第二部分 专题一 第4讲
A
(2023·河南省焦作市普通高中高三二模)
An inability to stand on one leg for 10 seconds in later life is linked to nearly double the risk of death from any cause within the next decade, according to a new study．The simple balance test may be useful to be included in routine physical exams for people in middle and old age, the research, which was published in British Journal of Sports Medicine, suggested．
While aging leads to a decline in physical fitness, muscle strength and flexibility, balance tends to be reasonably well-preserved until a person's 50s, when it starts to decline relatively rapidly, the research noted．Previous research has linked the inability to stand on one leg to a greater risk of falls and to cognitive decline．
The study involved 1,702 people aged 51 to 75 living in Brazil, who were asked to balance unsupported on one leg during an initial check．Researchers told the participants to place the front of the free foot behind the standing leg, keep their arms by their sides and eyes．Fixed straight ahead．Up to three attempts on either foot were permitted．
The study participants had an average age of 61 and two-thirds of them were men．Around 1 in 5 failed to balance on one leg for 10 seconds at the initial checkup．Researchers monitored the participants after the initial checkup for a period of seven years, during which 7% of the people died．The proportion(比例) of deaths among those who failed the test (17．5%) was significantly higher than deaths among those who were able to balance for 10 seconds(4．5%)．
The research was observational and didn't reveal cause and effect．The study didn't look at any possible biological mechanisms that might explain the link between poor balance and longevity．
The study noted that, overall, those who failed the test were in poorer health, with greater proportion of suffering from obesity, heart disease and high blood pressure．Diabetes was also more common among those who failed to complete the test．
1．What did the participants take during the research？
A．Vision examinations．
B．Medical examinations．
C．Flexibility tests．
D．Balance tests．
2．How did the researchers get the findings？
A．By calculating the participant numbers．
B．By comparing the participants' lifetime．
C．By identifying the participants' diseases．
D．By monitoring the participants' pressure．
3．What was the research's shortcoming？
A．It had few participants．
B．It didn't last very long．
C．It lacked in-depth study．
D．It was the first research on balance．
4．What may be the best title for the text？
A．Balance determines a person's lifetime
B．The balance test should be promoted to people
C．The ability to stand on one leg can reflect health levels
D．Being able to stand for 10 seconds means being healthy
B
(2023·安徽省黄山市高三一模)
Cimabue, the greatest painter in medieval(中世纪的)Italy, was surprised one day when he came back from his lunch break and discovered a fly was under the nose of a character he had been working on．So he reached out to touch the insect．To his surprise, he found only wet paint．Turning around, he saw that his apprentice(学徒), Giotto di Bondone, was doing everything he could to keep from laughing．Giotto had painted the fly when Cimabue was away, and it looked so real that Cimabue had been completely fooled．
Giotto was born into a poor farming family．Legend has it that one day when Cimabue was walking around the countryside, he spotted a young shepherd(牧羊人)boy．The boy was not tending his sheep．Instead, he was drawing pictures of them, and the sheep he drew were so lifelike that Cimabue stopped to ask the boy his name．The boy replied that it was Giotto, and Cimabue immediately asked him to come to Florence so that the young shepherd could learn how to paint．
In the Middle Ages, an artist not only had to concern himself with things like design and technique, but he also had to learn how to make paints．Almost all artists were men, and they began their apprenticeships at an early age．An apprentice's job was to copy his master as exactly as he could．The unfortunate result of this imitation(模仿)was a lack of new ideas．
In fact, art in the Middle Ages remained the same for hundreds of years．The people in paintings didn't look like real people, and the symbolism of art was often so remote that it must have been difficult for viewers to connect with it on a personal level．Giotto used many techniques that were uncommon at the time to bring the paintings to life for viewers．He painted people the way he saw them, instead of the overly tall people that other artists painted．He created three-dimensional space by using perspective, something that had not been done since Roman times．Finally, he threw out parts of the symbolism associated with medieval painting．
5．Why does the author mention the fly event in Paragraph 1？
A．To indicate Giotto drew better than Cimabue．
B．To indicate Giotto liked making fun of others．
C．To show the fly painted by Giotto looked real．
D．To show Cimabue disliked painting flies very much．
6．What was Giotto doing when Cimabue first met him according to legend？
A．He was taking a walk．
B．He was feeding sheep．
C．He was playing with a shepherd boy．
D．He was drawing pictures．
7．What is typical of medieval artists？
A．Lacking creativity．
B．Having an unhappy childhood．
C．Having a short period of apprenticeship．
D．Supporting themselves by making paints．
8．What is the last paragraph mainly about？
A．Giotto's study on medieval painting．
B．The competition between medieval artists．
C．Giotto's efforts to change art in the Middle Ages．
D．The most popular forms of painting in the Middle Ages．
C
(2023·辽宁省普通高中高三二模)
Deepfake Videos of Tom Cruise Raise Concern
A series of deepfake videos of Tom Cruise have gained more than 11 million views on TikTok．The creator said he never wanted to trick people．But since he has, he's hoping the sudden influx (涌入) of attention can help bring greater awareness to the continued evolution of the technology that can create incredibly realistic fake videos of people．
“The important thing is, we didn't want to fool people at any moment，” Chris Ume, 31, the Belgian visual effects artist behind the visual deepfake, said in an interview．“If I can help in creating awareness, or even work on detection in the future, I would love to．”
Ume created the four videos, in which it appeared to show the Hollywood star playing golf, doing a magic coin trick, and falling over while telling a story．The videos went visual, attracting attention on TikTok and across the Internet．
And though most people realized quickly that the videos were fake, even experts were impressed by their quality．
“My first thought was they're incredibly well done，” said digital image expert HanyFarid, who is a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and specializes in image analysis．“They are funny, and they're clever．”
But they also offer a warning: Deepfake technology that has emerged in recent years continues to evolve and improve．And while deepfake videos have not yet been effectively used in many misinformation(虚假消息) campaigns, the danger is growing．
“In the early days, you could see the potential, but it wasn't even close to being there，” Farid said．“But this felt to me like it was a real step, like we just took a big step forward in the development of this technology．”
Synthetic (合成的) digital content, otherwise known as a deepfake, can include anything from an image or video in which one person or object is visually or audibly manipulated(操纵) to say and do something that is fabricated (伪造)．
Although Ume used sophisticated visual effects editing, advancements in digital editing through smartphone apps such as Reface, Facetune and even Snapchat have made techniques like face-swapping(换脸) and image altering easier and could cause serious consequences, experts say．
9．What does the creator intend to do according to the text？
A．To attract more attention．
B．To earn much more money．
C．To play a trick on people．
D．To show technological progress．
10．What does the word underlined in Para．7 refer to？
A．The danger is increasing．
B．The technology is developing．
C．The deepfake videos are spreading widely．
D．The deepfake videos are effectively used．
11．What's the author's attitude toward the deepfake videos？
A．Negative． B．Optimistic．
C．Objective． D．Pessimistic．
12．What's the main idea of the text？
A．The deepfake videos are popular．
B．The deepfake videos raise concern．
C．The deepfake videos should be stopped．
D．The deepfake technology is advancing．
D
(2023·湖南省部分名校联盟高三冲刺压轴大联考)
There's no single known cause for autism (自闭症), but researchers now point the finger at higher lithium (锂) levels in drinking water．Their new study found that pregnant women in Denmark whose household tap water had higher levels of lithium were more likely to have kids with autism, compared to pregnant women living in areas where tap water had lower levels of this element．
“Maternal prenatal(妊娠期) exposure to lithium from naturally occurring drinking water sources in Denmark was associated with an increased autism spectrum disorder risk in the offspring，” said study author Dr．Beate Ritz, a professor of neurology．“This suggests a potential fetal neurotoxicity(神经毒性) of lithium exposure from drinking water that needs to be further investigated．”
For this latest study, researchers analyzed lithium levels from about half of the country's water supply．When the investigators compared children with autism to those without this developmental disorder, they found that when lithium levels increased, so did the risk of autism．
Kids born to moms who lived in areas with the highest lithium levels in the water were 46% more likely to be diagnosed with autism than those born in areas with the lowest amount of lithium in drinking water, the study showed．Lithium levels increased the risk for all types of autism in this study．
Lithium leaches into drinking water from soil and rocks, but these levels could rise in the future from waste in lithium batteries．While more research is needed to confirm this association, Ritz suggested using filtered water and testing it for lithium levels while pregnant．Bottled water isn't necessarily the answer．“A lot of bottled water is not tested either，” she said．“Some bottled water is just filled up from regular drinking water sources．”
Dr．Max Wiznitzer, director of the Rainbow Autism Center, urged caution before jumping to conclusions, though．“It's an interesting association, but causation is definitely not proven，” Wiznitzer told CNN．“We have to see if there's a workable and biologically plausible (似乎合理的) mechanism by which a small amount of lithium in the water supply can somehow do this, yet pharmacologic(药理学) dosing of lithium in women with bipolar disorder has not been reported to be causing increased risk of ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder)．”
13．What might cause women in Denmark to have kids with autism？
A．Lower levels of lithium in tap water．
B．Higher lithium levels in drinking water．
C．Maternal prenatal exposure to neurotoxicity．
D．Naturally occurring drinking water sources．
14．What can we infer from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 5？
A．The risk of autism declined with lithium levels increasing．
B．Lithium in drinking water mainly came from lithium batteries．
C．Kids were 46% more likely to be diagnosed with autism than moms．
D．Bottled water could not be always safely used for its lack of filtering and testing．
15．What is Max Wiznitzer's attitude towards the findings？
A．Favourable． B．Shocked．
C．Cautious． D．Indifferent．
16．Which can be the best title for the text
A．Lithium in Water Supply Linked to Uptick in Autism Risk
B．Lithium in Drinking Water Did Harm to Mental Health
C．Lithium in Drinking Water Decreased the Risk of ASD
D．Lithium in Water Supply Linked to the Chance of Pregnancy
第二部分 专题一 第4讲
A
(2023·河南省焦作市普通高中高三二模)
An inability to stand on one leg for 10 seconds in later life is linked to nearly double the risk of death from any cause within the next decade, according to a new study．The simple balance test may be useful to be included in routine physical exams for people in middle and old age, the research, which was published in British Journal of Sports Medicine, suggested．
While aging leads to a decline in physical fitness, muscle strength and flexibility, balance tends to be reasonably well-preserved until a person's 50s, when it starts to decline relatively rapidly, the research noted．Previous research has linked the inability to stand on one leg to a greater risk of falls and to cognitive decline．
The study involved 1,702 people aged 51 to 75 living in Brazil, who were asked to balance unsupported on one leg during an initial check．Researchers told the participants to place the front of the free foot behind the standing leg, keep their arms by their sides and eyes．Fixed straight ahead．Up to three attempts on either foot were permitted．
The study participants had an average age of 61 and two-thirds of them were men．Around 1 in 5 failed to balance on one leg for 10 seconds at the initial checkup．Researchers monitored the participants after the initial checkup for a period of seven years, during which 7% of the people died．The proportion(比例) of deaths among those who failed the test (17．5%) was significantly higher than deaths among those who were able to balance for 10 seconds(4．5%)．
The research was observational and didn't reveal cause and effect．The study didn't look at any possible biological mechanisms that might explain the link between poor balance and longevity．
The study noted that, overall, those who failed the test were in poorer health, with greater proportion of suffering from obesity, heart disease and high blood pressure．Diabetes was also more common among those who failed to complete the test．
1．What did the participants take during the research？
A．Vision examinations．
B．Medical examinations．
C．Flexibility tests．
D．Balance tests．
2．How did the researchers get the findings？
A．By calculating the participant numbers．
B．By comparing the participants' lifetime．
C．By identifying the participants' diseases．
D．By monitoring the participants' pressure．
3．What was the research's shortcoming？
A．It had few participants．
B．It didn't last very long．
C．It lacked in-depth study．
D．It was the first research on balance．
4．What may be the best title for the text？
A．Balance determines a person's lifetime
B．The balance test should be promoted to people
C．The ability to stand on one leg can reflect health levels
D．Being able to stand for 10 seconds means being healthy
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，单脚站立的能力可以反映出中老年人的健康水平。
1．D 细节理解题。根据第三段“The study involved 1,702 people aged 51 to 75 living in Brazil, who were asked to balance unsupported on one leg during an initial check．(这项研究涉及了1,702名生活在巴西的51岁至75岁的人，他们被要求在最初的检查中单腿保持平衡。)”可知，参与者们在这项研究中做了平衡能力的测试。故选D。
2．B 推理判断题。根据第四段“Researchers monitored the participants after the initial checkup for a period of seven years, during which 7% of the people died．The proportion(比例) of deaths among those who failed the test (17．5%) was significantly higher than deaths among those who were able to balance for 10 seconds(4．5%)．(研究人员在最初的体检后对参与者进行了七年的监测，在此期间，7%的人死亡，未通过测试者(17．5%)的死亡率明显高于那些能够保持10秒平衡的人(4．5%)。)”可知， 研究者们通过对比参与者的寿命得出研究结论。故选B。
3．C 推理判断题。根据第五段“The research was observational and didn't reveal cause and effect．The study didn't look at any possible biological mechanisms that might explain the link between poor balance and longevity．(这项研究是观察性的，没有揭示因果关系，这项研究没有考察任何可能解释平衡能力差与长寿之间联系的生物学机制。)”可知，这项研究欠缺深入的研究。故选C。
4．C 标题归纳题。根据第一段“An inability to stand on one leg for 10 seconds in later life is linked to nearly double the risk of death from any cause within the next decade, according to a new study．(根据一项新的研究，如果在晚年不能单腿站立10秒钟，那么在未来10年内因任何原因死亡的风险将增加近一倍。)”和最后一段“The study noted that, overall, those who failed the test were in poorer health, with greater proportion of suffering from obesity, heart disease and high blood pressure．(研究指出，总体而言，未通过测试的人健康状况较差，患有肥胖症、心脏病和高血压的比例更高。)”及全文内容可知，本文主要说明了单脚站立的能力可以反映出一个人的健康状况。故选C。
B
(2023·安徽省黄山市高三一模)
Cimabue, the greatest painter in medieval(中世纪的)Italy, was surprised one day when he came back from his lunch break and discovered a fly was under the nose of a character he had been working on．So he reached out to touch the insect．To his surprise, he found only wet paint．Turning around, he saw that his apprentice(学徒), Giotto di Bondone, was doing everything he could to keep from laughing．Giotto had painted the fly when Cimabue was away, and it looked so real that Cimabue had been completely fooled．
Giotto was born into a poor farming family．Legend has it that one day when Cimabue was walking around the countryside, he spotted a young shepherd(牧羊人)boy．The boy was not tending his sheep．Instead, he was drawing pictures of them, and the sheep he drew were so lifelike that Cimabue stopped to ask the boy his name．The boy replied that it was Giotto, and Cimabue immediately asked him to come to Florence so that the young shepherd could learn how to paint．
In the Middle Ages, an artist not only had to concern himself with things like design and technique, but he also had to learn how to make paints．Almost all artists were men, and they began their apprenticeships at an early age．An apprentice's job was to copy his master as exactly as he could．The unfortunate result of this imitation(模仿)was a lack of new ideas．
In fact, art in the Middle Ages remained the same for hundreds of years．The people in paintings didn't look like real people, and the symbolism of art was often so remote that it must have been difficult for viewers to connect with it on a personal level．Giotto used many techniques that were uncommon at the time to bring the paintings to life for viewers．He painted people the way he saw them, instead of the overly tall people that other artists painted．He created three-dimensional space by using perspective, something that had not been done since Roman times．Finally, he threw out parts of the symbolism associated with medieval painting．
5．Why does the author mention the fly event in Paragraph 1？
A．To indicate Giotto drew better than Cimabue．
B．To indicate Giotto liked making fun of others．
C．To show the fly painted by Giotto looked real．
D．To show Cimabue disliked painting flies very much．
6．What was Giotto doing when Cimabue first met him according to legend？
A．He was taking a walk．
B．He was feeding sheep．
C．He was playing with a shepherd boy．
D．He was drawing pictures．
7．What is typical of medieval artists？
A．Lacking creativity．
B．Having an unhappy childhood．
C．Having a short period of apprenticeship．
D．Supporting themselves by making paints．
8．What is the last paragraph mainly about？
A．Giotto's study on medieval painting．
B．The competition between medieval artists．
C．Giotto's efforts to change art in the Middle Ages．
D．The most popular forms of painting in the Middle Ages．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是意大利文艺复兴时期的著名画家Giotto di Bondone在绘画中的天赋，他在艺术创作方面的努力和取得的成就以及对艺术领域的影响。
5．C 细节理解题。根据首段“Giotto had painted the fly when Cimabue was away, and it looked so real that Cimabue had been completely fooled．(Giotto在Cimabue不在的时候画了苍蝇，它看起来如此真实，以至于Cimabue完全被愚弄了。)”可知，Giotto所画的苍蝇很逼真。故选C。
6．D 细节理解题。根据第二段“The boy was not tending his sheep．Instead, he was drawing pictures of them, and the sheep he drew were so lifelike that Cimabue stopped to ask the boy his name．(男孩没有照看羊。相反，他正在画它们的画，他画的羊是如此逼真，以至于Cimabue停下来问男孩他的名字。)”可知，Giotto在绘画，而且所画的羊栩栩如生。故选D。
7．A 推理判断题。根据第三段“Almost all artists were men, and they began their apprenticeships at an early age．An apprentice's job was to copy his master as exactly as he could．The unfortunate result of this imitation(模仿)was a lack of new ideas．(几乎所有的艺术家都是男性，他们从小就开始做学徒。徒弟的工作是尽可能地模仿他的师傅。这种模仿的不幸结果是缺乏新的想法。)”可知，在中世纪时期，很多艺术家从学徒开始模仿师傅的绘画，最终缺乏新的想法，也就是没有创新。故选A。
8．C 段落大意题。根据尾段“Giotto used many techniques that were uncommon at the time to bring the paintings to life for viewers．He painted people the way he saw them, instead of the overly tall people that other artists painted．He created three-dimensional space by using perspective, something that had not been done since Roman times．Finally, he threw out parts of the symbolism associated with medieval painting．(Giotto使用了许多当时不常见的技术，为观众带来了栩栩如生的画作。他按照他看到的方式画人，而不是其他艺术家画的过于高大的人。他通过使用透视创造了三维空间，这是自罗马时代以来从未做过的事情。最后，他抛弃了与中世纪绘画相关的部分象征意义。)”可知，Giotto在绘画过程中，尝试各种不常见的技术，所画人物画像与众不同，创作三维透视法，以及摒弃了中世纪绘画中的部分象征意义，所以最后一段主要是关于Giotto在改变中世纪绘画艺术做出的努力。故选C。
C
(2023·辽宁省普通高中高三二模)
Deepfake Videos of Tom Cruise Raise Concern
A series of deepfake videos of Tom Cruise have gained more than 11 million views on TikTok．The creator said he never wanted to trick people．But since he has, he's hoping the sudden influx (涌入) of attention can help bring greater awareness to the continued evolution of the technology that can create incredibly realistic fake videos of people．
“The important thing is, we didn't want to fool people at any moment，” Chris Ume, 31, the Belgian visual effects artist behind the visual deepfake, said in an interview．“If I can help in creating awareness, or even work on detection in the future, I would love to．”
Ume created the four videos, in which it appeared to show the Hollywood star playing golf, doing a magic coin trick, and falling over while telling a story．The videos went visual, attracting attention on TikTok and across the Internet．
And though most people realized quickly that the videos were fake, even experts were impressed by their quality．
“My first thought was they're incredibly well done，” said digital image expert HanyFarid, who is a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and specializes in image analysis．“They are funny, and they're clever．”
But they also offer a warning: Deepfake technology that has emerged in recent years continues to evolve and improve．And while deepfake videos have not yet been effectively used in many misinformation(虚假消息) campaigns, the danger is growing．
“In the early days, you could see the potential, but it wasn't even close to being there，” Farid said．“But this felt to me like it was a real step, like we just took a big step forward in the development of this technology．”
Synthetic (合成的) digital content, otherwise known as a deepfake, can include anything from an image or video in which one person or object is visually or audibly manipulated(操纵) to say and do something that is fabricated (伪造)．
Although Ume used sophisticated visual effects editing, advancements in digital editing through smartphone apps such as Reface, Facetune and even Snapchat have made techniques like face-swapping(换脸) and image altering easier and could cause serious consequences, experts say．
9．What does the creator intend to do according to the text？
A．To attract more attention．
B．To earn much more money．
C．To play a trick on people．
D．To show technological progress．
10．What does the word underlined in Para．7 refer to？
A．The danger is increasing．
B．The technology is developing．
C．The deepfake videos are spreading widely．
D．The deepfake videos are effectively used．
11．What's the author's attitude toward the deepfake videos？
A．Negative． B．Optimistic．
C．Objective． D．Pessimistic．
12．What's the main idea of the text？
A．The deepfake videos are popular．
B．The deepfake videos raise concern．
C．The deepfake videos should be stopped．
D．The deepfake technology is advancing．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。讲述了深度伪造的关于汤姆·克鲁斯的视频获得了许多关注，并进而介绍了关于这项深度伪造技术的看法。
9．D 细节理解题。根据第一段“The creator said he never wanted to trick people．But since he has, he's hoping the sudden influx (涌入) of attention can help bring greater awareness to the continued evolution of the technology that can create incredibly realistic fake videos of people．(创作者说他从不想欺骗别人。但既然他做到了，他希望突然涌入的注意力有助于提高人们对这项技术的持续发展的认识，这项技术可以创造出关于人的令人难以置信的逼真的假视频。)”可知，这项技术的创造者通过这些视频想让人们意识到技术的进步。故选D。
10．A 词句猜测题。根据第六段“But they also offer a warning: Deepfake technology that has emerged in recent years continues to evolve and improve．And while deepfake videos have not yet been effectively used in many misinformation(虚假消息) campaigns, the danger is growing．(但它们也发出了警告：近年来出现的深度伪造技术仍在不断发展和改进。尽管深度伪造视频尚未被有效地用于许多虚假消息活动中，但危险越来越大。)”可知，伪造技术在不断发展和改进，其危险越来越大。第七段应承接上文，“In the early days, you could see the potential”进一步说明这种危险的真实性，其在早些时候已经初见端倪。potential意为“可能性”，此处表示深度伪造技术产生危险的可能性。故选A。
11．C 观点态度题。通读全文可知，本文讲述了深度伪造的关于汤姆·克鲁斯的视频获得了许多关注。根据第一段“The creator said”，第二段“Chris Ume, 31, the Belgian visual effects artist behind the visual deepfake, said in an interview”，第五段“said digital image expert HanyFarid”及最后一段“experts say”等可知，在介绍与深度伪造视频有关的事情时，作者主要引用创造者和专家的看法，全文并没有作者直接表明的观点，都是客观陈述其他人的观点，所以作者对这项技术的看法是客观的。故选C。
12．B 文章大意题。通读全文主要讲述的是深度伪造视频引发了关注，B项符合题意。故选B。
D
(2023·湖南省部分名校联盟高三冲刺压轴大联考)
There's no single known cause for autism (自闭症), but researchers now point the finger at higher lithium (锂) levels in drinking water．Their new study found that pregnant women in Denmark whose household tap water had higher levels of lithium were more likely to have kids with autism, compared to pregnant women living in areas where tap water had lower levels of this element．
“Maternal prenatal(妊娠期) exposure to lithium from naturally occurring drinking water sources in Denmark was associated with an increased autism spectrum disorder risk in the offspring，” said study author Dr．Beate Ritz, a professor of neurology．“This suggests a potential fetal neurotoxicity(神经毒性) of lithium exposure from drinking water that needs to be further investigated．”
For this latest study, researchers analyzed lithium levels from about half of the country's water supply．When the investigators compared children with autism to those without this developmental disorder, they found that when lithium levels increased, so did the risk of autism．
Kids born to moms who lived in areas with the highest lithium levels in the water were 46% more likely to be diagnosed with autism than those born in areas with the lowest amount of lithium in drinking water, the study showed．Lithium levels increased the risk for all types of autism in this study．
Lithium leaches into drinking water from soil and rocks, but these levels could rise in the future from waste in lithium batteries．While more research is needed to confirm this association, Ritz suggested using filtered water and testing it for lithium levels while pregnant．Bottled water isn't necessarily the answer．“A lot of bottled water is not tested either，” she said．“Some bottled water is just filled up from regular drinking water sources．”
Dr．Max Wiznitzer, director of the Rainbow Autism Center, urged caution before jumping to conclusions, though．“It's an interesting association, but causation is definitely not proven，” Wiznitzer told CNN．“We have to see if there's a workable and biologically plausible (似乎合理的) mechanism by which a small amount of lithium in the water supply can somehow do this, yet pharmacologic(药理学) dosing of lithium in women with bipolar disorder has not been reported to be causing increased risk of ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder)．”
13．What might cause women in Denmark to have kids with autism？
A．Lower levels of lithium in tap water．
B．Higher lithium levels in drinking water．
C．Maternal prenatal exposure to neurotoxicity．
D．Naturally occurring drinking water sources．
14．What can we infer from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 5？
A．The risk of autism declined with lithium levels increasing．
B．Lithium in drinking water mainly came from lithium batteries．
C．Kids were 46% more likely to be diagnosed with autism than moms．
D．Bottled water could not be always safely used for its lack of filtering and testing．
15．What is Max Wiznitzer's attitude towards the findings？
A．Favourable． B．Shocked．
C．Cautious． D．Indifferent．
16．Which can be the best title for the text
A．Lithium in Water Supply Linked to Uptick in Autism Risk
B．Lithium in Drinking Water Did Harm to Mental Health
C．Lithium in Drinking Water Decreased the Risk of ASD
D．Lithium in Water Supply Linked to the Chance of Pregnancy
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了饮用水里的锂元素在一定程度上与自闭症相关联。
13．B 细节理解题。根据第一段“Their new study found that pregnant women in Denmark whose household tap water had higher levels of lithium were more likely to have kids with autism, compared to pregnant women living in areas where tap water had lower levels of this element．(他们的新研究发现，与生活在自来水中锂含量较低地区的孕妇相比，丹麦家庭自来水中锂含量较高的孕妇更有可能生下患有自闭症的孩子。)”可知，饮用水中锂含量较高可能导致丹麦女性生下患有自闭症的孩子。故选B。
14．D 推理判断题。根据第五段“‘A lot of bottled water is not tested either，’ she said．‘Some bottled water is just filled up from regular drinking water sources．’(‘很多瓶装水也没有经过检测，’她说。‘一些瓶装水只是从常规饮用水源中灌装的。’)”可知，由于缺乏过滤和检测，瓶装水不能总是安全使用。故选D。
15．C 观点态度题。根据最后一段“Dr．Max Wiznitzer, director of the Rainbow Autism Center, urged caution before jumping to conclusions, though．‘It's an interesting association, but causation is definitely not proven，' Wiznitzer told CNN．(不过，彩虹自闭症中心主任Max Wiznitzer博士敦促，在下结论之前要谨慎。‘这是一个有趣的联系，但因果关系绝对没有得到证实，’Wiznitzer告诉CNN。)”可知，Max Wiznitzer对这些发现的态度是谨慎的。故选C。
16．A 标题归纳题。根据第一段“There's no single known cause for autism (自闭症), but researchers now point the finger at higher lithium (锂) levels in drinking water．Their new study found that pregnant women in Denmark whose household tap water had higher levels of lithium were more likely to have kids with autism, compared to pregnant women living in areas where tap water had lower levels of this element．(目前还没有一个已知的自闭症原因，但研究人员现在将矛头指向饮用水中锂含量过高。他们的新研究发现，与生活在自来水中锂含量较低地区的孕妇相比，丹麦家庭自来水中锂含量较高的孕妇更有可能生下患有自闭症的孩子。)”结合文章主要说明了饮用水中的锂元素可能增加自闭症的风险，A项“供水中的锂与自闭症风险上升有关”最符合文章标题。故选A。(共31张PPT)
第二部分
阅读能力突破篇
专题一 阅读理解
第4讲 题型破解——主旨大意题
高频考点·研析透
主旨大意题考查考生对文章内容的深层次理解,它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下,对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象，既考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。
考点1 标题归纳题
辨
明
题
类
标题归纳题要求考生在理解文章的基础上， 结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。设问形式常有：
(1)What is the best title for this passage
(2)What can be a suitable title for the passage/text
(3)Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
(4)The most suitable title of this passage is “ ”．
最佳标题应具备以下三大特征：①概括精准而简洁。②针对性强，标题外延与文章内容恰好相符。③醒目，能引发读者阅读欲望。
技
法
点
拨
1．一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。
2．所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。为吸引读者的注意，标题往往比较醒目。
真
题
体
验
(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷B)
Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids．And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools．The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles．
Jaramillo's students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores．“The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks，” she says．“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful．” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new．
Urban Sprouts' classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden．Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools．
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes．“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they're eating differently，” Jaramillo says．
She adds that the program's benefits go beyond nutrition．Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens．Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues．“They get outside，” she says, “and they feel successful．”
27．What can be a suitable title for the text？
A．Rescuing School Gardens
B．Experiencing Country Life
C．Growing Vegetable Lovers
D．Changing Local Landscape
【解题示范】 第一步：阅读文章，概括文章大意：文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力、环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目，让学生通过体验乡村生活，对学生影响深远；
第二步：分析各选项，进行斟酌判断，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨：根据第一段“And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools．The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles．(起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了Urban Sprouts学校花园项目。该项目旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、环保意识和健康的生活方式。)”以及下文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力、环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目，让学生体验乡村生活，对学生影响深远。因此推断B项“体验乡村生活”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选B。
考点2 文章大意题
辨
明
题
类
文章大意题要求考生在理解全文的基础上，从文中提取有效信息，概括归纳出文章的主旨大意、中心思想。此类题目没有明显的解题依据，是对文章深层次的理解。
设问形式常有：
(1)The general/main idea of the passage is ．
(2)What is the main theme/topic/idea of this/the passage/text
(3)The passage/text is mainly about ．
(4)What does the text/passage mainly focus on
(5)The passage mainly focuses on ．
技
法
点
拨
1．定位主题句确定文章大意
文章由段落组成，段落的中心思想服务于文章的中心思想，因此找到每个段落的主题句，总结概括后便不难得出文章的主旨大意。
一般情况下，段落的主题句通常在该逻辑段落的首尾，但也有些难度较大的试题会隐含在段落之中，此时要理解全文结构，找到支撑性细节内容。
以下为快速找到主题句的5个小窍门：
(1)段落中出现表转折的词语(however, but, in fact, actually, while, on the contrary, in contrast等)时，其后的句子通常为主题句。
(2)首段出现疑问句时，对该句的回答很可能就是主题句。
(3)作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词(主旨句通常包含关键词)。
(4)首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后的内容通常为主题句。
(5)表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, in short, conclude, conclusion, thus等词。
2．根据不同文体的结构和写作方法来定位主题句
(1)议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点，往往采用“总—分”或“总—分—总”的模式，所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段。
(2)说明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程，主题句一般在首段。
(3)记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子为主题句。
真
题
体
验
(2023·浙江1月卷B)
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon．
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me．I've learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you'll find encouraging if you're doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household．
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back．I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere．It came off as a bit discouraging．
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach．I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn't need．Since I had my own toiletries(洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable．I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries．Perhaps your household won't entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire．
As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you're doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate．If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won't do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged．
So here is my advice: Lead by action．
27．What is the text mainly about？____
A．How to get on well with other family members．
B．How to have one's own personal space at home．
C．How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household．
D．How to control the budget when buying groceries．
【解题示范】 第一步：阅读文章，概括文章大意：文章讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式；
第二步：分析选项，斟酌判断：根据第一段“Chances are that if you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon．”及第二段“I've learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you'll find encouraging if you're doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household．”可知，文章主要讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。故选C。
考点3 段落大意题
辨
明
题
类
段落大意题主要考查文章某一段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。考生要用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。设问形式常有：
(1)What is the first paragraph mainly about
(2)What is Paragraph 1 mainly about
(3)What does the first paragraph mainly talk about
技
法
点
拨
1．定位段落主题句，做到首尾兼顾
做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更高。
2．通过暗示揣摩段落大意
有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。
真
题
体
验
(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷D)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect．The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate．
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same．Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate．When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate．If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out．In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent．If for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down．
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon．The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals．For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals．
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion．Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn't the dominant response．Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”．Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error．Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous．
32．What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about？____
A．The methods of estimation．
B．The underlying logic of the effect．
C．The causes of people's errors．
D．The design of Galton's experiment．
【解题示范】 第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词：Paragraph 2，快速将解题信息定位到文章的第二段；
第二步：根据段落的内容，分析选项，判断概括准确的选项：根据“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors
aren't always the same．Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate．When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate．If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out．In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent．If for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down．(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，有些人会低估。当这些误差中有
足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
