(共24张PPT)
第二部分
阅读能力突破篇
专题一 阅读理解
第1讲 题型破解——细节理解题
高频考点·研析透
细节理解题考查考生对阅读材料中的某一-具体事实和细节的理解,特点是题干针对原文提到的某事物、现象或理论进行发问。细节理解题有时比较直接,理解字面意思即可答题;有时则较为间接,需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右,是最重要的得分点。
考点1 直接细节题
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直接细节题常以应用文的形式出现在考题中，涉及的话题有：广告类、活动安排类、书籍电影介绍类、演出信息类等。题目一般就文中的某一具体事实细节设题，设问方式多为以5W1H(what, who, when, where, why和how)等开头的特殊疑问句，在原文中可直接找到答案。
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直接细节题主要考查对某句话或某几句话的理解，“题干定位法”是做事实细节题最基本的也是最常用的方法：
第一步：根据题干内容提取关键信息定位词。定位词主要是题干中的名词、动词和数词等，即问题的核心信息。在原文中查找定位词或定位词的近义词，找出相关的句子；
第二步：运用跳读、略读技巧快速在原文中查找定位词或定位词的近义词，迅速定位原文，找出相关的句子；
第三步：分析对比选项与文中细节，得出正确答案。
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(2023·全国乙卷A)
PRACTITIONERS
Jacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced.Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery.In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully.In spite of the court hearing testimonials (证明) of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine． James Barry (c.1789—1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine．She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army, serving overseas.Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man．
Tan Yunxian (1461—1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents.Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships (学徒期) with doctors.However, Tan passed the official exam.Tan treated women from all walks of life.In 1511, Tan wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor, describing her life as a physician． Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831—1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860.Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree.She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves．
23．Who was the first African American with a medical degree？ .
A．Jacqueline Felice de Almania．
B．Tan Yunxian．
C．James Barry．
D．Rebecca Lee Crumpler．
【解题示范】 第一步：阅读题干，找出题干关键词：the first African American with a medical degree；
第二步：迅速定位段落：根据第四部分“Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree．(四年后，她成为第一位获得医学学位的非裔美国女性。)”可知，Rebecca Lee Crumpler是第一位获得医学学位的非裔美国人。故选D。
考点2 间接细节题
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考查间接信息题时，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。常用方式是同义词替换或释义，即把文中语言(词汇和句式结构)改头换面，或者把文中信息整合归纳，来表达相同的意思。
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在做间接细节理解题时，要根据所找信息，分析选项，对比其中所用词汇，以及表达方式，最后确定选项。
第一步：阅读题干，确定关键词；
第二步：定位题干关键词的转换形式(同义词、近义词、释义等)，或者对原文的概括归纳，锁定原文相关信息；
第三步：利用正确选项特征，确定答案。
正确选项特征：
(1)用同义或近义词(组)复现。
(2)同根词或原词复现。
(3)语言简化或对原文概括归纳。简化原文中的复杂语言现象，或者用一句话概括归纳原文的某一部分，并设置为答案。
(4)反义词复现。把原文中的意思反过来表达。
真
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(2023·全国乙卷C)
What comes into your mind when you think of British food Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables．But is British food really so uninteresting Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists．
It's thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits．It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain's consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way．There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges．It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking．
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food．Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before．One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking．The UK's obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling．Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before．With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it's no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking．
28．What do people usually think of British food？_____
A．It is simple and plain．
B．It is rich in nutrition．
C．It lacks authentic tastes．
D．It deserves a high reputation．
【解题示范】 第一步：阅读题干，找出题干关键词：people usually think of British food；
第二步：辨别选项定位到段落：根据第一段“What comes into your mind when you think of British food Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables．But is British food really so uninteresting？(当你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此无趣吗？)”可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物平平无奇。uninteresting和simple and plain可为语义上的转换。故选A。
考点3 数字计算题
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既然是阅读理解题，数字计算题并不是真正考查考生的数学计算能力，主要仍是考查考生对文中涉及一些数字的某部分和题干的理解能力，数学计算方面是很基础的，简单的。
技
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1．审明题干要求，提取题干中的关键词寻读原文，同时标记数字、时间、年代等相关信息。
2．弄清题干询问数据与原文数据的逻辑关系，并进行加减乘除计算。
3．特殊信息词应注意：
(1)特殊数字：decade十年；fortnight两周；double两倍；couple两个；score二十；dozen十二。
(2)特殊词汇：off削价，减价；discount折扣。
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(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷A)
Bike Rental & Guided Tours
Welcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike．You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights．You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam．
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam．With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you．We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children's bikes．
Prices
Guided City Tours
The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more．The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day．You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online．
22．How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days？ .
A． 15.75． B． 19.50．
C． 22.75． D． 29.50．
【解题示范】 第一步：阅读题干，找出题干关键词：pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days；
第二步：根据文中信息源：Prices。根据定价表可知，租一辆带手刹和三档的自行车一天需要14．75欧元，额外增加天数每天8欧元。所以租一辆带手刹和三档的自行车两天需要14．75＋8＝22．75欧元。故选C。第二部分 专题一 第1讲
A
(2023·甘肃省酒泉市高三一模)
Get involved with our research
Some of our research projects depend on how generous people like you are．Whether it's using your home PC, taking part in a medical experiment or simply volunteering your time for a study, you may be able to help some of the creative projects which make the University of Oxford a world leader in research．Watch this space for ways in which you could get involved．
Seeking poor sleepers for sleeplessness research
Trouble sleeping We are looking for poor sleepers between the ages of 18 and 65．The activity will involve spending overnights in the sleep laboratory at Oxford, testing your sleep/wake cycle, and completing the tasks on the computer．If you are interested, please contact the research team at sleeplessness@ndcn．ox．ac．uk．
Volunteers with lazy eye(弱视) wanted
We are looking for volunteers aged 18—45 with a history of lazy eye to take part in our brain scanning (扫描) study．You will also be asked questions about your medical history to check if you are suitable for an MRI (核磁共振) scan．Call 01865 223622 for more information．
Oxford Vaccine(疫苗) Group
The Oxford Vaccine Group is an independent medical experiment group．OVG works towards the goal of developing new and improved vaccines for the prevention of infection in adults and children．To get more information, please see the OVG website．
Oxford experimental lab for the Social Sciences
The Oxford Internet Institute, together with the Business School, needs some people to participate in computer-based experiments involving online surfing behaviour as well as something about economy and politics．We treat our subjects well, there are no special skills required and you don't have to come to the lab in person．Contact us at socialscience．study@ox．ac．uk for more information．
1．How can you get more information about the project “Volunteers with lazy eye wanted”？
A．By calling 01865 223622．
B．By seeing the OVG website．
C．By surfing the website: sleeplessness@ndcn．ox．ac．uk．
D．By referring to the website: socialscience．study@ox．ac．uk．
2．What should you do if you volunteer for sleeplessness research？
①Have your brain scanned．
②Finish the tasks on the computer．
③Have your sleep/wake cycle tested．
④Spend overnights in the sleep laboratory．
⑤Answer questions about your surfing behaviour．
A．③④⑤ B．②③④
C．②④⑤ D．①④⑤
3．What will be involved in the project “Oxford experimental lab for the Social Sciences”？
A．Medical history．
B．Examining your eyes．
C．Vaccines for prevention of infection．
D．Finance and politics．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了几项需要志愿者的研究项目的详细信息、要求和参与方式等。
1．A 细节理解题。根据Volunteers with lazy eye (弱视) wanted部分的“Call 01865 223622 for more information．(查询详情请致电01865 223622。)”可知，致电01865 223622就能得到更多关于Volunteers with lazy eye wanted项目的信息。故选A。
2．B 细节理解题。根据Seeking poor sleepers for sleeplessness research部分的“The activity will involve spending overnights in the sleep laboratory at Oxford, testing your sleep/wake cycle, and completing the tasks on the computer．(这项活动包括在牛津大学的睡眠实验室过夜，测试你的睡眠/清醒周期，并在电脑上完成任务。)”可知，如果你自愿参加失眠研究，你要在睡眠实验室过夜、测试你的睡眠/清醒周期、完成电脑上的任务，即②③④。故选B。
3．D 细节理解题。根据Oxford experimental lab for the Social Sciences部分的“The Oxford Internet Institute, together with the Business School, needs some people to participate in computer-based experiments involving online surfing behaviour as well as something about economy and politics．(牛津大学互联网研究所和商学院需要一些人参与基于电脑的实验，涉及网上冲浪行为以及经济和政治方面的内容。)”可知，牛津社会科学实验室项目将涉及经济和政治。故选D。
B
(2023·江苏省决胜新高考考前模拟)
Down House, home of Charles Darwin：
Fun fact
Charles Darwin, his wife, Emma, and their children lived at Down House for 40 years from 1838．Several rooms appear as if the family still live here: with croquet sets thrown into an under-stairs cupboard, a half-played game of backgammon on a side table and Emma's knitting(毛线) left on a chair in the drawing room．Upstairs, an exhibition showcases Darwin's voyage aboard HMS Beagle, including a reconstruction of his cabin．Outside, visitors can explore the sheltered gardens which Darwin used as an open-air laboratory, and the greenhouse in which he planted rare plants and devised botanical experiments．
No room at Down House escaped Darwin's experiments．In the drawing room he once placed a jar of earthworms on the grand piano to see whether they could hear．
Getting there
A 15-minute drive from the A21/Farnborough．Free parking．The R8 bus from Orpington stops nearby (except Sundays) or the 146 bus from Bromley North and South terminates(终点站) in Downe village, half a mile from the property．The nearest railway stations are Chelsfield or Orpington, about four miles away．
Value for money
It's ￡12 (adult), ￡7．20 (child), or ￡31．30 (family with 2 adults)．Under 5s go free．
Opening hours
Open daily 10 a．m．—6 p．m．from 30 March to 30 September; daily 10 a．m．— 5 p．m．between 1 to 31 October．Opening times vary through the winter (check website for details)．
Verdict(评价)
8/10．An unstuffy educational, gentle day-trip attraction with friendly, knowledgeable staff．
4．What can visitors do in Down House？
A．Play the grand piano．
B．Set sail in HMS Beagle．
C．Explore Darwin's work and life．
D．Try food sourced from the garden．
5．How much would a couple with their 4-year-old twin sons pay for admission？
A．￡38．40． B．￡26．20．
C．￡31．30． D．￡24．
6．What do we know about Down House？
A．It is highly thought of．
B．It charges parking fees．
C．It has fixed opening hours．
D．It is inconveniently located．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了参观达尔文故居的情况。
4．C 细节理解题。根据Fun fact部分中“Outside, visitors can explore the sheltered gardens which Darwin used as an open-air laboratory, and the greenhouse in which he planted rare plants and devised botanical experiments．(在外面，游客可以探索达尔文用作露天实验室的遮蔽花园，以及他种植稀有植物和设计植物学实验的温室。)”可知，游客在这里可以探索了解达尔文当年的工作生活情况。故选C。
5．D 细节理解题。根据Value for money部分中“It's ￡12 (adult), ￡7．20 (child), or ￡31．30 (family with 2 adults)．Under 5s go free．(成人12英镑，儿童7．20英镑，或31．30英镑(一个有2个成年人的家庭)。5岁以下免费。)”可知，四岁孩子不要钱，父母带两个四岁孩子的最优惠价格是12＋12＝24英镑。故选D。
6．A 细节理解题。根据Verdict(评价)部分“8/10．An unstuffy educational, gentle day-trip attraction with friendly, knowledgeable staff．(8/10。一个充满教育气息、温和的一日游景点，拥有友好、知识渊博的工作人员。)”可知，该处景点评价很高。故选A。
C
(2023·河南省焦作市普通高中高三二模)
The Rocks Guided Walking Tour
Overview
Search the history of Sydney on a leisurely 90-minute walking tour in The Rocks district with an expert guide．Enjoy the delights of present-day visuals as you explore The Rocks and as you discover shady courtyards and hidden areas that even the locals do not know about．
What to Expect
Meet your guide at the starting point in The Rocks district．From there, visit historic sites and hear stories about the city from a guide．The walking tour, which covers 1．2 miles at a leisurely pace, focuses on the neighborhood located under the Sydney Harbour Bridge．You can wander around the area's cobbled stone streets, alleyways and courtyards．The tour includes stops at Campbells Cove, the Garrison Church, which is known as the Church of Holy Trinity, etc．Plus, you can see the shoreline of Sydney Cove as well as views of Sydney Opera House．
Important Information
·Confirmation will be received at the time of booking．
·Children must be accompanied by an adult．
·Small groups (no more than 20 people)．
·It operates in all weather conditions, please dress to the predicted weather conditions appropriate for an outdoor activity．
·Comfortable walking shoes, hat and a bottle of water are suggested．
·The tour is wheelchair accessible．However, be prepared for uneven surfaces at the visited sites which may be difficult for those with walking disabilities．
Departure Point: 35 Harrington St, The Rocks NSW 2000, Australia．
Duration: 90 minutes．
Return Detail: Return to original departure point．
7．What can the visitors enjoy during the tour？
A．Different villages．
B．Remote courtyards．
C．The mountain landscape．
D．The view of the sea．
8．What should the visitors prepare for the tour？
A．Suitable clothing．
B．Many books．
C．Enough food．
D．Some wheelchairs．
9．Where does the tour start？
A．In Sydney Opera House．
B．At Campbells Cove．
C．At 35 Harrington St．
D．In the Garrison Church．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了悉尼岩石区徒步旅行的相关情况。
7．D 细节理解题。根据What to Expect部分“Plus, you can see the shoreline of Sydney Cove as well as views of Sydney Opera House．(此外，您还可以看到悉尼湾的海岸线以及悉尼歌剧院的景色。)”可知，游客在这个旅行中能欣赏到海景。故选D。
8．A 细节理解题。根据Important Information部分“It operates in all weather conditions, please dress to the predicted weather conditions appropriate for an outdoor activity．(它可以在所有天气条件下运行，请按照适合户外活动的预测天气条件着装。)”可知，游客要根据天气情况选择合适的服装。故选A。
9．C 细节理解题。根据“Departure Point: 35 Harrington St, The Rocks NSW 2000, Australia．(出发地点：澳大利亚新南威尔士州岩石区2000哈灵顿大街35号。)”可知，哈灵顿大街35号是这个旅行开始的地方。故选C。
D
(2023·四川省大数据精准教学联盟高三一模)
Chicago has all the offerings you would expect from a major city．If you plan to spend a wonderful time here, just see the followings：
Museum of Science and Industry
5700 S．Lake Shore Drive
Price: $21 for adults; $12 for kids 3-17
Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry shows more than 35,000 artifacts and a variety of hands-on exhibits．Displays here cater to all types of curious minds: feel the physics of a tornado in “Science Storms” and see baby chicks at the Genetics, etc．
Art Institute of Chicago
111 S．Michigan Ave
Price: $25 for adults; $19 for kids 3-17
Home to one of the country's most impressive collections of impressionist art, the Art Institute of Chicago features nearly 300,000 works from all over the world in its collection．Highlights include pieces from famous artists like Van Gogh and Monet．
Skydeck Chicago at the Willis Tower
233 S．Wacker Drive
Price: $30 for adults; $22 for kids 3-17
On the 103rd floor of the 110-story Willis Tower, the third-tallest building in North America, Skydeck Chicago is famous for breathtaking views of the city．Visit on a sunny day and you may be able to see 4 states．
Navy Pier
600 E．Grand Ave
Price: Free
Navy Pier offers a family-friendly entertainment．Kids enjoy their rides on a drop tower while grown-ups catch a show at the Chicago Shakespeare Theater or grab a drink at the Navy Pier Beer Garden．Beautiful fireworks displays light up the skies on Wednesday and Saturday nights．
10．Where can impressionist art fans go to appreciate works？
A．5700 S．Lake Shore Drive．
B．111 S．Michigan Ave．
C．233 S．Wacker Drive．
D．600 E．Grand Ave．
11．How much will a couple with a child aged 6 pay if they enjoy a bird view of Chicago？
A．$60． B．$64．
C．$69． D．$82．
12．What can people do at Navy Pier？
A．Enjoy a beer．
B．Make fireworks．
C．Observe baby chicks．
D．Discover secrets of tornadoes．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了芝加哥地区的几个旅游景点。
10．B 细节理解题。根据Art Institute of Chicago部分中的“Home to one of the country's most impressive collections of impressionist art, the Art Institute of Chicago features nearly 300,000 works from all over the world in its collection．(芝加哥艺术学院拥有全国最令人印象深刻的印象派艺术收藏之一，收藏了来自世界各地的近30万件作品。)”可知，印象派作品爱好者需要到Art Institute of Chicago，其地址为111 S．Michigan Ave。故选B。
11．D 细节理解题。根据Skydeck Chicago at the Willis Tower部分中的“Price: $30 for adults; $22 for kids 3-17”可知，在此处可以鸟瞰芝加哥，根据价目表可知费用是30×2＋22＝82。故选D。
12．A 细节理解题。根据Navy Pier部分中的“Kids enjoy their rides on a drop tower while grown-ups catch a show at the Chicago Shakespeare Theater or grab a drink at the Navy Pier Beer Garden．(孩子们在降落塔上享受游乐设施，而成年人则在芝加哥莎士比亚剧院观看表演，或在海军码头啤酒花园喝一杯。)”可知，人们可以在此享用啤酒。故选A。
