(共12张PPT)
被动语态
一、构成
二、主动变被动规则
三、无被动的情况
含义：主语是动作的承受者。
被动语态的使用范围：
1）不知道动作的执行者；
2）强调动作的承受者；
3）没有必要指出动作的执行者；
一、构成：be done
一般现在时：am/is/are done
一般过去时：was/were done
一般将来时：will be done
现在进行时：am/is/are being done
过去进行时：was/were being done
现在完成时：have/has been done
过去完成时：had been done
过去将来时：would be done
含情态动词：情态动词 + be done
1. The flowers must____be watered_____(water) often.
2. To help people travel around the city more easily, more underground lines_____will be built_____in the next few years in Shanghai.(build)
3. It is said that a starship____will be sent_____to Mars around 2030.(send)
4. It’s a pleasure that Lucy____was invited_____to the charity show last night.(invite)
5. --__Were__you__invited__to Jim’s birthday party last night
--Yes, I was. But I was too busy to be there. (invite)
二、主动变被动的规则
宾变主，
主变宾，前加by，
谓语动词变被动，
其他不变放原位，
状语一般放最后。
e.g. The teacher made the students stay in the classroom.
1. I visit the park every week.
The park is visited by me every week.
2. Different cities hold the Olympic games.
The Olympic games is held by different cities.
3. His mother allows him to watch TV every evening.
He is allowed to watch TV every evening by his mother.
4. He always takes care of his sister.
His sister is always taken care of by him.
三、无被动的情况
1）感官动词：look，smell, taste, feel, sound, prove
E.g. The idea sounds great.
2）不及物动词：happen, take place, occur
E.g. What happened to him
3）某些表示“开始、结束”的词：start, begin, open, close, stop
E.g. The meeting starts at 7:30.
主语 + 谓语 + 双宾语
两个宾语可以选其中一个作主语，如果直接宾语（物）被提前做主语，那么间接宾语前要加相应的介词to/for.
E.g. Mike passed me an English book.
---I was passed an English book by Mike.
---An English book was passed to me by Mike.
介词用for？to
1. 用for : buy, get, make, find
2. 用to: give, lend, pass, teach, show, tell, bring
Exercises:
1. My father bought me a Mini Cooper.
2. He gave her a rose.
3. The teacher explains the exercise to the students.
主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
使役动词和感官动词后接省略to的动词不定式充当宾补，变被动to还原；若其后接现在分词，变被动保持不变；
E.g. They heard her singing in the room.
---She was heard singing in the room.
The teacher made the students stay in the classroom.
---The students were made to stay in the classroom bu the teacher.
1. They watched the children sing that morning.
The children were watched to sing by them that morning.
2. We saw him playing football on the playground.
He was seen playing football on the playground by us.
3. The boss made the workers work 14 hours a day .
The workers were made to work 14 hours a day by the boss.
含有宾从的主动变被动：
It be + done + that...
It is said that... It is reported that...
It is well known that... It is suggested/told that...
e.g. He said he has been to Japan.
It was said that he has been to Japan.
They told me that the clothes washed well.
It was told that the clothes washed well.(共18张PPT)
动词
一、分类
二、系动词
三、助动词
四、情态动词
五、实义动词
六、非谓语动词
一、分类
1.系动词、助动词、情态动词、实意动词
2.根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词、不及物动词
3.根据是否能作谓语，可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词
4.动词的五种形态：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词
二、系动词
1. 句法功能：不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。
The food tastes good.
He fell ill yesterday.
He fell off the ladder（梯子）.
二、系动词
2. 分类
1) 状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be一词
E.g. He is a teacher.
2) 持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay
E.g. He always kept silent at meeting.
3) 表像系动词：用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look
E.g. He looks tired. He seems (to be) very sad.
二、系动词
2. 分类
4) 感官系动词：主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, look
E.g. This kind of cloth feels very soft.
5) 变化系动词: 主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run
E.g. He became mad after that. She grew rich within a short time.
6) 终止系动词：表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意
E.g. His plan turned out a success.
三、助动词
1. 句法功能：协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组。助动词自身无词义，不可单独使用。
2. 表示时态：He is singing. He has got married.
3. 表示语态：He was sent to England.
4. 构成疑问句：Do you like college life
5. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句：I don't like him.
6. 加强语气：He did know that.
7. 分类：最常用的助动词有：be, have, has, do, does, will, should, would
四、情态动词
1. 语法特征
1) 不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2) 除ought 和have 外，后面只能动词原形。
3) 没有人称，数的变化。
4) 没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词等形式。
四、情态动词
2. 比较can 和be able to
1) can&could 只用于现在式和过去式(could)；be able to可以用于各种时态。
2) could表示提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。
E.g. --- Could I have the television on --- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
E.g. He couldn't be a bad man.
四、情态动词
3. 比较may和might
might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
4. 比较have to和must
1) have to 表 “不得不”， must 表示说话人主观上的看法
E.g. My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor.
He said that they must work hard.
2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式 ；
3) 在否定结构中： don't have to表示"不必"；mustn't表示"禁止"，
E.g. You don't have to tell him about it. You mustn't tell him about it.
4) must表示推测，意为"一定"。
四、情态动词
5. had better “最好”
had better do sth had better not do sth
E.g. It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not play with the dog.
6. would rather "宁愿"
would rather do would rather not do
would rather… than…宁愿……而不愿。
E.g. I would rather stay here than go home.
= I would stay here rather than go home.
四、情态动词
7. 情态动词的回答方式
问句 肯定回答 否定回答
Need you… Yes, I must. No,I needn't / don't have to.
Must you…
8. need
实意动词 “需要” 情态动词 “必要”
肯定形式 need sth. need to do sth. need doing=need to be done need do sth.
否定形式 don’t need to do sth. needn’t do sth.
牛刀小试
( C )1.—Must I finish watering the flowers now —No, you_______.
A.must B.won’t C.needn’t D.can’t
( B )2.—Must I finish the work before supper
—No, he_______. He_______finish it after supper.
A.mustn’t, may B.needn’t, can C.need, can D.must, may
( C )3.—It must be John who is in the office.
—I’m sure it_______be John. I saw him off at the station just twenty minutes ago.
A.won’t B. mustn’t C.can’t D.needn’t
( B )4.—What would you send to your sister as the Christmas gift
—I haven’t decided yet. I________send her a schoolbag.
A.can B.may C.need D.shall
牛刀小试
( A )5.—_____you swim —Yes, but I ‘m not a good swimmer.
A.Can B.May C.Need D.Must
( D )6.—______I take some photos in the hall —No, you______.
A.Can, need B.Must, mustn’t C.Could, won’t D.May, mustn’t
( C )7.—May I watch TV for a while
—No, you______.You have to finish your homework first.
A.shouldn’t B.needn’t C.mustn’t D.won’t
( C )8.—Could you please come to the museum with me this afternoon
—Sorry, I_____. I have to take a piano lesson at 2:00.
A.couldn’t B.mustn’t C.can’t D.needn’t
牛刀小试
( B )9.It’s too cold here in winter. People______wear warm clothes.
A.must B.have to C.can D.should
( C )10.Schools_____allow students at least one hour a day for sports.
A.would B.might C.should D.could
五、实意动词
句法功能：谓语（有时态、语态的变化）
六、非谓语动词
分类：to do, doing, done 句法功能：不能充当谓语。
( D )1.—How about_________in the river with us
—Sorry, I can’t. My parents often tell me_______that.
A.swim, don’t do B.swim, to do
C.swimming, not do D.swimming, not to do
( B )2.The boy promised_______late for school again.
A.to not be B.not to be C.not being D.being not
( C )3.—I feel tired and sleepy. —Why don’t you stop_______
A.resting B.breaking C.to relax D.to work
( C )4.My roommate often asks me______her to play chess.
A.teach B.teaching C.to teach D.teaches
( C )5.—_______more about tomorrow’s weather, call 96121. —Ok, I will.Thank you.
A.Know B.Knowing C.To know D.Known
( B )6.Peter is busy_______at school, but he never forgets_______exercise every day.
A.working, doing B.working, to do C.at work, doing
( B )7.—May I listen to the music here, Mr. White —Sorry, you’d better______it like that.
A.not to do B.not do C.don’t do D.not do to
( A )8.—Mom， can I have something______
—Oh, dear. You can only drink some water. There is______in the kitchen.
A.to drink, nothing else B.drinking, something else
C.to eat, something else D.eating, nothing else
( C )9. “_____exercise every day, my child. It’s good for your health,”Father said.
A.Taking B.To take C.Take D.Takes
( D )10.—Would you mind______your bike
—No, not at all. I’ll put it under the tree right away.
A.move B.to move C.moves D.moving(共23张PPT)
动词时态
一、一般现在时
二、一般过去时
三、一般将来时
四、现在进行时
五、过去进行时
六、现在完成时
七、过去完成时
八、过去将来时
九、时态辨析
时态 构成 时间状语
主动 被动
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
过去将来时
一、一般现在时
1. 含义：表示通常型、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作的一种时间状态。
2. 用法：
1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常和时间状语连用。
时间状语：always, usually，every morning/night/evening/day/week
often，sometimes, twice a week, seldom, at…, on Sunday …
2）客观真理，客观事实，科学事实。
E.g. The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lives in the east of China.
3）表示格言或警句中。
E.g. There is a will, there is a way.
一、一般现在时
4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
E.g. Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
5）时间、条件等从句中代替一般将来时。
E.g. If it doesn’t rain, we’ll go on a picnic as planned.
I will go to see you when you finish your work.
二、一般过去时
1. 含义：表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；
过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为；
过去主语所具备的能力和性格。
2. 特殊变化
have---had， are---were， get---got， say---said， feel---felt， do/does---did，
go---went， drink--drank， eat--ate， bring----brought， think----thought，
buy----bought， catch---- caught， teach ---- taught
3. 时间状语：
yesterday (morning,afternoon,evening)，last night (week,Sunday month,winter），ago，just now, in the past
二、一般过去时
4. 用法:
1）表示存在于过去的事物、状态或发生于过去的动作。
E.g. I had a word with Julia this morning.
There was a restaurant here years ago.
2）表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作。常与always，never等连用。
E.g. Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella.
He used to go to school by bike.
3）在时间、条件从句中代替过去将来时。
E.g. She would come back when she finished the project（项目）.
三、一般将来时
1. 含义：表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。
2. 构成：
1）肯定句式：will do 否定句式：won’t do 一般疑问句：Will...do
2）肯定句式：be going to do 否定句式： be not going to do
一般疑问句： Be...going to do
3. 时间状语：tomorrow , next + 时间 ，in + 一段时间, in + 将来的年代 , at once , soon , in the future...
4. 用法：
1）There be的将来形式是There will be或There is/are going to be；
三、一般将来时
2）be doing中动词为位移性动词，常见的有come,go,leave,start,begin；
3）be to do表示按计划或安排即将要发生的动作或要求命令他人做某事；
E.g.He is to leave for Beijing tomorrow.
You are not to bring any mobile communication means into the exam-room.
4）be about to+动词原形表示即将要发生的事,一般不与时间状语连用；
E.g.He is about to leave.
牛刀小试
1. ---Wendy, how long have you had the Huawei P30 Pro
---A couple of days. I___A__it last week.
A. bought B.buy C. will buy D. have bought
2. ---There__C__a lot of tigers, but now they are endangered.
---_____seriously we destroy the nature!
A. used to have; How B. are used to be; What
C. used to be; How D. are ued to have; What
3. John, as well as his parents,___C___proud to support his community during last year’ pandemic（疫情）.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
4. We__C__the exam as long as we keep trying and never give up.
A. passed B. pass C. will pass D. have pass
5. My geography teacher told us that the earth___B___around the sun.
A. go B. goes C. went D. going
6. ---Did you have a good time at the party last night
---Yes, but the number of the students___A___lesss than 20, so we went home early.
A. was B. were C. is D. are
7. Now we have less homework, so we often__B__our homework before 9:00 p. m. every day.
A. have finished B. finish C. finished D. finishes
8. ---We__D__some old clothes and gave them to poor people yesterday.
---You really did a meaningful thing.
A. have collected B. collect C. were collecting D. collected
9. Do you know if he___B____tomorrow If he_____, I’ll invite him to my home.
A. come; comes B. will come; comes C. comes; comes D. will come; come
10. Tom and I belong to a team. If he doesn’t agree on the plan, __D__.
A. neither do I B. neither I will C. nor do I D. neither will I
四、现在进行时
1. 基本结构: am/is/are doing
2. 用法：
1）说话时正在进行的事情和动作。
2）现阶段正在进行的事情和动作。
3）表示说话人的情感。常与always,usually等连用。
E.g. She is often doing well at school.
My father is always losing his car keys.
3. 时间状语： now, at this time, these days, look, listen
五、过去进行时
1. 基本结构: was/were doing
2. 用法：
1）过去某时正在进行的事情和动作;
2）when引导的时间状语从句中，主句用过去进行时，从句用一般过去时；
while引导的时间状语从句中，主句用一般过去时，从句用过去进行时；
E.g.It was raining heavily when I left the cinema.
My brother came back while I was doing homework.
3. 时间状语： at this time yesterday, at that time, at 8 last night
牛刀小试
1.---What does Mr. Wang usually do after dinner
--- He usually__B__after dinner, but now he is_____TV.
A. takes a walk; watches B. takes a walk; watching
C. taking a walk; watches D. taking a walk; watching
2. We__C___for Shanghai this weekend.
A. leave B. leaving C. are leaving D. left
3. Mary___C___a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
4. Listen! They__A__about Harry Potter. Let’s join them.
A. are talking B. talk C. have talked D. talked
5. He__B___always_____me with my maths.
A. /; help B. is; helping C. don’t; help D. is; help
6.---Paul, what were you doing at nine last night
---I___A__a movie in the cinema with my friends.
A. was watching B. watch C. have watched D. will watch
7. The students___C__photos in the park now.
A.take B. takes C. are taking D. took
8. He says he__B___his motherland all the time.
A. loves B. is loving C. loving D. love
9. ---Oh! What’s wrong with your finger
---I hurt it while I___B___a model plane.
A. made B. was making C. am making D. make
10. ---Is your mother talking on the phone
---No, she___C____dinner in the kitchen.
A. make B. makes C. is making D. made
六、现在完成时
1. 基本结构：have/has done
2. 用法及时间状语：
1）过去发生已经完成的动作，对现在造成的影响或结果，常与already,yet,just等连用；
E.g.I’ve just seen a rainbow（彩虹） in the sky.
2）从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，常与since,for等时间状语连用；
E.g. It has rained for 3 hours.
3）表示过去经历过的事情，常与twice,ever,never连用；
E.g.He has never been late for school.
六、现在完成时
3. 其他时间状语：
in/during the past few/two years, recently, over the years ，so far, till now
4. 用于现在完成时的句型
1) It is the first / second time that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
2) This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
E.g.This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
牛刀小试
1. We__C__in this school for over ten and a half years.
A. are B. were C. have been D. will be
2. ---__D__you____Shanghai Museum ---No, not yet. I plan to visit it next week.
A. Did...visit B. Do...visit C. Will...visit D. Have...visited
3. I__B__the UK twice. It’s far away from Shanghai.
A. visit B. have visited C. visited D. will visit
4. The Smiths___D___in Australia since 2000.
A. had lived B. are living C. lived D. have lived
5. I have kept the book____B__. I have to return it to the library now.
A. one month ago B. for one month
C. one month D. one month later
6. ---Could you tell me something about Jim
---Sorry, I___C__from him recently.
A.wasn’t hearing B. don’t hear C. haven’t heard D. won’t hear
六、现在完成时
5. 辨析
1) already, yet
already用于肯定句句中；yet用于否定句和疑问句句末
2) since, for
since 用来说明动作起始时间；for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
E.g.I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I was born.
六、现在完成时
5. 辨析
3) since的四种用法
since + 过去一个时间点：I have been here since 1989.
since +一段时间+ ago：I have been here since five months ago.
since +从句：Great changes have taken place since you left.
It is +一段时间+ since从句：It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
六、现在完成时
5. 辨析
4) have gone to, have been to，have been in
have gone to 表示“去而未归”；
have been to表示“去过”；
have been in表示在某地待了一段时间
E.g.It can’t be my aunt.She has gone to Dalian.
I have been to London three times.
He has been in Zibo for two years.
六、现在完成时
5.延续动词,
瞬间动词
六、现在完成时
5. 延续动词,瞬间动词
用于完成时的区别:
瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
E.g.He has completed the work. (表结果)
I've known him since then. (表经历)
用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做…直到…" ;
瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到…，才…"
E.g.He didn't come back until ten o'clock. He slept until ten o'clock.
牛刀小试
1. Mr. Smith__A_here for almost ten years, and he has many Chinese friends.
A. has been B. left C. has come D. came
2. Jack__D__Rose in 2000. That is to say, they____for nearly 23 years.
A. got married with; have got married B. got married to; have married
C. married; have been married D. married to; have been married
3. The meeting__D__2 hours ago. It____for 2 hours.
A. starts; has been on B. started; has been
C. starts; has been D. started; has been on
4. Lei Feng, a famous soldier,__A__for sixty years, but he is still remembered by the whole society.
A. has been dead B. has died C. was dead D. died
