ss to read all the new words while the others listen carefully
and correct the mistakes he / she made.
T: OK, you did a good job and your pronunciation is wonderful.(Later, Ss are encouraged to discuss an easier way of remembering the words and expressions. Work in groups.)
T: Can you find a good way to learn the new words and expressions by heart?
S: Yes. Compounding words are easy to learn. It is made up of two words. For example, household, freeway, income.
S: Words with prefixes or suffixes can help us enlarge our vocabulary.For example: development, entertainment, homeless, similarity, industrial, crowded, polluted, unfortunate, transport
T: Any more?
S: Yes. Sometimes we can make one word from the other one, though they have different part of speech.
For example:hunger(n.)—hungry(adj.) poverty(n.)—poor(adj.) expectancy(n.)—expect(v.)similarity(n.)—similar(v.) development(n.)—develop(v.) entertainment(n.)—entertain(v.)educate(v.)—education(n.) unfortunate(adj.)—unfortunately(adv.)
S: One more opposite: fortunate—unfortunate
T: Well done! You can enlarge your vocabulary in this way. If so, there are fewer new words left in one Module.
Step 3 Practising
Ss will have a few minutes to deal with the three Exx on page 11, working in pairs.
T: Now, before the exercise, please answer my question. How many continents are there in the world?
S: Four.
S: No, seven.
T: You are right. Please name them.
S: They are Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania.
T: Good answer. Who can match the countries with their continents?(Ss do the exercise, using common knowledge of geography.)
T: OK, please show me your answer.
S: The US belongs to North America.
S: Japan is a country in Asia.
T: How many countries belong to Europe?
S: Seven. They are France, Germany, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands and the UK.
T: Very good! Until now, it is clear that Australia must be in Oceania. Am I right?
Ss: Yes.
T: Now, let’s go on with Ex②. You are asked to match the words with the definitions. The purpose of it is to develop your ability to understand the words.
(Ss are asked to work in pairs.)
S1: Which word means the knowledge that you get at school or college?
S2: I am sure it is “education”.
S3: Hello, LiPing. When people have little money, we can say they are in …
S4: They are living in poverty.
T: Great! Go on, please.
(Ss go on with the others in this way.)
T: Now, turn to page 17. Let’s discuss the meanings of these words and decide which ones describe positive or negative features of a city.(Ss are given two minutes to finish it.)【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
T: Well, time is up. Who can show me your answer?
S: I think words with positive features should be attractive, busy, industrial, lively, modern, peaceful, smart, vast and wealthy.
T: Good idea! What about words with negative features of a city?
S: I think they are dangerous, dirty, noisy, polluted and poor.【版权所有：21教育】
T: When you describe Hong Kong and Beijing, which words can you use?
S: Oh, let me see. I want to use the following words to describe Hong Kong:attractive, lively, modern, smart, wealthy.
S: As for Beijing, I want to use “attractive, busy, industrial, lively, modern, smart, vast, wealthy, polluted, noisy.”
T: Who will describe his/her home town?
S: Let me try. I’d like to use “peaceful, busy, lively.”
This exercise can help Ss use proper words when writing.
T: Next, open your books, turn to page 74. Let’s complete the chart on the screen.
Ss can finish it by discussing.
After finishing Ex 5, Ss are asked to complete the following sentences with words from the chart above. In this way, Ss can use the proper words in practice to improve their ability to understand words. When doing the exercise, Ss are told to pay more attention to some sentence structures to decide the words needed.
T: Let’s have a further exercise: Now, match the adjectives with their opposites. It is a better way to build vocabulary.
For example:
1. Our town used to be noisy, but now it is a quiet place.
2. If a student is sleepy in class, he can’t be lively.(Ss are encouraged to put each pair into a sentence.)(The teacher helps the students finish their sentences. In this way, Ss can practise using opposites correctly and also enlarge their vocabulary.)
Step 4 Summary
Help the students to sum up what they have learned in this period: exchange their ideas of learning new words and enlarging vocabulary.
T: In this class, we have learned how to remember new words. I think the more you practice, the better you can understand them.
Step 5 Assignment
1. Do Ex 8 on Page 74
2. Learn to use some adjectives to describe a city.
The Second Period Listening
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language 目标语言
a. 重点词汇
crowded, freeway, inhabitant, similarity, unfortunate, location, tourism, transport,
industrial, polluted, smart
b. 重点句式
A is less dangerous than B.A has less rain than B.A is as lively as B.A doesn’t have as much pollution as B.There are fewer tourists in city A than in city B.There are as many rich people in city A as in city B.
2. Ability goals 能力目标
Enable the students to know about the fun_ction of making comparisons.
3. Learning ability goals 学能目标
Help the students learn how to use comparisons correctly
Teaching important points 教学重点
Learn and master the use of comparisons and have the ability to express some topic using what they have learned.
Teaching difficult points 教学难点
Make sure that the students can use much, many, less and few in comparisons correctly.
Teaching methods 教学方法
Pair / Group work;
Inductive method;
Function practice.
Teaching procedures & ways 教学过程及方式
Step 1 Revision
T: Good morning/ afternoon, boys and girls! Let’s check the assignment for the last lesson. Please turn to page 74 and finish Ex8. Choose three suitable adjectives to describe the following towns, using a whole sentence.(Ss are asked to work in groups.)
S1: Shanghai is an attractive but a crowded city. There is a lot of modern business.
S2: Nanjing is an attractive city with some famous historical places of interest. It is a wealthy place.
S3: Xi’an is an attractive city. There are some world famous historical places, and people there are very smart.
T: OK, you did a good job.
Step 2 Pre—listening
Before listening, Ss should do some warming-up exercises.
T: Turn to Page 16. Let’s do Ex1.
Ask the Ss to match the words in the box with the following questions. It can help them have a better understanding of the meanings of these words.
Ss should ask and answer in pairs.
S1: Which words can be used to describe a city?
S2: Construction, crowded and fascinating
S3: Which word is connected with building?
S4: Huge. We can say the building is huge.
T: Very good, now let’s go on practicing in this way.
S5: Similarity is the opposite of difference.
S6: If we say something is sad, it is unfortunate.
S7: We call the people who live in a particular place inhabitants.
S8: A freeway is a wide road on which cars can travel fast.(Ss are encouraged to put a word into a sentence. It is a good way to practise English.)
T: Now, please do Ex 2 on Page 16. (The students are asked to make a prediction and tick the true statements they agree while paying attention to the comparisons.Next, listen to the tape and check that the students’ predictions are true by doing Ex1 on page 17.)
Possible answers to Ex 2 on Page 16
1. Beijing has a lot more inhabitants than Sydney and is much more crowded.√
2. Beijing doesn’t have as many freeways as Sydney does.×
3. There are fewer tourists in Sydney than in Beijing. √
4. Beijing is less dangerous than Sydney. √
5. Beijing has less rain than Sydney. √
6. Beijing doesn’t have as much pollution as Sydney. ×
7. There are as many rich people in Beijing as in Sydney. √
8. Beijing is as lively as Sydney. √
Step 3 Listening
The teacher tells the Ss that they are going to listen to a conversation about Beijing and Sydney. Before they listen to the tape, ask them to guess what the topics might be. After a few minutes’ discussion, Ss present their answers.
T: Hello, Li Hua, what topics do you guess in the dialogue?
Li: I think it might he about location and climate, because the two cities are in different parts of the world.
T: What’s your guess, Xiao Ma?
Ma: The speaker will say that there is a lot of pollution in Beijing, because Beijing has a much larger population than Sydney.
T: Yes, maybe you guessed it. Who has different ideas? Please, Wang Feng.
Wang: I agree with both of them. But I also think it might be about tourism, because the
two cities are both modern and beautiful cities.
In this way, Ss can be trained to make some guesses according to the information given, then express their ideas freely.
T: Now listen to the conversation and tick the topics you hear.
After listening for the first time, Ss can have a general idea of the topics.
T: Listen again. Check your answers to the activity 2. It is about two famous cities: Beijing and Sydney. There are some similarities and differences.
After listening for the second time, Ss can be sure about the answers. Now, the teacher should first encourage the class to discuss the use of much, many, fewer and less in comparisons, then give the explanations.
T: Well, we often use many and fewer with countable nouns, while we use much and less with uncountable nouns.
Then let the Ss do Ex 2 on Page 17 to make sure that they can understand the use of them.
Step 4 Listening P76
Before listening, Ss do some warming up exercise Ex 12. Work in pairs. Decide which types of development projects below these people would be most suitable for. The purpose of this exercise is to train the students to have a better understanding of words.
T: Now, boys and girls, please match the following five professions with their work, using them into sentences.
Ss are given some time to deal with the exercise.
T: Who’d like to have a try?
S1: I believe a nurse must have something to do with health care.
S2: I am sure a teacher devotes his life to education.
S3: Agriculture means science or practice of farming so a farmer can do it.
T: What about “business” and “water”?
S4: A retired factory manager can do business.
S5: So “an engineer” and “water” must be a pair.
T: OK, you are very clever.(Ss are trained to connect some professions with their work and express themselves freely.)
T: Now, listen to three volunteers with development organizations, learn to get the information needed from the description, and then decide which speakers these statements describe. After it, check that the answers are correct by working in pairs.(After listening and checking, Ss are asked to do some practical discussion.)
T: Let’s go on taking up Ex15. Imagine you are going to become a volunteer. Decide what qualities you need to have to suit the project you choose. Then exchange your ideas with your partner.
Sample:
S: If I am a volunteer, I think I am suitable for a teacher, not a maths teacher. I am going to teach children about AIDS and local women how to look after people with AIDS, because I am a warm-hearted teacher with great patience.
This exercise is to help the Ss know who he /she is and what kind of job is fit for him/her. Then do further exercise.
T: Work in groups. Suppose you are organizing a development project to help poor people. Your project should cover the following points:the name of your organization: Rainbow Teamthe country or region: the local communitythe type of project: engaging in community service, AIDS infection and care.the work: to give the AIDS community a better understands of AIDS.
the profile(简介) of volunteers: experts, social professionals, students and gay volunteers.
S1: I’m going to organize a development project to help poor people.
S2: Oh, it sounds a good idea. Could you tell me the name of your organization?
S1: Of course. Its name is people Union.
S2: Are you going to organize this project in your hometown?
S1: Yes. There are many poor people in my hometown. And many children can not receive a good education.
S2: I think they need help very much.
S1: That’s right. What I should do is to call on the rich people to help them.
S2: What kind of people can join your organization?
S1: All people who would like to help others.
S2: Ok. I would like to join you.
S1: Greatly. Thank you.
Step 5 Summary
Help the students to sum up what we have learned in this period: Ss are sure that know how to make comparisons.Ask the Ss to concentrate on the following
a. Beijing has a lot more inhabitants than Sydney and is much more crowded.
b. I don’t think we have as many freeways as Sydney does.
c. There are fewer tourists in Beijing than in Sydney.
d. Beijing is less dangerous than Sydney.
e. Beijing has less rain than Sydney.
f. Sydney doesn’t have as much pollution as Beijing.
T: In this class, we have learned how to use many, much, few and less in comparisons by listening comprehension.
Step 6 Assignment
1. Talk about making comparisons.
2. Do Ex 4 on Page 73.
3. Ask Ss to preview some topics about collecting money for charity.
The Third Period Speaking
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language 目标语言
a. 重点词汇
charity, crowded, historical, industrial, inhabitants, entertainment, tourist, tourism, collect money for, because of, make …safe, be willing to do sth, high-rise buildings, on the coast.
b. 重点句式：Guilin is a beautiful historical city while Shanghai is a modern business city.I think everyone should give money to this charity.Would you give me more information on the situation there?Though I need money for myself, I’m still willing to help.
2. Ability goals 能力目标
Enable the students to express their ideas in a better way and to compare two cities and make notes about their differences and similarities, using the word while.
3. Learning ability goals 学能目标
Help the students learn how to express their ideas and make notes about two cities.
Teaching important points 教学重点
Let students learn how to talk about collecting money for a charity.
Teaching difficult points 教学难点
How to talk about giving help and how to collect information.
Teaching methods 教学方法
a. Listening , Speaking and Writing;
b. Watch and Say;
c. Pair / Group work;
d. Discussion.
Teaching aids 教具准备
a. A slide projector;
b. Pictures and charts;
c. A tape recorder.
Teaching procedures & ways 教学过程及方式
Step 1 Revision
T: Good morning/ afternoon, boys and girls! Let’s check the assignment for the last lesson. First, let’s have a translation exercise about comparison.(Give Ss five sentences for them to translate)1. 这个问题比那一个难。2. 她男朋友比她大多了。3. 我买的书比他买的书多得多。4. 吃了这药后，他觉得更不舒服了。5. 这部电影比我期望的好多了。
Suggested answers:
1. This problem is a bit harder than that one.
2. Her boy-friends is much older than her.
3. I bought far more books than he.
4. He felt even worse after he had taken the medicine.
5. This film was far / much better than I expected.
注意：在比较结构中，为了强调形容词、副词的程度，在比较级前可以用以下副词修饰：a lot; a little, a bit, a great deal, much, even, any, still, no, rather等。
T: Next let’s check Ex4 on page 73.(Ask Ss to present their answers.)
1. Hong Kong has fewer inhabitants than Shanghai.
2. There is less pollution in Lhasa than Beijing.
3. The freeways are much more crowded in my country.
4. Hong Kong doesn’t have as many inhabitants as Beijing.
5. Guangzhou doesn’t have as many tourists attractions as Guilin.
6. Beijing isn’t as lively as Hong Kong.
Step 2 Speaking on Page 15
T: After revision, let’s take up Speaking.(The speaking exercise presents the Ss with a situation about giving money to a charity. Student A explains to student B why he / she should give money to a charity and students B decides whether he / she wants to give money. If he / she decides to give money, how much he / she says she / he will give and why.)
T: Now, first, you are asked to practice a dialogue about giving money to a charity.(Ss work in pairs. After a while, they present their answer.)
S1: Hi, Mike. Have you ever read in today’s newspaper that there are so many people in Africa who don’t have safe drinking water?
S2: Yes. What bad news! It must be bad for people’s health.
S1: I think so. The report also says that many people get very ill because of this.
S2: What can we do to give than help?
S1: An organization calls for us to give money to a charity. What do you think of the idea?
S2: It sounds nice. I am willing to help, though I can’t offer much.
S1: It doesn’t matter. I agree with you.
T: Thank you for your kindness. We should give people a helping hand if they are in difficulty.
Step 3 Free talk
T: Do you still remember the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake? It was an undersea earthquake that occurred at 07:58:53 local time on December 26, 2004. The earthquake generated tsunamis that were among the deadliest disasters in modern history. In the worst natural disaster, many heavily populated coastal areas were affected. What should we do?
S1: Give help.
S2: Provide food, clothes and shelter.
S3: And give money and medical care.
T: OK. Thank you for your kindness. Now let’s look at the following article and some pictures, then talk about it.
Let’s give more
In an attempt to encourage people to give more money to charity, a banquet is to be held in the Great Hall of the People. Ordinary people can pay to attend the dinner. This is the first such event held in China where all the money raised will be given to charity.
Until now it was mainly foreign guests and important people that were invited to the Great Hall. The charity banquet is to be held on Feb 1, 2005. Entrance tickets will cost from 1,800 yuan to 38,000 yuan. The money will be spent on training young people from poor areas.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
After looking at the pictures, the teacher asks the questions.
T: 1.What can you see from the first three pictures?
2. Who is the person in the fourth picture?
3. What is he doing?
4. What can we learn from him?
It is a good way for Ss to practise speaking English in a real situation.
S1: Picture (1): A tsunami; It’s a large wall of fast moving water, caused by an underwater earthquake, like the one in the Indian ocean, December 26th 2004. Tsunamis often destroy everything in their path.
S2: Picture (2): A young girl asks for help after her family lost everything in the tsunami.
S3: Picture (3): People are waiting on the ground and watching as a plane flies overhead to drop food and water in a tsunami destroyed area.
S4: Picture (4): People all around the world, including some superstars, are emptying their pockets and donating money to help those in tsunami affected areas.
T: Well, done! now, let’s enjoy a famous song 《We are the world》
We are the world
There comes a time when we heed a certain call
when the world must come together as one
there are people dying
and it’s time to lend a hand to life
the greatest life of all
we can’t go on pretending day by day
that someone, somewhere will soon make a change
we are all a part of god’s great big family
and the truth, you know, love is all we need
we are the world, we are the children
we are the ones who make a brighter day so
let’s start giving there’s a choice we’re making
we’re saving our own lives it’s true we’ll make
a better day , just you and me send them your
heart so they’ll know that someone cares and
their lives will be stronger and free as god has
shown us by turning stones to bread
so we all must lend a helping hand
when you’re down and out, there seems no hope at all but if you just believe there’s no way we can fall, let us realize that a change can only come when we stand together as one
we are the world, we are the children…
背景材料：
相信好多人对此曲并不陌生，可每次听来，都那么感动人心。
数年前的一天，名为“拯救生命”的大型摇滚乐演唱会在英国伦敦和英国费城同时举行。那天中午，演唱会先在伦敦威姆布莱体育场开幕。72000人出席了开幕式。两小时后，美国费城约翰·肯尼迪体育场的音乐会也宣布开始。共有9万人观看了演出。演出一直持续了16个小时，并通过全球通信卫星网络向140多个国家播出了实况。估计总共吸引了近5亿的电视观众。全世界100多位著名摇滚乐歌星参加了这次义演，他们之中有鲍博·迪能，保尔麦卡特尼，布鲁斯·斯普林斯廷……
这一天，整个世界都洋溢着无私的感情。这场大型摇滚乐演唱会的组织者，爱尔兰籍歌星鲍勃·格尔多夫（Bob Geldof）无限感慨地说：“这不是一次流行音乐会，也不是一次电视演出，而是对人的拯救。”他的诚心感动了其他的歌星，要知道，想把那些狂放不羁、我行我素的歌星们组织到一起绝不是一件容易的事儿。然而他们紧密地团结起来，共同完成了这一历史的壮举。在演唱会上，摇滚歌星们最后齐声高唱起音乐会的主题词《我们是世界》，以表示他们共同的心愿。
“我们是世界，我们是世界的孩子，我们是创造光明的人，让我们伸出救援之手，我们在拯救自己的生命……”
这次大型摇滚乐义演活动获得了巨大的成功，一共为挣扎在饥荒中的非洲灾民募集到15000多万美元的巨款，摇滚歌星们完成了靠政府喋喋不休的演说和国际会议没完没了的讨论所根本完成不了的壮举。
Step 4 Speaking and Writing P77
T: After talking freely, let’s go on to a speaking and writing exercise to warm up. Work in pairs. Write sentences comparing Shanghai with Guilin, using the following words.crowded, high-rise, buildings, historical,2·1·c·n·j·y
inhabitants, polluted, population, traffic, entertainment, culture.
Example: Guilin is less crowded than Shanghai.Shanghai has a lot more high-rise buildings than Guilin.Guilin is a wonderful place for entertainment.Shanghai has a much larger population than Guilin. Guilin has more rain than Shanghai.…
After the warming-up exercise, ask the Ss to work in groups of four to deal with Ex 19 on Page 78. The purpose of this exercise is to train the students’ ability to understand a whole passage and finish it by reading through the context.
T: Now, read this description comparing Shanghai with Guilin. Try and guess the missing information.
After finishing, Ss should check the answers to be sure that they are correct.
Step 5 Summary
Help the students to sum up what they have learned in this period: talk about giving help and comparing two cities about their differences and similarities.
T: In this class, we have learned how to talk about giving help and how to compare two cities by using the word while.
Step 6 Assignment
1. Talk about comparing two facts with the word while.
2. Do more talking about giving help.
3. Preview the next lesson about grammar.
The Fourth Period Grammar
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language 目标语言
a. 重点词汇
challenge, homeless, independent, volunteer, household, rare, attraction, freeway, in my opinion, make progress, make efforts, medical care, go to primary school, financial help.
b. 重点句式Although developed countries give financial help, they need to give much more.The UK is in the thirteenth position, while China is in the middle of the list.AIDS is a huge problem. However, there are many other serious diseases.Many people live in the country but the population of the towns is increasing.
2. Ability goals 能力目标
Enable the students to know how to use link words: but, however, although and while
3. Learning ability goals 学能目标
Help the students to rewrite sentences with although, but, however
Teaching important points 教学重点
Learn and master the use of link words and comparisons
Teaching difficult points 教学难点
How to write sentences with although
Teaching methods 教学方法
a. Discussion;
b. Pair / Group work;
c. Inductive;
d. Sentence rewriting practice.
Teaching procedures & ways 教学过程及方式
Step 1 Revision
T: Good morning/ afternoon boys and girls! Let’s do the following Multiple-choice:
A slide show is used there.
1. He is very young, he knows a lot about computers.A. and B. however C. but D. while
2. Excuse me for breaking in, I have some news for you.A. so B. and C. but D. yet
3. Some people waste a lot of food others haven’t enough to eat.A. however B. when C. as D. while
4. He was mistaken, .A. yet B. and C. although D. however
5. he had to write a history paper, he couldn’t find time to do it.A. Although; but B. Although; /C. Even though D. Even if; /
Key: 1.C 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.B
Step 2 Grammar—Link words
(Show the students the following sentences on the screen. Ask the students to pay more attention to the characteristics about the link words but and however in them.)
1. The report shows that we are making progress but that we need to make greater efforts.
2. In the last ten years in China, 150 million people moved out of poverty. However, the challenges are still great.
3. More than I billion people in developing countries do not drink safe water. However, in other parts of the world, e.g. Eastern Europe, water is now mostly safe to drink.
T: Now answer the questions.
1. Does however mean the same as but?(yes)
2. Which link word begins a sentence?(however)
3. Which link word can join two parts of a sentence? (but)
4. Which link word is followed by a comma?(however)(After questions and answers, students can have a general idea of the two words. Now, give further explanation.)
T: In writing, but is not usually at the beginning of a sentence. It is used to connect sentences or parts of sentences. However is used especially in more formal writing, often with commas before and after it in the middle of a sentence. For example:I’d like to go with you; however, my hands are full.The composition is all right; there is room for improvement, however.Later, however, he decided to go.(Until now, Ss can have a clear understanding of them.)
T: Next, Let’s take up Ex3 on page 14. While is used to emphasize the difference between two situations, activities etc. It often compares two facts and appears between them. Although clause can appear before or after the main clause. For example:
That region has plenty of natural resources while this one has none.
Although the car is old, it still runs well.
I don’t really enjoy sports, although I did watch the game.
Ss are encouraged to rewrite the sentences using the word but.
The car is old, but it still runs well.I did watch the game, but I don’t really enjoy sports.
Step 3 Practising
T: Turn to Page 73. Let’s do Ex 1—3.
Do the exercises individually and check the answers with all the students.
Possible answers
Ex 1 1. Although 2. but 3. However 4. However 5. Although 6. but
Ex 2
1. Most boys go to school. However, not many girls receive an education.
2. Although AIDS is a huge problem, there are many other serious diseases.
3. It is mainly an agricultural country but there is some industry in the capital.
4. Although many people live in the country, the population of the towns is increasing.
5. Many people are still very poor but the situation is improving.
Ex 3
1. Shanghai is an exciting city. However, I think it is also a very crowded city with a lot more traffic.
2. Although Beijing is the capital, in my opinion, it is more famous for its places of interest.
3. I like my home town but I think people there are not very rich.
4. Some of my friends want to stay in their home town, while others want to go abroad.(For Ex4, students can discuss with their partners. They do this exercise to get ready for their listening. Work in pairs. When doing Ex3, Ss should come to the blackboard and complete these sentences.It is a better way for Ss to practise expressing their ideas, using the sentences:I think …In my opinion,…)
Step 4 Summary
Help the students to sum up what they have learned in this period. Make sure that Ss can learn to use link words: but, however, although and while in a correct way.…
Step 5 Assignment
1. Exchange ideas about the use of Grammar.
2. Do Ex 2 on Page 4. Link the following sentences with but or however.
Example:
In a developed country, most households have a television but in a poor country, televisions are much rarer.
Key:
1) In a developed country, people have nice clothes to wear but in a poor country, people have few clothes.
2) In a developed country, most people have a home while in a poor country, a much larger percentage of the population is homeless.
3) In a developed country, one can get good medical care but in a poor country, there is often no money for medical care.
4) In a developed country, people have small families while in a poor country, the families are larger.
3. Preview the next lesson about Reading.
The Fifth Period Reading (I)
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language 目标语言
a. 词汇和短语
Learn the following words and expressions: hunger, income, poverty, human, development, index, measure, goal, position, educate, life expectancy, make progress, make efforts
b. 重点句子
The Index measures a country’s achievement in three ways…
Norway is at the top of the list, while the US is at number 7.
The UK is in the thirteenth position, while China is in the middle of the list.
However, the challenges are still great.
Although more than 80% of children in developing countries go to primary schools…21·世纪*教育网
The report shows that we are making some progress but that we need to make greater efforts..
2. Ability goals 能力目标
Enable the students to know about some expressions related to the topic and some information about the Human Development Report.
3. Learning ability goals 学能目标
Enable the students to reflect upon the issues raised in the reading and discuss their relevance and importance.
Teaching important points 教学重点
Help the students to make comparisons and get information from the text.
Teaching difficult points 教学难点
How to help the students to fix on special language in a report.
Teaching methods 教学方法
Talking method, skimming, scanning and Pair work / Group work.
Teaching aids 教具准备
A tape recorder and a slide projector.
Teaching procedures & ways 教学过程及方式
Step 1 Revision
T: Good morning/ afternoon, boys and girls! Let’s check the assignment for the last period.
Check the answers to the Ex 4 on P15, use the word but to rewrite the sentences with although, and then let the students talk about the use of link words—but, however, while and although.
Ss present their sentences.
S1: There is poverty in this area but people are happier than in the city.
S2: Life expectancy is still low but it has improved in the last ten years.
Step 2 Lead-in
Ss will have three minutes to talk about the differences between developing and developed countries.
T: What are the symbols of the developed countries?
S1: People there can enjoy better education.
S2: The most important thing is to provide free medical treatment. For example, in Britain medical treatment is provided free on the National Health systems.
T: Any more?
S3: The next may be life expectancy and their income.
T: Oh, What you said is reasonable. Now tell me the problems of developing countries.
S4: I think poverty is a big problem, but if people can get better education, poverty and hunger can be reduced.
T: Well, your words sound interesting. Please give me your reason.
S4: OK, as everyone knows, knowledge is power. If people have much knowledge, they will be trying to live a better life, then poverty will disappear.
T: Good idea. Come on!
S5: I think the biggest problems are the development with environmental sustainability, such as population, pollution and sanitation. As for as I know, there are more than 1 billion people in developing countries who don’t drink safe water.
T: There are so many differences between developing and developed countries. In your opinion, what should the richest countries do?　　21*cnjy*com
Ss: Give help.
T: All right. Now the world’s population continues to grow. This creates an ever-greater need for food, water, housing, energy and jobs, so everyone must make better use of the earth’s natural resources. To do this, developing countries should try not to the environment as they develop their economies. More developed countries need to work to reduce global poverty and lesson the differences in wealth between the richest and poorest nations.
Step 3 Pre—Reading
T: Now, let’s take up our new lesson. The Human Development Report. First, please predict what topics will be discussed in the reading by using the picture and the title.
After a short discussion, Ss express their ideas.
S1: It is about people’s family.
S2: About population.
S3: Maybe something to do with poverty because of the world development.
S4: It must be about education and health.
S5: …
T: OK, you are great. Next, let’s read the passage and answer the five questions above to make sure that your prediction is correct.
Ss are encouraged to do the work by scanning. The purpose of it is to understand some information in detail. It is not difficult to find the answers, but the most important thing is to speak them out. A few minutes later, the teacher asks some of them to talk about each question.
T: Who’d like to talk about the first question? Li Hua, can you have a try?
S: In the year 2000, 147 world leaders agreed to work together to reduce poverty by 2015 or earlier.
T: The second question. Liu Xin, please.
S: The Human Development Index measures a country’s achievement in three ways: life expectancy (how long people usually live), education and income.
T: OK, now the third one, Ma Li, please.
S: The first two Development Goals are to reduce poverty and hunger and to make sure that all children have education up to the age of 11.21cnjy.com
T: Then the fourth question. Volunteers?
S1: In the last ten years in China, 150 million people moved out of poverty.
S2: More than 80% of children in developing countries go to primary school.
S3: In some regions of the world, e.g. Eastern Europe, water is now mostly safe to drink.
S4: Although we are making some progress, We need to make greater efforts.
T: You all did very well. Who can answer the last question?
S: Developed countries need to give much more financial help. It is right that they should do so.
T: Well done. Thank you for all your answers.(Ask some students to retell the five answers to get a general idea of this reading.)
Step 4 While—Reading
1. Fast reading
(After having a general idea of the passage, Ss are asked to read the passage as quickly as possible and find out the main idea of each paragraph. After a while, the teacher checks their understanding.)
T: Now, who’d like to tell me the main idea of the first paragraph?
S1: Paragraph 1. Introduction how the Human Development Report came out.
T: Yeah. Right. The second paragraph?
S2:Paragraph 2. The Human Development Index measures a country’s achievement.
S3:Paragraph 3. The most five important goals of the report.
S4:Paragrpah 4. Examples of successful development in 2003.
Pare 5: Developed countries should give much more financial help.
2. Careful Reading for the details
T: Quite right. We have known the main idea of each paragraph. Now read some paragraphs needed, then finish Exx ② and ④. (Show the slides to help them do the two exercises.)
②
Human Development Index
Top of the list
Number 7
Number 13
Bottom of the list
④
Fact
Figure
Increase in life expectancy in
China(1953—1962)
Number of people moved out of poverty in China (1993—2003)
Number of hungry people in developing countries
Number of children not receiving education in developing countries
Number of people without safe water in developing countries
(After a few minutes, Ss can present their answers.)【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
Step 5 Post—Reading
Ss now are familiar with the passage, they should also be asked to pay attention to some useful sentences.【出处：21教育名师】
T: Now, look through the text again and pick out the sentences with link words: while, although, but, however.
S1: Norway is at the top of the list, while the US is at number 7.
T: Good, another example?
S2: The UK is in the thirteenth position, while China is in the middle of the list.
T: Oh, you got it. Now please give more examples with however.
S3: However, the challenges are still great.
S4: However, in other regions of the world, e.g. Eastern Europe, water is now mostly safe to drink.
T: OK, who can find examples with although?
S5: Although more than 80% of children in developing countries go to primary school, about 115 million children are not being educated.
S6: Although developed countries give some financial help, they need to give much more.
T: Thanks for your exact examples. (Then ask the students to finish the Exx ③and⑤ on Page 13. Ss can have a few minutes to do the work. Then ask them to exchange the ideas with their deskmates. If necessary, give some explanations.)
(work in pairs).
Step 6 Language focus
After reading, the teacher should deal with some language difficulties.
1. The index has some surprises.这项指标显示了一些令人感到意外的情况。句中的surprise为可数名词，意思是sth/sb that is surprising 令人惊讶的事或人，如：I have a surprise for you.我有一件你想不到的事（或消息）要告诉你。（或我有一件你想不到的礼物要送给你。）另外，还有一些不用冠词的情况，如：in surprise惊异地 much to one’s surprise 使某人非常惊奇的是take sb by surprise使……惊奇，感到意外His sudden departure took us quite by surprise.他的突然离去使我们非常诧异。
2. The bottom ten countries are all African countries, with Sierra Leone (in West Africa ) at the bottom of the list.处于末端的十个国家均是非洲国家，塞拉利昂（西非）排在最后。with 引导的短语可表示附加说明。常见结构搭配如：with+名词+副词（形容词，介词短语，现在分词，过去分词，不定式等）With a lot of homework to do, I can’t go to the cinema with you. 有好多作业要做，我不能和你一起去看电影。He fell asleep with the light on. 灯还亮着，他就睡着了。With the temperature dropping rapidly, we couldn’t go on with the experiment.气温急骤下降，我们不能继续实验了。With the weather hot, he couldn’t sleep at night.由于天热，他晚上无法入睡。He always sleeps with his windows closed. 他经常关着窗户睡觉。With so many eyes fixed on me, I felt very nervous. 有这么多眼睛看着我，我很紧张。The teacher came in with a book in his hand. 老师手里拿着一本书进来了。
3. For example, in nine years(1953—1962), China increased life expectancy by 13 years.譬如，在九年(1953—1962)的时间里，中国的人均寿命就增加了13岁。by引导的短语可以表示谓语动词增加或减少的数量。如：increase by 30%增加百分之三十。He missed the train by ten minutes. 他晚了十分钟没赶上火车。 The bullet missed him by two inches. 那枪弹以两寸之差未击中他。
Step 7 Listening and Summary
Play the tape of the whole passage for the students to listen and follow. Ask them to pay more attention to the pronunciation and intonation.
T: Now look at your books and listen carefully. You can follow it in a low voice. Pay attention to the stress and intonation.(After that, the teacher says the following.)
T: From the text, we know something about the Human Development Report. In 2000, 147 world leaders agreed to work together to reduce poverty by 2015 or earlier. The Human Development Report came into being. It describes eight Development Goals and also points out developed countries should give much more financial help to developing countries.
Step 8 Assignment
1. Ask the students to retell this passage according to the first five questions and the list of useful words, expressions and patterns.
2. Recite the third and the last paragraphs.
The Sixth Period Reading(II) and Writing
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language 目标语言
a. 重点词汇及短语
similar, tourism, feature, entertainment, exchange, medium-sized, as a result, a town twinning agreement
b. 重点句式
be useful for …
2. Ability goals 能力目标
Enable the students to gain more knowledge about Town Twinning and describe their hometowns
3. Learning ability goals 学能目标
Enable the students how to write an advertisement for their hometowns
Teaching important points 教学重点
Write an advertisement for one’s hometown.
Teaching difficult points 教学难点
How to write a description of the hometown
Teaching methods 教学方法
Talking method;
Skimming;
Scanning;
Careful reading.
Teaching procedures & ways 教学过程及方式
Step 1 Revison
T: Good morning/ afternoon, boys and girls! Let’s check the assignment for the last lesson. Who would like to retell the text?(Encourage the students to retell the text according to questions and answers.)
S: In 2000, world leaders from 147 countries agreed to work together to reduce poverty by 2015 or earlier. The Human Development Report came into being.The Human Development Index is one of the most important sections of the report. It measures a country’s achievement in three ways: life expectancy, education and income. The five richest countries in the world are Norway, Iceland, Sweden, Australia and the Netherlands. The US is at number 7, while the UK is in the thirteenth position. China is in the middle of the list. The bottom ten countries are all African countries, with Sierra Leone (in West Africa) at the bottom of the list. The report describes eight Development Goals. The first two Development Goals are to reduce poverty and hunger and to make sure that all children have education up to the age of 11. According to the 2003 Human Development Report, we have made some progress, but we need to make greater efforts. Although developed countries give some financial efforts, they need to give much more, because it is right that they should do so.21*cnjy*com
T: OK, you did a good job.
Step 2 Pre—Reading (P19)
After revision, ask Ss to learn Town Twinning, an extensive reading material. In the passage, Ss can know something about Town Twinning and a Town Twinning agreement. First ask Ss to guess what town twinning means.
T: Now, let’s take up the passage Town Twinning. You will have two minutes to discuss what the text is about and how to translate it into Chinese.(After a while, some students present their answer.)
S1: From the word “twin”, I can guess there must be two towns or cities.
S2: In the passage, I find the word similar, so I can guess that the two towns or cities must have something in common.
S3: Yes, I guessed it. Town Twinning means “城市结谊，城市结对或姐妹城市。”
T: All right. You’ve got a better understanding of the topic. Now, answer the following questions by scanning the passage.
1. What kinds of towns and cities can probably have a town twinning agreement?
2. What happens when two towns have a town twinning agreement?(After they finish, invite some Ss to give their answers.)
S1: Usually, the two towns which have both similar size and age, and they have similar features such as tourism, industry, culture and entertainment can probably have a town twinning agreement.
T: Good answer, now the second question?
S2: When they have a town twinning agreement, People from the two towns can visit each other. There are visits and exchanges between schools, theatre groups and sports teams. Visitors from the foreign town usually stay in the private homes of the town they are visiting. There is usually a big party for the visitors.
T: Is it helpful for practising another language? How do you know?
S: Yes, it is helpful for students and people to practise speaking another language, because living with a foreign family for one or two weeks means that you have to speak their language, and as a result you improve fast.
Until now, they can have a better understanding of the passage.
Step 3 Summary
Make a summary about the passage.
T: Here are the main points in this passage:Town twinning is an agreement between towns or cities which have many similarities, such as similar size and age, tourism, industry, culture and entertainment.Oxford in the UK and Grenoble in France are an example. People from the two towns visit each other like relatives. Town twinning agreements are popular with students and people who want to practise speaking another language.(So much for extensive reading. Next, Ss should being to deal with writing.)
Step 4 Writing P20
T: First, work in groups. Discuss the interesting features of your hometown, then make notes. These features would include:
· interesting old buildings ·places of interest
· museums ·industry
·countryside ·shopping centres
· transportation ·good schools / universities
(Ss begin to have a discussion about it.)
T: Next, discuss in pairs and choose the features that would be most interesting to visitors.Finally, decide what the central message of the advertisement is.For example: Xianyang, an old and modern city!(Now, Ss begin to write an advertisement of their hometown.)21·cn·jy·com
Sample answer:
Xianyang, an old and modern city
My hometown, Xianyang, is 20 kilometres away from Xi’an. It is a medium-sized city, having a population of 400,000. In the history of China, eleven dynasties made Xianyang their capital. So our city is an old one. There are a lot of places of interest in Xianyang. Especially, in the north of the city stand hundreds of tombs of ancient emperors, kings, generals and ministers. It is one of the wonders in our country. Xianyang is also famous for its light industry. You’ll see some large cotton mills, each of which has more than ten thousand workers in it. Besides, there is a big international airport.It is convenient for you to travel by air. My hometown is really an old and modern city. It is also a strong industrial city and a famous tourist city. Welcome to my hometown.
Step 5 Writing P78
(Shanghai and Chicago are twin cities. City profile of Chicago is given. Ss should discuss the information about Shanghai. Their discussion includes: population, history, economy, location, climate and attractions. Work in pairs.)
City Profile: Chicago
Population:
2.9 million
History:
founded in 1802 as a military fort and trading village
Economy:
industrial and financial center; second busiest airport in the US
Location:
on southern shore of Lake Michigan; in the central northern region of US
Climate:
in winter cold and wet: －11℃to－2℃; in summer hot and wet: 27℃—32℃
Attractions:
museums; high-rise buildings; a pleasure port on the lake
Suggested answers:
City profile: Shanghai
Population:
nearly 20 million
History:
a small fishing village in the eleventh century
Economy:
industrial and commercial center；the busiest port in China
Location:
on eastern coast of China; on the shore of Hongpu River; in East China.
Climate:
in winter warm and less rain: 8℃－10℃; in summer hot and wet: 24℃—27℃
Attractions:
the highest TV tower in Asia; high rise-buildings; a pleasure port on the coast
T: After discussion, you should make notes about their differences and similarities.Example: They are both industrial cities.(After they are done, ask them to present their sentences.)www.21-cn-jy.com
S1: In history, they were both a village. Maybe they did some trading because of their location.
S2: They are both cities with a lot of high-rise buildings and a pleasure port on the river.
S3: Shanghai has a much larger population than Chicago. It has nearly twenty million inhabitants while Chicago only has 2.9 million.
S4: As for climate, in summer, both of the two cities are hot and wet. But in winter, they are quite different. Chicago is cold and wet while Shanghai is warm and it has less rain. In one word, the climate in Shanghai is warm and pleasant all year round.
S5: Chicago is on the southern shore of lake Michigan while Shanghai is on the shore of Hongpu River.
T: OK, you’ve got a lot of information. Now, Try to write a description comparing Chicago with Shanghai. Use the description between Shanghai and Guilin as a model. (While writing, Ss are asked to pay attention to the following points.)
T: Before writing it, please read the tips:
1. Write sentences using your notes.
2. Use the link words in Grammar, and the ways of making comparisons in Function.
3. Organise your sentences into paragraphs. Each paragraph should discuss one particular feature. You may need to rewrite some of your sentences.
4. Write a sentence to start your description about the two places saying what you know about them or what’s special about them.
5. Write a sentence to finish your description and give your opinion about the two places.
T: Now, according to the tips, make an outline for your essay in groups.(The teacher gives the Ss enough time to read the tips and make an outline. Then check the outline and write it on the blackboard.)
Outline:
Paragraph 1:Introduction: Shanghai and Chicogo.
Paragraph 2: Their location and climate.
Paragraph 3: Some differences and similarities in history, population and economy.
Paragraph 4: Both are attractive.
Paragraph 5: Conclusion.
Tips: When they have completed a writing task, allow 5—10 minutes to read it and check for mistakes. In particular, look for: incorrect agreement of subject and verb: e.g.My friend likes …(√） My friend like …(×)
Incorrect use of tenses
Sample:
Although Shanghai and Chicago are very different cities from different countries, they are both very attractive and visited by a lot of tourists.
Shanghai is on the coast and is also the biggest city in China while Chicago is on the shore of lake Michigan. It is in East China while Chicago is in the center northern region of US. The climate in both cities in summer is warm and pleasant, but in winter, Chicago is much colder. Generally speaking, the climate in Shanghai is warm and pleasant all year round.
In history, they were both a village. One was a small fishing village, and the other was a military fort and trading village. But now, they both are industrial and commercial center of their countries. Shanghai port is also the biggest and busiest port in China while Chicago is the second busiest airport in the US. Now Shanghai has a much larger population than Chicago. It has nearly twenty million inhabitants while Chicago only has 2.9 million people. It is also a very crowded city with a lot more traffic.
Chicago has more museums than Shanghai. It is a beautiful historical city with high-rise buildings while Shanghai is a modern business city with high-rise buildings. Shanghai is also famous for its highest TV Tower in Asia and at night people can enjoy a pleasure port on the coast.2-1-c-n-j-y
I like the two cities, though they have some differences.
Step 6 Assignment
1. Ss exchange their writings to enjoy different advertisements.
2. Make sure that the students have learnt everything in Module File.
3. Talk about Town Twinning.
附件1
综合练习
1. Put the words into different groups.
develop development developing developed entertain entertainment homeless21世纪教育网版权所有
homesick similar similarity similarly crowd crowed industry industrial pollute pollution polluted fortunate fortunately unfortunately household freeway hunger poor poverty expect expectancy education educate
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Compounds
2. 从方框内选择适当的单词或短语，并以其正确的形式完成下列句子。
increase research similar encourage measure hunger make every effort
make progress move out of useful for
1) When you do , you make a very careful study of a subject.
2) A is to B in many ways.
3) Thousands of people are dying from every day.21教育名师原创作品
4) What criteria can we use to women’s progress in the workforce?
5) In the last ten years in China, 150 million people poverty.
6) If something , it becomes bigger in number or size.
7) This book is beginners in French.
8) Nick has good with his studies this year.
9) My father me to apply for the job.
10) is being made to deal with the issue you raised at the last meeting.
3. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to comparisons.
1) There are fewer than ten students in the sports field.
2) A heavy object falls much faster than a light one.
3) You are as wrong as wrong can be.
4) Repeat this as often as is necessary
5) You’d better see a doctor as soon as possible.
6) According to the sentence pattern, you can make as many sentences as possible.
7) In the summer months the difference in temperature between London and the north can be as much as nine degrees!
8) —Excuse me, but where is the No. 12 Street?—Well, it is as far as the bus goes.
9) Hong Kong is less crowded than Beijing.
10) Beijing has a lot more inhabitants than Sydney and is much more crowded.
4. Fill in the blanks with the following phrases.
at the top at the bottom at the foot in the middle as a result in the east to the left in the distance in front of
1) of the hill, you can see the whole city.
2) Japan lies of Asia.
3) Look and you will find the farmhouse.
4) Somebody seems to be shouting for help.
5) We put the bedclothes the fire to dry.
6) Norway is of the list, while the United States is at number 7.
7) The UK is in the thirteenth position, while China is of the list.
8) Sierra Leone (in West Africa) is of the list.
9) He got up early, and he caught the first bus.
Answers to the exercise:
2. 1) research 2) similar 3) hunger 4) measure 5) moved out of 6) increases 7) useful for
8) made …progress 9) encouraged 10) Every effort
3. 译文答案：
1）体育场上有不到十个学生。 2）重的物体比轻的物体落地速度快得多。
3）你大错特错。 4）必要时，请经常重复这一动作。
5）你最好尽快去看医生。 6）模仿句型，你可以尽量多地造句子。
7）夏天伦敦和北方的温差可达9度。
8）——请问，12号街在哪儿？——这辆公共汽车的终点站即是。
9）香港没有北京那么拥挤。 10）北京比香港的人口多很多，而且拥挤。
4. 1) At the foot 2) in the east 3) to the left 4) in the distance 5) in front of 6) at the top7) in the middle 8) at the bottom 9) as a result
Part 1 INTRODUCTION & READING AND VOCABULARY
I. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. Three hundred people in this town are dying of ________ (hungry) every day.
2. The programme was about the ________ (develop) of popular music through the ages.　　21*cnjy*com
3. Do 20% of the population now live below the ________ (poor) line?
4. Particularly cigarette smoking is related to a shortened life ________ (expect).
II. 根据本模块所学单词及所给的提示写出所缺单词的正确形式。
1. Do you think I’ll be able to achieve my g________ of losing 5 kilos before the summer?【版权所有：21教育】
2. Can you read this f________? Is it a three or an eight?【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
3. Many families on low i________ will be unable to afford to buy their own home.?
4. These plants will grow well in a sunny ________ (位置).21*cnjy*com
5. How much does it cost to ________ (教育) a child privately?
6. The greatest damage being done to our planet today is that being done by ________ (人类).
III. 选用方框内所给的短语并用其适当形式填空（每个短语限用一次）。
up to, at the top of, at the bottom of, make sure, make effort
1. At forty, he was ________ his profession.
2. Before you cut the cloth, ________ that the pattern matches up on both edges.
3. Go downstairs and wait for me ________ the stairs.
4. Many companies need to ________ to improve quality and reduce production cost.
5. The tent is so large that it can hold ________ ten people. www-2-1-cnjy-com
IV. 根据括号内所给的提示翻译下列句子。
1. 我们隔壁住着一位大夫，他对病人很和蔼。 (完全倒装)
_________________________________________
2. 这里的水可安全饮用。(主语 + be + adj. + to do)
_________________________________________
3. 我姐姐给我量尺寸做衣服。 (measure)
_________________________________________
4. 我认为工作最努力的人应该挣得最多是合理的。 (it is right that ... )
_________________________________________
??
Part 2 GRAMMAR & FUNCTION
I. 选用方框内所给的单词填空，并注意大小写。
but, however, while, although
1. He no longer felt disappointed, ________ happy and hopeful.21世纪教育网版权所有
2. I gave him the CD as a present, ________ he didn’t accept it.
3. His first response was to say no. Later, ________, he changed his mind.
4. Some people waste a lot of food ________ others haven’t enough to eat.
5. ________ he is in poor health, yet he works very hard. 2-1-c-n-j-y
6. Tom’s very good at science, ________ his brother is completely hopeless.
II. 根据括号内所给的提示翻译下列句子。
1. 虽然我们已尽了最大的努力, 但还是输了。(although)
____________________________________________________________
2. 这个国家的南方越来越富，而北方却越来越穷。(while)
____________________________________________________________
3. 如果他少吸点烟，他的身体很快就会好，可是他不愿意听。 (however)
____________________________________________________________
4. 劳驾，能告诉我现在几点吗？ (Excuse me, but ...)
____________________________________________________________
5. 她说她要来，可是并没有来。(though adv.)
____________________________________________________________
6. 我相信她的问题比我的多得多。 (a lot more)
____________________________________________________________
7. 周末的游客是平时的两倍。? (as ... as)
____________________________________________________________
8. 她发觉那工作越来越缺乏吸引力。? (less and less)
____________________________________________________________
?
Part 3 PRONUNCIATION, SPEAKING, VOCABULARY AND LISTENING, VOCABULARY AND SPEAKING, WRITING, EVERYDAY ENGLISH, CULTURAL CORNER & TASK21教育网
I. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. This is a poor rural area, with only one doctor per 10,000 ________ (inhabit).
2. He has been looking forward to visiting Guilin, but ________ (fortunate), he never gets the chance. www.21-cn-jy.com
3. His apartment is in a really good ________ (locate).
4. Shi Jiazhuang has become one of the most important ________ (industry) centres of China.
5. The air is heavily ________ (pollute) with traffic fumes (烟). The environmental ________ (pollute) is one of the most serious problems that we face today.
6. The floods have killed hundreds and made thousands ________ (home).
7. These beautiful old towns have remained relatively untouched by ________ (tour).
8. The town provides a wide choice of ________ (entertain).
II. 每空填一词，使上下两句话的意思相同或相近。
1. The police thought that he was related to the accident.2·1·c·n·j·y
The police thought that he ________ ________ ________ the accident.
2. I don’t mind where we go on vacation as long as it’s not far away from a beach.
I don’t mind where we go on vacation as long as it ________ ________ ________ a beach.21教育名师原创作品
3. The old town square was full of people.
The old town square was ________ ________ people.
4. There is much likeness between the two plays.
There are many ________ between the two plays.
5. Every month the group meets so its members can have a discussion.
Every month the group meets so its members can ________ ________ ________.
?
答案
Part 1
I. 1. hunger ?? ???? 2. development
3. poverty???? ???? 4. expectancy
II. 1. goal ? ? ? ? ? ? 2. figure ?????? ???????????? 3. incomes? 【出处：21教育名师】
4. position? ?? ?????? 5. educate ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?6. humans
III. 1. at the top of ? ? ? ? 2. make sure
3. at the bottom of? ???? 4. make effort(s)?
5. up to
IV. 1. Next door to us lived a doctor, who is very kind to his patients.
2. The water here is safe to drink.
3. My sister measured me up for a suit.
4. I think it’s right that the people who work hardest should earn the most.
Part 2
I. 1. but? ????? 2. but ??? ????? ????3. however ?【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
4. while? ????? 5. Although? ????6. while
II. 1. Although we all tried our best, we lost the game. 21cnjy.com
2. The south of the country continues to grow richer, while the north grows poorer.
3. If he smokes less, he will be well soon. However, he won’t listen.
4. Excuse me, but could you tell me the time?
5. She said she would come; she didn’t, though.
6. I’m sure she has a lot more problems than I have. 21·cn·jy·com
7.? There are twice as many visitors as usual at weekends.21·世纪*教育网
8. She found the job less and less attractive.
Part 3
I. 1. inhabitants? ???????? 2. unfortunately?
3. location? ????????? ?????? 4. industrial?
5. polluted; pollution ?? 6. homeless
7. tourism? ????????? ?????? 8. entertainment?
II.? 1. was connected with????? 2. is close to
3. crowded with ?? ?????4. similarities?
5. exchange their views / opinions
Book 3 Module 2 Developing and Developed Countries
第二部分： 英语知识运用 （共两节，满分45分）
第一节：语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5 分，满分15 分）
阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。
Think of fall travel and changing leaves come to mind. But around Maryland, 21. ________ is a lot more to do than simply watch the trees changing. It has been said 22. ________ Maryland has more shoreline than 23. ________ other state in the Lower 48. Thus, centering a trip around the water is 24. ________ (easy) done. In fact, fall is the perfect time to head to the Eastern and Western Shores of the Chesapeake, or to Maryland's Atlantic Coast. The sky is 25. ________ (sun), the waters are warm, the fishing is fine and the traffic is not busy.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
Ocean City's 10 miles of white-sand Atlantic beaches attract tourists throughout fall. Tourists can do all kinds of 26. ________ (activity). This is the time to go boating. It's also a good time 27. ________ fishing. Golfers will be quite happy playing 28. ________ temperatures begin to cool. There are many championship courses in the area, surrounded (环绕) by scenery 29. ________ (range) from wetland to woods.
Special events during October include family fun and food. Lovers of good food can enjoy Ocean City's Fall Restaurant Weeks. The table 30. ________ (set) this year from October 13-27. Octoberfest, held the weekends of October 19-20 and 26-27, is a combination celebration of Halloween and the hallowed beach.
第二节：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
★★☆☆☆
My dad came to America from Greece at the very young age of fourteen. He? ?31 ?an average of fourteen hours per day, six to seven days a week, for over thirty-five years.
Because of his ?32 ?work, he owned many restaurants in New Jersey. He was ?33 ?his achievements and what he could ?34 ?for his family.
When I was graduating from college, Dad told me he decided to ?35 ?the restaurants and retire (退休). “If you are graduating, my ?36? is over. I have? 37 ?my children and provided for all of you. I am going to ?38 .”
“Great, but what will you do? I? 39 ?know you cooking in the kitchen and serving customers. I can't imagine you doing anything else,” I said.
“I am going to play golf!” he ?40 .
“Golf? You have never played golf. I never heard you mention golf,” I was ?41 .?
And then Dad ?42? to play golf. He taught my brother and me the ?43 ?and shared his interest with us. Dad would look at us and say, “If you live your life as you play the game of golf, you will be ?44 .”21*cnjy*com
He repeated often, “When you get to the green, stay focused (集中精力的) and hit straight down the fairway (平坦球道). Don't ?45 ?anything else, and just know where you want to put the ball. Do this and you will ?46 ?your goals.”
Dad wanted us to have ?47 ?and to stay focused on them to achieve ?48 . He also wanted us to ?49 ?ourselves and take time to have fun with friends and family.
Dad retired at the age of fifty-six and played golf every day until his death at the age of eighty-six. What a ?50? role model!
31. A. worked????????????????????? B. studied??????
C. practiced????????????????? ?????? D. ran
32. A. dangerous????????????????? B. light?? ????
C. poor ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. hard
33. A. worried about???????????? B. prepared for?????
C. proud of ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. tired of
34. A. care ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. find??? ? ???
C. say ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. provide
35. A. open ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. sell? ? ?????
C. manage ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. decorate
36. A. plan ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. doubt? ??????????? www.21-cn-jy.com
C. job ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. hobby
37. A. treated?????????????????????? B. helped???????
C. educated?????????????????? ?????? D. noticed
38. A. retire ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. travel? ????
C. leave ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. cook
39. A. still ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. only ????????
C. even ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. never
40. A. suggested?????????????????? B. accepted???????????
C. agreed ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. replied
41. A. excited ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. ashamed ??
C. shocked ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. satisfied
42. A. failed ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. began?
C. forgot ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. remembered
43. A. direction ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. game???????????????
C. custom ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. language
44. A. strong ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. special??????
C. normal ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. fine
45. A. give up ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. believe in 【出处：21教育名师】
C. turn to ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. think about
46. A. reach ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. change?????????????
C. refuse ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. keep
47. A. memories ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. goals?????????
C. problems ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. families
48. A. happiness ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. praise????????
C. success??????????????????????????? D. effort
49. A. trust ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. organize????
C. enjoy ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. count
50. A. terrible ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. great ???????
C. strange ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. simple
?
第三部分： 阅读理解 （共两节，满分40分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
A
★★☆☆☆
Car washes are a common sight throughout Nigeria, but Madinat Aliyu's roadside business is very special: she is the only woman car-washer in the north of the country.
“This job has caused me a lot of problems,” said the 27-year-old, checking cars waiting to be cleaned in Gusau, the capital of Zamfara state.
Aliyu took up her work two years ago, hoping to use the 7,000 naira (￡28) she earned every month to put her younger sisters and brothers through school following the death of their mother, the only one who made money to support the family. But her family begged her to stop doing this job, and she has received “judgment and warnings” from strangers too.
“My grandmother cried for many days. Some people thought it was a joke to bring more customers (顾客). Others said if she is doing it for money, let's just give her money to stop bringing us shame,” she said as she got water from a well by the roadside. “But I hate laziness or depending on somebody else.”
However, Aliyu has admirers. “Some customers only allow her to wash their cars,” said her colleague (同事) Shamsudeen Mohammed. “I was trained to wash cars by men, and I can honestly tell you women are better to work under,” he added.
Recently another woman came to Aliyu to ask for advice on starting her own car wash. “Unfortunately her family discouraged her. I told her, if you listen to them, you will find yourself begging or marrying a man who is older than your grandfather,” she said.
Though she is considered a pariah (贱民) by many, Aliyu has no plans to stop her work. “I see men doing something and I think I can do it too.”
51. Madinat Aliyu washes cars mainly to _____.
A. make a living
B. learn about cars
C. meet her future husband
D. know the life of the poor
52. From the fifth paragraph, we know Shamsudeen Mohammed _____.
A. thought Aliyu did a good job
B. trained Aliyu to wash cars
C. had more customers than Aliyu
D. liked to work with men
53. As a woman car-washer, Aliyu _____.
A. gets her family's support
B. dreams of going to school
C. is thought highly of by strangers
D. sets an example for the women in Nigeria
54. Which of the following can best describe Aliyu?21教育网
A. Shy but smart.?????????
B. Independent and confident.????????????
C. Honest but lazy.???????
D. Humorous and imaginative.
?
B
★★☆☆☆
It’s the 3rd Annual Family Fun Fair!
? Games?? ? Crafts (工艺品)?? ? Apple pie contest
? Food?? ? Face painting?? ? Door prizes (门票对号奖)
... and more!
What: A chance to celebrate spring, support our community (社区), and have fun!
When: Saturday, February 8th from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.,rain or shine!
Where: The big field next to Hopedale Elementary School2·1·c·n·j·y
For more information: Contact Peter Halm at 555-0191
Don’t miss the 3rd annual Family Fun Fair!
This fair promises to be even better than last year’s fair — no kidding!
Last year the game booths (摊位) were a big hit. (Who could forget Principal Snyder winning a toy dog that was so big it took four students to carry it to her truck?) This year we have two new game booths. So get ready to take part in the games.
Visit our craft tables. They will be better than ever! You can buy items such as clothing, backpacks, and gift baskets.
Children ages 5 and under can have their faces painted for FREE by Mr. Garcia's third-grade art class.
No fair would be complete without food. We will be selling hot dogs, ice cream, roasted nuts, and cotton candy at our booths. For those of you who love to bake, why not enter our new apple pie contest? Just bring your pie to the pie table on the morning of the fair. At 1 p.m., our judges, Coach Carter and math teacher, Mrs. Adams, will choose a winner.
Won't you please support our school by coming to the fair? Tickets are only $2 each. Door prizes will be given. You could win sports equipment, a new camera, or dinner for four at Merino's Restaurant!
?????? This will be the best fair ever. Don’t miss it!
55. What do we know about the 3rd Annual Family Fun Fair?
A. It is organized by Mr. Garcia.
B. It will be held even if it rains.
C. It is only open to children aged 5.
D. It will be held inside an elementary school.
56. According to the text, the apple pie contest _____.
A. requires the competitors to bring pies they bake
B. includes a dinner for four at Merino's Restaurant
C. sells the pies the competitors make in the contest
D. teaches the competitors how to bake apple pies
57. Anyone who takes part in the fair _____.
A. can enjoy food for free
B. must be good at baking
C. will have their face painted
D. should spend $2 on the ticket
?
C
★★★☆☆
A study of 27,000 men showed those skipping (不吃) breakfast were at a greater risk of heart problems. The British Heart Foundation said breakfast helped people resist (抵制) sugary snacks before lunch.
The men, aged 45-82, were studied for 16 years. During that time there were more than 1,500 heart attacks or cases of deadly heart failure. However, people who skipped breakfast were 27% more likely to have heart problems than those who started the day with a meal. The researchers took into consideration other lifestyle risk factors (因素) such as smoking and exercise.
Researcher Dr Leah Cahill told the BBC: “The take-home message is to eat in the morning when you wake up, preferably within an hour. The results show that something is better than nothing, but it's always better to have something healthy and balanced.”
She said the timing of the meal seemed to be key and waiting until lunch rather than “having breakfast” may be straining (损伤) the body over time. This could be increasing the risk of high blood pressure and fatness which could in turn damage the heart. “Don't skip breakfast,” Dr Cahill suggested.
Victoria Taylor, an expert with the British Heart Foundation, said: “These researchers only looked at men aged over 45, so we would need to see further research to prove that breakfast has the same effect on the heart health of other groups of people. What we do know is that a healthy breakfast can make that mid-morning biscuit less tempting, as well as giving you another opportunity to widen the variety of foods in your diet. Cereals (谷类食品) with low fat milk are a good way to start the day. Try a banana or dried fruit on top and you'll be on your way to a fine day before you've even left the house.”
58. What does the text mainly deal with?
A. The effects of snacks on the health of the heart.
B. An interview by the BBC on people's lifestyles.
C. What a healthy and balanced diet should contain.
D. The relationship between breakfast and a healthy heart.
59. Dr Leah Cahill's suggestion is that we should _____. 21教育名师原创作品
A. fix the time for each meal we eat in a day
B. make sure our breakfast is always balanced
C. eat our breakfast immediately after getting up
D. have breakfast within an hour after waking up
60 The underlined word “tempting” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to “_____”.
A. attractive? ???????????????????? B. valuable? ?
C. obvious ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. familiar
61. According to Victoria Taylor, _____.
A. men over 45 are more likely to get heart diseases【版权所有：21教育】
B. fresh fruits like bananas are necessary for a healthy breakfast
C. it's healthy to eat some biscuit between breakfast and lunch www-2-1-cnjy-com
D. the researchers should have covered other age groups in their study
?
D
★★★☆☆
?(CNN) — This photograph of two men sharing a drink 30 meters below the water is part of an art project exploring (探索) the mysterious world of freediving — a form of underwater diving that relies on a diver's ability to hold his or her breath until resurfacing rather than on the use of oxygen tanks (氧气瓶).
Each man, dressed in shirt, jeans and sunglasses, sits in a chair at the bottom of the Caribbean Sea with local sharks — harmless to humans — swimming just meters away. Of course, these aren't ordinary men, but freedivers: extreme athletes who dive on a single breath of air.
American photographer Lia Barrett had been taking pictures of brave divers competing at the Caribbean Cup off the coast of Honduras, when she decided to create a fantastic underwater world in which humans go about everyday tasks — such as drinking coffee or riding bikes.
“After the competitors had a great time in the new national and world records set at the competition, I took advantage of their breath-holding skills to do photo shoots I had only dreamed of before,” said the 29-year-old.
Perhaps unsurprisingly, Barrett is often asked whether the amazing pictures are Photoshopped. She laughs quietly as she insists they're 100% real.
The picture of two men having coffee took 50 minutes to create, with the men receiving oxygen from standby assistants around every three minutes.
“On the way back up, we were holding onto the table during our decompression (减压) stop in the strong current (水流) — it was quite a scene.”
The underwater models made an 11-minute stop on the way back to the surface, making sure they didn't rise too quickly and suffer decompression sickness — which can cause deadly blackouts (眩晕).
62. The photograph mentioned in the first paragraph _____.
A. has set a new world record
B. aims to call on people to protect sharks
C. realizes the photographer Barrett's dream
D. is one activity of the Caribbean Cup
63. The Caribbean Cup held off the coast of Honduras mainly shows competitors' _____.
A. swimming skills??????? ?????? B. Photoshop skills
C. photography skills???? ?????? D. breath-holding skills
64. Many people think the picture of two men having coffee below the water is _____.
A. not real?????????????????????????? B. not perfect?
C. not surprising?????????? ?????? D. not interesting
65. Why did the two models make an 11-minute stop on the way back to the surface?
A. To have more photographs taken.
B. To enjoy the underwater world.
C. To bring back the table.
D. To avoid getting sick.
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Cookies for Jacob
Maya is at the post office with Grandpa. ?66 ?Maya and Grandpa made the cookies together.
When they get to the post office, a nice woman named Vivian weighs the package and puts a shipping label (标签) on it. Grandpa pays for the postage (邮资).
?67
“Will somebody drive them all the way to his house?” she asks Vivian.
Vivian tells Maya what she would see if she could follow the package on its way. In the back of the post office, it will travel on a moving belt through a machine that can read the code (编码) on the shipping label. ?68
The machine sorts Maya's package with other boxes heading to Jacob's town. Then they will be put onto a truck that will take them to the airport.
At the airport, the packages will be loaded onto a plane.
?69?
When the plane lands, the packages will travel by truck to a big postal service plant.
In the plant, Maya's package will be sorted again and put into a bag for Jacob's postman. The package of cookies will ride in a truck again, all the way to Jacob's post office. His postman will pick it up and bring it to him.
?70? Maybe he will send her a picture to thank her. She knows exactly how it would get to her.
A. Grandpa drove a plane before.
B. Maya hasn't seen Jacob for almost one year.
C. The code will tell the machine where Jacob lives.
D. Maya wonders how the cookies will get to Jacob.【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
E. Maya's package will fly all the way to Jacob's town!
F.? Maya imagines how happy Jacob will be when he gets the cookies!
G. They are sending a package of delicious cookies to her cousin, Jacob.
?
第四部分： 写作 （共两节，满分35分）
第一节：短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
?????? 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。21世纪教育网版权所有
?????? 增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
?????? 删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。
?????? 修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
?????? 注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词； 2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
?????? Last week, our class have a discussion about the celebrations to welcoming the former teachers and students. We wanted to organize a tea party in the classroom for all the former teachers or students. This would be an wonderful opportunity for them to meet new friends and talk together. We could find old photos for the school, teachers and students and make a display which we could put them up in the classroom. The visitors could then look around at the photo as they were enjoying their tea. This activity would popular because it would remind the visitors of the days when they spent together.
第二节：书面表达（满分25分）
请根据以下提示用英语写一篇短文，对比太原和深圳这两个城市，并向校英语报投稿。
城市
太原
深圳
地理位置
中国北部，山西省中部
中国南部沿海地区，广东省南部
面积
约7000平方公里
约2000平方公里
气候特征
降雨量（rainfall）少，气候（climate）干燥
降水丰富（abundant），气候宜人
城市特色
重要的物资集散（material collecting and distributing）中心；以煤炭、机械工业为主要产业
中国的一个经济特区；以高科技（high-tech）产业、金融服务业（financial?services）、物流业（logistics）和文化产业为主
发展前景
良好
注意：1. 词数120左右；2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Book 3 Module 2参考答案
参考答案
21. there? ??????????? 22. that?
23. any ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 24. easily?
25. sunny? ?????????? 26. activities?
27. for? ??????? ?????? 28. as / because?
29. ranging? ??????? 30. is set
31-35 ADCDB????????????? 36-40 CCABD
41-45 CBBDD????????????? 46-50 ABCCB ?????
51-55 AADBB????????????? 56-60 ADDDA
61-65 DCDAD?????? ?????? 66-70 GDCEF
短文改错：
71. ..., our class have a ...???? ???????? ???? have → had21·cn·jy·com
72. ... celebrations to welcoming ... ? ? ?welcoming → welcome
73. ... teachers or students. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? or → and????
74. ... an wonderful opportunity ... ? ? ? an → a?
75. ... meet new friends ... ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?new → old ?
76. ... photos for the school, ...???????? ?? for → of??????
77. ... put them up ... ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?去掉them?????
78. ... at the photo ... ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? photo → photos
79. ... would popular ... ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? popular前加be
80. ... the days when ... ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?when → that或去掉when
One possible version:
Taiyuan, the capital city of Shanxi Province in North China, lies at the centre of the province.? It covers an area of about 7,000 square kilometres. It has a dry climate with low rainfall. The city is known as a centre of material collecting and distributing. The coal and machinery industries play an important part in its development.
Shenzhen, a city located in the southern coastal area of China, is in the south of Guangdong Province. It has an area of nearly 2,000 square kilometres and is one of China's special economic zones. Shenzhen enjoys a pleasant climate with abundant rainfall. Its main industries are the high-tech, financial services, logistics and cultural industries.21·世纪*教育网
Both cities are developing at fast speed and will become more powerful in the future.
?部分解析
语法填空：
21. there。there is a lot more to do有更多可以做的事情。
22. that。该句中It为形式主语，空格处内容引导主语从句（真正的主语）且在从句中不作成分，故用that。It has been said that ... 据说……。
23. any。该句中有形容词比较级的句型。than后跟any other +单数名词。
24. easily。空格处作状语，修饰动词done，故填easy的副词形式。
25. sunny。系动词后用形容词作表语。
26. activities。all kinds of后接复数名词，故填activities。
27. for。It's a good time for (doing) sth. / to do sth. 现在是做某事的好时候。
28. as / because。“气温变凉”是打高尔夫的人愉快运动的原因，故空格处填引导原因状语从句的连词。
29. ranging。scenery与range之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用动词-ing形式作定语。
30. is set。主语table与动词set 之间为被动关系，且本段中介绍十月份的特殊事件时均用了一般现在时，故此处用一般现在时的被动语态。
?
完形填空：
话题：家庭
本文是记叙文。文章讲述了作者父亲打高尔夫球的故事。
31. A。32. D。由第一段描述的时间和下文描述“我”父亲拥有多家餐馆可知，父亲在三十五年期间“工作（worked）”得很“辛苦（hard）”。
33. C。能拥有多家餐馆，父亲对自己所取得的成就感到“自豪（proud of）”。
34. D。由下文的provided for all of you可知，努力工作的父亲“供养（provide）”了全家。2-1-c-n-j-y
35. B。由下文父亲准备退休可知，父亲决定“卖掉（sell）”餐馆。
36. C。孩子毕业了，父亲的“工作（job）”也就完成了。
37. C。由上文的If you are graduating可知，此处是说让孩子们“受教育（educated）”。
38. A。由上文的Dad told me he decided to ... the restaurants and retire可知。
39. B。由下文的I can't imagine you doing anything else可知，“我”“只（only）”知道父亲会做饭。
40. D。父亲“回应（replied）”了“我”提出的疑问“..., but what will you do?”。
41. C。“我”从未听说过父亲会打高尔夫球，因此当“我”听父亲说他即将要打高尔夫球时，感到很“震惊（shocked）”。21cnjy.com
42. B。由下文父亲通过打高尔夫球给我们讲人生道理可知，父亲“开始（began）”打球了。
43. B。父亲教“我”和哥哥的正是打高尔夫球这项“运动（game）”。
44. D。由下文父亲时常提醒我们的事情可知，如果我们像打高尔夫一样地生活，我们就会活得“很好（fine）”。
45. D。由上文的stay focused可知，父亲告诫我们打球要集中精力，不要“思考（think about）”其他的事情。
46. A。由上文的just know where you want to put the ball可知，集中精力进球，这样你才能“实现（reach）”目标。
47. B。48. C。由上文父亲时常告诫我们的话可知，他希望我们拥有“目标（goals）”，集中精力去获得“成功（success）”。
49. C。由下文的to have fun with friends and family可知，父亲同时也希望我们享受生活，有时间与朋友和家人共度美好时光。enjoy ourselves与have fun相呼应。
50. B。父亲所做的一切，让他成为了我们心中“伟大的（great）”偶像。
?
阅读理解：
A篇（兴趣）
?????? 本文是记叙文。文章介绍了尼日利亚女洗车工Aliyu自食其力的故事。
51. A。细节理解题。根据第三段可知，Aliyu的母亲曾经是家里唯一的经济支柱，自从母亲去世后，她就承担起供养妹妹和弟弟上学的重任，故Aliyu洗车的目的是为了养家糊口。
52.? A。推理判断题。根据第五段Mohammed说的话可知答案。
53. D。推理判断题。Aliyu是尼日利亚北部唯一的一位女性洗车工，最近有妇女向她寻求开洗车行的建议，由此可知， Aliyu为尼日利亚的女性树立了榜样。
54. B。推理判断题。根据第四段的I hate laziness or depending on somebody else可知Aliyu很独立；根据最后一段的I see men doing something and I think I can do it too可知Aliyu很自信。
B篇（节假日活动）
本文是应用文。文章是关于一项活动的广告。
55. B。细节理解题。根据文章的When: Saturday, February 8th from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m., rain or shine可知，无论天气状况如何，该活动都会如期举行。
56. A。细节理解题。根据文中对苹果派竞赛的描述Just bring your pie to the pie table on the morning of the fair可知。
57. D。细节理解题。根据文中的Tickets are only $2 each可知。
C篇（饮食健康）
?????? 本文是说明文。一项最新研究表明，早餐对一个人的心脏健康具有重要意义。
58. D。主旨大意题。从文中多次提及的breakfast和heart problems可知，本文主要探讨早餐对于心脏健康的重要性。
59. D。细节理解题。根据第三段中的The take-home message is to eat in the morning when you wake up, preferably within an hour可知，Dr Leah Cahill认为最好在醒来一小时之内吃早餐。
60. A。词义猜测题。由文章第一段的breakfast helped people resist sugary snacks以及本段tempting之前的less一词可知，吃早餐可以减少临近中午时饼干对自己的诱惑。故此处tempting有“有诱惑力的”之意。 　　21*cnjy*com
61. D。推理判断题。根据最后一段中的These researchers only looked at men aged over 45, so we would need to see further research to prove that breakfast has the same effect on the heart health of other groups of people可以推出，Victoria Taylor认为，为了进一步确切证实早餐对人们心脏健康的重要性，研究者在该项研究中应该对其他年龄群体展开调查。
D篇（社会）
本文是新闻报道。文章报道了美国摄影师Lia Barrett拍摄的模拟人类在水中生活场景的作品。
62. C。细节理解题。由第三段的to create a fantastic underwater world in which humans go about everyday tasks和第四段的to do photo shoots I had only dreamed of before可知，29岁的美国摄影师Lia Barrett梦想在水下拍摄人类进行日常活动的愿望实现了。
63. D。推理判断题。由第三段的brave divers competing at the Caribbean Cup和第四段的I took advantage of their breath-holding skills可推知，在洪都拉斯举办的该项比赛主要展示了潜水选手的憋气能力。
64. A。细节理解题。Barrett时常被问到她的这张照片是否是用Photoshop处理过的，由此可知，很多人认为这张照片不真实。
65. D。细节理解题。根据最后两段可知，在返回海面时，为了预防可以导致致命性眩晕的减压病的发生，潜水模特缓慢上升，并在中途停留了11分钟。
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七选五：
话题：日常活动
?????? 本文是记叙文。文章是关于Maya去邮局寄饼干的故事。
66. G。由下文饼干是Maya和爷爷一起做的可知，爷孙俩去邮局是为了给Jacob寄饼干。
67. D。由下文Vivian向Maya介绍邮寄东西的过程可知应该选D项。
68. C。由上文的the code可知此空是介绍编码的作用。
69. E。由上文“包裹放入飞机”和下文“飞机降落，包裹送到邮政服务中心”可知，Maya的包裹乘坐飞机到达Jacob所在的地方。
70. F。由Maya想象Jacob感谢她的方式可知F项符合文意。
Developing Countries and Pollution
Industrial pollution is a more complicated problem in developing countries than in developed economies. There are greater structural obstacles to preventing and cleaning up pollution. These obstacles are largely economic, because developing countries do not have the resources to control pollution to the extent that developed countries can. On the other hand, the effects of pollution may be very costly to a developing society, in terms of health, waste, environmental degradation, reduced quality of life and clean-up costs in the future. An extreme example is concern for the future of children exposed to lead in some mega cities in countries where leaded gasoline is still used, or in the vicinity of smelters. Some of these children have been found to have blood lead levels high enough to impair intelligence and cognition. Industry in developing countries usually operates short of capital compared to industry in developed countries, and those investment funds that are available are first put into the equipment and resources necessary for production. Capital that is applied toward control of pollution is considered “unproductive” by economists because such investment does not lead to increased production and financial return. However, the reality is more complicated. Investment in control of pollution may not bring an obvious direct return on investment to the company or industry, but that does not mean that there is no return on investment. In many cases, as in an oil refinery, control of pollution also reduces the amount of wastage and increases the efficiency of the operation so that the company does benefit directly. Where public opinion carries weight and it is to the advantage of a company to maintain good public relations, industry may make an effort to control pollution in its own interest. Unfortunately, the social structure in many developing countries does not favor this because the people most negatively affected by pollution tend to be those who are impoverished and marginalized in society. Pollution may damage the environment and society as a whole, but these are “externalized diseconomies” that do not substantially hurt the company itself, at least not economically. Instead, the costs of pollution tend to be carried by society as a whole, and the company is spared the costs. This is particularly true in situations where the industry is critical to the local economy or national priorities, and there is a high tolerance for the damage it causes. One solution would be to “internalize” the external dis-economies by incorporating the costs of clean-up or the estimated costs of environmental damage into the operating costs of the company as a tax. This would give the company a financial incentive to control its costs by reducing its pollution. Virtually no government in any developing country is in a position to do this and to enforce the tax, however. In practice, capital is rarely available to invest in equipment to control pollution unless there is pressure from government regulation. However, governments are rarely motivated to regulate industry unless there are compelling reasons to do so, and pressure from their citizens. In most developed countries, people are reasonably secure in their health and their lives, and expect a higher quality of life, which they associate with a cleaner environment. Because there is more economic security, these citizens are more willing to accept an apparent economic sacrifice in order to achieve a cleaner environment. However, in order to be competitive in world markets, many developing countries are very reluctant to impose regulation on their industries. Instead, they hope that industrial growth today will lead to a society rich enough tomorrow to clean up the pollution. Unfortunately, the cost of clean-up increases as fast as, or faster than, the costs associated with industrial development. At an early stage of industrial development, a developing country would in theory have very low costs associated with the prevention of pollution, but hardly ever do such countries have the capital resources they need to do so. Later, when such a country does have the resources, the costs are often staggeringly high and the damage has already been done. Industry in developing countries tends to be less efficient than in developed countries. This lack of efficiency is a chronic problem in developing economies, reflecting untrained human resources, the cost of importing equipment and technology, and the inevitable wastage that occurs when some parts of the economy are more developed than others. This inefficiency is also based in part on the need to rely on outdated technologies which are freely available, do not require an expensive license or that do not cost as much to use. These technologies are often more polluting than the state-of-the-art technologies available to industry in developed countries. An example is the refrigeration industry, where the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as refrigerant chemicals is much cheaper than the alternatives, despite the serious effects of these chemicals in depleting ozone from the upper atmosphere and thereby reducing the earth's shield from ultraviolet radiation; some countries had been very reluctant to agree to prohibit the use of CFCs because it would then be economically impossible for them to manufacture and purchase refrigerators. Technology transfer is the obvious solution, but companies in developed countries who developed or hold the license for such technologies are understandably reluctant to share them. They are reluctant because they spent their own resources developing the technology, wish to retain the advantage they have in their own markets by controlling such technology, and may make their money from using or selling the technology only during the limited term of the patent. Another problem faced by developing countries is lack of expertise in and awareness of the effects of pollution, monitoring methods and the technology of pollution control. There are relatively few experts in the field in developing countries, in part because there are fewer jobs and a smaller market for their services even though the need may actually be greater. Because the market for pollution control equipment and services may be small, this expertise and technology may have to be imported, adding to the costs. General recognition of the problem by managers and supervisors in industry may be lacking or very low. Even when an engineer, manager or supervisor in industry realizes that an operation is polluting, it may be difficult to persuade others in the company, their bosses or the owners that there is a problem that must be solved. Industry in most developing countries competes at the low end of international markets, meaning that it produces products that are competitive on the basis of price and not quality or special features. Few developing countries specialize in making very fine grades of steel for surgical instruments and sophisticated machinery, for example. They manufacture lesser grades of steel for construction and manufacturing because the market is much larger, the technical expertise required to produce it is less, and they can compete on the basis of price as long as the quality is good enough to be acceptable. Pollution control reduces the price advantage by increasing the apparent costs of production without increasing output or sales. The central problem in developing countries is how to balance this economic reality against the need to protect their citizens, the integrity of their environment, and their future, realizing that after development the costs will be even higher and the damage may be permanent.
Environmental Issues in Developing Countries
In developing countries seeking to expand their economic activities, consideration for environmental conservation often receives a low priority. In addition, approaches used in industrialized countries often cannot be applied directly in developing countries. In this context, NIES is conducting research on ways to conserve the environment that are appropriate for developing country conditions.
Water quality and air pollution are serious problems in developing countries in the Asian region. Air pollution in major cities marked by many factories and heavy vehicle traffic also have high concentrations of sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter (SPM), at levels Japan experienced in the past. In addition, problems such as damage from acid rain and transboundary pollution are growing more serious. Pollution of rivers and lakes from chemical substances (including agricultural chemicals) and eutrophication (including abnormal growth of toxic algae) are also occurring more frequently, while water shortages and tropical forest destruction are worsening. 21cnjy.com
While many developing countries give economic development the greatest priority, many problems remain with basic needs such as safe drinking water and food, as well as medical and public health services. This situation often hinders progress in addressing environmental problems. In some countries, including Bangladesh, China and India, negative health impacts are growing over large areas due to fluorine and arsenic pollution in air and drinking water. In China, problems caused by sandstorms from the inland deserts have attracted international attention about aerosols and their long distance transport mechanisms. In addition, the local ecological damage and impacts on water resources as a result of construction of the Three Gorges Dam on the Changjiang (Yangtze) River have attracted international concern.
Extensive use of coal in the Chinese industrial town of Taigen causes some of the worst air pollution in the country, and has been linked to respiratory diseases and lung cancer.21·cn·jy·com
Besides those concerns, in recent years, in the context of growing internationalization, a pressing need exists for responses to global environmental risks, such as transboundary acid deposition, dioxins and endocrine disruptors, and global warming. To address such problems, NIES is conducting the following types of research relating to the increasingly complex environmental issues facing developing countries, in cooperation with international institutions and universities:
Environmental monitoring
Field and epidemiological studies to assess impacts on health and ecosystems (including living organisms, rural agricultural productivity, hydrological cycles, scenery, etc.) and development of response measures
Studies for the purposes of environmental risk assessments of regional pollution and global environmental change, as well as consideration of approaches to evaluate risk awareness and raise the interest of the general public 21世纪教育网版权所有
Water pollution countermeasures such as household wastewater treatment facilities and purification technologies using soils and hydroponics based on "eco-engineering" 21教育网
Development of environmental restoration technologies such as "bio-manipulation" that make use of the food chain to boost effectiveness
Consideration of relationships between developed and developing countries (including issues relating to trade and industrial relocation).
Water quality improvement system using "eco-engineering"In addition, through the cooperation of the environmental ministers of China, Japan and Korea, the three countries are working on new research cooperation activities for environmental conservation in East Asia. NIES is involved in the research aspects of this work.
Health Care in Developing World
World political and health officials now agree that the AIDS crisis in Africa and other parts of the developing world is a truly global health care problem.
It requires a broad and comprehensive solution involving governments of both developed and developing nations, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, businesses and individual citizens. 21世纪教育网版权所有
Medicines are one part of the solution to the AIDS crisis.
Pharmaceutical companies are committed to our primary mission of discovery and development of new medicines. Our leading companies are working with the governments of developing nations and international organizations to make AIDS medicines available at or near cost and in some cases for free. The priority, though, should be in preventing the spread of this incurable disease, many experts still agree. Finally, sustainable progress in improving access to health care, including innovative medicines, can only be made through an integrated approach to the current health problems. www.21-cn-jy.com
Many developing countries are not adequately delivering basic health care services, including medicines, to their populations. 21cnjy.com
Countries need functioning public health systems to get health care services and medicines to the sick. 21·世纪*教育网
There are fewer than three doctors per 10,000 people in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. 【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
Storage and distribution systems are nonexistent or are poorly managed, resulting in significant losses of medicines. World Bank estimates that for every $100 spent by African governments on drugs, only $12 worth of medicines reaches patients.
Countries need adequate infrastructure-roads, transportation, electricity, clean water supply-to operate an effective health care system. 21·cn·jy·com
Health facilities are often located in urban areas, far away from rural populations most in need, or are not accessible to large numbers of the population via public transportation. 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
Fundamental economic, social and political issues in many developing nations impede access to health care services and medicines. 21教育网
Impassable roads and weak transportation systems block patients, providers and medicines from reaching health facilities. 2-1-c-n-j-y
Lack of clean water and sewage treatment and overcrowded housing spread disease. 【版权所有：21教育】
Social stigmas surrounding AIDS keep many from turning to the public health system for testing and treatment. 21教育名师原创作品
Governments generally have not made health care a spending priority and have lacked the political will to deal with the AIDS epidemic. 【出处：21教育名师】
Few governments in developing countries have assigned high priority to health care. The level of resources devoted to health care has been grossly inadequate to deal with the HIV/AIDS epidemic effectively. 21*cnjy*com
Health care services have often taken a back seat to defense spending; even worse, there have been instances of available health funds being left unspent due to bureaucratic mix-ups and mismanagement. 2·1·c·n·j·y
Many governments have only recently acknowledged the extent of the HIV/AIDS problems in their countries.
Pharmaceutical companies know the broader challenges in providing access to health care and medicines.
Pharmaceutical companies have collaborated in solving health problems in the past and are deeply involved in the global fight against AIDS and other infectious diseases. 　　21*cnjy*com
PhRMA companies donate badly needed medicines and sponsor and support public health programs around the world in partnership with governments, international agencies and NGOs. www-2-1-cnjy-com
PhRMA companies support the efforts to develop a global, multilateral solution.
Project Hope
The goal of the non-governmental Project Hope, sponsored by the Communist Youth League (CYL) Central Committee and the China Youth Development Foundation, is to support young dropouts in poverty-stricken areas. China, a developing country, faces a shortage of education funds, especially in poverty-stricken areas. More than 30 million children between the ages of 6-14 are unable to attend school or are forced to drop out, with 84 percent of the total number of related youngsters coming from the countryside. Each year, there are 1 million children deprived of education due to poverty.
A group of 11 drop-outs, including Zhang Shengli in Taomugeda Village, Laiyuan County, Hebei Province, received grant-in-aid scholarships from the CYL Central Committee on October 17, 1989. Thereafter, the committee responded to the severe situation in poverty-stricken areas by establishing the China Youth Development Foundation on October 30, 1989 in order to subsidize children unable to go to school. The purpose of the foundation was to "help children with funds collected from society." Subsidization methods include: 1) establishing long-term grant-in-aid programs to help educationally deprived young students with good character return to school in spite of poor family conditions; 2) building and refurbishing schools for poverty-stricken villages; 3) providing teaching aids, writing materials and textbooks; 4) and providing special scholarships enabling outstanding primary and middle school students in poverty-stricken areas to receive college education. During the year, the CYL sponsored the "Project Hope" aimed at supporting young dropouts and promoting the development of basic education in poverty-stricken areas.
Project Hope has attracted the attention and support of all social circles. Deng Xiaoping wrote the inscription "Project Hope" on September 5, 1990, to commemorate the activity. On November 12, 1991, Jiang Zemin, general-secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC), wrote: "Supporting Project Hope and caring for the growth of children". An inscription penned by Premier Li Peng on March 22, 1992, read: "Project Hope helps poor children. Properly operating schools benefits people and future generations".
The 1990s Development Program for Chinese Children promulgated by the State Council in March 1992 formally listed Project Hope as one of the main measures for ensuring the survival, protection and development of children. 21教育名师原创作品
Project Hope's short-term goal is to establish grant-in-aid programs in 328 poverty-stricken counties, with the long-term target centered on ensuring that all Chinese children enjoy the basic right to an education as advanced by the United Nations.
The following key dates represent the development of Project Hope:
The first Hope School opened in Jinzhai County, Anhui Province, in May 1990.
Taiwan artist Ling Feng established the "Overseas Love Care Fund for Project Hope" in 1991. 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
The China Youth Development Foundation implemented the program entitled "Project Hope --Million Love Care Action" on April 15, 1992. The program was jointly implemented by the foundation and project enforcement agencies at all levels nationwide. Donors (individuals or units) are permitted to establish direct ties with a school or provide a dropout from one of the nation's poverty-stricken areas with financial assistance until graduation. The funding offers two assistance programs:
1) Donors are permitted to direct grant-in-aid of 20 yuan to a recipient student for each school term; 2) donors can provide five-year lump grant-in-aid of 200 yuan to be allocated in stages by either the foundation or the Communist Youth League committees on the provincial and autonomous regional level. 21cnjy.com
Poverty-stricken counties in 23 provinces and autonomous prefectures benefit from the project, including counties in Jiangxi, Sichuan, Hebei, Gansu, Hunan, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Yunnan, Hubei, Shanxi, Guizhou, Henan, Guangdong, Qinghai, Anhui, Fujian, Shandong and Liaoning provinces and the Xinjiang Uygur, Ningxia Hui, Inner Mongolia and Guangxi Zhuang autonomous regions. 21·cn·jy·com
The Million Love Care Action ended in 1992, with an additional 50,000 people from both at home and abroad applying with the foundation for participation in the "one-on-one" donation activity. 21*cnjy*com
The foundation sponsored a second round of the "Project Hope --Million Love Care Action" in Hebei, Guangdong, Liaoning and Hunan provinces in April 1993. The efforts provided an additional 5,000 youngsters receiving education assistance. They enabled all young dropouts in poverty-stricken counties in Zhejiang and Sichuan provinces return to school during that same year. 【出处：21教育名师】
Project Hope's grant-in-aid ceilings were raised to 30 yuan per school term in September 1993. 【版权所有：21教育】
The first Hope School funded by UNESCO opened in Humaying Village, Humaying Town in Fengning Manchu Autonomous County, Hebei Province, on September 10, 1993.
The Government Work Report presented during the Second Plenary Session of the Eighth National People's Congress in 1994 clearly stipulated that Project Hope should continue with the support of Chinese society. www.21-cn-jy.com
The Project Hope National Supervisory Committee was founded on December 28, 1994. 【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
The six-level--national, provincial, prefecture, county, town and school-- Project Hope network was established by the end of 1994. A short time later, the China Youth Development Foundation established the computerized Project Hope Management Information System to ensure a strict management system subject to annual audits. The foundation has also introduced the Project Hope Social Supervision Day to ensure the standardization and transparency of the management system.
The year of 1995 was designated as the "Project Hope Management Year". At the beginning of the year, the foundation proceeded with the support of a number of domestic publishing houses, including the China Youth Publishing House and the China Juvenile's and Children's Publishing House, and organized a special working agency to select and compile outstanding children's books published over the past few decades. The 500-volume series entitled "Hope House of Books" is divided into seven subject areas--famous literary works, history, culture and arts, science and technology, ecology, dictionaries and reference books, and practical skills. The series was published with donated funds and has since been distributed to schools in poverty-stricken areas. A total of 5 million volumes of the Hope House of Books had been released by July 1996.
Project Hope's grant-in-aid ceiling for recipient students was raised from 300 to 400 yuan on April 25, 1995, with investment standards for the construction of a Hope School raised from 200,000 to 500,000 yuan. Local governments' donations and funds raised locally have been used to build new Hope Primary Schools. New donation avenues have been introduced to encourage an individual or a unit to donate 100,000 yuan to fund repairs of a village Hope Primary School. An individual or a unit can also donate 3,000 yuan to provide a set of the Hope House of Books to a village school. 21世纪教育网版权所有
The foundation stone for China's first Hope Middle School--the Shanghai Bell Nationality Hope Middle School in Wangcun Town, Yongshun County, Hunan Province--was laid on July 6, 1995. Shanghai Bell Telephone Manufacturing Co. Ltd. donated 600,000 yuan to construct the school building and gate, with the local government allocating an additional 600,000 yuan for a science and technology building. Educational funds received since 1996 have mainly been used to expand the facility.
Project Hope had received a total of 692 million yuan in donations by the end of 1995, with accumulated expenditures standing at 396 million yuan. Related funds have helped more than 1.25 million drop-outs in poverty-stricken areas return to school, facilitated the construction of 2,074 Hope Primary Schools and led to the distribution of the Hope House of Books series to more than 10,000 primary schools.
The number of dropouts aged between 6-14 fell to 18.36 million in 1995, down 14.51 million on the figure listed in the 1990 National Census. It accounted for 8.38 percent of the total school-age population by the end of that year, down by a dramatic 18.62 percent on 1990. The number of illiterate people aged 15-19 dropped by a wide margin in 1995. 21教育网
The China Administration of Posts and Telecommunications issued a set of Project Hope Telephone Magnetic Cards in 1996. The two-card set had a face value of 32 yuan, including a two-yuan donation earmarked for the Project Hope. Two million cards were issued with funds raised going for the construction of 15 Hope Primary Schools and the distribution of 300 sets of the Hope House of Books.
Project Hope realized its goal of establishing primary schools in 592 poverty-stricken counties and donating 10,000 sets of the Hope House of Books by the end of 1996. 2·1·c·n·j·y
The China Youth Development Foundation readjusted its grant-in-aid standards for Project Hope once again in January 1997, with the recipient ceiling raised from 40 to 50 yuan per school term. However, the grant-in-aid standard for enabling a student to complete primary schooling remained at 400 yuan. The new standard went to effect on September 1, 1997. 21·世纪*教育网
Project Hope received a registered service trademark from the Trade Mark Bureau of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce in May 1997 and became the first registered Chinese public welfare social organization with legal protected intellectual property rights. The foundation introduced its last round of national donation activities for Project Hope at the end of May, with commercial banks handling donations in the largest-ever fund-raising effort. The foundation launched the youngsters' love-care savings deposit activity together with the Agricultural Bank of China. Related donations were handled by the Construction Bank of China's business network. A joint program entitled "A Million Enterprises Donating 100 Yuan Each for the Project Hope " was launched in conjunction with the China Industrial and Commercial Bank. www-2-1-cnjy-com
On March 1, 1998, the China Youth Development Foundation announced that Project Hope implementing institutions at all levels had received total donations of 1,257,329,080 yuan by the end 1997, with assistance outlays of 975,100,598 yuan. The project provided assistance to 1,847,025 drop-outs and supported the construction of 5,256 Hope Schools. 2-1-c-n-j-y
The foundation will easily realize the goal of providing financial assistance to 3 million dropouts and establishing 6,000 Hope Schools by the end of the century.
On May 11, 1998, the Project Hope National Supervisory Committee announced that the China Youth Development Foundation had initiated a comprehensive audit of financial assistance to more than 1.8 million children. The audits focus on the current status of areas receiving support; establishing and improving detailed rules and regulations for providing financial support for students deprived of their right to an education; the effort of recipient areas to promote and implement the management of donations; the administration and education of recipient students; the distribution of grants-in-aid; the management of letters of acknowledgment of donations; and continuing supervision. 　　21*cnjy*com
Shanghai's Qingpu County donated 2 million yuan to Project Hope in June 1998. The youth foundation used the donation to establish a special fund to support the construction and development of a Project Hope National Agricultural Scientific and Educational Base. The base will provide a solid foundation for carrying out the strategy of "using science and technology to develop the nation" and will promote basic education in poverty-stricken areas. The base, which will cover 100 hectares in Liansheng Town, Qingpu County, is scheduled to open on the 10th anniversary of the founding of Project Hope.
格勒诺布尔
格勒诺布尔为法国第6大城市，是法国的工业重镇之一，其工业门类主要包括：电力、供电、微电子、信息、电脑及芯片、造纸、食品加工、冬季运动服装等。此地工业的发展得力于当地雄厚的科研实力。格市南部还辟有“科技研究工业园”，以中小型高新技术研究机构为主，主要集中在计算机技术、自动化、遥控、低温、造纸等领域。全市有二万多科技人员辛勤耕耘在各高科技领域。该市有许多科研机构是世界顶尖级的：核能研究中心、信息技术和电子研究所；法、德、英合作的中子反应堆（已有20年历史）；欧洲十国合作的全欧洲唯一的同步加速器；德法合作的天文观测研究中心；法德合作的强磁场研究所等。格勒诺布尔在法国的信息、网络与计算机技术领域占据特别重要的地位，它的通信设施建设在法国是数一数二的，号称 “法国硅谷”。格市素有在科研和学术方面进行国际合作的优良传统，每年有大量的国际性学术会议在此召开。
格勒诺布尔得益于比邻欧洲著名的阿尔卑斯山的区位优势，旅游业四季不息，尤其格市的滑雪场是欧洲一流的。该市体育事业发达，有各种完善的体育设施。是法国著名的冬季运动城，一九六八年冬季奥运会曾在这里举行。
格勒诺布尔处于欧洲的心脏--罗纳和阿尔卑斯大区，这里是法国最富裕的地区之一。它位于法国的里昂，瑞士的日内瓦和意大利的都灵之间，是重要的交通要道，人口约50万。格勒诺布尔是法国伊泽尔省省会，市区循谷地扩展，四周峰峦耸立，同时市区又非常平坦。阿尔卑斯山就在格市旁边，仿佛是格市的守护神。格勒诺布尔的气候受地形影响很大，春天多雨，夏季短暂而凉爽，秋日晴朗，冬天不寒冷。格市的城徽以金黄色为底，其上有三朵红玫瑰，象征着格市的三大经济支柱：工业，科教和旅游业。
牛津城
牛津大学不同于其它的大学，城市与大学融为一体，街道就从校园穿过。大学不仅没有校门和围墙，而且连正式招牌也没有。楼房的尖塔在烟雨蒙蒙中若隐若现，高高的石墙上爬满老藤，稀疏的绿叶中绽放着红红的花朵，小城显得古朴素雅。牛津城的建筑古色古香，分属于不同历史年代的不同建筑流派。在牛津街道上散步，不就像回到了历史之中吗？这风情万种的建筑，这云飞浪卷的校园，这几百年积淀的斑斓文化。 英国人把牛津当做一种传统，一种象征，一种怀恋和一种追寻。在那里可以回忆起过去的美好时光，可以重温昔日的辉煌。市内有圣迈克尔教堂的萨克森人塔楼，诺曼人碉堡和城墙遗址等等，处处给人以历史的纵深感，难怪英国有一句民谚：“穿过牛津城，犹如进入历史”。 齐尔维河和爱西斯河（泰晤士河流经本市之名）的河滨步道，你也可租艘平底船，在齐尔维河上消磨悠闲的午后。 牛津的学院中有许多中世纪建筑瑰宝，并且群聚在市中心周围。街两旁布满中世纪的四合院，每个四合院就是一所学院，由于在当时学术是教会的专利，因此学院都以修院式建筑来设计，不过四周往往围绕着美丽的庭园。尽管大多数的学院这些年来多有改变，但是依然融合许多原有特色。每所学院均有其辉煌的历史、神话般的建筑遗迹，可以描画出各种有趣的史实。初到牛津的共同印象，均会觉得每个学院都像是中国各地那些破旧的古庙，一进门就给人一种寂寞与荒凉的感觉。 因为每个学院完全是中世纪修道院的模样，这也反应牛津人强烈的思古情怀。 城内多塔状建筑，故又得名“塔城”。中世纪的塔楼古色古香，文艺复兴风格的建筑，弥漫着浪漫气息；位于民众方庭的图书馆，建于1371年，是英格兰最古老的图书馆；大学植物园，建于1621年，是英国最早的教学植物园；蜿蜒曲折，幽深绵长的皇后小巷，从牛津建校一直保留到现在，快700年历史了，路边的石凳长满了青苔，让人回忆起牛津的起始。王尔德坐过的木凳，肖伯纳倚过的书架，都照原样没动。外面环境如此，走进楼内，让人更加感到历史的份量。在学校最早的图书馆韩夫瑞公爵图书馆里，时光仿佛是静止不动的，寂静充满了这书本的圣殿。从地板到屋顶，全是手稿和未刊资料，它们像宝库一样等待着后来的人去开发。 雷德克利夫广场（Radicliffe Square） 是大学举行庆典及各项文艺活动的中心，这是整个古城的中心，它远隔了主要街道的喧闹。附近红砖地的铜鼻小巷 （Brasenose Lane），巷中三两行人，绿树遮天，让人觉得心阔神逸。圣玛利教堂（St.Mary's Church）座落於广场南边，十七世纪前，学校的主要庆典、音乐会都在这举行。广场西侧是建於1509的 Brasenose College ，学院因创校时，大门上有一只铜制的“狮鼻扣门环”而得名。学院正门的天庭中，有一座宝蓝色的日晷钟，但因为英格兰特有阴霾天气，一个夏天，也没能见到几次钟上的日影。有人说：「英国只有气候，没有天气。」并不夸张，往往一日之间可以见到下雪、下雨、甚至出太阳，是很平常的情况。 21·cn·jy·com
广场的西角是建於十五世纪的神学院（Divinity School）, 有古典式圆顶的雷德克利夫建筑是牛津很特殊的建筑。它是图书馆的原始建筑。早期作为大学的研讨教室之用，现在改为大学图书馆 Bodlien Library的阅览室。
克莱斯特教堂被牛津人亲切呼为“The House”。灵圣学院（All S0u1s C011ege)是牛津众多学院中唯一没有大学生的学院，因为学院中只有研究生，因而被视为世界最具学术权威的高级学府之一。城东的莫德林学院的城堡，被人们称为“凝固了的音乐”，的确优美异常。钟楼以大青石砌筑，朝天高指。据说，楼内挂着十口铁钟，当它们相继敲响时，仿佛一曲雄浑磅礴的交响乐！ 建于十七世纪的谢尔登尼安剧院是列恩所设计的第一栋建筑，是牛津大学传统授予学位典礼的举行场地。。每年夏天，学期结束时，身披黑袍，头戴方帽的学子们，将列队经过大街，进入剧院，在此获得被授予学位的荣誉。
叹息桥(THE BRIDGE OF THE SIGHS)甚美, 这座优美的地标建于1914年，是威尼斯陡峭拱桥的复制品，连接赫特福学院(HERTFORD COLLEGE)。 圣母教堂：据说此大学校用教堂是英格兰最多人参观的教区教堂，包括塔楼的古老部分建于14世纪初，从塔顶可以欣赏秀丽风光。教堂是三位牛津殉道者在1555年被称为异教徒地方。建筑的最大特色是建于1637年的巴洛克式南门廊。 林肯学院：中世纪学院保存最好的一所。校舍仍然保留早期屋顶，包括用来散烟的裂口。 21世纪教育网版权所有
莫德林学院：是既典型又美丽的牛津学院。其15世纪方园的风格于齐尔维河畔为莫德林桥横跨的公园成对比。 最可贵的是图书馆中，藏有许多名家文章、乐曲的手稿。这些手稿置於精致的玻璃柜中供人叁观。但当每位参观者看完后，管理人员立刻用黑色的绒布覆盖起来，其对古物的珍惜保藏之情，可见一斑。21教育网
大学目前庆典活动的主要场地?薛多年剧院（Sheldonian Theatre），座落於广场的正北方。在十七世纪左右，由於圣玛利教堂神职人员，抗议过多的活动在教堂举行，影响了教堂清修。於是在一六六九年，由当时的大学校长Sheldonian大主教，筹资兴建这座剧院。剧院的对面就是世界第二大书店Blackwell 书店，在这可以买到或邮购到世界各地的书籍。 牛津是学术机构的天下。牛津共有104个图书馆。其中最大的博德利图书馆于1602年开放，比大英博物馆的图书馆早150年，现有藏书600多万册，拥有巨大的地下藏书库。剑桥也有近100个图书馆，藏书约500多万册，每年购书经费约300万英镑（折合4000多万人民币）。根据1611年英国书业公所的决定，英国任何一家出版社的图书都必须免费提供一册给牛津和剑桥的图书馆，至今如此。 21cnjy.com
牛津的书店几乎与图书馆一样多，大大小小也有100多个。有世界上最大的学术性书店布莱克韦尔书店（Blackwel）,也有许多非常小但内蕴丰富的旧书店。百年老店布莱克韦尔创建于1897年，坐落在博德林图书馆的对面，在销售图书的同时它还从事出版事业。从外表看，这家书店虽仅有三个不大的店面，但书店的三层楼和地下层连通，最顶层还有二手书店，书的数量和种类多到找书必须借助指示牌的地步。书店中那块从开张就有的著名木牌镶在墙上。牌上仍然是一百多年前开张时的那段让人高兴的话：“没有人会来问你要什么，你想随手翻阅任何书籍，尽管自便。如果你需要，店里职员随时为你服务。不论顾客来看书或是买书，都会受到一样的欢迎。”它在英国有78家连锁店，仅牛津就有10多家分店，分别经营艺术、文学等分类图书和音像资料。另外在其他国家也有许多分店。而且现在通过网络，读者可以迅速查书、订书、购书，享受一流的国际性服务。1994年6月8日美国总统克林顿回母校牛津大学参加荣誉院士的授予仪式，还特地到这家书店买书。而书摊则随处可见。 www.21-cn-jy.com
另外，在牛津博物馆也是重要的文化代表。其中阿什莫尔博物馆（Ashmolean Museum）建于1683年，是英国第一座博物馆，比大英博物馆（British Museum）早70年，现为英国第二大博物馆。其他如牛津故事博物馆、科学史博物馆、庇特河流人种史博物馆、现代艺术博物馆、大学自然历史博馆等，它们在自然科学、艺术、文化等领域都享有很高的声誉。
牛津大学
牛津大学有历史、有世界声誉。尽管由于国家和资源的优势相对衰落，牛津和剑桥高居于世界大学之冠的日子早已不再。但它仍在英国社会和高等教育系统中具有极其重要的地位，也仍然有着世界性的影响。英国甚至全世界教育界，言必称牛津；英国和世界很多的青年学子们都以进牛津为理想。
19世纪以前的英国，仅有牛津和剑桥两所大学，而剑桥大学也是13世纪初由牛津的部分师生创办的。在历史上，许多著名的人物曾就读于牛津，其中包括：13世纪的著名学者马杰培根，14世纪曾任贝利奥尔学院院长，历史上第一部完整的英译本《圣经》的组织者、开英国宗教改革先声的约翰威克利夫，16世纪的文学家沃尔特雷利和约翰多恩，18世纪发起宗教复兴运动，创立卫理公会的约翰韦斯利和查尔斯韦斯利，文学翻译家塞缪尔约翰逊，19世纪的儿童文学家查尔斯道奇森等。在英国历史上40个首相中，就有29个是牛津毕业生，包括当代英国最著名的政治家哈马德-威尔逊、爱德华-希思、玛格丽特-撒彻尔,还有现在的首相汤尼-布莱尔。牛津大学的毕业生中还有一位欧洲国家的总统、一位挪威国王、5位美国参议员，澳大利亚内阁1/3的成员。现代文学家格林、奥登等人也毕业于牛津。近代科学闻人如写时间简史的史蒂芬-霍金和证明费马大定理的安德鲁-怀尔斯就都是在牛津读学士后在剑桥做博士的。牛津大学毕业生中还有21位获诺贝尔奖。 21·cn·jy·com
目前，牛津共有29个学院，它们和学校的关系就象美国中央政府与地方政府的关系那样采用联邦制形式。每一所学院都由Head of House和几个Fellows管理，他们都是各种学术领域的专家，其中大多数在学校都有职位。6个准学院（称为“永久性私人学堂”-Permanent Private Halls、为各宗教教派所办），至今还保留着它们的宗教特许状。此外还有一个继续教育学院。在35个学院中，众灵学院目前没有学生，只有院士（包括访问院士）。各学院规模不等，但都在500人以下，学生、教师（院士）来自不同的专业学科。 www.21-cn-jy.com
除学院外，牛津大学的教学和研究活动（尤其是后者）主要由学部来组织，学部不是大学内的自治单位，它们都是跨学院的机构，不附属于任何一个学院，不过各学部的教师和学生首先必须是牛津大学内某一学院的一员。牛津现有16个学部：人类学和地理学学部，生物科学学部，临床医学学部，英语和文学学部，法学学部，经典、哲学和古代历史学部，数学学部，中世纪和现代语言学部，现代历史学部，音乐学部，东方学学部，物理科学学部，生理科学学部，心理学学部，社会学学部，神学学部，文科学部下一般不再分系，理科学部下又分成30多个系，有的学部还设一些中心和研究所。此外，有的研究所（如教育研究所，招收有研究生）不隶属于上述各学部，而直属于大学。 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
牛津的研究力量雄厚，在其教师队伍中，就有83位皇家学会会员，125位英国科学院院士。在数学、计算机科学、物理、生物学、医学等领域，它都名列英国乃至世界前茅。近些年来，牛津不仅在文科而且在理科、不仅在基础科学而且在应用科学研究中都取得了举世瞩目的成就。 www-2-1-cnjy-com
在生物医学领域，自从弗雷明在伦敦发现青霉素后，本世纪40年代牛津的科学家弗罗里和蔡恩就将它投入临床应用，结果3人共享诺贝尔奖。今天用得最广的抗生素1955年为牛津的爱德华·阿布拉罕发现。牛津也致力于将分子生物学应用于临床，将核磁共振原理应用于医疗诊断，在发现人体的免疫瓜系统和应用基因工程技术于临床问题方面，牛津亦起领导作用。该校在爱滋病毒、移植手术和遗传病研究等方面也很有潜力。1987年，斯奎波父子公司赠予该校药学系2,000万英镑，以支持他们的研究工作。 21·世纪*教育网
在环境科学领域，牛津的研究涉及森林史、气候变化、遥感、土地利用、野生动物保护、家畜管理、污染、腐蚀、沙漠侵犯等众多课题。 牛津的固体物理、高磁学、激光研究、基本粒子研究和大气物理学等均在世界上占领先地位。物理系的克拉伦登实验室在世界核研究领域中起着特殊的作用。基础研究还导向重要的工业开发，包括建立了如牛津仪器公司和牛津激光公司之类的企业。 21教育网
仅在化学系，牛津目前就拥有4位诺贝尔奖得主。该校在蛋白质、新型无机材料合成、分子的计算机辅助设计等方面都有重大成果问世，并在化工、医药、微电子工业等领域推广应用。 21cnjy.com
牛津在地球内部动力学、陆界变形研究、低温处理和古生物学等领域也很有成就。牛津数学研究所在许多数学分支学科中居于世界前列，计算机科学研究在国内外亦有一定地位。牛津被国际上公认为英国的经济学中心。不仅金融、管理学科专家、而且法学、心理学和自然科学的专家也参加到经济学研究中来。1987年，进入工商界的牛津毕业生已超过在其他行业就业的人数。 牛津的发展经济学和国际关系研究亦很活跃进, 还被誉为研究当代中国最活跃的中心之一。 21世纪教育网版权所有
牛津大学有许多杰出的神学家、哲学家、法学家、历史学家、音乐家、文学家和文艺评论家，它的政治学、地理学、社会学、心理学力量都相当强。 牛津的博德利图书馆是英国第二大图书馆（仅次于大不列颠图书馆），藏书600万册。 2·1·c·n·j·y
牛津出版社举世闻名，是世界上最大的大学出版社。尤其是它的20卷《牛津英语词典》，享誉全球。
对青年学生来说，进牛津读书，应该说是佼佼者的机会，是既痛苦又诱惑无限的事情，是光荣之路。然而，对英国社会来说，光荣之外另有深意。牛津、剑桥是通向最高权力的重要而又充满希望的途径。他们每年为英国培养出一批知识权贵，其中的一些人将登上权力的高峰。随便举一个例子就可以看出这种诱惑的分量。1979年那一届议会，339名保守党议员中，有94名来自牛津、75名来自剑桥。这些校友们又组成俱乐部、校友会，互相提携，同甘共苦，而且，由父一辈到子一辈，形成一个关系网，试想想，这该是一种什么局面？
1963年，英国《金融时报》社长、伦敦经济学院院长罗宾斯提出了《罗宾斯报告》。指责牛津、剑桥的垄断地位和所带来的默守成规、保守难变的严重影响。当时的英国政府深以为然，在48小时内就批准了这份报告。政府决定创办更多的大学以冲淡牛津、剑桥的影响。很快，8所大学就开工了。但是人们惊诧地发现，8所大学几乎和牛津、剑桥没有什么两样，校舍的建筑风格，校园的气派和格局，仿佛从牛津、剑桥描过来的，更有意思的是，这8所大学，都分别由一位来自牛津或剑桥的副校长担任校长。
but, however, while, although和though用法小结
【观察】阅读下列句子，注意各句中黑体单词的用法。
1. We have made some achievements, but we should be modest.
2. He promised to help me. However, he is busy and hasn’t come.
3. She felt ill. She went to work, however, and tried to concentrate.
4. He said that it was so; he was mistaken, however.21·cn·jy·com
5. You like sports, while I’d rather read.
6. While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you.【出处：21教育名师】
7. Although / Though it was late, she went on working.【版权所有：21教育】
8. Tired though he was, he went on working.?
9. Although he’s got a good job now, he still complains.21*cnjy*com
10. She promised to phone. I heard nothing, though.
【归纳总结】
★but与however均可表示转折，意为“但是，然而”，都可以引出表转折意义的句子（句1-句4），但二者用法也有区别：www.21-cn-jy.com
1. 从语义上看，but所表示的是非常明显的对比，转折的意味较however要强。
2. 从语法上看，but是个并列连词，而however却是个连接副词（句2-句4）。
3. 从语序上看，but总是位于它所引出的分句之首，而however可位于句首、句中或句尾。
4. 从标点上说，but之后一般不使用逗号，但however则通常用逗号与句子其他部分分开。
★连词while的用法
1. 引导表对比关系的并列句，意为“而，然而”（句5）。
2. 引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然，尽管”，多放在句首（句6）。
★although与though的用法
1. although与though用作连词时，意为“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句（句7）。although在大多数情况下可与though通用。但在正式文体中，though可用于一种不以其为首的让步状语从句，这种从句须以形容词等开头，整个从句须置于主句之前（句8），这时although不能替换though。21教育网
2. although / though引导从句时，主句不可再使用but, however等，但可出现副词still等（句9）。21·世纪*教育网
3. though可用作副词，意为“可是，不过”，一般放在句末（句10），但although一般不用作副词。2-1-c-n-j-y
【即学即练】从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. I was glad to meet Jenny again, _____ I didn’t want to spend all day with her.? (2013新课标全国卷II)【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
A. but? ? ??????????????????????????? B. and???? ???? 21教育名师原创作品
C. so??? ?????? ??????????????????? D. or
2. There’s no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery _____ another man, also intelligent, fails.? (2013新课标全国卷I)
A. since?? ??????????????????????????? B. if ???????????
C. as ???? ????????????????????????? D. while??????? 　　21*cnjy*com
3. _____ small, the company has about 1,000 buyers in over 30 countries.?????? (天津2013)21世纪教育网版权所有
A. As????? ????????????????????????? B. If?????? ???????????
C. Although??? ?????????????????? D. Once
4. Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ is often thought to be the richest woman in the world. _____, her personal wealth seems rather small. (安徽2012)2·1·c·n·j·y
A. Besides ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. Otherwise????????? www-2-1-cnjy-com
C. However ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ?????? D. Altogether
5. _____ I always felt I would pass the exam, I never thought I would get an A. (湖南2012)21cnjy.com
A. While ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. Once????????? 【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
C. If ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. Until
答案
【即学即练】1-5 ADCCA
SENTENCE EXPLANATIONS，Book 3 Module 2
请和你的同学一起认真分析下列句子，并补全所缺内容。这种学习方式能逐步提高你理解长难句的能力。
1. 【原句】 The report shows that we are making some progress but that we need to make greater efforts.? (P12)21cnjy.com
【译文】报告显示，我们正在取得进步，但是我们需要作出更大的努力。
【分析】该句是一个主从复合句。主句为“主语（The report）+谓语（shows）”结构。but连接两个由that引导的________从句。21·cn·jy·com
【仿写】老师对我说,我的英语提高了很多,但是我还需更加努力。
_____________________________________________
2. 【原句】 These are among the five richest countries in the world, so it is right that they should do so. (P12)www.21-cn-jy.com
【译文】这些国家属于世界上最富有的五个国家之列，因此它们这样做是理所当然的。
【分析】该句是一个并列复合句。so连接两个分句，二者之间是因果关系。第二个分句中that引导的是________从句，it为________。do so替代上文中提到的give the most money。2·1·c·n·j·y
【仿写】苹果公司是世界上最大的信息技术公司之一，因此它赚了大钱是理所当然的。
_____________________________________________
?
答案
1.【分析】宾语
【仿写】The teacher said to me that I had improved my English a lot but that I still needed to make greater efforts.21世纪教育网版权所有
2. 【分析】主语；形式主语
【仿写】Apple is among the world’s largest information technology companies, so it is right that it’s made big money.21教育网
如何写对比型说明文
【写作任务】
1985年9月5日上海与芝加哥建立友好城市关系，此后两个城市在经济贸易、教育、城市规划、交通、医药等领域开展了诸多富有成效的交流与合作。请你根据表格中的提示信息，用英语写一篇短文来介绍这两个城市。???
友好城市
地理位置
面积
人口
经济
著名景点
上海
中国海岸线（coastline）中部的长江口
6340.5
平方
公里
约2400万
工业和商业中心，拥有中国最大、最繁忙的港口
东方明珠塔（the Oriental Pearl TV Tower），是世界第六高电视塔
芝加哥
美国密歇根湖（Lake Michigan）的西南端
606.1
平方
公里
约270万
工业和商业中心，拥有美国第二繁忙飞机场
西尔斯大厦（Sears Tower），是美国最高的摩天大楼
注意： 1. 词数110左右； 2. 开头和结尾已给出，但不计入总词数； 3. 短文须包括表格中所有内容。21世纪教育网版权所有
Shanghai and Chicago
Although Shanghai and Chicago are very different cities from different countries, they are both very attractive and visited by lots of tourists. 21cnjy.com
_______________________________________________________________________________2·1·c·n·j·y
I like the two cities, though they have some differences.21教育网
【写作指导】
1. 审题定调：
通过比较上海和芝加哥的异同点来介绍这两个城市，属于对比说明文，可以从这两个城市的地理位置、面积、人口、经济以及景点等方面来比较。
2. 确定主体内容：
该短文可分为三部分：
第一部分：点明所要比较的两个城市并作出总体评价（已经给出）。
第二部分：逐一比较两者的相同点和不同点。
第三部分：总结全文（已经给出）。?
3. 确定人称、时态：
短文以第三人称、一般现在时为主。
4. 核定表达：
★描写相同点：
more or less, like, similarly, likewise, as ... as, be the same with, be equal to, be similar to, So it is with ..., So does ..., There are many similarities between ... and ...
★描写不同点：
unlike, on the contrary, by contrast, while, but, however, on the other hand, whereas, instead of, though, although, be different from, differ from ... in ...,There be ... differences between ... and ..., Neither does it ...21·cn·jy·com
【范文展示】
Shanghai and Chicago
Although Shanghai and Chicago are very different cities from different countries, they are both very attractive and visited by lots of tourists.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle part of China’s coastline 1. ________________________________ (而芝加哥位于美国密歇根湖的西南端). 2. ________________________________ (他们都是工业和商业中心). Shanghai’s port is the biggest and busiest port in China while Chicago has the second busiest airport in the US. 3. ________________________________ (上海比芝加哥人口多). Shanghai covers 6,340.5 km2 but Chicago covers 606.1 km2. Both cities are famous for lots of high-rise buildings. For example, 4. ________________________________ (东方明珠塔是世界第六高电视塔) and Sears Tower in Chicago is the tallest building in the US.21·世纪*教育网
I like the two cities, though they have some differences.www.21-cn-jy.com
答案
【范文展示】
1. while Chicago is at the southwestern tip of Lake Michigan of the US
2. They are both industrial and commercial centreswww-2-1-cnjy-com
3. Shanghai has a larger population than Chicago
4. the Oriental Pearl TV Tower of Shanghai is the sixth tallest TV tower in the world
考点点拨，position，exchange
1. position
【用法】作名词，意为“位置，姿势，处境，态度，地位，职位”等。注意：在定语从句中，先行词是position, point, situation等有地点含义的抽象名词且从句中缺少地点状语时，用where或in which引导定语从句。21cnjy.com
【考例1】From their _____ on the top of the TV Tower, visitors can have a better view of the city.????? (陕西2009)21·cn·jy·com
A. stage?? ????????????????? B. position???
C. condition? ????????????? ?????? D. situation
【点拨】题意：游客们从电视塔顶部的那个位置（position）可以更好地观看这个城市。stage阶段，舞台；condition条件，情况；situation形势，情况。
【考例2】Sales director is a position _____ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.?? (重庆2012)21世纪教育网版权所有
A. which ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. that?? ????? 2·1·c·n·j·y
C. when ? ?? ???????????????????? D. where
【点拨】position在本题中作先行词，意为“职位”，其后的定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导定语从句。【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
2. exchange
【用法】exchange可用作名词，意为“交流，交换，互访”；也可用作动词，意为“交换，交流”。in exchange for作为……的交换。21·世纪*教育网
【考例】It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money _____? favors to them.???? (湖北2010)21教育网
A. in preference to ? ? ? ?B. in place of???
C. in agreement with???? D. in exchange for
【点拨】题意：公职人员向人们索要礼品或金钱作为给人们带来恩惠的交换是非法的。in exchange for（作为……的交换）符合句意。www.21-cn-jy.com