复旦大学附属中学2023学年第一学期
高三年级英语期中考试
Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. Head for the library. B. Give the woman a ride.
C. Meet Tim. D. Go in the woman’s direction.
2. A. The price of the book is too high.
B. The book is reasonable in price.
C. The book is as good as expected.
D. The quality of the book is unsatisfactory.
3. A. He has never been to the lecture hall.
B. He wants to stop and ask for directions.
C. The lecture has already begun.
D. The woman won’t be late.
4. A. She can return the CD to Tom later.
B. She should go home now to get the CD.
C. She should not have taken Tom’s CD back home.
D. She can borrow a CD from Tom when she sees him in class.
5. A. She is looking for another job.
B. She will apply for financial aid next year.
C. She thinks she will not need financial aid.
D. She thinks she is not taking enough classes.
6. A. He enjoyed working as a volunteer.
B. He will not be able to attend the charity sale.
C. He’d like more time to prepare next time.
D. He can’t organize the program again.
7. A. He will meet the man and woman before his psychology class.
B. He is late for an appointment with the man and woman.
C. He forgot to do his assignment for today’s class.
D. He is in the same class as the man and woman.
8. A. She can’t help the man.
B. She owes the man some money.
C. She may ask the man to give her a lift.
D. She doesn’t want to lend the man any money.
9. A. She is too busy to help the man.
B. She is looking for a job on campus.
C. She went to the meeting with her roommate.
D She can get the materials given out at the meeting.
10. A. He has been sick recently.
B. He wants an apartment near his work.
C. He is tired of looking for an apartment.
D He has been looking for a new job for a long time.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. New English words. B. Language change.
C. The history of English. D. Efforts to protect languages.
12. A. Mouse B. Sugar. C. Shampoo D. Bus.
13. A. It is a natural thing.
B. It improves communication.
C. Some new words are incorrect.
D. Some languages are not modern enough.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14. A. A newly-found species of frogs.
B. A recent study about night frogs.
C. Threats night frogs are normally faced with.
D. Frogs in India’s Western Ghats mountain range.
15. A. They are rare in their local areas.
B. They live in some deserted areas.
C. They make calls like some insects.
D. They are the smallest species of frogs in the world.
16. A. They are an ancient species. B. They find no food to feed on.
C. They live close to human beings. D. They have lost their natural habitat.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. The woman’s experience in rock-climbing.
B. The woman’s fight for female rock-climbers.
C. The woman’s dream to excel in rock-climbing.
D. The woman’s achievements as a rock-climber.
18. A. It was her comfort zone.
B. Her friends persuaded her to work at it.
C. The coaches found her exceptional talent.
D. She was drawn to the challenge it presented.
19. A. It is more about endurance.
B. It is more about physical strength
C. It doesn’t focus on the element of competition.
D. It doesn’t emphasize the winning of a competition.
20. A. It is prejudiced and critical. B. It is inclusive and respectful.
C. It is demanding and inflexible. D. It is stressful and unpredictable.
Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
I received an email from a reader who asked, “Why do some friendships end, no matter how much you want them to last ” She referred to ____1____ (see) the question in one of my articles, Mystery of Friendship. As I wrote in it, I don’t think easy answers exist as to how friendships start, why some turn into lifetime ____2____, and why some end. Although I’ve tried answering the first two questions in other articles (To Have A Friend and Be A Friend), I still get surprised by friendships that endure and disillusioned by those that slip away. Even so, I’ll try to offer some insights here as to why friendships end.
My simple answer is that friendships end because the situations ____3____ friends are in or even the friends themselves change. First, the realities friends face may change. The decision to relocate ____4____ a new school or job cannot help but affect a friendship. Likewise, if a friend is in an accident, develops an illness, or loses someone close, these cannot help but affect a friendship. Does a friendship need to end because of these changes No, but it’ll require adjustments that one or both friends ____5____ not be willing to make.
Second, the friends themselves may change. A significant reason why friendships often end ____6____friends are apart for an ____7____ (extend) period of time (for summer camp, college, etc.) is that one or both of the friends change. I think it ____8____ (hurt) less when both friends change, because then the breakup is more often mutual and so both friends get closure by both deciding to let go and move forward in their lives without each other. What tends to hurt most is when just one friend changes. One friend might change social circles, become involved in new social organizations, start to date, get a pet, or take on some other venture that consumes more time and passion. Again, a friendship can endure these changes, ____9____ one or both of the friends for some reason decide not to invest the time and energy involved in the adjustment period. In this situation, breakups may not be mutual and so one or both friends feel betrayed and end up with bitter memories about ____10____ was a precious friendship to them.
【答案】1. having seen
2. ones 3. that##which
4. for 5. might
6. when 7. extended
8. hurts 9. unless
10. what
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了作者对于为什么友谊会结束的几点看法。
【1题详解】
考查时态。句意：她提到在我的一篇文章《友谊的奥秘》中看到过这个问题。分析句子结构可知，固定短语refer to（提到；涉及）后接动名词，根据语境可知，此处表示“读者已经看过这篇文章”，应用动名词的完成时。故填having seen。
【2题详解】
考查代词。句意：正如我在文章中所写的，我不认为存在简单的答案，比如友谊是如何开始的，为什么有些会成为一生的友谊，为什么有些会结束。此处指一些友谊变成“一生的友谊”，为同类异物泛指，应用ones。故填ones。
【3题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：我的简单回答是，友谊的结束是因为朋友所处的环境或者是朋友本身发生了变化。分析句子结构可知，该句为定语从句，先行词the situations指物，从句中缺少宾语，可使用关系代词that或which在从句中作宾语。故填that/which。
【4题详解】
考查介词。句意：为了新学校或新工作而搬迁的决定不得不影响友谊。分析句子结构可知，此处表示“为了新学校或者新工作”而搬家的决定，可使用介词for，表示“为了……”。故填for。
【5题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：不，但这需要你做出调整，而你或你的朋友可能都不愿意做。前文提到友谊可能因为各种原因而结束，如果不想要友谊结束的话，就要其中一方或者双方做出改变，而友谊之所以会结束，就是因为有可能没有人愿意做出改变，空后动词使用了原形，根据语境可知，空处可使用情态动词might，表示“可能”，语气更加委婉。故填might。
【6题详解】
考查连词。句意：朋友长时间不在一起（如参加夏令营、上大学等）友谊常常会终止的一个重要原因是一方或双方改变了。分析句子结构可知，此处表示“当朋友们长时间分开始时”，可使用连词when引导时间状语从句。故填when。
【7题详解】
考查形容词。句意：朋友长时间不在一起（如参加夏令营、上大学等）友谊常常会终止的一个重要原因是一方或双方改变了。分析句子结构可知，空处可使用形容词extended（延长了的）在句中作定语修饰名词period。故填extended。
【8题详解】
考查时态。句意：我认为当朋友双方都改变时，其伤害较轻，因为这时的分手往往是互相的，双方都决定不再交往，从此各奔东西，让友谊终结。空处为宾语从句的谓语，根据语境可知，该句陈述一般事实，应用一般现在时，主语是it，故填hurts。
【9题详解】
考查连词。句意：当然，友谊是经得起这些变化的，除非一方或双方由于某种原因决定不再在友谊调整期内投入必要的时间和精力。分析句子结构可知，空处前后句子结构完整，因此需使用连词连接两个句子，结合语境，使用unless引导条件状语从句，表示“除非”。故填unless。
【10题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：在这种情况下，分手可能不是相互的，所以一个或两个朋友都觉得被背叛了，并以痛苦的回忆结束对他们来说这段宝贵的友谊。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，从句中缺少主语成分，指代事物，应用连接代词what引导从句。故填what。
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. categorise B. creation C. good D. innovative E. maximum F. packed G. pedestrianise H. processing I. shape J. short-lived K. transformation
All Change in Curitiba!
Like many other major world cities, Curitiba in southern Brazil has had to deal with issues such as pollution, poverty, and limited public funding. However, the architect and three-times mayor of the city, Jaime Lerner, has introduced some ____11____ solutions.
As part of his ‘Master Plan’, Lerner hoped to make the city more environmentally friendly. He initiated a recycling scheme. In return for delivering recyclable rubbish to specified ____12____ points, residents receive a bag of vegetables or bus tickets. As a result, Curitiba now has one of the highest recycling rates in the world. Lerner also ordered the ____13____ of 26 urban parks. As well as preventing pollution, these control flooding.
Lerner did not win over all the city’s residents immediately, however. When his plans to ____14____ part of the centre were passed, local businesses were up in arms, fearing a reduction in profits. Realising he needed to act quickly, Lerner had the ____15____ of six blocks completed within three days. When a group of motorists attempted to drive through the new pedestrian area, Lerner arranged for local primary schools to hold a painting workshop on the streets. The drivers were forced to turn back. Luckily for Lerner, this rebellion was ____16____. The increase in profit rapidly persuaded shop owners to change their minds.
Lerner’s determination helped ____17____ the Curitiba of today. The average income per capita has risen from a level that was below the Brazilian average in the 1970s to 66% above the average, and surveys indicate high levels of resident satisfaction.
So, is it all just one big success story In some respects, Curitiba may have been too successful for its own____18____. People and businesses have come to the city, which now has more than 1.8 million residents. This has put the city under enormous stress. Forty years ago, buses transported 54,000 passengers a day. Now the number is 2.3 million. According to some experts, the transport system has reached its ____19____ efficiency capacity. Following a rise in complaints about the noisy and ____20____ buses, the service is in decline.
【答案】11. D 12. A 13. H 14. G 15. K 16. J 17. I 18. C 19. E 20. F
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了发生在库里提巴的改变。
【11题详解】
考查形容词。句意：然而，建筑师兼三届市长Jaime Lerner提出了一些创新的解决方案。前文提到库里提巴在污染、贫穷等方面遇到的问题，后文提到的是市长Lerner做出的创新性的解决办法。空处需使用形容词作定语修饰名词solutions。innovative（创新的）符合文意，故选D。
【12题详解】
考查动词。句意：居民将可回收垃圾送到指定的分类点，作为回报，他们会得到一袋蔬菜或一张公交车票。前文提到“He initiated a recycling scheme”（他发起了一项回收计划。）Lerner发起环保回收计划，因此需要将垃圾放到指定分类点，对垃圾进行分类，然后就会获得蔬菜或公交车票。A项categorise（分类）符合文意。故选A。
【13题详解】
考查名词。句意：勒纳还下令对26个城市公园进行处理。除了防止污染，它们还能控制洪水。后文提到“As well as preventing pollution, these control flooding.”（除了防止污染，它们还能控制洪水。）公园的作用不止于此，说明市长Lerner对公园进行了改造加工。H项processing（加工）符合文意。故选H。
【14题详解】
考查动词。句意：当他将市中心部分地区步行街化的计划获得通过时，当地企业非常反对，担心利润会减少。后文提到“When a group of motorists attempted to drive through the new pedestrian area, Lerner arranged for local primary schools to hold a painting workshop on the streets.”（当一群驾车者试图开车穿过新的步行区时，勒纳安排当地小学在街道上举办绘画讲习班。），说明Lerner想要将市中心区域改造成步行区域。G项pedestrianise（使（某一地区）无车辆行驶，使成为步行区）符合文意。故选G。
【15题详解】
考查名词。句意：勒纳意识到他需要迅速采取行动，他在三天内完成了六个街区的改造。前文提到Lerner要将市中心区域改造为步行街，此处表示他在三天内改造了六个区域。K项transformation（改造）符合文意。故选K。
【16题详解】
考查形容词。句意：幸运的是，叛乱是短暂的。后文提到“The increase in profit rapidly persuaded shop owners to change their minds.”（利润的增加很快使店主们改变了主意。）前文提到店家以为利润会下降而不配合这次改造，但利润的上升让他们改变了主意，说明此次对抗是短暂的。J项short-lived（短暂的）符合文意。故选J。
【17题详解】
考查动词。句意：勒纳的决心塑造了今天的库里提巴。后文提到“The average income per capita has risen from a level that was below the Brazilian average in the 1970s to 66% above the average, and surveys indicate high levels of resident satisfaction.”（人均收入从20世纪70年代低于巴西平均水平的水平上升到高于平均水平66%的水平，调查显示居民满意度很高。）由此判断，Lerner对库里提巴的改造使得人均收入提高，并且居民满意度也上涨，说明他的对库里提巴的改造是成功的。I项shape（塑造；形成）符合文意。故选I。
【18题详解】
考查名词。句意：在某些方面，库里蒂巴可能过于成功了。分析句子结构可知，此处是固定短语for one's own good，意为“为了自己的利益”。C项good（好）符合文意。故选C。
【19题详解】
考查形容词。句意：据一些专家称，运输系统已经达到了最高效率。前文提到“Forty years ago, buses transported 54,000 passengers a day. Now the number is 2.3 million. ”（40年前，公共汽车每天运送54000名乘客。现在这个数字是230万。）由此判断，对于现在的库里提巴来讲，已达到了其最大的运输量。E项maximum（最大限度的）符合文意。故选E。
【20题详解】
考查形容词。随着对公共汽车噪音和拥挤的投诉增多，服务质量正在下降。前文提到公交乘客人数增长过多，可能会导致拥挤的情况。F项packed（拥挤的）符合文意。故选F。
Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
It started with a bit of casual discomfort on the head, but after a week it had spread to the back of my neck, enough to lead me to my laptop. Annoying as it was, I was ____21____ to take up my doctor’s time with such a silly complaint and then have a wasted journey only to be informed that it would clear up by itself and that ____22____ would be of no use at all.
As soon as I’d tapped in ‘online self-diagnosis’, the search engine provided me with over 11.5 million results. And during the time normally spent in the clinic’s waiting room reading the Women’s Weekly, I was able to find a site that would provide a free ____23____ in the comfort of my chair, and with no need for an appointment,
I answered all the questions until I eventually reached a description exactly matching my ____24____. As I clicked on ‘More Information’, I was hit with what I’d never anticipated. The worst case scenario was complete hair loss. I couldn’t have been more ____25____.
I headed off to the doctor for what I thought would be a blood test but which turned out to be a valuable lesson in not ____26____ everything you read on the internet. It took him less than a minute to guess at and locate head lice (虱子). I was relieved to know that I would be ____27____ my hair, and horrified to know that it was being occupied.
I learnt my lesson, but for some the worry caused by ____28____ every ache has led to a new form of hypochondria (疑病症). Named ‘cyberchondria’ by the print media back in 2000, this particular condition has ____29____ greatly. Although most people’s main point of call is still the doctor’s surgery, it’s estimated that ____30____ worries are now the second most researched topic on the web. This is truly a serious concern when about 25%of the medical information online is thought to be ____31____.
Once upon a time, hypochondria required time and effort: you had to go to the library to research your diseases and ____32____ go through the books. Now it’s just a matter of a few clicks of a mouse. But while your doctor will make a diagnosis ____33____ your age, appearance and medical history, a search engine will rely simply on algorithms (算法). These come up with results graded according to popularity or numbers of key words. So the most highly ranked hits might actually be for very genuine disease, which are nonetheless extremely ____34____. One minute you think you’ve come down with the flu, the next you’re under attack from sub-tropical, flesh-eating bacteria. Time spent going to the doctor’s for ____35____ of mind suddenly seems fair enough.
21. A. reluctant B. surprised C. able D. sure
22. A. knowledge B. association C. evidence D. medication
23. A. sample B. assessment C. subscription D. upgrade
24. A. standards B. arguments C. definitions D. symptoms
25. A. fortunate B. touched C. alarmed D. different
26. A. believing B. explaining C. questioning D. covering
27. A. keeping B. losing C. drying D. washing
28. A. taking off B. putting on C. breaking away D. looking up
29. A. dropped B. differed C. increased D. helped
30. A. safety B. health C. access D. money
31. A. available B. accurate C. misleading D. complex
32. A. occasionally B. automatically C. painstakingly D. literally
33. A. bringing to light B. taking into consideration C. putting into practice D. setting on top
34. A. rare B. hard C. large D. simple
35. A. state B. change C. freedom D. peace
【答案】21. A 22. D 23. B 24. D 25. A 26. A 27. A 28. D 29. C 30. B 31. C 32. C 33. B 34. A 35. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了作者因为身体不适，在网上寻医问诊，但网络问诊也存在严重的虚假信息，如果想要准确的信息，还是要去正规的医院找正规的医生。
【21题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然这很烦人，但我不愿意因为这样一个愚蠢的抱怨而占用医生的时间，然后浪费了一次旅行，只被告知它会自己消失，药物根本没用。A. reluctant勉强的；B. surprised惊讶的；C. able能够；D. sure确信的。后文提到“take up my doctor’s time with such a silly complaint and then have a wasted journey only to be informed that it would clear up by itself”（因为这样一个愚蠢的抱怨而占用医生的时间，然后浪费了一次旅行），虽然作者身体不舒服，但是也不愿意浪费医生的时间和自己去旅游的时间，说明作者其实是不情愿去看医生的。故选A。
【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然这很烦人，但我不愿意因为这样一个愚蠢的抱怨而占用医生的时间，然后浪费了一次旅行，只被告知它会自己消失，药物根本没用。A. knowledge知识；B. association联合；C. evidence证据D. medication药物。前文提到“it would clear up by itself”（它会自己消失），由此判断，因为医生有可能说这个症状可能会自己消失，所以作者担心药物治疗没有用。故选D。
23题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在通常在诊所候诊室阅读《女性周刊》的时间里，我找到了一个网站，可以在我舒适的椅子上提供免费的评估，而不需要预约。A. sample样品；B. assessment评估；C. subscription订阅；D. upgrade升级。前文提到“As soon as I’d tapped in ‘online self-diagnosis’, the search engine provided me with over 11.5 million results.”（我一输入“在线自我诊断”，搜索引擎就为我提供了超过1150万条结果。）作者选择在问诊网站上查找自己症状的信息，搜索引擎提供了额超过1150万条结果给作者进行自我评估。故选B。
【24题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我回答了所有的问题，直到我最终找到了与我的症状完全相符的描述。A. standards标准；B. arguments争论；D. definitions定义；D. symptoms症状。前文提到作者因为身体不舒服而去网上问诊，因此回答了网上所有的问题之后，终于找到和自己症状一致的描述。故选D。
【25题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我真是太幸运了。A. fortunate幸运的；B. touched感动的；C. alarmed担忧的；D.different不同的。前文提到“The worst case scenario was complete hair loss.”（最坏的情况是完全脱发。）作者以为自己的头部和脖子不适是很严重的问题，但在网络问诊之后发现自己最坏的情况只是脱发，这对于作者而言是非常幸运的事。故选A。
【26题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我去看医生，本以为是验血，但结果证明这是一个宝贵的教训，不要相信你在网上看到的一切。A. believing相信；B. explaining解释；C.questioning质疑；D. covering覆盖。后文提到“It took him less than a minute to guess at and locate head lice (虱子). ”（他只用了不到一分钟的时间就猜到并找到了头虱。）作者在网上问诊得到的信息是自己可能是脱发的情况，而真的当作者去看了医生之后发现，原来是自己长了头虱，这让作者获得了一个宝贵的教训，不要相信网上的任何事情。故选A。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：得知我的头发还能保住，我松了口气，但得知有生物在占用我的头发，我又感到害怕。A. keeping保存；B. losing丢失；C. drying干燥；D. washing清洗。前文提到“The worst case scenario was complete hair loss.”（最坏的结果就是会脱发）作者在网上问诊之后发现自己有可能是脱发的情况，但在医生检查之后发现并不是脱发，而是头虱，这让作者不仅感叹头发还能保住，但想到自己的头发被头虱占领而又觉得害怕。故选A。
【28题详解】
考查动词词组辨析。句意：我得到了教训，但对有些人来说，每次疼痛都要问诊所引起的担忧，已经导致了一种新形式的疑病症。A. taking off起飞；B. putting on穿上；C. breaking away摆脱；分离；D. looking up查询。前文提到“I learnt my lesson”（我得到了教训），作者在网上问诊以为没什么大事，结果却让自己很吃惊，后文提到“led to a new form of hypochondria (疑病症). ”（已经导致了一种新形式的疑病症），由此判断，其他人在过度在网上问诊，查找自己的病情导致了另外一种新的症状。故选D。
【29题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：早在2000年，纸质媒体就将这种特殊的病症称为“网络疑病症”，现在这种病症已经大大增加了。A. dropped降低；B. differed不同；C. increased增加；D. helped帮助。 前文提到“As soon as I’d tapped in ‘online self-diagnosis’, the search engine provided me with over 11.5 million results.”（我一输入“在线自我诊断”，搜索引擎就为我提供了超过1150万条结果。）由此判断，作者发现虽然很早就提出了“网络疑病症”这一概念，但在作者搜索的时候还是发现了很多相关信息，说明这种现象仍然很多。故选C。
【30题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管大多数人打电话的主要目的仍然是想得到医生的诊断，但据估计，健康担忧现在是网络上第二大被研究的话题。A. safety安全；B. health健康；C. access评估；D. money金钱。前文提到作者在搜索“在线自我诊断”时得到了115万条结果，并且纸媒在2000年就提出“网络疑病症”这一概念，说明人们经常通过网络搜索健康相关的信息。故选B。
【31题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当网上25%的医疗信息被认为具有误导性时，这确实是一个严重的问题。A. available可用的；B. accurate准确的；C. misleading误导的；D. complex复杂的。前文提到“I headed off to the doctor for what I thought would be a blood test but which turned out to be a valuable lesson in not 6 everything you read on the internet.”（我去看医生，本以为是验血，但结果证明这是一个宝贵的教训，不要相信你在网上看到的一切。）由此判断，网上的很多信息是具有误导性的，这是一个非常严重的问题。故选C。
【32题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：曾几何时，疑病症需要时间和精力：你必须去图书馆研究你的疾病，煞费苦心地翻阅书籍。A. occasionally偶尔；B. automatically自然地；C. painstakingly煞费苦心地；D. literally字面意思地。前文提到“hypochondria required time and effort: you had to go to the library to research your diseases”（疑病症需要时间和精力:你必须去图书馆研究你的疾病），以及后文“Now it’s just a matter of a few clicks of a mouse. ”（现在只需要点击几下鼠标。）说明之前如果要进行疾病自我诊断是一件非常难的事情，要费劲心力去查询资料。故选C。
【33题详解】
考查动词词组辨析。句意：但是，当你的医生会根据你的年龄、外貌和病史做出诊断时，搜索引擎只会依赖于算法。A. bringing to light揭露；B. taking into consideration考虑；顾及；C. putting into practice付诸实践；D. setting on top放在上方。后文提到“your age, appearance and medical history”（你的年龄、外貌和病史）说明医生在给病人看病时，会把以上内容也考虑在内，从而给出准确的诊断结果。故选B。
【34题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，排名最高的可能实际上是非常真实的疾病，尽管非常罕见。A. rare少见的；B. hard艰难的C. large大的；D. simple简单的。后文提到“One minute you think you’ve come down with the flu, the next you’re under attack from sub-tropical, flesh-eating bacteria.”（前一分钟你还以为自己得了流感，下一分钟你就受到了亚热带食肉细菌的攻击。）由此判断，在网络问诊时，得到的结果以为是非常常见的流感，但后面找医生诊断时却发现是很少见亚热带食肉细菌感染。故选A。
【35题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：去看医生以获得内心平静所花的时间，突然间显得很公平。A. state状态；B. change改变；C. freedom自由；D. peace平静。前文提到了为了节省时间，同时又想要搞清楚自己身体不舒服的原因而在网上问诊导致的网络疑病症，而真正找医生确诊之后才能获得内心真正的平静。故选D。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
On 15th June 1996, a huge bomb in Manchester, in the north-west of England, destroyed the city centre, causing nearly a billion pounds’ worth of damage. The bomb, which had been planted by a terrorist group called the IRA, injured over 200 people but remarkably killed no one as police had evacuated the area following a warning from the IRA.
Manchester had already undergone some changes as it recovered from the economic depression of the early 1990s that had destroyed much of its industry and created large-scale unemployment. It had won the right to host the Commonwealth Games (a large sporting event) and redeveloped some deserted areas through the building of the National Velodrome, an exhibition centre and an award-winning concert hall. However, at the time of the bombing, the city centre was still badly neglected — dominated by the Arndale Shopping Centre (once described as looking like an enormous public toilet) and squares that were run-down and affected by drug addiction. So, dreadful though the bombing was, it actually provided an opportunity to start again that might not have happened otherwise.
Within weeks of the explosion, the government had set up a public-private company to manage the recovery and launched an international competition to design the redevelopment. The winning plan involved restoring the historic buildings that had been damaged, tearing down and rebuilding some of the ugly buildings, creating new public spaces and improving life for pedestrians. Alongside this, the government reduced traffic in the centre by changing the direction of some main roads and developed an integrated public transport system, making access to the centre easier. Since these improvements, the city has attempted to boost tourism by using some of the city’s historical sites for major public events and by creating the Urbis building, which now houses the National Museum of Football. In turn, these changes have been key in attracting new investors, such as the Qatari royal family who own Manchester City Football Club.
Since 1996, the Manchester economy has grown in all areas. However, there are some concerns that inequality has also increased. Nor are all the new spaces appreciated. One new garden square designed by an international architect was rated as the worst attraction in the city. Others argue that in changing market stalls and industry for luxury consumption and glass buildings, the city has lost some of its soul.
36. What does the word “evacuate” (paragraph 1)most probably mean
A. Looking for something in a place. B. Estimate the losses in a ruined place.
C. Remove people from a place of danger. D. Determine a numerical value of a place.
37. What does the writer say about the 1996 IRA bombing
A. It presented an unexpected opportunity for Manchester.
B. It destroyed the city centre that used to be busy and crowded.
C. It resulted in a lot of people getting hurt or killed in Manchester.
D. It cost Manchester its chance to host the Commonwealth Games.
38. What did Manchester do for its recovery
A. It set up Manchester City Football Club.
B. It organised an international competition to attract new investors.
C. It tore down some historical sites to make room for public events.
D. It developed a public traffic system to make the city center more accessible.
39. What is the passage mainly about
A. Damage Manchester suffered due to the IRA bombing.
B. The IRA bombing in Manchester and its consequences.
C. Challenges related to the redevelopment of Manchester.
D. The long-term effects of the changes made in Manchester.
【答案】36. C 37. A 38. D 39. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了1996年爱尔兰共和军恐怖组织在曼彻斯特投下了一枚炸弹，这次事件实际上给曼彻斯特提供了一个重新发展的机会。
【36题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第一段中“The bomb, which had been planted by a terrorist group called the IRA, injured over 200 people but remarkably killed no one as police had evacuated the area following a warning from the IRA.(这枚炸弹是由一个名为“爱尔兰共和军”的恐怖组织安放的，造成200多人受伤，但引人注目的是没有造成人员死亡，因为警方在爱尔兰共和军发出警告后已经evacuated该地区)”可知，这没炸弹没有造成人员死亡，这是因为警方在爱尔兰共和军发出警告后将该地区的人员进行了疏散。由此推知，单词evacuate意为“疏散”，与C项“把人们从危险的地方带走”意思接近。故选C。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“So, dreadful though the bombing was, it actually provided an opportunity to start again that might not have happened otherwise.(因此，尽管爆炸很可怕，但它实际上提供了一个重新开始的机会，否则可能不会发生这种情况)”可知，1996年爱尔兰共和军爆炸案给曼彻斯特带来了一个意想不到的机会。故选A。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“Alongside this, the government reduced traffic in the centre by changing the direction of some main roads and developed an integrated public transport system, making access to the centre easier.(与此同时，政府通过改变一些主要道路的方向，减少了市中心的交通量，并开发了一个综合公共交通系统，使前往市中心更加容易)”可知，曼彻斯特为了它的复苏，发展了一个公共交通系统，使城市中心更容易到达。故选D。
【39题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，由其是第一段“On 15th June 1996, a huge bomb in Manchester, in the north-west of England, destroyed the city centre, causing nearly a billion pounds’ worth of damage. The bomb, which had been planted by a terrorist group called the IRA, injured over 200 people but remarkably killed no one as police had evacuated the area following a warning from the IRA.(1996年6月15日，在英格兰西北部的曼彻斯特，一颗巨大的炸弹摧毁了市中心，造成了近10亿英镑的损失。这枚炸弹是由一个名为“爱尔兰共和军”的恐怖组织安放的，造成200多人受伤，但引人注目的是没有造成人员死亡，因为警方在爱尔兰共和军发出警告后已经疏散了该地区)”和第二段中“So, dreadful though the bombing was, it actually provided an opportunity to start again that might not have happened otherwise.(因此，尽管爆炸很可怕，但它实际上提供了一个重新开始的机会，否则可能不会发生这种情况)”可知，文章主要介绍了1996年爱尔兰共和军恐怖组织在曼彻斯特投下了一枚炸弹，这次事件实际上给曼彻斯特提供了一个重新发展的机会。由此可知，文章主要介绍了爱尔兰共和军在曼彻斯特的爆炸及其产生的影响。故选B。
(B)
We asked four people who graduated from the Williams Business and Accountancy School what corporate responsibility means to them.
Jason
I know that some corporations claim to be bringing huge benefits to local people, and maybe some are. However, in other cases, they’re paying low wages or undercutting small, family-run firms who can’t compete. It may not be a pretty image, but that’s the nature of capitalism. I’d like to hope I won’t end up as part of this process, but I suspect it’s inevitable. Essentially, your biggest responsibility is ultimately to return value to your stakeholders. Positive employee relations are desirable, but not actually a legal requirement in many countries.
Anya
Thanks to my sister, I’ve recently had a shift in thinking. As far as corporate responsibility is concerned, I no longer doubt it. Christina recently transferred to an overseas branch. She was surprised and delighted to discover the branch was running local programmes to improve basic literacy skills amongst employees as well as to conserve the environment. She’s now currently retraining as a teacher and moving over to that side of things. Now that I’ve seen this side of corporate responsibility, I’ve been persuaded to give it a go myself in later life, although I’ll stick to Plan A and pursue a solid career in finance for a few years first.
Andre
For me what it comes down to is sustainability. Whatever your product, it shouldn’t have a harmful effect on the planet. Many companies make a big noise about how much cash they give away to charity, but they should make changes in the way they make their profits in the first place. Quite aside from the ethical arguments, there’s also a sound commercial reason here. These days the consumer has access to far more information than ever before thanks to the internet, so if something bad goes viral, it’ll destroy a reputation panies are well aware of that. For that reason, more are starting to face up to their responsibility—or so they claim.
Lisa
In the USA, corporations often support community development projects by donating books or equipment to schools. However, this apparent altruism (利他主义) is not all it claims to be. There’s a large grey area between corporate giving and company branding. Nowadays every corporate website includes a summary of so-called ‘core values’; vague descriptions of how they’re ‘giving back’ to society. I can’t help thinking they’re unclear for a reason and that it’s all just for good PR. I’m particularly annoyed by the claims of fast-food companies. They pretend to be concerned with obesity (肥胖) levels while promoting special offers on larger portions. The hidden agenda is clearly to boost profit. It’s an insult to consumer intelligence.
40. According to Jason, what responsibility is ignored by corporations
A. Bringing benefits to local people
B. Keeping positive employee relations.
C. Returning values to their stakeholders.
D. Understanding the nature of capitalism.
41. What can be learned about Anya
A. She supports and values corporate responsibility efforts.
B. She has been persuaded to work for an overseas corporation.
C. She will be devoted to corporate responsibility initiatives soon.
D. She believes some corporate responsibility efforts make no sense.
42. What do Andre and Lisa have in common
A. Both argue against the necessity of company branding.
B. Both think corporations should express their ‘core values’ more clearly.
C. Both hold a firm belief that sustainability matters in corporations’ development.
D. Both doubt the real purpose of some corporate responsibility efforts.
【答案】40. B 41. A 42. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了四位从威廉姆斯商业与会计学院(Williams Business and accounting School)毕业的人，并介绍了企业责任对他们来说意味着什么。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。Jason部分最后一句提到“Positive employee relations are desirable, but not actually a legal requirement in many countries.”（积极的员工关系是可取的，但实际上在许多国家这不是法律要求的。）可知，Jason认为公司和员工之间应该保持一种良好积极的关系，但在很多国家这些都不是法律规定的。由此判断，Jason觉得公司忽视了和员工之间保持积极关系。故选B。
【41题详解】
推理判断题。Anya部分提到“Thanks to my sister, I’ve recently had a shift in thinking. As far as corporate responsibility is concerned, I no longer doubt it.”（多亏了我妹妹，我最近的想法有了转变。就企业责任而言，我不再怀疑。）以及“Now that I’ve seen this side of corporate responsibility, I’ve been persuaded to give it a go myself in later life, although I’ll stick to Plan A and pursue a solid career in finance for a few years first.”（既然我已经看到了企业责任的这一面，我已经被说服在以后的生活中尝试一下，尽管我会坚持A计划，先在金融领域找几年稳定的工作。）Anya认为在她妹妹的影响下，自己对于企业责任的认识有所改变，并且也被说服在以后的生活中尝试一下，由此判断，Anya现在支持并重视企业责任方面的努力。故选A。
【42题详解】
推理判断题。Andre部分提到“Many companies make a big noise about how much cash they give away to charity, but they should make changes in the way they make their profits in the first place.”（许多公司对他们向慈善机构捐赠了多少现金大做文章，但他们首先应该改变盈利方式。）以及“Companies are well aware of that. For that reason, more are starting to face up to their responsibility—or so they claim.”（正因如此，越来越多的人开始正视自己的责任——至少他们是这么宣称的。）Andre认为与其大肆宣扬公司在慈善方面的贡献，不如直视公司应承担的真正的责任，Lisa部分提到“I can’t help thinking they’re unclear for a reason and that it’s all just for good PR. I’m particularly annoyed by the claims of fast-food companies. They pretend to be concerned with obesity (肥胖) levels while promoting special offers on larger portions. The hidden agenda is clearly to boost profit. It’s an insult to consumer intelligence.”（我忍不住想，他们不清楚是有原因的，这一切都是为了公关。我对快餐公司的说法尤其恼火。他们假装关心人们的肥胖水平，却在推销大份量的特别优惠。其隐藏的目的显然是为了增加利润。这是对消费者智力的侮辱。）Lisa认为有些企业打着关心别人的幌子，却旨在推销自己的产品，该公司真正的目的非常含糊。由此判断，这两位都怀疑一些公司在展示自己企业责任方面所做的一些事情上的真正目的。故选D。
(C)
Every decision we make is arrived at through hugely complex neurological processing. Although it feels as though you have a choice, the action that you ‘decide’ to take is entirely directed by automatic neural activity. Brain imaging studies show that a person’s action can be predicted by their brain activity up to 10 seconds before they themselves become aware they are going to act. Multiple neuroscientific studies show that even those important decisions that feel worked out are just as automatic as knee-jerk reactions (膝跳反应) (although more complex).
Decision-making starts with the amygdala: a set of two almond-shaped nuclei (杏仁状核) buried deep within the brain, which generate emotion. The amygdala registers the information streaming in through our senses and responds to it in less than a second, sending signals throughout the brain. These produce an urge to run, fight, freeze or grab, according to how the amygdala values various stimuli.
Before we act on the amygdala’s signals, however, the information is usually processed by other brain areas, including some that produce conscious thoughts and emotions. Areas concerned with recognition work out what’s going on, those concerned with memory compare it with previous experiences, and those concerned with reasoning, judging and planning get to work on constructing various action plans. The best plan—if we are lucky—is then selected and carried out. If any of this process goes wrong, we are likely to hesitate, or do something silly.
The various stages of decision-making are marked by different types of brain activity. Fast (gamma)waves, with frequencies of 25 to 100 Hz, produce a keen awareness of the multiple factors that need to be taken into account to arrive at a decision. If you are trying to choose a sandwich, for instance, gamma waves generated in various cells within the ‘taste’ area of the brain bring to mind and compare the taste of ham, hummus, wholemeal, sourdough, and so on. Although it may seem useful to be aware of the full range of choice, too much information makes decision-making more difficult, so irrelevant factors get dismissed quickly and unconsciously.
After this comparison stage, the brain switches to slow-wave activity (12 to 30 Hz). This extinguishes most of the gamma activity, leaving just a single ‘hotspot’ of gamma waves which marks the chosen option.
Although there is no ‘you’ outside your brain to direct what it’s doing, you can help it to make good decisions by placing yourself in a situation which is likely to make the process run more smoothly. Doing something that is physically or mentally stimulating before making a decision will help your brain produce the initial gamma waves that generate awareness of the competing options. Getting over-excited, on the other hand, will prevent the switch to the slow brainwaves, making it much harder to single out a choice.
43. Why does the writer mention “knee-jerk reactions” in the first paragraph
A. To introduce the finding of the latest brain imaging studies.
B. To illustrate that decisions are not consciously thought out.
C. To call attention to a kind of neural reaction that is not very complex.
D. To show the difference between decision-making and other brain activity.
44 What does the amygdala do according to the passage
A. It works out conscious thoughts and emotions.
B. It selects the best action plan for a given situation.
C. It dismisses factors that are irrelevant to the decision to be made.
D. It processes sensory information and generates emotional responses.
45. What can be concluded from paragraphs 4 and 5
A. Slow-wave activity usually lasts longer than fast-wave activity.
B. The brain prioritizes information before settling on a final choice.
C. Decision-making is difficult when slow-wave activity occurs first.
D. The brain needs as much information as possible to make a decision.
46. How does engaging in stimulating activities help the decision-making process
A. By preparing the brain to single out the most reasonable choice.
B. By helping the brain switch to slow-wave activity more quickly.
C. By getting the brain to focus on those most relevant alternatives.
D. By making the brain more aware of the factors and choices involved.
【答案】43. B 44. D 45. B 46. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人们在做决定时，大脑中杏仁核的活动及其他部位的活动情况，因此在做决定之前可以做一些刺激身体或精神的事情，来帮助你的大脑产生最初的伽马波。
【43题详解】
推理判断题。第一段最后两句提到“Brain imaging studies show that a person’s action can be predicted by their brain activity up to 10 seconds before they themselves become aware they are going to act. Multiple neuroscientific studies show that even those important decisions that feel worked out are just as automatic as knee-jerk reactions (膝跳反应) (although more complex).”（脑成像研究表明，一个人的行为可以在他们意识到自己将要采取行动之前10秒通过他们的大脑活动来预测。多项神经科学研究表明，即使是那些让人感觉已经做出的重要决定，也和膝跳反应一样是自动的(尽管更复杂)。）可知，膝跳反应是一种最简单的二元反射，几乎不需要时间就会有相应的反应，而文中将做决定这一大脑活动和膝跳反应作类比，说明大脑在做决定时也是下意识的反应。故选B。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。第二段提到“Decision-making starts with the amygdala: a set of two almond-shaped nuclei buried deep within the brain, which generate emotion. The amygdala registers the information streaming in through our senses and responds to it in less than a second, sending signals throughout the brain. These produce an urge to run, fight, freeze or grab, according to how the amygdala values various stimuli.”（决策始于杏仁核：埋藏在大脑深处的一组两个杏仁状的核，产生情感。杏仁核记录了通过我们的感官流入的信息，并在不到一秒的时间内做出反应，将信号发送到整个大脑。根据杏仁核对各种刺激的评价，这些刺激会产生奔跑、战斗、冻结或抓取的冲动。）由此判断，杏仁核会产生情感，并针对感官接受的信息做出相对应的行为刺激。故选D。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。第四段第二句提到“Fast (gamma)waves, with frequencies of 25 to 100 Hz, produce a keen awareness of the multiple factors that need to be taken into account to arrive at a decision.”（频率在25到100赫兹之间的快速(伽马)波，能让人敏锐地意识到需要考虑的多种因素，从而做出决定。）大脑在做决定之前，会考虑各种信息，第五段提到“After this comparison stage, the brain switches to slow-wave activity (12 to 30 Hz). This extinguishes most of the gamma activity, leaving just a single ‘hotspot’ of gamma waves which marks the chosen option.”（在这个比较阶段之后，大脑切换到慢波活动(12到30赫兹)。这就消除了大部分的伽马活动，只留下一个伽马波的“热点”，它标志着被选中的选项。）在大脑经过快速伽马波对信息的处理后，会进入到慢伽马波活动，这时会留下一个“热点”，这就是人们所做好的决定。由此判断，大脑在做决定之前是会通过高速伽马波活动处理很多信息的，然后在慢速伽马波活动中作最终的决定。故选B。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。最后一段第二句提到“Doing something that is physically or mentally stimulating before making a decision will help your brain produce the initial gamma waves that generate awareness of the competing options. ”（在做决定之前做一些刺激身体或精神的事情会帮助你的大脑产生最初的伽马波，从而产生对抉择的意识。）前文提到“高速伽马波”会处理作决定之前的相关信息，而做决定之前刺激身体和精神可以产生最初产生的伽马波，即高速伽马波，这样可以加强大脑对相关信息的关注。故选C。
【点睛】
Section C
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Could a New Battery Solve Our Energy Problem
Researchers in the US have made headlines worldwide by developing a new type of battery that charges far faster and holds way more charge than today’s lithium cells (锂电池). It’s not just a terrific technology story, either. The team behind it is led by tech legend Prof John Goodenough of the University of Texas, Austin—the co-inventor of the original lithium-ion battery, and still doing brilliant work at the age of 94.
____47____ That’s why we’re still using 21st-Century gadgetry with one eye on battery, wondering if we can get to a charger before our device goes completely dead.
This depressing state of affairs is more than simply inconvenient. If we’re to make the most of renewable energy, we need ways of coping with those times when the wind drops or there’s no sunshine. ____48____
Elon Musk, the billionaire boss of electric car company Tesla, certainly thinks so. He’s already created a 20 megawatt battery ‘farm’ in California, and is willing to put his money where his batteries are. ____49____ For example, one wind farm in Hawaii had three fires in its battery ‘farm’ within a year of opening.
But now Goodenough and his team may have found the answer, by switching from lithium to sodium (钠).
The lithium batteries that made Goodenough’s reputation contain a liquid electrolyte (电解质) which doesn’t respond well to rapid charging. One of Goodenough’s colleagues, Maria Braga, decided that the answer lay in switching to solid electrolytes. The team has now managed to get a solid glass electrolyte to work with sodium, which is similar to lithium but far more common. ____50____ The battery has triple the charge of its lithium equivalent, it charges in minutes rather than hours, and it has a longer lifespan.
Advances in energy storage are vital if renewable are going to reach their potential. The boundless energy of Goodenough—the Li-ion King himself—may just have found the solution just in time.
A. Batteries that store energy for those times is one pretty obvious solution.
B. No one seriously questions the need for wind and solar power to be part of global energy strategy.
C. The result is transformational.
D. Yet not everyone is convinced current battery technology is up to the job.
E. While computing power famously doubles every two years, battery performance has barely doubled in 20.
F. Commercialisation may take a decade, though it could happen faster.
【答案】47. D 48. B 49. A 50. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讨论了新型电池能否解决能源问题。
【47题详解】
后文提到“That’s why we’re still using 21st-Century gadgetry with one eye on battery, wondering if we can get to a charger before our device goes completely dead.”（因此，在使用21世纪的电子产品时，我们不得不时刻关注着电池情况，担心设备没电前是否能找到充电器。）电池技术相对来讲并没有完全成熟，因此人们在使用的时候仍然担心会有断电的可能性。D项“Yet not everyone is convinced current battery technology is up to the job.”（然而，并不是所有人都相信目前的电池技术能够胜任这项工作。）该项提到了人们对于电池技术仍然持保留态度，符合文意，起到承上启下的作用。故选D。
【48题详解】
前文提到“This depressing state of affairs is more than simply inconvenient. If we’re to make the most of renewable energy, we need ways of coping with those times when the wind drops or there’s no sunshine.”（这种令人沮丧的状况不仅仅是不方便。如果我们要最大限度地利用可再生能源，我们需要应对风力减弱或没有阳光的时候。）再生资源也可作为电池储能的介质，但如果没有风或者阳光也会让电池储能等变得困难，由此可知，风能和太阳能对于电池而言也是十分重要的资源。B项“No one seriously questions the need for wind and solar power to be part of global energy strategy.”（没有人会怀疑风能和太阳能成为全球能源战略中必要组成部分的重要性。）该项提到了风能和太阳能的重要性，总结了前文内容，该项符合文意。故选B。
【49题详解】
前文提到“Elon Musk, the billionaire boss of electric car company Tesla, certainly thinks so. He’s already created a 20 megawatt battery ‘farm’ in California, and is willing to put his money where his batteries are. ”（电动汽车公司特斯拉(Tesla)的亿万富翁老板埃隆 马斯克(Elon Musk)当然也这么认为。他已经在加州建立了一个20兆瓦的电池“农场”，并愿意把钱花在电池上。），由此判断，特斯拉老板甚至建立了一个“电池农场”来进行电力的储存。A项“Batteries that store energy for those times is one pretty obvious solution.”（储存能量的电池是一个很明显的解决方案。）该项提到将电池的储能作为解决电池电量的办法。该项符合文意。故选A。
【50题详解】
前文提到“The team has now managed to get a solid glass electrolyte to work with sodium, which is similar to lithium but far more common.”（该团队现在已经成功地获得了一种固体玻璃电解质，可以与钠一起反应，钠与锂类似，但更常见。）前文提到了在电解质方面的改进，以及后文提到“The battery has triple the charge of its lithium equivalent, it charges in minutes rather than hours, and it has a longer lifespan.”（这种电池的电量是锂电池的三倍，充电只需几分钟而不是几小时，而且寿命更长。）后文提到了这种电池电量与之前电池的对比，说明这种改进是巨大的。C项“The result is transformational.”（结果是革命性的。）该项符合文意，起到承上启下的作用。故选C。
Ⅳ. Summary Writing
51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Communicating science
One of the major problems for scientists lies in communicating the value of research to non-specialists that matter:policymakers and the general public. In recent years, scientific organisations have come a long way in developing ways to make science more accessible to non-specialist groups.
The development of blogs has helped substantially in bringing science closer to the public. According to Wikipedia, the ScienceBlogs network is now ranked 37th among the most authoritative blogs worldwide, with two of its sections having won weblog awards. Released from editorial restrictions, science bloggers generally focus on areas of science that they are both passionate and knowledgeable about. They often write about science in an accessible, lively manner, and it is this that perhaps most attracts members of the public. Ed Yong’s Not Exactly Rocket Science, for instance, is filled with the writer’s enthusiasm and down-to-earth attitude towards the subject. His chatty, youthful style appeals to a wide range of readers.
Television has also boosted the image of science. Early pioneers such as Jacques Cousteau, whose beautifully filmed documentaries opened up the oceans to millions, quickly realised the potential of TV to make science come alive for viewers. Other science disciplines have eagerly followed suit. Entertaining presenters carry out daring experiments or explore amazing scientific phenomena in order to attract attention. Celebrities such as Brian Cox, once famous for playing music in D:Ream, have also been instrumental in bringing science into popular culture. Now working in the field of physics, Brian is presenter of the BBC TV series Wonders of the Solar System. His background means that his face is not only well known to younger viewers but is also considered cool. Other organisations have been using the power of visual media through the internet. For example, SciVee offers scientists video services to create online presentations of their research.
Nevertheless, despite this progress, communication remains one of science’s biggest obstacle. Perhaps it is time that universities addressed this problem, and thought about adding communications training to the curriculum.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】In recent years, scientific organisations have made progress in making science more accessible to non-specialist groups. The blogs, which are released from editorial restrictions, can bring science closer to the public. Television also plays an important role in boosting the image of science. Although there are lots of progress, communications training courses can be added to the curriculum.
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍说近年来，科学组织在使非专业团体更容易获得科学方面取得了进展。这些不受编辑限制的博客可以拉近科学与公众的距离。电视在提升科学形象方面也起着重要作用。虽然已经取得了很大的进步，但可以在课程中增加沟通培训课程。
【详解】1. 要点摘录
①In recent years, scientific organisations have come a long way in developing ways to make science more accessible to non-specialist groups.
②The development of blogs has helped substantially in bringing science closer to the public. Released from editorial restrictions, science bloggers generally focus on areas of science that they are both passionate and knowledgeable about.
③Television has also boosted the image of science.
④Perhaps it is time that universities addressed this problem, and thought about adding communications training to the curriculum.
2. 缜密构思
要点①总起介绍，要点②、③进行分说，要点④进行总结。
3. 遣词造句
In recent years, scientific organisations have made progress in making science more accessible to non-specialist groups.
The blogs, which are released from editorial restrictions, can bring science closer to the public.
Television also plays an important role in boosting the image of science.
Although there are lots of progress, communications training courses can be added to the curriculum.
【点睛】【高分句型1】The blogs, which are released from editorial restrictions, can bring science closer to the public.运用一个which引导的非限制性定语从句对第二段进行了概括。
【高分句型2】Although there are lots of progress, communications training courses can be added to the curriculum. 用although引导的让步状语从句对最后一段进行了概括，表达高级。
Ⅴ. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 沙漠的温度白天酷热，夜晚极寒。(range)(汉译英)
【答案】The temperature in the desert ranges from being extremely hot during the day to being extremely cold at night.
【解析】
【详解】考查固定短语和时态。“沙漠的温度”可表示为the temperature in the desert。根据汉语中的“白天酷热，夜晚极寒”可知，这里可用range from...to...来表示，其中“白天酷热”可表示为be extremely hot during the day，“夜晚极寒”可表示为be extremely cold at night。根据句意，这里陈述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时。故本句可翻译为：The temperature in the desert ranges from being extremely hot during the day to being extremely cold at night.
53. 她尽管感觉身体不适，但还会坚持参加会议。(insist) (汉译英)
【答案】Despite feeling unwell, she still insists on attending the meeting.
【解析】
【详解】考查固定短语和非谓语动词。“尽管”可表示为despite，为介词，其后跟名词、代词或动名词作宾语；“感觉身体不适”可表示为feel unwell；“还会”可表示为still；“坚持”表示为insist on doing sth.，动名词作宾语；“参加会议”可表示为attend the meeting。故本句可翻译为：Despite feeling unwell, she still insists on attending the meeting.
54. 尤其值得一提的是，将这一美景写进诗里，是这位诗人的独创。(It) (汉译英)
【答案】It is especially worth mentioning that it is the poet's original creation to write this beautiful scene into a poem.
【解析】
【详解】考查固定句式和短语。根据句意可知，句子可使用一般现在时，由提示it可知，“尤其值得一提的是”可使用固定句式it is especially worth mentioning that，it在句中作形式主语，that引导的从句作真正的主语，worth doing sth.“值得做某事”，mention“提到”。从句中“……是诗人的独创”也可使用it作形式主语，译为it is the poet's original creation，“将这一美景写进诗里”可使用不定式to write this beautiful scene into a poem作从句中真正的主语。故翻译为It is especially worth mentioning that it is the poet's original creation to write this beautiful scene into a poem.。
55. 植物园的工作人员还准备了多部短剧，以更有趣、更多元的方式带领小朋友们走进植物的世界。(way) (汉译英)
【答案】The staff of the botanical garden also prepared multiple short plays to lead children into the world of plants in a more interesting and diverse way.
【解析】
【详解】考查固定短语和非谓语动词。“植物园”可表示为the botanical garden；“工作人员”可表示为staff；“准备”可表示为prepare；“多部短剧”可表示为multiple short plays；“以更有趣、更多元的方式”可表示为in a more interesting and diverse way；“带领……走进……”可表示为lead...into...；“……的世界”可表示为the world of。根据句意，工作人员准备短剧是为了带领小朋友们走进植物的世界，所以这里应用不定式。故本句可翻译为：The staff of the botanical garden also prepared multiple short plays to lead children into the world of plants in a more interesting and diverse way.
Ⅵ. Guided Writing
56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，你校计划邀请校友张磊来校开设讲座。这位校友在高中就读时就对民俗民风研究有着极大的兴趣。大学期间开设了一个介绍上海民俗的公众号，获得了很多关注。作为学生会外联部一员，给张磊写一封信，邀请他做相关讲座。邀请信内容包括：
1) 讲座的时间和地点；
2) 邀请他的理由；
3) 希望的讲座主题。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Dear Zhang Lei,
I am Li Ming, a senior three student in Mingqi Middle School. I am writing to invite you to give a lecture at our school. During your high school days, you had a great interest in folk customs, which sparked our curiosity and love for this subject.
While in university, you started a WeChat account dedicated to introducing Shanghai’s folk customs, which gained a lot of attention and praise. We would be delighted if you could speak at our school on the topic of “Folk Customs of Shanghai: Past and Present”. The lecture will take place on 25th, October, at the school auditorium. We believe that your expertise and insights on this subject will be invaluable to us.
We are looking forward to your positive response. Thank you for considering our invitation. We hope to have the opportunity to listen to your lecture soon.
Yours,
Li Ming
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，你校计划邀请校友张磊来校开设讲座。这位校友在高中就读时就对民俗民风研究有着极大的兴趣。大学期间开设了一个介绍上海民俗的公众号，获得了很多关注。作为学生会外联部一员，给张磊写一封信，邀请他做相关讲座。
【详解】1.词汇积累
机会：opportunity→chance
激发：spark→motivate
宝贵的：invaluable→valuable
相信：believe→hold the belief that
2.句式拓展
同义句转换
原句：We would be delighted if you could speak at our school on the topic of “Folk Customs of Shanghai: Past and Present”.
拓展句：We would be delighted if you could give a speech, whose topic is “Folk Customs of Shanghai: Past and Present”.
【点睛】[高分句型1] During your high school days, you had a great interest in folk customs, which sparked our curiosity and love for this subject. (运用了which引导非限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2] We believe that your expertise and insights on this subject will be invaluable to us. (运用了that引导宾语从句)复旦大学附属中学2023学年第一学期
高三年级英语期中考试
Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. Head for the library. B. Give the woman a ride.
C Meet Tim. D. Go in the woman’s direction.
2. A. The price of the book is too high.
B. The book is reasonable in price.
C. The book is as good as expected.
D. The quality of the book is unsatisfactory.
3. A. He has never been to the lecture hall.
B. He wants to stop and ask for directions.
C. The lecture has already begun.
D. The woman won’t be late.
4. A. She can return the CD to Tom later.
B. She should go home now to get the CD.
C. She should not have taken Tom’s CD back home.
D. She can borrow a CD from Tom when she sees him in class.
5. A. She is looking for another job.
B. She will apply for financial aid next year.
C. She thinks she will not need financial aid.
D. She thinks she is not taking enough classes.
6. A. He enjoyed working as a volunteer.
B. He will not be able to attend the charity sale.
C. He’d like more time to prepare next time.
D. He can’t organize the program again.
7. A. He will meet the man and woman before his psychology class.
B. He is late for an appointment with the man and woman.
C. He forgot to do his assignment for today’s class.
D. He is in the same class as the man and woman.
8. A. She can’t help the man.
B. She owes the man some money.
C. She may ask the man to give her a lift.
D. She doesn’t want to lend the man any money.
9. A. She is too busy to help the man.
B. She is looking for a job on campus.
C. She went to the meeting with her roommate.
D. She can get the materials given out at the meeting.
10. A. He has been sick recently.
B. He wants an apartment near his work.
C. He is tired of looking for an apartment.
D. He has been looking for a new job for a long time.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. New English words. B. Language change.
C. The history of English. D. Efforts to protect languages.
12. A. Mouse B. Sugar. C. Shampoo D. Bus.
13. A. It is a natural thing.
B. It improves communication.
C. Some new words are incorrect.
D. Some languages are not modern enough.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14. A. A newly-found species of frogs.
B. A recent study about night frogs.
C Threats night frogs are normally faced with.
D. Frogs in India’s Western Ghats mountain range.
15. A. They are rare in their local areas.
B. They live in some deserted areas.
C. They make calls like some insects.
D. They are the smallest species of frogs in the world.
16. A. They are an ancient species. B. They find no food to feed on.
C. They live close to human beings. D. They have lost their natural habitat.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. The woman’s experience in rock-climbing.
B. The woman’s fight for female rock-climbers.
C. The woman’s dream to excel in rock-climbing.
D. The woman’s achievements as a rock-climber.
18. A. It was her comfort zone.
B. Her friends persuaded her to work at it.
C. The coaches found her exceptional talent.
D. She was drawn to the challenge it presented.
19. A. It is more about endurance.
B. It is more about physical strength
C. It doesn’t focus on the element of competition.
D. It doesn’t emphasize the winning of a competition.
20. A. It is prejudiced and critical. B. It is inclusive and respectful.
C. It is demanding and inflexible. D. It is stressful and unpredictable.
Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
I received an email from a reader who asked, “Why do some friendships end, no matter how much you want them to last ” She referred to ____1____ (see) the question in one of my articles, Mystery of Friendship. As I wrote in it, I don’t think easy answers exist as to how friendships start, why some turn into lifetime ____2____, and why some end. Although I’ve tried answering the first two questions in other articles (To Have A Friend and Be A Friend), I still get surprised by friendships that endure and disillusioned by those that slip away. Even so, I’ll try to offer some insights here as to why friendships end.
My simple answer is that friendships end because the situations ____3____ friends are in or even the friends themselves change. First, the realities friends face may change. The decision to relocate ____4____ a new school or job cannot help but affect a friendship. Likewise, if a friend is in an accident, develops an illness, or loses someone close, these cannot help but affect a friendship. Does a friendship need to end because of these changes No, but it’ll require adjustments that one or both friends ____5____ not be willing to make.
Second, the friends themselves may change. A significant reason why friendships often end ____6____friends are apart for an ____7____ (extend) period of time (for summer camp, college, etc.) is that one or both of the friends change. I think it ____8____ (hurt) less when both friends change, because then the breakup is more often mutual and so both friends get closure by both deciding to let go and move forward in their lives without each other. What tends to hurt most is when just one friend changes. One friend might change social circles, become involved in new social organizations, start to date, get a pet, or take on some other venture that consumes more time and passion. Again, a friendship can endure these changes, ____9____ one or both of the friends for some reason decide not to invest the time and energy involved in the adjustment period. In this situation, breakups may not be mutual and so one or both friends feel betrayed and end up with bitter memories about ____10____ was a precious friendship to them.
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. categorise B. creation C. good D. innovative E. maximum F. packed G. pedestrianise H. processing I. shape J. short-lived K. transformation
All Change in Curitiba!
Like many other major world cities, Curitiba in southern Brazil has had to deal with issues such as pollution, poverty, and limited public funding. However, the architect and three-times mayor of the city, Jaime Lerner, has introduced some ____11____ solutions.
As part of his ‘Master Plan’, Lerner hoped to make the city more environmentally friendly. He initiated a recycling scheme. In return for delivering recyclable rubbish to specified ____12____ points, residents receive a bag of vegetables or bus tickets. As a result, Curitiba now has one of the highest recycling rates in the world. Lerner also ordered the ____13____ of 26 urban parks. As well as preventing pollution, these control flooding.
Lerner did not win over all the city’s residents immediately, however. When his plans to ____14____ part of the centre were passed, local businesses were up in arms, fearing a reduction in profits. Realising he needed to act quickly, Lerner had the ____15____ of six blocks completed within three days. When a group of motorists attempted to drive through the new pedestrian area, Lerner arranged for local primary schools to hold a painting workshop on the streets. The drivers were forced to turn back. Luckily for Lerner, this rebellion was ____16____. The increase in profit rapidly persuaded shop owners to change their minds.
Lerner’s determination helped ____17____ the Curitiba of today. The average income per capita has risen from a level that was below the Brazilian average in the 1970s to 66% above the average, and surveys indicate high levels of resident satisfaction.
So, is it all just one big success story In some respects, Curitiba may have been too successful for its own____18____. People and businesses have come to the city, which now has more than 1.8 million residents. This has put the city under enormous stress. Forty years ago, buses transported 54,000 passengers a day. Now the number is 2.3 million. According to some experts, the transport system has reached its ____19____ efficiency capacity. Following a rise in complaints about the noisy and ____20____ buses, the service is in decline.
Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
It started with a bit of casual discomfort on the head, but after a week it had spread to the back of my neck, enough to lead me to my laptop. Annoying as it was, I was ____21____ to take up my doctor’s time with such a silly complaint and then have a wasted journey only to be informed that it would clear up by itself and that ____22____ would be of no use at all.
As soon as I’d tapped in ‘online self-diagnosis’, the search engine provided me with over 11.5 million results. And during the time normally spent in the clinic’s waiting room reading the Women’s Weekly, I was able to find a site that would provide a free ____23____ in the comfort of my chair, and with no need for an appointment,
I answered all the questions until I eventually reached a description exactly matching my ____24____. As I clicked on ‘More Information’, I was hit with what I’d never anticipated. The worst case scenario was complete hair loss. I couldn’t have been more ____25____.
I headed off to the doctor for what I thought would be a blood test but which turned out to be a valuable lesson in not ____26____ everything you read on the internet. It took him less than a minute to guess at and locate head lice (虱子). I was relieved to know that I would be ____27____ my hair, and horrified to know that it was being occupied.
I learnt my lesson, but for some the worry caused by ____28____ every ache has led to a new form of hypochondria (疑病症). Named ‘cyberchondria’ by the print media back in 2000, this particular condition has ____29____ greatly. Although most people’s main point of call is still the doctor’s surgery, it’s estimated that ____30____ worries are now the second most researched topic on the web. This is truly a serious concern when about 25%of the medical information online is thought to be ____31____.
Once upon a time, hypochondria required time and effort: you had to go to the library to research your diseases and ____32____ go through the books. Now it’s just a matter of a few clicks of a mouse. But while your doctor will make a diagnosis ____33____ your age, appearance and medical history, a search engine will rely simply on algorithms (算法). These come up with results graded according to popularity or numbers of key words. So the most highly ranked hits might actually be for very genuine disease, which are nonetheless extremely ____34____. One minute you think you’ve come down with the flu, the next you’re under attack from sub-tropical, flesh-eating bacteria. Time spent going to the doctor’s for ____35____ of mind suddenly seems fair enough.
21. A. reluctant B. surprised C. able D. sure
22. A. knowledge B. association C. evidence D. medication
23. A. sample B. assessment C. subscription D. upgrade
24. A. standards B. arguments C. definitions D. symptoms
25. A. fortunate B. touched C. alarmed D. different
26. A. believing B. explaining C. questioning D. covering
27. A. keeping B. losing C. drying D. washing
28. A. taking off B. putting on C. breaking away D. looking up
29. A. dropped B. differed C. increased D. helped
30. A. safety B. health C. access D. money
31. A. available B. accurate C. misleading D. complex
32. A. occasionally B. automatically C. painstakingly D. literally
33. A. bringing to light B. taking into consideration C. putting into practice D. setting on top
34. A. rare B. hard C. large D. simple
35. A. state B. change C. freedom D. peace
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
On 15th June 1996, a huge bomb in Manchester, in the north-west of England, destroyed the city centre, causing nearly a billion pounds’ worth of damage. The bomb, which had been planted by a terrorist group called the IRA, injured over 200 people but remarkably killed no one as police had evacuated the area following a warning from the IRA.
Manchester had already undergone some changes as it recovered from the economic depression of the early 1990s that had destroyed much of its industry and created large-scale unemployment. It had won the right to host the Commonwealth Games (a large sporting event) and redeveloped some deserted areas through the building of the National Velodrome, an exhibition centre and an award-winning concert hall. However, at the time of the bombing, the city centre was still badly neglected — dominated by the Arndale Shopping Centre (once described as looking like an enormous public toilet) and squares that were run-down and affected by drug addiction. So, dreadful though the bombing was, it actually provided an opportunity to start again that might not have happened otherwise.
Within weeks of the explosion, the government had set up a public-private company to manage the recovery and launched an international competition to design the redevelopment. The winning plan involved restoring the historic buildings that had been damaged, tearing down and rebuilding some of the ugly buildings, creating new public spaces and improving life for pedestrians. Alongside this, the government reduced traffic in the centre by changing the direction of some main roads and developed an integrated public transport system, making access to the centre easier. Since these improvements, the city has attempted to boost tourism by using some of the city’s historical sites for major public events and by creating the Urbis building, which now houses the National Museum of Football. In turn, these changes have been key in attracting new investors, such as the Qatari royal family who own Manchester City Football Club.
Since 1996, the Manchester economy has grown in all areas. However, there are some concerns that inequality has also increased. Nor are all the new spaces appreciated. One new garden square designed by an international architect was rated as the worst attraction in the city. Others argue that in changing market stalls and industry for luxury consumption and glass buildings, the city has lost some of its soul.
36. What does the word “evacuate” (paragraph 1)most probably mean
A. Looking for something in a place. B. Estimate the losses in a ruined place.
C. Remove people from a place of danger. D. Determine a numerical value of a place.
37. What does the writer say about the 1996 IRA bombing
A. It presented an unexpected opportunity for Manchester.
B. It destroyed the city centre that used to be busy and crowded.
C It resulted in a lot of people getting hurt or killed in Manchester.
D. It cost Manchester its chance to host the Commonwealth Games.
38. What did Manchester do for its recovery
A. It set up Manchester City Football Club.
B. It organised an international competition to attract new investors.
C. It tore down some historical sites to make room for public events.
D. It developed a public traffic system to make the city center more accessible.
39. What is the passage mainly about
A. Damage Manchester suffered due to the IRA bombing.
B. The IRA bombing in Manchester and its consequences.
C. Challenges related to the redevelopment of Manchester.
D. The long-term effects of the changes made in Manchester.
(B)
We asked four people who graduated from the Williams Business and Accountancy School what corporate responsibility means to them.
Jason
I know that some corporations claim to be bringing huge benefits to local people, and maybe some are. However, in other cases, they’re paying low wages or undercutting small, family-run firms who can’t compete. It may not be a pretty image, but that’s the nature of capitalism. I’d like to hope I won’t end up as part of this process, but I suspect it’s inevitable. Essentially, your biggest responsibility is ultimately to return value to your stakeholders. Positive employee relations are desirable, but not actually a legal requirement in many countries.
Anya
Thanks to my sister I’ve recently had a shift in thinking. As far as corporate responsibility is concerned, I no longer doubt it. Christina recently transferred to an overseas branch. She was surprised and delighted to discover the branch was running local programmes to improve basic literacy skills amongst employees as well as to conserve the environment. She’s now currently retraining as a teacher and moving over to that side of things. Now that I’ve seen this side of corporate responsibility, I’ve been persuaded to give it a go myself in later life, although I’ll stick to Plan A and pursue a solid career in finance for a few years first.
Andre
For me, what it comes down to is sustainability. Whatever your product, it shouldn’t have a harmful effect on the planet. Many companies make a big noise about how much cash they give away to charity, but they should make changes in the way they make their profits in the first place. Quite aside from the ethical arguments, there’s also a sound commercial reason here. These days the consumer has access to far more information than ever before thanks to the internet, so if something bad goes viral, it’ll destroy a reputation panies are well aware of that. For that reason, more are starting to face up to their responsibility—or so they claim.
Lisa
In the USA, corporations often support community development projects by donating books or equipment to schools. However, this apparent altruism (利他主义) is not all it claims to be. There’s a large grey area between corporate giving and company branding. Nowadays every corporate website includes a summary of so-called ‘core values’; vague descriptions of how they’re ‘giving back’ to society. I can’t help thinking they’re unclear for a reason and that it’s all just for good PR. I’m particularly annoyed by the claims of fast-food companies. They pretend to be concerned with obesity (肥胖) levels while promoting special offers on larger portions. The hidden agenda is clearly to boost profit. It’s an insult to consumer intelligence.
40. According to Jason, what responsibility is ignored by corporations
A. Bringing benefits to local people
B. Keeping positive employee relations.
C. Returning values to their stakeholders.
D. Understanding the nature of capitalism.
41. What can be learned about Anya
A. She supports and values corporate responsibility efforts.
B. She has been persuaded to work for an overseas corporation.
C. She will be devoted to corporate responsibility initiatives soon.
D. She believes some corporate responsibility efforts make no sense.
42. What do Andre and Lisa have in common
A. Both argue against the necessity of company branding.
B. Both think corporations should express their ‘core values’ more clearly.
C. Both hold a firm belief that sustainability matters in corporations’ development.
D. Both doubt the real purpose of some corporate responsibility efforts.
(C)
Every decision we make is arrived at through hugely complex neurological processing. Although it feels as though you have a choice, the action that you ‘decide’ to take is entirely directed by automatic neural activity. Brain imaging studies show that a person’s action can be predicted by their brain activity up to 10 seconds before they themselves become aware they are going to act. Multiple neuroscientific studies show that even those important decisions that feel worked out are just as automatic as knee-jerk reactions (膝跳反应) (although more complex).
Decision-making starts with the amygdala: a set of two almond-shaped nuclei (杏仁状核) buried deep within the brain, which generate emotion. The amygdala registers the information streaming in through our senses and responds to it in less than a second, sending signals throughout the brain. These produce an urge to run, fight, freeze or grab, according to how the amygdala values various stimuli.
Before we act on the amygdala’s signals, however, the information is usually processed by other brain areas, including some that produce conscious thoughts and emotions. Areas concerned with recognition work out what’s going on, those concerned with memory compare it with previous experiences, and those concerned with reasoning, judging and planning get to work on constructing various action plans. The best plan—if we are lucky—is then selected and carried out. If any of this process goes wrong, we are likely to hesitate, or do something silly.
The various stages of decision-making are marked by different types of brain activity. Fast (gamma)waves, with frequencies of 25 to 100 Hz, produce a keen awareness of the multiple factors that need to be taken into account to arrive at a decision. If you are trying to choose a sandwich, for instance, gamma waves generated in various cells within the ‘taste’ area of the brain bring to mind and compare the taste of ham, hummus, wholemeal, sourdough, and so on. Although it may seem useful to be aware of the full range of choice, too much information makes decision-making more difficult, so irrelevant factors get dismissed quickly and unconsciously.
After this comparison stage, the brain switches to slow-wave activity (12 to 30 Hz). This extinguishes most of the gamma activity, leaving just a single ‘hotspot’ of gamma waves which marks the chosen option.
Although there is no ‘you’ outside your brain to direct what it’s doing, you can help it to make good decisions by placing yourself in a situation which is likely to make the process run more smoothly. Doing something that is physically or mentally stimulating before making a decision will help your brain produce the initial gamma waves that generate awareness of the competing options. Getting over-excited, on the other hand, will prevent the switch to the slow brainwaves, making it much harder to single out a choice.
43. Why does the writer mention “knee-jerk reactions” in the first paragraph
A. To introduce the finding of the latest brain imaging studies.
B. To illustrate that decisions are not consciously thought out.
C. To call attention to a kind of neural reaction that is not very complex.
D. To show the difference between decision-making and other brain activity.
44. What does the amygdala do according to the passage
A. It works out conscious thoughts and emotions.
B. It selects the best action plan for a given situation.
C. It dismisses factors that are irrelevant to the decision to be made.
D. It processes sensory information and generates emotional responses.
45. What can be concluded from paragraphs 4 and 5
A. Slow-wave activity usually lasts longer than fast-wave activity.
B. The brain prioritizes information before settling on a final choice.
C. Decision-making is difficult when slow-wave activity occurs first.
D. The brain needs as much information as possible to make a decision.
46. How does engaging in stimulating activities help the decision-making process
A. By preparing the brain to single out the most reasonable choice.
B. By helping the brain switch to slow-wave activity more quickly.
C. By getting the brain to focus on those most relevant alternatives.
D. By making the brain more aware of the factors and choices involved.
Section C
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Could a New Battery Solve Our Energy Problem
Researchers in the US have made headlines worldwide by developing a new type of battery that charges far faster and holds way more charge than today’s lithium cells (锂电池). It’s not just a terrific technology story, either. The team behind it is led by tech legend Prof John Goodenough of the University of Texas, Austin—the co-inventor of the original lithium-ion battery, and still doing brilliant work at the age of 94.
____47____ That’s why we’re still using 21st-Century gadgetry with one eye on battery, wondering if we can get to a charger before our device goes completely dead.
This depressing state of affairs is more than simply inconvenient. If we’re to make the most of renewable energy, we need ways of coping with those times when the wind drops or there’s no sunshine. ____48____
Elon Musk, the billionaire boss of electric car company Tesla, certainly thinks so. He’s already created a 20 megawatt battery ‘farm’ in California, and is willing to put his money where his batteries are. ____49____ For example, one wind farm in Hawaii had three fires in its battery ‘farm’ within a year of opening.
But now Goodenough and his team may have found the answer, by switching from lithium to sodium (钠).
The lithium batteries that made Goodenough’s reputation contain a liquid electrolyte (电解质) which doesn’t respond well to rapid charging. One of Goodenough’s colleagues, Maria Braga, decided that the answer lay in switching to solid electrolytes. The team has now managed to get a solid glass electrolyte to work with sodium, which is similar to lithium but far more common. ____50____ The battery has triple the charge of its lithium equivalent, it charges in minutes rather than hours, and it has a longer lifespan.
Advances in energy storage are vital if renewable are going to reach their potential. The boundless energy of Goodenough—the Li-ion King himself—may just have found the solution just in time.
A. Batteries that store energy for those times is one pretty obvious solution.
B. No one seriously questions the need for wind and solar power to be part of global energy strategy.
C. The result is transformational.
D. Yet not everyone is convinced current battery technology is up to the job.
E. While computing power famously doubles every two years, battery performance has barely doubled in 20.
F. Commercialisation may take a decade, though it could happen faster.
Ⅳ. Summary Writing
51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Communicating science
One of the major problems for scientists lies in communicating the value of research to non-specialists that matter:policymakers and the general public. In recent years scientific organisations have come a long way in developing ways to make science more accessible to non-specialist groups.
The development of blogs has helped substantially in bringing science closer to the public. According to Wikipedia, the ScienceBlogs network is now ranked 37th among the most authoritative blogs worldwide, with two of its sections having won weblog awards. Released from editorial restrictions, science bloggers generally focus on areas of science that they are both passionate and knowledgeable about. They often write about science in an accessible, lively manner, and it is this that perhaps most attracts members of the public. Ed Yong’s Not Exactly Rocket Science, for instance, is filled with the writer’s enthusiasm and down-to-earth attitude towards the subject. His chatty, youthful style appeals to a wide range of readers.
Television has also boosted the image of science. Early pioneers such as Jacques Cousteau, whose beautifully filmed documentaries opened up the oceans to millions, quickly realised the potential of TV to make science come alive for viewers. Other science disciplines have eagerly followed suit. Entertaining presenters carry out daring experiments or explore amazing scientific phenomena in order to attract attention. Celebrities such as Brian Cox, once famous for playing music in D:Ream, have also been instrumental in bringing science into popular culture. Now working in the field of physics, Brian is presenter of the BBC TV series Wonders of the Solar System. His background means that his face is not only well known to younger viewers but is also considered cool. Other organisations have been using the power of visual media through the internet. For example, SciVee offers scientists video services to create online presentations of their research.
Nevertheless, despite this progress, communication remains one of science’s biggest obstacle. Perhaps it is time that universities addressed this problem, and thought about adding communications training to the curriculum.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ⅴ. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 沙漠的温度白天酷热，夜晚极寒。(range)(汉译英)
53. 她尽管感觉身体不适，但还会坚持参加会议。(insist) (汉译英)
54. 尤其值得一提的是，将这一美景写进诗里，是这位诗人的独创。(It) (汉译英)
55. 植物园的工作人员还准备了多部短剧，以更有趣、更多元的方式带领小朋友们走进植物的世界。(way) (汉译英)
Ⅵ. Guided Writing
56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，你校计划邀请校友张磊来校开设讲座。这位校友在高中就读时就对民俗民风研究有着极大的兴趣。大学期间开设了一个介绍上海民俗的公众号，获得了很多关注。作为学生会外联部一员，给张磊写一封信，邀请他做相关讲座。邀请信内容包括：
1) 讲座的时间和地点；
2) 邀请他的理由；
3) 希望的讲座主题。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
