2024届高考英语二轮复习语法定语和定语从句课件(共38张PPT)

(共38张PPT)
语法精讲
定语和定语从句
定语
由单词、短语或从句对名（代）词修饰和限制，该名（代）词称为中心词。定语一般前置，短语和从句作定语要后置，翻译成“……的”。除了形容词，名词、数词、非谓语动词（短语）、介词短语也可以作定语。
a beautiful girl（形容词作前置定语）一个美丽的女孩
a girl in white（介词短语作后置定语）一个穿白色衣服的女孩
a girl who is singing（定语从句，a girl为先行词）一个正唱歌的女孩
定语从句
用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中的一部分）而起定语作用的句子称为定语从句。定语从句也称为形容词性从句。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉从句后，主句意思往往不明确。
非限制性定语从句则不然，它只对所修饰的词做进一步的说明，去掉之后并不影响主句的含义。在形式上，非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。
另外，非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
考点1 定语从句的常见引导词
定语从句中的引导词称为关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。
注意
① 定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。
② that只引导限制性定语从句。
③ what不能引导定语从句。
④ 在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词who, whom, which和that用作动词宾语或介词宾语（介词位于句末）时，可以省略。关系词在非限制性定语从句中不能省略。
考点2 关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as引导的定语从句
关系代词主要有that, who, whom, whose, which, as等，其中who和
whom只用于指人，which和as只用于指事物，whose和that既可用于指人
也可用于指物，它们在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
1. 关系代词who/whom
关系代词who/whom指人，在定语从句中分别作主语和宾语。
The man who lives in that house is my uncle.
住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔。（who指人，在从句中作主语）
注意
关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替。
The man（whom/who）you met just now is my old friend.
你刚才见到的那位男士是我的老朋友。
2. 关系代词which
关系代词which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
The book which cost me a lot of money is very interesting.
我花很多钱买来的那本书很有趣。
3. 关系代词that
关系代词that 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
The bag that（=which）lies on the ground is hers. 地上的那个包是她的。
4. 关系代词whose
关系代词whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.
我拜访了一位全国知名的科学家。
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.
我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
注意
指人或物时，常用of whom/of which结构来代替：
Do you know the doctor, whose son is a doctor too
=Do you know the doctor, the son of whom/of whom the son is a
doctor too
你认识那位医生吗？他的儿子也是一名医生。
5. as引导的定语从句
（1）as引导的限制性定语从句：
as引导限制性定语从句时，它通常要与such, the same, as搭配，即构
成such... as..., the same... as..., as... as... 这样的固定搭配，同时as在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
He is not such a fool as he looks.
他并不像看上去那样愚蠢。
（2）as引导的非限制性定语从句
as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明，通常用于as we all know, as it is known, as is known to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限制性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……，就像……”之意。
考点3 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词主要有when, where和why，其中when表示时间，where表示地点，why表示原因，它们在定语从句中均用作状语。
1. 关系副词when/where
关系副词when/where 既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句。先行词是时间或地点名词，在从句中充当时间状语或地点状语，相当于“介词+which”。where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。常见此类抽象名词有point, degree, stage, position, case, condition等。
2. 关系副词why
关系副词why只能引导限制性定语从句，先行词只有reason一词，在从句中充当原因状语，相当于for+which。
Do you know the reason why（=for which）he is not here now
你知道他还没有来这儿的原因吗？
注意
用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从
句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。
考点4 关系代词which和that的区别
在先行词是事物的限制性定语从句中，that和which一般可互换。关系代词that只引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。
1. 在限制性定语从句中只能用that，不能用which作关系代词的情况
（1）当先行词是everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little,some等不定代词时，或当先行词被every, any, all, some, no, little, few,much等词修饰时。
（2）先行词被序数词、形容词最高级、the only, the very, the last等词修饰时。
（3）先行词既有人又有物时。
（4）当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时，为避免混淆，不用
which而用that。
Who is the man that is standing by the gate
站在门口的那个人是谁
2. 只用which，不能用that作关系代词的情况
（1）在非限制性定语从句中只能使用关系代词which，不能使用关
系代词that。
（2）在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能使用关系词which，不能使用that。
The house in which we live is very large.
我们住的房子非常大。
注意
如果介词不放在关系代词之前，which就可换为that。
This is the question about which we’ve had so much
discussion.=This is the question which/that we’ve had so much
discussion about.
这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。
考点5 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代
词”引出。
The school in which he once studied is very famous.
=The school（which/that）he once studied in is very famous.
他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
注意
（1）定语从句中某些含有介词的短语动词一般介词仍放在短
语动词的后面，此类动词短语有：look for, look after, take care of
等。
（2）关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置时，只能用which或whom, 不可用who, that。
（3）“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both,
neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。
（4）以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或
that引导，而且通常可以省略。
考点6 定语从句的转换
定语从句可以转换为形容词（短语）、非谓语动词（短语）、介词
短语等形式。
（1）非限制性定语从句转化为两个简单句、并列句、独立主格或
同位语形式。
（2）限制性定语从句可以转化成含有形容词、非谓语动词或介词
的短语。
1）在定语从句中，如果谓语动词是主动语态，就用现在分词短语替换；如果是被动语态，可用过去分词替换；如果是单个动词要放在中心词之前，动词短语要后置。
2）在定语从句中，如果含有情态动词或先行词前有序数词first,last, next等，可以将其转化为含有不定式作定语的简单句。
3）在定语从句中，如果谓语动词含有be的形式，表语是介词短语、形容词（短语），在不影响理解的前提下，可以转化成上述短语作定语的简单句。
在空白处填写1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1. I live next door to a couple ______ children often make a lot of noise.
2. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ______ the weather may be better.
3. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ______ has been proved.
4. ① He is the only one of the teachers who ______（know）French
in our school.
② This is one of the rooms that ______（be）free now．
whose
when
which
knows
on
5. We’d better fix a date ______ which we will practice speaking English next week.
6. Earthquake is a sudden shaking of the earth’s surface ______ may cause great damage.
7. ① ______ is well known to all, China has the largest population in the world.
② He didn’t win the championship, ______ I hadn’t expected.
which/that
which/that
which/that
As
8. That Peter will marry Alice, ______ has not been announced yet, has spread around.
9. ① The novel which ______（give）by the professor yesterday mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.
② The novel ______（give）by the professor yesterday mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.
10. ① On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park,______ parents seated together joking.
② On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______
parents were seated together joking.
which
was given
given
their
whose
答案
1. whose 考查定语从句的关系词。句意：我的隔壁住着一对夫妇，他们的孩子经常很吵。 a couple是先行词，这对夫妻的孩子很吵，children和couple是所属关系，故用whose作定语，相当于the children of whom。
2. when 考查定语从句。句意：我们将把公园野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。定语从句的先行词是next week，定语从句中不缺少主宾表，缺少时间状语，故为when。
3. which 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个被证明了。先行词是theories，指物，定语从句中用which引导。
4. ① knows 考查定语从句中的主谓一致。句意：他是我们学校中唯一懂法语的教师。因为one前有the only之类限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是the only one，是单数，而不是复数名词the teachers。② are考查定语从句中的主谓一致。句意：这是目前空着的房间之一。因为one前没有the only之类的限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是名词复数the rooms，而不是单数one。
5. on 考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。当先行词表示时间，定语从句中缺少时间状语时，通常用关系副词when引导，此时也可选用表示时间的“介词+which”来代替关系副词when。
6. which/that 考查定语从句。句意：地震是地球表面突然的震
动，地震会造成重大的损失。定语从句中缺乏主语，故为which/that。
7. ① As 考查as引导的非限制性定语从句。句意：众所周知，中国
拥有世界上最多的人口。
② which 考查which引导的非限制性定语从句。句意：他没获得冠
军，这一点是我没预料到的。表示“正如”的含义时，通常用as引导非限
制性定语从句，也可用which引导；但置于句首时，只能用as引导。当
非限制性定语从句是否定含义时，只能用which，而不用as引导。
8. which 考查which引导的定语从句。句意：彼得要娶爱丽斯这件事还没宣布却已传得沸沸扬扬。引导非限制性定语从句的which可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指前面整个句子的含义。句子中的which指“彼得要娶爱丽斯”这整个句子的意思。
9. ① was given ② given 前者考查定语从句中的时态和语态；后者考查过去分词短语作后置定语。
10. ① their ② whose 考查独立主格及非限制性定语从句。前者their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，空格后的动词seated 不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为seat作动词用时，是及物动词。后者whose parents were seated together joking为非限制性定语从句，因为其后有完整的谓语were seated。
阅读下列短文，在空白处填写1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Scientists ___1___ study primates（灵长类）say that we are moving towards a time___2___ species like gorillas（大猩猩）will no longer be found in the wild.
Jo Setchell is a primatologist at Durham University in Britain. She studies primates, the group of mammals___3___ includes gorillas, chimps and monkeys. And, of course, humans.
who/that
when
that/which
In all, there are an estimated 600 different species of primates. They
include the little creature called the mouse lemur（鼠狐猴）,___4___body is
only about six centimeters long. Then, there is the largest of the species, the gorilla, ___5___ weighs up to 250 kilograms.
Primates face one common threat: loss of habitat, the places in nature
___6___ they live. Primatologists like Setchell say human activity is to blame.More than half of all primate species are grouped in four countries:
Brazil, Indonesia, Madagascar and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
whose
which
where
Paul Garber says each of these countries is working to help protect the primates in their areas, ___7___ there is neither the funds, community support nor in-country expertise to address their conservation problems.
Madagascar is a good example of these problems, he says. It is home to over 100 primate species, almost all of ___8___ live nowhere else. And 94 percent of them are endangered. Ninety percent of the original forests of Madagascar have been cut down, Garber says.
where
which
Neither Garber nor Setchell have any easy answers about how to stop this road to extinction.
“We knew that primates were in trouble, but I think even for those of us ___9___ work in primate conservation, it was still shocking to discover quite what the scale of the problem is.”
___10___the scientists know, the clearest way is to slow human activity in primates’ habitats. The decrease is reversible if humans make primate and habitat conservation a top concern.
who
As
语篇解读：本文主要介绍了大猩猩之类的野生灵长类动物濒临灭绝的状况。
1. who/that 考查限制性定语从句。先行词为scientists，定语从句缺少主语，故填who或that。
2. when 考查限制性定语从句。先行词为a time，定语从句中缺少时间状语。
3. that/which 考查限制性定语从句。先行词为the group of mammals，定语从句缺少主语，故填that或which。
4. whose 考查限制性定语从句。先行词为mouse lemur，定语从句中缺少定语，故填whose。
5. which考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为the gorilla，定语从句中缺少主语，故填which。
6. where 考查限制性定语从句。先行词为the places，定语从句中缺少地点状语，故填where，相当于in which。
7. where 考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为their areas，定语从句中缺少地点状语，故填where，相当于in which。
8. which考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为primate species，定语从句中缺少主语，故填which。
9. who考查限制性定语从句。先行词为those of us，定语从句中缺少主语，故填who。
10. As 考查非限制性定语从句。as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前或者主句之后，which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as 有“正如……，正像……”的意思。
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