第二部分 专题一 第3讲
A
(2023·湖北省武汉市高考考前模拟)
Quantum theory(量子理论) is perhaps the most successful scientific idea ever．Yet, a century after its birth, something remains deeply puzzling about quantum theory．It does not tell us how physical systems behave．Instead, it treats any physical system as a black box: if you do this to it now, it will react like that later．What happens in between The theory simply doesn't tell us．
An idea has recently begun to catch on．Perhaps there is no need to make anything up about what lies behind quantum theory．Perhaps it really does reveal to us the deep structure of reality, where a property is no more than something that affects something else．Perhaps this is precisely what “properties” are: the effects of interactions．
Think of a simple object such as a blue teacup．Its being blue is not a property of the cup alone: colors happen in our brain as a result of the certain biological structure of our eyes and as a consequence of the interactions between daylight and the cup's surface．Its being “a teacup” refers to its potential function as a drinking container: for an alien who doesn't know about drinking tea, the very concept of a teacup is meaningless．As quantum theory shows: they are defined by their physical interactions with the rest of the world．
Then, it comes with a lesson．We understand reality better if we think of it in terms of interactions, not individuals．This is why, in classic game theory, the winners in the long run are those who cooperate．Too foolishly we measure success in terms of an individual's fortunes．It misunderstands the true nature of reality, and is ultimately self-defeating, which leads to unimaginable consequence and prevents us from addressing challenges that all human-kind faces as a whole．
1．What possibly does quantum theory tell according to the text？
A．How physical systems behave．
B．How to treat physical systems．
C．What effects one has on itself．
D．What the structure of reality is．
2．How does the author explain “the effects of interactions”？
A．By giving an example．
B．By making a comparison．
C．By quoting a scientist．
D．By conducting a survey．
3．What does the underlined word “It” in Paragraph 4 refer to？
A．The consequence we bear．
B．The theory in classic games．
C．The fortunes individuals have．
D．The way to measure success．
4．What is the main purpose of the text？
A．To clarify a physics theory．
B．To draw attention to interaction．
C．To challenge a popular idea．
D．To present reflections on games．
B
(2023·四川省成都市高中毕业班二模)
Chinese ink paintings once were on the edge of being forgotten—at least according to a paper of Li Xiaoshan, a postgraduate art student．
At the time, many Chinese painting professionals passed away without finding younger artists to fill their shoes．Young artists were left on their own to find breakthroughs and define themselves as artists．While extremely exaggerated (夸张), Li's comment sent shock waves through the Chinese painting community．Since then, many experimental painters have taken to their studios in China, creating many astonishing and inspirational ink paintings using new methods and concepts, marking an important step for the development of contemporary Chinese paintings．
Shao Ge is a representative of this new form．Born to an ordinary family in Beijing in 1962, Shao was keen on traditional Chinese paintings．As a child, he spent much of his time staring at the ink masterpieces in the Palace Museum．There was an elder neighbor, who was good at Chinese painting and calligraphy．In his spare time, the kind elder talked about traditional Chinese culture to young Shao．Some years later, Shao decided to study painting after graduating from high school．After graduating in the Beijing Arts and Crafts School in 1978, Shao was sent to work at a small crafts factory．Before long, the factory went bankrupt．Shao later passed an exam and became a painter for Rong Bao Zhai, a famous Chinese art gallery established in 1672．This career jump allowed Shao to springboard into a lifetime of ink paintings．
“At first, I just drew everything—landscapes, figures, flowers, birds, and fish，” Shao said．“But I soon found sticking to traditional thoughts and skills of Chinese paintings would be a brake on my development as a professional painter．For this reason, I decided to innovate my own style．”
5．What do the underlined words “fill their shoes” mean in Paragraph 2？
A．Calm them down．
B．Ask them for help．
C．Focus on themselves．
D．Take over their roles．
6．What does Paragraph 3 mainly introduce about Shao Ge？
A．His journey to art．
B．His family background．
C．His neighbor's influence．
D．His passion for learning．
7．What will be probably talked about in the next paragraph？
A．People's view of Shao's painting．
B．Shao's impact on Chinese painting．
C．The development of traditional painting．
D．Shao's successful experiment in painting．
8．In which column of a newspaper can this text probably be found？
A．Fashion． B．Feature．
C．Education． D．Literature．
C
(2023·安徽省宿州市高三一模)
Weeds compete for soil nutrients, water, space, and sunlight with the crops farmers grow to help feed people．Now a third-generation weeding robot, armed with lasers and powered by AI, offers a perfect labor-saving device．
Trundling(移动)down a row of crops, a battery of twelve cameras scan the ground, identifying weeds through machine—learning and killing them with a CO2 laser．CO2 lasers use reactions between nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen to generate powerful beams of light that are concentrated through mirrors inside the laser．
The Autonomous Weeder by Carbon Robotics can root out 100,000 weeds per hour, and clear 15-20 acres in a single day—numbers that require a person working an entire season to match．The robot's onboard supercomputer ensures millimeter precision with its laser so as to avoid accidentally clipping(剪掉) crops．
“This is one of the most creative and valuable technologies that I've seen as a farmer，” said James Johnson of Carzalia Farm in a statement, who has used Carbon Robotics' technology on his farm．“I expect the robots to go mainstream because of how effectively they address some of farming's most critical issues, including the overuse of chemicals, process efficiency, and labor．The sky is the limit．” It's no surprise that the 2021 model of the Autonomous Weeder has already sold out, even considering its price tag which was quoted at “hundreds of thousands of dollars”．
The de-weeding method of the robot is Certified Organic and in line with regenerative farming practices．Cost-effective weed control is the biggest barrier to entry with organic farming, and agriculturalists looking to make the switch finally have an alternative to help them get their vegetables out to people．
9．Which part of the weeder helps clear grass precisely？
A．The CO2 laser．
B．The battery of cameras．
C．Mirrors inside the laser．
D．The onboard supercomputer．
10．does the underlined sentence “The sky is the limit．” mean in Paragraph 4？
A．The robots won't spread widely．
B．The invention is very promising．
C．The weeder addresses limited issues．
D．The technology needs further improvement．
11．What does James think of the weeder？
A．Flexible．
B．Affordable．
C．Energy-saving．
D．Environment-friendly．
12．What can be inferred about the weeder from the last paragraph？
A．It contributes to a higher output．
B．It helps develop organic farming．
C．It will replace humans in farming．
D．It isn't accepted by agriculturalists．
D
(2023·四川省成都市高三一模)
Can you imagine someone hunting you down with a gun Most of us would be terrified．So, it's no surprise that that's how animals respond, too．
Orcas, a species that have been systematically hunted—even with machine guns—dramatically decreased in number in the twentieth century．These so-called “killer whales” hunted the same fish that fishermen prized and were therefore seen as competition．Consequently, killer whales began avoiding certain locations and routes．But while North America largely banned their killing in the 1970s, they continue to be hunted in Greenland to this day．
Elephants also have to deal with human hunters．Ivory poachers(象牙偷猎者)have greatly reduced the African elephant population, which used to cover the entire continent．The ivory trade was banned in 1990, but animal habitats and food supplies have still declined．In Kenya, the human population has increased four times over the last 40 years while the elephant population declined by four-fifths．
This has caused the elephants to adopt unique responses to people．For instance, elephants are terrified of the spear-waving Maasai, an ethnic group of Kenya and Tanzania who have often hurt elephants when trying to protect their own cattle．
So once in an experiment by a group of zoologists, when elephants living close to the Maasai were presented with three different T-shirts, one belonging to a Maasai, another to a different local and one to a researcher, they only reacted with fear to the Maasai shirt, literally smelling the danger．
However, neither elephants nor killer whales commonly show anger and hate for people．In fact, elephants are generally friendly to humans．And the only instances of killer whales harming a person occurred when the whales were kept in a water cage．Orcas have even been reported to aid humans in need, protecting them from other animals．
13．Why are killer whales often hunted？
A．They are hugely profitable．
B．They harm people's interests．
C．They threaten fishermen's safety．
D．They compete with other wildlife for food．
14．What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 4 refer to？
A．Less illegal ivory trade．
B．The decline of food supplies．
C．Elephants' travelling to other continents．
D．The population change of humans and elephants．
15．Why is the experiment mentioned？
A．To prove humans' influence on animals．
B．To show the defensive nature of the Maasai．
C．To illustrate the cleverness of the wild animals．
D．To highlight the urgency of animal conservation．
16．What's the best title of this text？
A．Fierce Animals Can Feel Frightened Too
B．Animal Kingdoms Are Sounding an Alarm
C．Animals Are Trying to Fit in Human World
D．Human Actions Have Shaped Animal Consciousness
第二部分 专题一 第3讲
A
(2023·湖北省武汉市高考考前模拟)
Quantum theory(量子理论) is perhaps the most successful scientific idea ever．Yet, a century after its birth, something remains deeply puzzling about quantum theory．It does not tell us how physical systems behave．Instead, it treats any physical system as a black box: if you do this to it now, it will react like that later．What happens in between The theory simply doesn't tell us．
An idea has recently begun to catch on．Perhaps there is no need to make anything up about what lies behind quantum theory．Perhaps it really does reveal to us the deep structure of reality, where a property is no more than something that affects something else．Perhaps this is precisely what “properties” are: the effects of interactions．
Think of a simple object such as a blue teacup．Its being blue is not a property of the cup alone: colors happen in our brain as a result of the certain biological structure of our eyes and as a consequence of the interactions between daylight and the cup's surface．Its being “a teacup” refers to its potential function as a drinking container: for an alien who doesn't know about drinking tea, the very concept of a teacup is meaningless．As quantum theory shows: they are defined by their physical interactions with the rest of the world．
Then, it comes with a lesson．We understand reality better if we think of it in terms of interactions, not individuals．This is why, in classic game theory, the winners in the long run are those who cooperate．Too foolishly we measure success in terms of an individual's fortunes．It misunderstands the true nature of reality, and is ultimately self-defeating, which leads to unimaginable consequence and prevents us from addressing challenges that all human-kind faces as a whole．
1．What possibly does quantum theory tell according to the text？
A．How physical systems behave．
B．How to treat physical systems．
C．What effects one has on itself．
D．What the structure of reality is．
2．How does the author explain “the effects of interactions”？
A．By giving an example．
B．By making a comparison．
C．By quoting a scientist．
D．By conducting a survey．
3．What does the underlined word “It” in Paragraph 4 refer to？
A．The consequence we bear．
B．The theory in classic games．
C．The fortunes individuals have．
D．The way to measure success．
4．What is the main purpose of the text？
A．To clarify a physics theory．
B．To draw attention to interaction．
C．To challenge a popular idea．
D．To present reflections on games．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了量子理论向我们揭示了现实的深层结构以及相互作用的影响。
1．D 细节理解题。根据第二段“Perhaps it really does reveal to us the deep structure of reality, where a property is no more than something that affects something else．(也许它确实向我们揭示了现实的深层结构，一种属性只不过是影响另一种属性的东西。)”可知，量子理论可能告诉我们现实的结构是什么。故选D。
2．A 推理判断题。根据第三段“Think of a simple object such as a blue teacup．Its being blue is not a property of the cup alone: colors happen in our brain as a result of the certain biological structure of our eyes and as a consequence of the interactions between daylight and the cup's surface．Its being ‘a teacup’ refers to its potential function as a drinking container: for an alien who doesn't know about drinking tea, the very concept of a teacup is meaningless．As quantum theory shows: they are defined by their physical interactions with the rest of the world．(想想一个简单的物体，比如一个蓝色的茶杯。杯子是蓝色的并不仅仅是杯子的特性：我们大脑中的颜色是我们眼睛的某种生物结构的结果，也是日光和杯子表面相互作用的结果。‘茶杯’指的是它作为一个饮用容器的潜在功能：对于一个不知道喝茶的外星人来说，茶杯的概念本身毫无意义。正如量子理论所表明的那样：它们是由它们与世界其他部分的物理相互作用来定义的。)”可知，作者举例说明解释“相互作用的影响”。故选A。
3．D 代词指代题。根据画线词上文“Too foolishly we measure success in terms of an individual's fortunes．”以及后文“misunderstands the true nature of reality, and is ultimately self-defeating, which leads to unimaginable consequence”可知，我们用个人的财富来衡量成功，这太愚蠢了，这种衡量成功的方法误解了现实的本质，最终会弄巧成拙，导致难以想象的后果。所以it指的是“衡量成功的方法”。故选D。
4．B 写作意图题。根据最后一段“We understand reality better if we think of it in terms of interactions, not individuals．This is why, in classic game theory, the winners in the long run are those who cooperate．Too foolishly we measure success in terms of an individual's fortunes．It misunderstands the true nature of reality, and is ultimately self-defeating, which leads to unimaginable consequence and prevents us from addressing challenges that all human-kind faces as a whole．(如果我们从相互作用而不是个体的角度来考虑现实，我们就能更好地理解现实。这就是为什么在经典博弈论中，长期的赢家是那些合作的人。我们用个人的财富来衡量成功，这太愚蠢了。它误解了现实的本质，最终会弄巧成拙，导致难以想象的后果，阻碍我们应对全人类共同面临的挑战。)”可知，文章的主要目的是吸引人们对相互作用的注意。故选B。
B
(2023·四川省成都市高中毕业班二模)
Chinese ink paintings once were on the edge of being forgotten—at least according to a paper of Li Xiaoshan, a postgraduate art student．
At the time, many Chinese painting professionals passed away without finding younger artists to fill their shoes．Young artists were left on their own to find breakthroughs and define themselves as artists．While extremely exaggerated (夸张), Li's comment sent shock waves through the Chinese painting community．Since then, many experimental painters have taken to their studios in China, creating many astonishing and inspirational ink paintings using new methods and concepts, marking an important step for the development of contemporary Chinese paintings．
Shao Ge is a representative of this new form．Born to an ordinary family in Beijing in 1962, Shao was keen on traditional Chinese paintings．As a child, he spent much of his time staring at the ink masterpieces in the Palace Museum．There was an elder neighbor, who was good at Chinese painting and calligraphy．In his spare time, the kind elder talked about traditional Chinese culture to young Shao．Some years later, Shao decided to study painting after graduating from high school．After graduating in the Beijing Arts and Crafts School in 1978, Shao was sent to work at a small crafts factory．Before long, the factory went bankrupt．Shao later passed an exam and became a painter for Rong Bao Zhai, a famous Chinese art gallery established in 1672．This career jump allowed Shao to springboard into a lifetime of ink paintings．
“At first, I just drew everything—landscapes, figures, flowers, birds, and fish，” Shao said．“But I soon found sticking to traditional thoughts and skills of Chinese paintings would be a brake on my development as a professional painter．For this reason, I decided to innovate my own style．”
5．What do the underlined words “fill their shoes” mean in Paragraph 2？
A．Calm them down．
B．Ask them for help．
C．Focus on themselves．
D．Take over their roles．
6．What does Paragraph 3 mainly introduce about Shao Ge？
A．His journey to art．
B．His family background．
C．His neighbor's influence．
D．His passion for learning．
7．What will be probably talked about in the next paragraph？
A．People's view of Shao's painting．
B．Shao's impact on Chinese painting．
C．The development of traditional painting．
D．Shao's successful experiment in painting．
8．In which column of a newspaper can this text probably be found？
A．Fashion． B．Feature．
C．Education． D．Literature．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国当代实验水墨家代表人物——邵戈，介绍了其成名过程以及艺术特色。
5．D 词句猜测题。根据第二段“At the time, many Chinese painting professionals passed away (当时，许多中国画专业人士去世了)”可知，老一辈的国画家去世了；而根据画线短语下一句“Young artists were left on their own to find breakthroughs (年轻的艺术家们只能靠自己去寻找突破)”可知，年轻的艺术家们只有靠自己，老一辈国画家去世后，年轻的艺术家们还未具有取代他们的地位的能力。所以fill their shoes为“接管他们的角色，取代他们的地位”之意。故选D。
6．A 段落大意题。根据第三段“Shao Ge is a representative of this new form．Born to an ordinary family in Beijing in 1962, Shao was keen on traditional Chinese paintings．．．This career jump allowed Shao to springboard into a lifetime of ink paintings．(邵戈就是这种新形式的代表。邵戈1962年出生于北京的一个普通家庭，他热衷于中国画。小时候，他花了很多时间盯着故宫博物院的水墨杰作。有一个年长的邻居，他擅长中国画和书法。闲暇时，这位慈祥的老人给小邵讲起了中国传统文化。若干年后，邵戈高中毕业后决定学习绘画。1978年，邵戈从北京工艺美术学校毕业后，被送到一家小工艺品厂工作。不久，这家工厂就破产了。邵戈后来通过考试，成为1672年成立的中国著名美术馆荣宝斋的画家。这一事业上的飞跃让邵戈走上了水墨画的道路。)”可知，本段主要介绍了邵戈追求艺术的道路。故选A。
7．D 推理判断题。根据最后一段“‘At first, I just drew everything—landscapes, figures, flowers, birds, and fish，’Shao said．‘But I soon found sticking to traditional thoughts and skills of Chinese paintings would be a brake on my development as a professional painter．For this reason, I decided to innovate my own style．’(‘一开始，我什么都画——风景、人物、花鸟和鱼，’邵说。‘但我很快发现，坚持中国画的传统思想和技巧会阻碍我成为一名职业画家。因此，我决定创新自己的风格。’)”可知，下文将讲述邵戈如何开始走上实验水墨画的道路并取得成功。故选D。
8．B 语篇出处题。根据第三段“Shao Ge is a representative of this new form．．．Shao later passed an exam and became a painter for Rong Bao Zhai, a famous Chinese art gallery established in 1672．This career jump allowed Shao to springboard into a lifetime of ink paintings．(邵戈就是这种新形式的代表。邵戈1962年出生于北京的一个普通家庭，他热衷于中国画。小时候，他花了很多时间盯着故宫博物院的水墨杰作。有一个年长的邻居，他擅长中国画和书法。闲暇时，这位慈祥的老人给小邵讲起了中国传统文化。若干年后，邵戈高中毕业后决定学习绘画。1978年，邵戈从北京工艺美术学校毕业后，被送到一家小工艺品厂工作。不久，这家工厂就破产了。邵戈后来通过考试，成为了1672年成立的中国著名美术馆荣宝斋的画家。这一事业上的飞跃让邵戈走上了水墨画的道路。)”可知，本文主要介绍了中国实验水墨家代表人邵戈，所以这篇文章会出现在人物介绍专栏。故选B。
C
(2023·安徽省宿州市高三一模)
Weeds compete for soil nutrients, water, space, and sunlight with the crops farmers grow to help feed people．Now a third-generation weeding robot, armed with lasers and powered by AI, offers a perfect labor-saving device．
Trundling(移动)down a row of crops, a battery of twelve cameras scan the ground, identifying weeds through machine—learning and killing them with a CO2 laser．CO2 lasers use reactions between nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen to generate powerful beams of light that are concentrated through mirrors inside the laser．
The Autonomous Weeder by Carbon Robotics can root out 100,000 weeds per hour, and clear 15-20 acres in a single day—numbers that require a person working an entire season to match．The robot's onboard supercomputer ensures millimeter precision with its laser so as to avoid accidentally clipping(剪掉) crops．
“This is one of the most creative and valuable technologies that I've seen as a farmer，” said James Johnson of Carzalia Farm in a statement, who has used Carbon Robotics' technology on his farm．“I expect the robots to go mainstream because of how effectively they address some of farming's most critical issues, including the overuse of chemicals, process efficiency, and labor．The sky is the limit．” It's no surprise that the 2021 model of the Autonomous Weeder has already sold out, even considering its price tag which was quoted at “hundreds of thousands of dollars”．
The de-weeding method of the robot is Certified Organic and in line with regenerative farming practices．Cost-effective weed control is the biggest barrier to entry with organic farming, and agriculturalists looking to make the switch finally have an alternative to help them get their vegetables out to people．
9．Which part of the weeder helps clear grass precisely？
A．The CO2 laser．
B．The battery of cameras．
C．Mirrors inside the laser．
D．The onboard supercomputer．
10．does the underlined sentence “The sky is the limit．” mean in Paragraph 4？
A．The robots won't spread widely．
B．The invention is very promising．
C．The weeder addresses limited issues．
D．The technology needs further improvement．
11．What does James think of the weeder？
A．Flexible．
B．Affordable．
C．Energy-saving．
D．Environment-friendly．
12．What can be inferred about the weeder from the last paragraph？
A．It contributes to a higher output．
B．It helps develop organic farming．
C．It will replace humans in farming．
D．It isn't accepted by agriculturalists．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种除草设备，它既可以节约人力，同时也可以避免除草剂的使用。
9．D 细节理解题。根据第三段“The robot's onboard supercomputer ensures millimeter precision with its laser so as to avoid accidentally clipping (剪掉) crops．(该机器人的机载超级计算机通过其激光确保毫米级精度，以避免意外修剪作物。)”可知，除草机搭载的超级计算机能够保证除草更精准。故选D。
10．B 句意猜测题。根据画线句后句“It's no surprise that the 2021 model of the Autonomous Weeder has already sold out, even considering its price tag which was quoted at ‘hundreds of thousands of dollars’．(毫不奇怪，2021的自主除草机已经售罄，即使考虑到它的报价是‘数十万美元’。)”可知，除草机非常实用，2021年的除草机已经卖完，由此可知，这款机器非常有前景。故选B。
11．D 推理判断题。根据第四段“I expect the robots to go mainstream because of how effectively they address some of farming's most critical issues, including the overuse of chemicals, process efficiency, and labor．(我预计机器人将成为主流，因为它能解决农业中一些最关键的问题，包括化学品的过度使用、加工效率和劳动力。)”可知，James认为除草机是环保的。故选D。
12．B 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The de-weeding method of the robot is Certified Organic and in line with regenerative farming practices．Cost-effective weed control is the biggest barrier to entry with organic farming, and agriculturalists looking to make the switch finally have an alternative to help them get their vegetables out to people．(该机器人的除草方法是有机认证的，符合再生农业实践。成本效益高的杂草控制是有机农业进入市场的最大障碍，希望实现这一转变的农学家最终找到了替代办法，帮助他们将蔬菜推广到人们手中。)”可知，最后一段告诉我们除草机可帮助农民发展有机农业。故选B。
D
(2023·四川省成都市高三一模)
Can you imagine someone hunting you down with a gun Most of us would be terrified．So, it's no surprise that that's how animals respond, too．
Orcas, a species that have been systematically hunted—even with machine guns—dramatically decreased in number in the twentieth century．These so-called “killer whales” hunted the same fish that fishermen prized and were therefore seen as competition．Consequently, killer whales began avoiding certain locations and routes．But while North America largely banned their killing in the 1970s, they continue to be hunted in Greenland to this day．
Elephants also have to deal with human hunters．Ivory poachers(象牙偷猎者)have greatly reduced the African elephant population, which used to cover the entire continent．The ivory trade was banned in 1990, but animal habitats and food supplies have still declined．In Kenya, the human population has increased four times over the last 40 years while the elephant population declined by four-fifths．
This has caused the elephants to adopt unique responses to people．For instance, elephants are terrified of the spear-waving Maasai, an ethnic group of Kenya and Tanzania who have often hurt elephants when trying to protect their own cattle．
So once in an experiment by a group of zoologists, when elephants living close to the Maasai were presented with three different T-shirts, one belonging to a Maasai, another to a different local and one to a researcher, they only reacted with fear to the Maasai shirt, literally smelling the danger．
However, neither elephants nor killer whales commonly show anger and hate for people．In fact, elephants are generally friendly to humans．And the only instances of killer whales harming a person occurred when the whales were kept in a water cage．Orcas have even been reported to aid humans in need, protecting them from other animals．
13．Why are killer whales often hunted？
A．They are hugely profitable．
B．They harm people's interests．
C．They threaten fishermen's safety．
D．They compete with other wildlife for food．
14．What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 4 refer to？
A．Less illegal ivory trade．
B．The decline of food supplies．
C．Elephants' travelling to other continents．
D．The population change of humans and elephants．
15．Why is the experiment mentioned？
A．To prove humans' influence on animals．
B．To show the defensive nature of the Maasai．
C．To illustrate the cleverness of the wild animals．
D．To highlight the urgency of animal conservation．
16．What's the best title of this text？
A．Fierce Animals Can Feel Frightened Too
B．Animal Kingdoms Are Sounding an Alarm
C．Animals Are Trying to Fit in Human World
D．Human Actions Have Shaped Animal Consciousness
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要是说人类对动物的行为已经影响了动物对人类的感知。
13．B 推理判断题。根据第二段“These so-called ‘killer whales’hunted the same fish that fishermen prized and were therefore seen as competition．(这些所谓的‘虎鲸’捕食的是渔民们珍视的同种鱼类，因此被视为竞争对手。)”可知，因为虎鲸捕食的是渔民们珍视的同种鱼类，也就是说它们伤害到了人们的利益，所以它们才会被人们猎杀。故选B。
14．D 代词指代题。画线词所在的句子是一个承上启下的句子，所以this指的是上文提到的内容，而第三段最后一句“In Kenya, the human population has increased four times over the last 40 years while the elephant population declined by four-fifths．(在肯尼亚，在过去的40年里，人口数量增加了4倍，而大象的数量减少了五分之四。)”说的是人口的增加和大象数量的减少，由此可知，This代指人类和大象的数量变化。故选D。
15．A 推理判断题。根据第四段“For instance, elephants are terrified of the spear-waving Maasai, an ethnic group of Kenya and Tanzania who have often hurt elephants when trying to protect their own cattle．(例如，大象害怕挥舞长矛的马赛人，这是肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚的一个民族，他们在试图保护自己的牲畜时经常伤害大象。)”和第五段“So once in an experiment by a group of zoologists, when elephants living close to the Maasai were presented with three different T-shirts, one belonging to a Maasai, another to a different local and one to a researcher, they only reacted with fear to the Maasai shirt, literally smelling the danger．(因此，在一组动物学家的一次实验中，当生活在马赛人附近的大象看到三种不同的T恤时，一件属于马赛人，一件属于不同的当地人，一件属于研究人员，它们对马赛人的T恤只表现出恐惧，实际上是嗅到了危险。)”可知，大象害怕马赛人的T恤，是因为它们嗅到了危险。所以实验的目的是为了证明人类对动物的影响。故选A。
16．D 标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Can you imagine someone hunting you down with a gun Most of us would be terrified．So, it's no surprise that that's how animals respond, too．(你能想象有人拿着枪追杀你吗？我们大多数人都会害怕。所以，动物也会有这样的反应也就不足为奇了。)”可知，文章主要讲的是人类对动物的行为已经影响了动物对人类的感知。所以D项“Human Actions Have Shaped Animal Consciousness(人类的行为塑造了动物的意识)”作为文章的题目与主题相符。故选D。(共39张PPT)
第二部分
阅读能力突破篇
专题一 阅读理解
第3讲 题型破解——词句猜测题
高频考点·研析透
词句猜测题旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力,既可以考查生词的意义,也可以考查熟词的新意,还可以考查对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解文章中,常常有一些单词或短语超出了考试大纲，但又没有附加注释,需要考生猜测词义才能准确理解文章。
考点1 词语猜测题
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词语猜测题是基本上每年必考的阅读理解题型。词义判断是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速判断所指定的某一个生词或短语含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。
词语猜测题的命题方式有：
(1)The underlined word “…” in Paragraph…is closest in meaning to ．
(2)What does the underlined word “…” probably mean
(3)The underlined word “…” could best be replaced by “ ”．
(4)Which of the following words can take the place of the word “…”？
(5)By saying “…”， the author means ．
(6)“…” used in the passage can best be defined as ．
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1．根据定义、释义或同位语进行猜测
(1)科技说明文等文章中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语下定义，通过阅读定义和解释部分，考生便可理解该词或短语的意思。
(2)需要猜测的单词或短语后面有时会紧跟一个同位语，作为对前面的词或短语的解释说明。
(3)文章下文中常以某种特定方式对前文进行解释，如利用or, that is (to say), in other words, namely等词语。
(4)用冒号、破折号、括号等对某个词或短语加以解释说明。
例如：Taylor's swift action helped her teammates calm down．One girl called 911．Two more ran to get the school nurse，who brought a defibrillator，an electronic device (器械) that can shock the heart back into work．Luck stayed with them：Paris's heartbeat returned．
分析：所猜测单词defibrillator后面出现了同位语“an electronic device (器械) that can shock the heart back into work(一个可以电击心脏使其重新工作的电子器械)”来进行解释说明，我们可推知其词义应为“(心脏)除颤器”。
2．根据构词法进行猜测
英语中通过词根加词缀或合成两个单词的方式可以构成新词。因此，掌握了一定的构词知识，再结合上下文语境，也可以快速猜测词义。
例如：A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry．
分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
3．根据因果关系进行猜测
在阅读理解文章的句子或段落中，若两个事物或两种现象之间构成因果关系，这时我们可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推断词或短语的含义。表示因果关系的标志词有because, so, thus, therefore, as a result of, since, so that, so/such…that…等。
例如：My son could not follow the teacher's directions, he told me, and thus, Scola was disrupting the class．Didn't he know my son did not speak English yet
试题：What does the underlined word “disrupting” probably mean？
A．Breaking． B．Following．
C．Attending． D．Disturbing．
分析：画线单词所在的句子出现了因果关系标志词thus，由前面的原因“我儿子听不懂老师的指示”可以推知，“他因此认为我儿子斯科拉干扰了课堂”，符合这一因果逻辑关系。故选D。
4．根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
在画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，它往往暗示了该词或该短语的含义，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词或短语的含义。常见的表示相同或相近意义的词和短语有and，or，like，as well，similarly，too，also，either等。
例如：The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration(合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St．Petersburg, Florida．
试题：What does the underlined word “contributions” refer to？
A．Artworks． B．Projects．
C．Donations． D．Documents．
分析：画线单词contributions前出现了and，可利用同义或近义关系进行猜测。and前面提到了“The fine selection of the major works(精选的重要作品)”，后面说contributions来自其他机构，由并列关系可以推断出contributions应该属于works的范畴，同时文中明确表示contributions是来自museum的。故选A。
5．根据转折、对比或反义关系进行猜测
有些需要猜测词义的词或短语前后会出现表示转折或对比的词语，运用这些词语也可以帮助猜测词义。能体现转折、对比关系的词汇很多，常见的有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead (of)，on the other hand，rather than，on the contrary等。
例如：In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink．Sedate though they are, rides at this time of day are still very impressive．
试题：What does the underlined word “Sedate” probably mean
A．Wild and romantic． B．Slow and peaceful．
C．Hungry and thirsty． D．Active and excited．
分析：画线词语所在句子的句意为“虽然它们 ，但是在一天的这个时候骑马观赏仍然令人印象非常深刻。”由though可知，前后两句是转折关系，再结合前一句中提到的“at a more relaxed and unhurried pace”可知，应选B项，Sedate意为“不慌不忙的”。故选B。
6．根据上下文进行猜测
有些词语猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。
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一、(2022·全国乙卷C)
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today's “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis．
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines．They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points．The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved．Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board．
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety．It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure．That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts．
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems．To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead．Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future．They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously．Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot．With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time．
29．What does “maintenance” underlined in Paragraph 3 refer to？____
A．Personnel safety．
B．Assistance from drones．
C．Inspection and repair．
D．Construction of infrastructure．
【解题示范】 第一步：迅速扫读文章，在文章中的第三段找出画线词；
第二步：利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。根据下文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure．(据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施。)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety．”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全。故选C。
二、(2023·全国甲卷B)
Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself)．Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself．
She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd．From the age of six, Terri, now 26, accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays．A day's work was rewarded with ￡5 in pocket money．She says, “I'm sure I wasn't much of a help to start with painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house．It took weeks and it was backbreaking work, but I know he was proud of my skills．”
Terri, who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth, South West London, says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy (租期) comes to an end．She adds, “I've moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures．So, it's been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I've moved out．”
With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over that coming weeks, new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long, warm summer days to get jobs done．The average spend per project will be around ￡823．Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home．Two fifth wish to increase the value of their house．Though DIY has traditionally been seen as male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge．
24．Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in Paragraph 1？_____
A．An artist． B．A winner．
C．A specialist． D．A pioneer．
【解题示范】 第一步：找出画线短语所在文章中的位置；
第二步：利用下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测含义：根据画线短语下文“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself．(她擅长摆架子和拼接家具，从不付钱给别人做她自己能做的工作。)”可知，Terri Bolton是一位DIY高手。故选C。
考点2 代词指代题
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判断替代词的指代内容，要求考生判断代词(it，one，they，this，that，these，those，which等)或代动词(do，does，did等)具体替代什么。
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1．代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。
2．代动词do, does, did一般用来替代前文中出现的一个动词短语，以避免重复。
3．设问形式常有：
(1)What does the underlined word “this/it/them/which…” refer to
(2)The underlined part “it/that/they/which…” in Paragraph…refers to “ ”．
(3)What does the underlined word “do/does/did”in Paragraph…mean/refer to
判定指代三步法
第一步：确定代词在文中所指代的内容；
弄清代词指代的是前文中的人、物还是一件事，要用单数还是复数。
第二步：掌握代词的含义、用法；
(1)it/this/that可指代一件事。
(2)it/he/them/they/one/those指上文提到的人或物。
(3)which/that/who等关系代词指代其所修饰的先行词，非限制性定语从句中which可指代前面整句话的内容。
第三步：替换核实再比较。
(1)用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。
(2)比较所代部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。
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(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷C)
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel．
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse．Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos．Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply．
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted (分心)driving was “only increasing, unfortunately．”
“Big change requires big ideas．” he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety．So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving．
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer．It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity．The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws．
“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior，” said Félix W．Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers．If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, “people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone．”
30．What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to？_____
A．Advice． B．Data．
C．Tests． D．Laws．
【解题示范】 第一步：根据题干中的the last paragraph，确定画线代词在文章中的段落；
第二步：迅速扫读文章的最后一段，特别是画线代词所在句“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior(我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西)”可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, ‘people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone．’(他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，‘人们会更害怕拿起手机。’)”可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。受到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。
考点3 句意猜测题
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句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的特殊含义的语句或高度概括句中，要求考生用合适的句子解释这一语句或这一语句的某一部分。锁定语句前后，寻找意义吻合是解题的关键。
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第一步：在原文中定位画线句；
第二步：查找画线句前后的关键信息句；
第三步：仔细阅读与画线句有意义关联的信息句，合理推断画线句的句意；
第四步：归纳总结，仔细比对选项，确定答案。
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(2021·全国甲卷C)
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing．I loved it．I soon made friends with the local skaters．We spoke our own language．And my favorite：Safe．Safe meant cool．It meant hello．It meant don't worry about it．Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam(横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up：Safe, man．Safe．A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting：“Safe! Safe! Safe！” And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater．
9．What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe！” probably mean？____
A．Be careful！ B．Well done!
C．No way！ D．Don't worry!
【解题示范】 第一步：定位画线句，在原文第二段；
第二步：查找画线句后面的关键信息句：“And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater．”；
第三步：仔细阅读与画线句有意义关联的信息句，合理推断画线句的句意：根据画线词下文“And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater．(那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家。)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大声欢呼，因此可以推出本句的Safe是赞美的含义。结合选项，故选B。
