第二部分 专题一 第2讲
A
(2023·湖南省邵阳市高三二模)
Heading out of the Scottish Borders and west into Dumfries & Galloway, there are plenty of sights still to see on the journey．
GREY MARE's TAIL
As one of the UK's highest waterfalls, Grey Mare's Tail is well worth a stop．Park up at the car park, and just along a short path, you can stand and admire this tall, natural feature as the water pours down the hanging valley．On the other side from the first path is a second path, following the path, and you'll reach Loch Skeen, a beautiful glassy swimming pool of mountain water available for travellers．
MOFFAT
After you walk head to nearby Moffat for a short stroll around the town, you can have something to eat in one of the cafes or restaurants．If you've got time to spare, Moffat is Europe's first Dark Sky Town, so as soon as the sun sets, you get a better view of the night sky thanks to the special street lighting．
WANLOCKHEAD
Take a drive further west into Dumfries & Galloway and you'll soon reach the dizzy heights of not just the south of Scotland, but all of Scotland! Wanlockhead is Scotland's highest village, which won't come as a surprise once you're there．
CRAWICK MULTIVERSE
Just a short drive from the highest village is a good place to stretch your legs and see a different place on the area's local industry．Crawick Multiverse has used landscape art to transform a former open cast coal mine into a 55-acre artland, visitor attraction and public space．
1．What's special about Grey Mare's Tail？
A．Its water is the purest．
B．You can swim in Loch Skeen．
C．There is a famous valley there．
D．It's the largest waterfall in the US．
2．Which of the following is the highest altitude in Scotland？
A．Dumfries & Galloway．
B．Dark Sky Town．
C．Wanlockhead．
D．Crawick Multiverse．
3．Which column of the website can you read this text？
A．Culture． B．Advertisement．
C．Education． D．Travel．
B
(2023·四川省南充市高三一模)
In the past 60 or so years, American parents' approach to naming their kids has undergone a profound shift．Today, many parents seek out less popular names to help their kids stand out．But in the past, parents typically picked common names, consciously or not, so that their kids would fit in．
“We are deep in an era of naming individuality where parents assume that having a name which sounds distinctive and unique is a virtue，” Laura Wattenberg, the founder of the naming-trends site Namerology, said, “how parents are thinking about naming kids is more like how companies think about naming products, which is a kind of competitive marketplace where you need to be able to get attention to succeed．”
There were signs that people were tired of names that were too popular．Cleveland Evans, a professor emeritus of psychology at Bellevue University and an expert on names, said that there was a 1953 song titled John, John, John, which included the lines “Every Tom, Dick, and Harry's called John．Can't we give this little guy a break and call him something new？”
This tune signaled the coming turn toward novelty and distinctiveness that took hold in the 1960s．It was driven by a number of broader shifts in daily life．As family sizes shrunk and kids stopped doing labor, Americans “started to fixate on the uniqueness of each child，” as the sociologist Philip Cohen has written, and “individuality emerged as a project—starting with naming —of creating an identity．”
Another crucial change is that in the 1960s parents started gaining access to data on baby-naming trends, according to Evans．Books informed parents which names were popular—and, by extension, which overexposed names they might want to avoid of this has brought us to an era of exceptionally varied names, which, in a way, represents its own kind of conformity: trying not to be like everyone else makes you just like everyone else．
4．What does the underlined word “virtue” in Paragraph 2 probably mean？
A．A good quality．
B．A moral standard．
C．An attractive habit．
D．An obvious advantage．
5．Why is the song John, John, John mentioned in Paragraph 3？
A．To show that the song was widely spread．
B．To show that John was a child everyone liked．
C．To show that the name John was too overexposed．
D．To show that the name John was something quite new．
6．What caused the profound shift of naming kids in America？
A．The larger family sizes and less labor for children．
B．Parents' concerns about the novelty and distinctiveness．
C．Some books showing which names are appropriate for children．
D．The changes in daily life and the access to the naming trend．
7．What's the author's attitude towards the profound shift of naming kids in America？
A．Doubtful． B．Optimistic．
C．Ambiguous． D．Indifferent．
C
(2023·河南省名校青桐鸣高考考前模拟)
There are many apps that use mobile phone cameras and other devices that might surprise you．
Seek by iNaturalist
To use it, simply take a picture or point your camera at a plant, insect, or animal, and you'll get important information about it．It includes the target's scientific name, common name, seasonal nature, and a description of its appearance, among other information．
From Seed to Spoon
You can add fruits and vegetables you'd like to grow on a virtual “Grow Box” from a list of images．It will then give seed-starting, removing and replanting, and harvesting dates for those plants based on your location using satellite data．The free version of the app also provides information on each crop's requirements for temperature, sunlight, water, and fertilizer．
Picture This
Picture This will identify your plant and provide information about it from a picture on your phone's camera．It will show health information, its scientific name, where it can be found, common uses, harvesting time, and how to produce new plants from your existing plant．It also will show sunlight, soil, water, and fertilizer requirements．You can pay $29．99 a year for the paid version, which provides treatment information for sick plants．The free version will, however, identify a disease from a picture of a sick plant．
Apple Visual Look Up
Apple Visual Look Up is an AI feature for iPhone and iPad．It will identify plants, flowers, insects, birds, and other animals shown in any photo．Using an Apple product running iOS16 or iPadOS16, you can use the feature by choosing a photo in your phone, then touching the “info” image below it．It is the letter “I” in a circle with stars above it．
8．Which app can provide transplanting advice？
A．Picture This．
B．From Seed to Spoon．
C．Seek by iNaturalist．
D．Apple Visual Look Up．
9．What does the paid version of Picture This offer users about sick plants？
A．Why they get sick．
B．What they look like．
C．Whether to protect them．
D．How to treat them．
10．Who might favor the text？
A．Gardeners． B．Photographers．
C．App designers． D．Phone dealers．
D
(2023·福建省厦门市高三二模)
The Mustard Seed Project is getting closer to one of its initiatives—building affordable senior housing on the Key Peninsula, Washington．
The Nonprofit carries out the project so that people don't have to leave the Key Peninsula as they age and have home care needs．“We hope to build in Key Center, a good central location for our community．Our vision is to have a campus with a cafe and meeting spaces, 10 independent living cottages that have one or two bedrooms with laundry, housekeeping and one meal a day provided, and then assisted living for 30 residents，” said board president Sara Thompson．“We want this to be a place that draws the entire community in, rather than a setting that sets elders aside in an isolated environment．”
More than a year ago, a longtime supporter of the organization made a major gift to undertake a long-desired study to understand both the needs of the community and the financial feasibility(可行性) for senior housing．As a result, The Mustard Seed Project had a meeting in November at the Key Peninsula Civic Center to explain the results of the study and to plan for the next steps．
“We'll be applying for a predevelopment loan to do all the necessary planning，” The Mustard Seed Project Executive Director Edie Morgan said．“We're aware of affordable loans for the assisted living section of the project, and can get standard financing for the other buildings．But there will be a funding gap, and we expect to need to raise nearly $3 million to make this happen．I believe we can do it．”
The entire project, once the project manager is identified, is expected to take about two years．
11．Why is the organization building affordable senior housing？
A．To offer free assistance to seniors．
B．To create job opportunities for residents．
C．To provide access to aging in place．
D．To improve facilities for the community．
12．What do we learn about the organization from Paragraph 3？
A．It holds meetings regularly．
B．It prepares holiday gifts for elders．
C．It adapts to sponsors' needs．
D．It takes the housing project seriously．
13．What is Morgan mainly talking about？
A．Sources of funds．
B．Application for loans．
C．Costs for construction．
D．Distribution of donations．
14．Why is the text written？
A．To attract more visitors．
B．To introduce an organization．
C．To report a project．
D．To entertain the seniors．
第二部分 专题一 第2讲
A
(2023·湖南省邵阳市高三二模)
Heading out of the Scottish Borders and west into Dumfries & Galloway, there are plenty of sights still to see on the journey．
GREY MARE's TAIL
As one of the UK's highest waterfalls, Grey Mare's Tail is well worth a stop．Park up at the car park, and just along a short path, you can stand and admire this tall, natural feature as the water pours down the hanging valley．On the other side from the first path is a second path, following the path, and you'll reach Loch Skeen, a beautiful glassy swimming pool of mountain water available for travellers．
MOFFAT
After you walk head to nearby Moffat for a short stroll around the town, you can have something to eat in one of the cafes or restaurants．If you've got time to spare, Moffat is Europe's first Dark Sky Town, so as soon as the sun sets, you get a better view of the night sky thanks to the special street lighting．
WANLOCKHEAD
Take a drive further west into Dumfries & Galloway and you'll soon reach the dizzy heights of not just the south of Scotland, but all of Scotland! Wanlockhead is Scotland's highest village, which won't come as a surprise once you're there．
CRAWICK MULTIVERSE
Just a short drive from the highest village is a good place to stretch your legs and see a different place on the area's local industry．Crawick Multiverse has used landscape art to transform a former open cast coal mine into a 55-acre artland, visitor attraction and public space．
1．What's special about Grey Mare's Tail？
A．Its water is the purest．
B．You can swim in Loch Skeen．
C．There is a famous valley there．
D．It's the largest waterfall in the US．
2．Which of the following is the highest altitude in Scotland？
A．Dumfries & Galloway．
B．Dark Sky Town．
C．Wanlockhead．
D．Crawick Multiverse．
3．Which column of the website can you read this text？
A．Culture． B．Advertisement．
C．Education． D．Travel．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了苏格兰的四处特色景点。
1．B 细节理解题。根据GREY MARE'S TAIL部分“On the other side from the first path is a second path, following the path, and you'll reach Loch Skeen, a beautiful glassy swimming pool of mountain water available for travellers．(在第一条路的另一边是第二条路，沿着这条路走，你会到达Loch Skeen，一个美丽的玻璃般的山间游泳池，供旅行者使用。)”可知，Grey Mare's Tail的特别之处在于你可以在Loch Skeen游泳。故选B。
2．C 细节理解题。根据WANLOCKHEAD部分“Wanlockhead is Scotland's highest village, which won't come as a surprise once you're there．(Wanlockhead是苏格兰海拔最高的村庄，一旦你到了那里就不会感到惊讶了。)”可知，Wanlockhead是苏格兰海拔最高的地方。故选C。
3．D 语篇出处题。根据第一段“Heading out of the Scottish Borders and west into Dumfries & Galloway, there are plenty of sights still to see on the journey．(从苏格兰边境出发，向西进入Dumfries和Galloway，在旅途中还有很多景点要看。)”可知，本文主要介绍了苏格兰的四处特色景点，读者可以在网站上旅游专栏读到这篇文章。故选D。
B
(2023·四川省南充市高三一模)
In the past 60 or so years, American parents' approach to naming their kids has undergone a profound shift．Today, many parents seek out less popular names to help their kids stand out．But in the past, parents typically picked common names, consciously or not, so that their kids would fit in．
“We are deep in an era of naming individuality where parents assume that having a name which sounds distinctive and unique is a virtue，” Laura Wattenberg, the founder of the naming-trends site Namerology, said, “how parents are thinking about naming kids is more like how companies think about naming products, which is a kind of competitive marketplace where you need to be able to get attention to succeed．”
There were signs that people were tired of names that were too popular．Cleveland Evans, a professor emeritus of psychology at Bellevue University and an expert on names, said that there was a 1953 song titled John, John, John, which included the lines “Every Tom, Dick, and Harry's called John．Can't we give this little guy a break and call him something new？”
This tune signaled the coming turn toward novelty and distinctiveness that took hold in the 1960s．It was driven by a number of broader shifts in daily life．As family sizes shrunk and kids stopped doing labor, Americans “started to fixate on the uniqueness of each child，” as the sociologist Philip Cohen has written, and “individuality emerged as a project—starting with naming —of creating an identity．”
Another crucial change is that in the 1960s parents started gaining access to data on baby-naming trends, according to Evans．Books informed parents which names were popular—and, by extension, which overexposed names they might want to avoid of this has brought us to an era of exceptionally varied names, which, in a way, represents its own kind of conformity: trying not to be like everyone else makes you just like everyone else．
4．What does the underlined word “virtue” in Paragraph 2 probably mean？
A．A good quality．
B．A moral standard．
C．An attractive habit．
D．An obvious advantage．
5．Why is the song John, John, John mentioned in Paragraph 3？
A．To show that the song was widely spread．
B．To show that John was a child everyone liked．
C．To show that the name John was too overexposed．
D．To show that the name John was something quite new．
6．What caused the profound shift of naming kids in America？
A．The larger family sizes and less labor for children．
B．Parents' concerns about the novelty and distinctiveness．
C．Some books showing which names are appropriate for children．
D．The changes in daily life and the access to the naming trend．
7．What's the author's attitude towards the profound shift of naming kids in America？
A．Doubtful． B．Optimistic．
C．Ambiguous． D．Indifferent．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在近六十年的时间里，美国家长给孩子起名字逐渐从过去起大众化的普通的名字，到现在倾向于个性化的名字的转变。
4．D 词句猜测题。根据第一段“Today, many parents seek out less popular names to help their kids stand out．(如今，许多父母为了让孩子脱颖而出，会取一些不那么流行的名字。)”可知，今天，家长们认为给孩子起一个与众不同的名字，会让他脱颖而出，成为一个明显的优势。结合画线词所在句“We are deep in an era of naming individuality where parents assume that having a name which sounds distinctive and unique is a virtue(我们深深地陷入了一个命名个性化的时代，父母认为拥有一个听起来与众不同的名字是一种virtue)”可知，听起来与众不同的名字应该是一个明显的优势。故选D。
5．C 推理判断题。根据第三段“There were signs that people were tired of names that were too popular．(有迹象表明，人们已经厌倦了过于流行的名字。)”和“Can't we give this little guy a break and call him something new？(我们就不能让这小家伙停一下，给他取个新名字吗？)”可知，这首歌被提到是为了说明John这个名字使用太频繁了、曝光过度了。故选C。
6．D 细节理解题。根据第四段“It was driven by a number of broader shifts in daily life．(这是由日常生活中一些更广泛的变化所推动的。)”和最后一段“Another crucial change is that in the 1960s parents started gaining access to data on baby-naming trends(另一个重要的变化是，在20世纪60年代，父母们开始获得有关婴儿取名趋势的数据)”可知，日常生活的变化和取名趋势数据的获得导致了美国孩子取名的极大的改变。故选D。
7．A 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Books informed parents which names were popular—and, by extension, which overexposed names they might want to avoid of this has brought us to an era of exceptionally varied names, which, in a way, represents its own kind of conformity: trying not to be like everyone else makes you just like everyone else．(书本告诉父母哪些名字是受欢迎的，进而告诉他们哪些名字曝光过多，他们可能要避免，这将我们带入了一个名字异常多样的时代，在某种程度上，这代表了一种从众性：努力不要像其他人一样，会让你和其他人一样。)”可知，作者认为美国父母希望给孩子取一个与众不同的名字，但实际上可能会适得其反，因而持怀疑态度。故选A。
C
(2023·河南省名校青桐鸣高考考前模拟)
There are many apps that use mobile phone cameras and other devices that might surprise you．
Seek by iNaturalist
To use it, simply take a picture or point your camera at a plant, insect, or animal, and you'll get important information about it．It includes the target's scientific name, common name, seasonal nature, and a description of its appearance, among other information．
From Seed to Spoon
You can add fruits and vegetables you'd like to grow on a virtual “Grow Box” from a list of images．It will then give seed-starting, removing and replanting, and harvesting dates for those plants based on your location using satellite data．The free version of the app also provides information on each crop's requirements for temperature, sunlight, water, and fertilizer．
Picture This
Picture This will identify your plant and provide information about it from a picture on your phone's camera．It will show health information, its scientific name, where it can be found, common uses, harvesting time, and how to produce new plants from your existing plant．It also will show sunlight, soil, water, and fertilizer requirements．You can pay $29．99 a year for the paid version, which provides treatment information for sick plants．The free version will, however, identify a disease from a picture of a sick plant．
Apple Visual Look Up
Apple Visual Look Up is an AI feature for iPhone and iPad．It will identify plants, flowers, insects, birds, and other animals shown in any photo．Using an Apple product running iOS16 or iPadOS16, you can use the feature by choosing a photo in your phone, then touching the “info” image below it．It is the letter “I” in a circle with stars above it．
8．Which app can provide transplanting advice？
A．Picture This．
B．From Seed to Spoon．
C．Seek by iNaturalist．
D．Apple Visual Look Up．
9．What does the paid version of Picture This offer users about sick plants？
A．Why they get sick．
B．What they look like．
C．Whether to protect them．
D．How to treat them．
10．Who might favor the text？
A．Gardeners． B．Photographers．
C．App designers． D．Phone dealers．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四款能提供专业的园艺规划和种植建议的应用软件。
8．B 细节理解题。根据From Seed to Spoon中的“It will then give seed-starting, removing and replanting, and harvesting dates for those plants based on your location using satellite data．The free version of the app also provides information on each crop's requirements for temperature, sunlight, water, and fertilizer．(然后，它将根据你使用卫星数据的位置，为这些植物提供种子开始、移除、重新种植和收获日期。该应用程序的免费版本还提供了每种作物对温度、阳光、水和肥料的需求信息。)”可知，From Seed to Spoon可以提供移栽植物方面的建议。故选B。
9．D 细节理解题。根据Picture This中的“You can pay $29．99 a year for the paid version, which provides treatment information for sick plants．(你可以每年支付29．99美元购买付费版本，该版本为生病的植物提供治疗信息。)”可知，Picture This的付费版本可以给用户提供生病植物的治疗方案。故选D。
10．A 读者对象题。根据第一段“There are many apps that use mobile phone cameras and other devices that might surprise you．(有许多使用手机摄像头和其他设备的应用程序可能会让你大吃一惊。)”及其对四个软件的描述可知，这篇文章主要针对的是园艺爱好者。故选A。
D
(2023·福建省厦门市高三二模)
The Mustard Seed Project is getting closer to one of its initiatives—building affordable senior housing on the Key Peninsula, Washington．
The Nonprofit carries out the project so that people don't have to leave the Key Peninsula as they age and have home care needs．“We hope to build in Key Center, a good central location for our community．Our vision is to have a campus with a cafe and meeting spaces, 10 independent living cottages that have one or two bedrooms with laundry, housekeeping and one meal a day provided, and then assisted living for 30 residents，” said board president Sara Thompson．“We want this to be a place that draws the entire community in, rather than a setting that sets elders aside in an isolated environment．”
More than a year ago, a longtime supporter of the organization made a major gift to undertake a long-desired study to understand both the needs of the community and the financial feasibility(可行性) for senior housing．As a result, The Mustard Seed Project had a meeting in November at the Key Peninsula Civic Center to explain the results of the study and to plan for the next steps．
“We'll be applying for a predevelopment loan to do all the necessary planning，” The Mustard Seed Project Executive Director Edie Morgan said．“We're aware of affordable loans for the assisted living section of the project, and can get standard financing for the other buildings．But there will be a funding gap, and we expect to need to raise nearly $3 million to make this happen．I believe we can do it．”
The entire project, once the project manager is identified, is expected to take about two years．
11．Why is the organization building affordable senior housing？
A．To offer free assistance to seniors．
B．To create job opportunities for residents．
C．To provide access to aging in place．
D．To improve facilities for the community．
12．What do we learn about the organization from Paragraph 3？
A．It holds meetings regularly．
B．It prepares holiday gifts for elders．
C．It adapts to sponsors' needs．
D．It takes the housing project seriously．
13．What is Morgan mainly talking about？
A．Sources of funds．
B．Application for loans．
C．Costs for construction．
D．Distribution of donations．
14．Why is the text written？
A．To attract more visitors．
B．To introduce an organization．
C．To report a project．
D．To entertain the seniors．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了非营利组织开展的“芥菜籽项目”正在接近它的一项倡议——在华盛顿的Key Peninsula建造经济适用的老年住房。
11．C 推理判断题。根据第二段“The Nonprofit carries out the project so that people don't have to leave the Key Peninsula as they age and have home care needs．(非营利组织开展了这个项目，这样人们就不必随着年龄的增长和家庭护理的需求而离开Key Peninsula。)”可知，这个组织要建造保障性老年住房是为就地养老提供方便。故选C。
12．D 推理判断题。根据第三段“More than a year ago, a longtime supporter of the organization made a major gift to undertake a long-desired study to understand both the needs of the community and the financial feasibility (可行性) for senior housing．As a result, The Mustard Seed Project had a meeting in November at the Key Peninsula Civic Center to explain the results of the study and to plan for the next steps．(一年多前，该组织的一位长期支持者捐赠了一笔巨款，用于进行一项渴望已久的研究，以了解社区的需求和老年人住房的财务可行性。因此，芥菜籽项目于11月在Key Peninsula市民中心召开了一次会议，解释了研究结果，并计划了下一步的工作。)”可知，这个组织认真对待住房项目。故选D。
13．A 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“‘We'll be applying for a predevelopment loan to do all the necessary planning，’The Mustard Seed Project Executive Director Edie Morgan said．‘We're aware of affordable loans for the assisted living section of the project, and can get standard financing for the other buildings．But there will be a funding gap, and we expect to need to raise nearly $3 million to make this happen．I believe we can do it．’(‘我们将申请开发前贷款来做所有必要的规划，’芥菜籽项目执行董事Edie Morgan说。‘我们知道该项目的辅助生活部分有可负担的贷款，也可以为其他建筑获得标准融资。但是会有资金缺口，我们预计需要筹集近300万美元来实现这一目标。我相信我们能做到。’)”可知，Morgan主要在谈论资金的来源。故选A。
14．C 写作意图题。根据第二段“The Nonprofit carries out the project so that people don't have to leave the Key Peninsula as they age and have home care needs．(非营利组织开展了这个项目，这样人们就不必随着年龄的增长和家庭护理的需求而离开Key Peninsula。)”可知，本文写作目的是为了报告一个项目。故选C。(共36张PPT)
第二部分
阅读能力突破篇
专题一 阅读理解
第2讲 题型破解——推理判断题
高频考点·研析透
推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题,一般在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。在进行推断时,要据文推理、合情推理,不可脱离原文主观臆断。
考点1 细节推断题
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细节推断题要求考生根据语篇内容，就某具体细节进行推断，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。一般题干中经常会出现六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(得出结论，推断出)和assume(假定，设想)。
该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：
(1)It can be inferred/concluded from the text that ．
(2)What can we infer/learn from…
(3)We can learn from the passage that ．
(4)The passage/story…indicates/suggests/implies that ．
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第一步：定位关键细节——根据题干提供的信息，抓住某一段话的关键信息，即推理的依据；
第二步：正确理解推断——对原文中的信息细读理解其字面意义，然后结合语境，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维和正向推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
【特别提醒】 (1)如果某个选项是文章中的一个细节内容，则不能作为推理的结论。
(2)切勿把脱离原文的个人看法、主观臆断作为答案。
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(2022·全国乙卷B)
In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N.Y.—Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood—traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse.The girls had gone to Smith College.They wore expensive clothes.So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo.to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise.Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff's granddaughter.
Why did they go then Well, they wanted to do something useful.Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken.
They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning.Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold.In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.
In Wickenden's book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead.A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms.The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy's return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller.The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing.Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them.Then a full moon rose.The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.”
25．What can we learn about the girls from Paragraph 3？ .
A．They enjoyed much respect．
B．They had a room with a bathtub．
C．They lived with the local kids．
D．They suffered severe hardships．
【解题示范】 第一步：确定题干中的关键信息：learn about，Paragraph 3；
第二步：在确定推理依据的位置或范围第三段之后，再进行推理判断：根据“They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning．(她们和一个当地家庭，哈里森一家一起搬进去，并且和他们一样，几乎没有隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来时被子上覆盖着一层雪。)”以及“In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice．(在春天，覆盖在冰上的雪被泥替代。)”可知，女孩们的生活条件非常艰苦，她们饱受磨难。故选D。
考点2 观点态度题
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所谓作者的观点和态度，就是表达作者对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断。作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观、悲观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑。作者的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词或副词。此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事所持的态度、观点或看法，或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。设问形式常有：
(1)What's the writer's attitude towards…
(2)What is the author's opinion on…
(3)What does the author think/feel about…
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1．文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中，注意文中作者或人物的措辞。
(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切忌用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。
(2)留意那些描写所处氛围及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。
(3)关注首段首尾句，推断文章主题，确定作者观点。
2．要分清选项中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反对或否定的词语，再以此对照文章内容。下面是一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：
(1)表示支持或肯定的词语
favorable赞同的，有利的；positive积极的，肯定的，确实的；supportive支持的；approval赞成，正式批准；reasonable合理的；enthusiastic热情的等。
(2)表示反对或否定的词语
critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的；disapproval不赞成；impractical不实际的；radical激进的；prejudiced有成见的，偏颇的等。
(3)表示中立或客观的态度的词语
objective 客观的；neutral 中立的；indifferent 漠然的等。
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(2023·全国乙卷B)
Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape(风景) can be quite a challenge, mainly because the corn state lacks geographical variation．
Although landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar, either farm fields or highways, sometimes I find distinctive character in the hills or lakes．To make some of my landscape shots, I have traveled up to four hours away to shoot within a 10-minute time frame．I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way．
Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography．I often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing the moment I am attempting to photograph．I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment．
One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil's Lake, Wisconsin, to climb the purple quartz (石英) rock around the lake．After we found a crazy-looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks, we decided to photograph the scene at sunset．The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background．We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset．However, we did not mark the route (路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely．Once we found the place, it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time．Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely．
27．How does the author find his photos taken at Devil's Lake？ .
A．Amusing． B．Satisfying．
C．Encouraging． D．Comforting．
【解题示范】 第一步：根据题干确定题型：由题干中的How does the author find可知本题是考查作者的观点态度；
第二步：确定答案，定位到原文，寻找相关信息：根据最后一段“Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely．(尽管如此，回顾这些照片，它们仍然是我最好的一些照片，尽管如果我能明智地准备和管理我的时间，它们本可以拍得更好。)”可知，作者认为自己在魔鬼湖拍摄的照片是令人满意的。故选B。
考点3 写作意图题
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通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力。设问形式常有：
1．整篇文章的写作目的/意图
(1)The writer writes this passage in order to ．
(2)The purpose of the text is to ．
(3)What is the main purpose of the passage
(4)The writer of the story wants/intends to tell us that ．
2．某处细节的写作目的/意图
(1)The writer uses…in the first paragraph to ．
(2)The writer uses the example of…to ．
(3)The author writes the last paragraph in order to ．
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通常可依据文体特点来推断作者写作意图：
1．记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲理展开。
2．应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言。
3．说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，故应找准主题句。
4．议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。
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(2021·全国乙卷C)
You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans—between 4．8 and 12．7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year．But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does．He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products．
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse，” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash．Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam．
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled．Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源)of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled．Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes．Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear．
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明)a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean．For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic，” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd been dumped (倾倒)from a truck all at once．
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint．
29．Why does the author discuss plastic straws in Paragraph 3？ .
A．To show the difficulty of their recycling．
B．To explain why they are useful．
C．To voice his views on modern art．
D．To find a substitute for them．
【解题示范】 第一步：阅读题干，把握出题意图：Why discuss，plastic straws；
第二步：通过题干中的Paragraph 3迅速定位第三段，该段讲的是“全球只有9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管绝不是最大的塑料污染源，但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、重量轻，无法回收利用。冯·王作品中的每一根吸管都很可能来自只喝了几分钟的饮料。一旦饮料消失了，吸管也要几个世纪才能消失。”吸管由于体积小，重量轻，无法回收利用，由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论吸管是为了展示它们回收的困难。故选A。
文章来源题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象，即作者针对的读者对象是什么人。设问形式常有：
(1)This passage would probably/most likely be found in ______ ．
(2)The passage is probably taken from/out ______ ．
(3)The passage is probably intended for______．
考点4 语篇出处或读者对象题
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1．利用内容判断文章出处
(1)文章前面有日期、地点或通讯社名称：newspaper。
(2)推销介绍新产品：advertisement。
(3)文章中有click here, download, upload, link, mouse, surf等网络标志语等网络用语：website。
(4)旅游胜地方面的介绍：travel guide。
(5)时尚、名人或娱乐方面的介绍：magazine/journal/entertainment section。
(6)科普知识：science report。
(7)文化教育类文章：education section。
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2．利用内容判断文章类别
(1)旅游景点方面的介绍：travel guide。
(2)新产品/新书/新影片/演出介绍：advertisement。
(3)活动介绍：notice/announcement。
(4)文章前面有日期、地点或通讯社名称：news。
(5)科普知识/研究介绍：science report/study report。
3．确定读者对象
先确定文章主题，再根据文章具体细节内容判断读者对象。
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(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷A)
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90－100, A; 80－89, B; 70－79, C; 60－69, D; Below 60, E．
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1＝10%; Essay 2＝15%; Essay 3＝15%; Essay 4＝20%．
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments(作业) during the course．All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system．
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class．Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded．
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late．If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero．Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero．Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted．
21．Where is this text probably taken from？ .
A．A textbook． B．An exam paper．
C．A course plan． D．An academic article．
【解题示范】 第一步：阅读题干，把握关键词Where，is taken from；
第二步：快速浏览全文，特别是黑体部分，确定体裁为说明文。根据标题“Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature (文学入门课程评分政策)”和“Essays (60%)(论文(60%))”部分的“Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course (你的四篇主要文章将构成本课程评分的主要部分)”可知，文章介绍了文学入门课程评分政策，可得出本文是出自一个课程计划。故选C。
