(共55张PPT)
专题一 阅读理解
NO.3易错防范 警惕6个高频易错点
易错点1
易错点2
目 录 索 引
01
02
易错点3
03
易错点4
04
易错点5
05
易错点6
06
易错点1 忽视干扰项中的以偏概全、
扩大或缩小概括范围
[典例印证1] (2022全国甲卷,B)
Goffin’s cockatoos,a kind of small parrot native to Australasia,have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild,the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.In a recent experiment,cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it.The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape,and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from.Inserting the correct“key” would let out the nut.
In humans,babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age,but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical(对称的) shapes.This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”.In the experiment,Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job,in most cases,by visual recognition alone.Where trial-and-error was used,the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests.This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space,similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step,according to the researchers,is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues(线索),or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
27.Which can be a suitable title for the text
A.Cockatoos:Quick Error Checkers
B.Cockatoos:Independent Learners
C.Cockatoos:Clever Signal-Readers
D.Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters
[错因]考生易错选C项。部分学生认为整篇文章都在介绍凤头鹦鹉的形状识别能力,凤头鹦鹉之所以能够认出形状,是因为它很聪明,能读懂信号,所以误选了C项,选择C项的学生思路过度延伸,夸大了凤头鹦鹉的能力。
[点拨]本篇说明文主要介绍澳大利亚的凤头鹦鹉已被证明具有与两岁儿童相似的形状识别能力。第一段的第一句是主旨句,表明凤头鹦鹉有识别形状的能力,接着提到鹦鹉擅长使用工具,能够选择不同形状的钥匙。
[自主解答]
D
[典例印证2] (2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷,C)
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America,the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife.Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately,it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources.Millions of waterfowl(水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen.Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations,greatly reducing waterfowl habitat(栖息地).
In 1934,with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act(Act),an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory(迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival.Under this Act,all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp.The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N.“Ding” Darling,a political cartoonist from Des Moines,Iowa,who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey.Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come.Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
31.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A.The Federal Duck Stamp Story
B.The National Wildlife Refuge System
C.The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl
D.The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
[错因]考生易错选D项。部分学生根据第一段中“the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America”“Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen.”等信息误选了D项。虽然原文第一段中提到了hunting,但它只是文章的一个小细节,不足以概括文章的主要大意。
[点拨]本篇说明文一共分三段:第一段介绍水禽丧失赖以生存的湿地的历史背景,第二段介绍了发行“联邦鸭票”的措施,第三段说明这一措施的影响。纵观全文,本文是在介绍联邦鸭票的故事。
[自主解答]
A
易错快攻 以偏概全、扩大或缩小概括范围的干扰项常出现在需要归纳概括的主旨大意类题目中,对该类题目可以通过以下方法避免干扰:(1)结合文章主旨提炼中间段落的要点;(2)用“逆向推理”法,反推文章的写作方向,看与原文是否相符,不一致的则排除。
易错点2 忽视干扰项中的偷换概念,曲解原意
[典例印证](2020全国Ⅰ卷,C)
But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips,so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport.In fact,anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique,she says.It takes some practice.
30.What is Dr.Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking
A.Getting experts’opinions. B.Having a medical checkup.
C.Hiring an experienced coach. D.Doing regular exercises.
[错因]考生易错选C项。C项对应的原文表达是“consult a coach or experienced racer”,而C项偷偷地将“consult”换成了“hire”,所以C项即使在宾语“an experienced coach”对应的情况下,它依然是错误选项。迷惑选项常常置换动词。
[点拨]根据最后一段倒数第二句“她说,事实上,任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走者,学习适当的技术。”可知,诺伯格博士建议想尝试竞走运动的人先听一听专家的意见。
[自主解答]
A
易错快攻 偷换概念一般指在阅读理解题的选项中,干扰项的表达与原文信息句吻合程度较高,仅有部分词汇原文中没有体现或者和原文不一致,这容易给考生造成一种错觉,从而误选。这种干扰项常常偷换了动作的发出者、动作的承受者、动作本身或积极、消极语义等。曲解原意也是干扰项设置中的常见方法,有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话,看似表达文章的意思,其实是对原句意思的曲解。
针对此类选项,考生在解题时要根据题干中的关键词回文定位,认真分析原文相关语句,字斟句酌,准确理解原文表达的意思,避免误选。
易错点3 不熟悉正确项中的同义转述,简化概括
[典例印证] (2023江西新高三第一次摸底)
Biological age might help determine your quality of life as you get older, since your cells and organs have ages varying from your regular age.Many aging-research scientists believe that knowing your biological age could help you postpone or avoid age-related illnesses,and better predict an individual’s lifespan(寿命).Other scientists argue that there’s no standard way to measure biological age.At the center of the debate are hopes that people can extend their lives by changing their behaviors.
Since everybody’s genes(基因) are different,tracking your biological age could help determine your most helpful habits and customize them.People can also attempt to lower their biological age through ways of effectively managing stress.
Q:What can people do after knowing their biological ages
A.Improve their calendar ages to prevent diseases.
B.Determine ways to effectively manage stress.
C.Get personalized nutrition plan to improve health.
D.Lengthen their lives by changing their conduct.
[错因]本题易错选B项或C项,部分考生根据题干定位到文章中的“People can also attempt to lower their biological age through ways of effectively managing stress”,发现这句话中的“ways of effectively managing stress”出现在了B项中,因而错选B项;也有部分考生在第一段中看到“knowing your biological age could help you postpone or avoid age-related illnesses”,认为要推迟或避免和年龄相关的疾病,“制定个性化的营养计划来改善健康”非常合理,因而错选C项。
[点拨]B项“确定有效管理压力的方法”是对原文“人们也可以尝试通过有效地管理压力来分析减小自己的生理年龄”的曲解;C项“制定个性化的营养计划来改善健康”在文中没有提及,属于无中生有。由第一段中的“...hopes that people can extend their lives by changing their behaviors”和第二段中的“tracking your biological age could help determine your most helpful habits and customize them” 可知,人们希望通过改变行为来延长寿命,了解生理年龄有助于确定对自己最有帮助的习惯并定制这些习惯,因此人们在知道了自己的生理年龄之后,就可以通过改变行为来延长寿命。D项“Lengthen their lives by changing their conduct”是对原文“extend their lives by changing their behaviors” 进行的同义转述。
[自主解答]
D
易错快攻 同义转述是命题人常用的手段。这种转述是指考题与原文的关键内容用同根词、同义词或近义词进行转换,有时也会在常用词组或短语之间进行转换。这种情况下正确选项和原文的关键句相同的词汇不一定多,但意思的表述却是一致的,考生在平时的学习中要注意进行同根词、同义词和近义词的积累,并在解题时认真比对。
简化概括则是把原文中较为复杂的、详细的信息进行简化或概括,正确答案比较隐蔽,考生要仔细对原文信息句进行观察和分析,再进行简化或归纳概括。
易错点4 忽视语境逻辑,过度推断
[典例印证](2023江苏南京、镇江10月八校联考)
Cores taken from 350 Douglas firs(花旗松) showed that annual tree ring growth was related to the extent of fungal connections a tree had with other trees.They had much higher growth than those that had only a few connections. The research also showed that trees with more connections to many unique fungi had much greater growth than those with only one or two connections. “If you have this network that is helping trees grow faster,that helps capture more carbon year after year.These networks may help trees grow more steadily even as conditions become more stressful,and could even help protect them against death,” said Birch.
Birch hopes his findings lead to further studies in different kinds of forests in other geographical areas,because it’s likely that the connections among trees change from year to year.He said,“Knowing whether fungal networks are operating the same way in other tree species could inform how we reforest areas after harvesting them,and inform how we plant trees to preserve these networks.”
Q:What can be inferred from what Birch has put
A.The fungal networks support one another in times of stress.
B.The fungal networks enable us to know more about reforestation.
C.The findings can apply to different kinds of forests in other geographical areas.
D.The fungal networks will help trees grow more steadily if conditions become more stressful.
[错因]考生易错选D项。部分考生看到第一段中 Birch 所说的话“These networks may help trees grow more steadily even as conditions become more stressful”,经过比对认为这与D项表述的内容一致,忽视了原文是may help(可能有助于),而选项中是will help(将有助于),过度推断,把可能变成事实,从而错选D项。
[点拨]根据最后一段Birch所说的话可知,了解真菌网络在其他树种中是否以同样的方式运作,可以影响我们在采伐后如何重新造林,也可以告诉我们如何种植树木来保护这些网络;由此可知,真菌网络使我们能够更多地了解重新造林,和B项吻合。
[自主解答]
B
易错点5 混淆事实与观点,答非所问
[典例印证](2023浙江杭州11月教学质量检测改编)
For most of our history,humans have been short,a study has found.Until around 150 years ago,few people grew taller than 170 centimeters.
Christiane Scheffler at the University of Potsdam and Michael Hermanussen in Altenhof have spent several years studying the height of people from a wide range of populations.In their latest paper,they combined an existing data of more than 6,000 prehistoric human skeletons with multiple studies of more recent historical populations from Europe and the US.They also included their own data on 1,666 present-day school children from Indonesia.
In the prehistoric populations,the maximum height for men was 165 to 170 centimeters,while women topped out at 160cm.Today,men in England have an average height of around 175cm,while for women it is about 162cm.
But there is significant variation between modern countries.The Indonesian school children in the study were shorter than similarly aged children from the US,despite being well-nourished.
Subramanian at Harvard University isn’t convinced by the pair’s interpretation.His team previously showed that the best predictor of a child’s height is the height of their parents.This suggests that the influence of other factors,such as social mobility,is limited.
After assessing nearly 163,000 children living in 55 low and middle-income countries,Subramanian’s team found that 42.9 percent had poor nutrition but no sign of stunting(阻碍发育) or other physical indicators off this fact.
This implies there is a lot of hidden malnutrition that doesn’t reveal itself through stunting.“A person’s nutritional condition should be assessed by looking at their diet not their height,” says Subramanian.
Q:What can we infer from Subramanian’s study
A.Poor nutrition delays physical development.
B.A balanced diet contributes to growing taller.
C.High social classes can reach a greater height.
D.A human’s height has little to do with nutrition.
[错因]在很多考生的认知里,A项(营养不良延缓了身体的发育)是符合事实的表达,因此考生会错选A项。
[点拨]根据倒数第二段内容可知,在对55个低收入和中等收入国家的近16.3万名儿童进行评估后,Subramanian的团队发现42.9%的儿童营养不良,但没有发育受阻的迹象。由此可知,考生认为正确的A项和Subramanian的研究发现并不相符。根据最后一段内容可知,有很多隐藏的营养不良,它们并不能通过发育不良表现出来;一个人的营养状况应该通过观察他们的饮食而不是身高来评估。由此可推断出,Subramanian的研究表明:一个人的身高和营养没有太大关系。
[自主解答]
D
易错快攻 混淆事实与观点是阅读理解常见的干扰项的特征。干扰项的内容和原文的表述是一致的,或者干扰项的表述是客观事实,因此迷惑性很强,考生很容易错选。破解这类题目的办法是从题干出发,忠实于原文,根据题干关键词锁定原文中的信息句,再将其选项进行认真比对。
易错点6 主观臆断取代作者观点
[典例印证](2023浙江丽水、湖州、衢州11月质检)
Have you ever walked through a door and thought to yourself,“What was I going to do ” If you have,you are not alone.Psychologists believe that walking through a door and entering another room creates a “mental block” in the brain.This is generally referred to as the doorway effect.
A new research led by psychologist Oliver Baumann from Bond University in Australia suggests that it’s not so much the doorways that cause a memory wipe,as moving from location to a significantly different one and that it’s the abrupt change of scene that prepares our minds for something new.“A good example is moving around in a department store,” says Baumann.
“Taking the elevator between floors may have no effect on our memory, but moving from the store to the parking lot might cause us to forget something that we need to buy.” Baumann also points out that a busy and perhaps overloaded brain does seem to play some art in this phenomenon.In other words,walking through open doors is thought to reset memory to make room for a new episode.
The good news is that experiencing such forgettable episodes after entering another room does not tell you anything about your memory and intelligence.So when you enter a room and suddenly forget why you are there,you should not think that Alzheimer’s disease is creeping up on you!
Q:What does the author think of the “doorway effect”
A.Insignificant.
B.Beneficial.
C.Influential.
D.Damaging.
[错因]考生易错选B项或D项。部分考生在最后一段中看到“The good news”,便误以为作者的态度是正向的,因此错选B项。也有考生根据第一段中的“creates a ‘mental block’ in the brain”推断作者认为“doorway effect”是有破坏性的,因此错选D项。这些考生没有仔细分析作者字里行间要表达的观点,而是根据文中的只言片语,凭自己的主观臆断做出了选择。
[点拨]作者在最后一段指出,在进入另一个房间后经历这种忘事的情节并不能反映出关于你的记忆力或者智力的信息;所以,当你进入一个房间,突然忘记你为什么在那里的时候,你不应该认为是阿尔茨海默病在悄悄靠近你。由此可以推断出,作者认为“doorway effect”与记忆力或智力无关,也不是阿尔茨海默病的表现,是无足轻重的。
[自主解答]
A
易错快攻 在推断作者观点态度的试题中,考生由于思维定式,或受到文中某些非关键信息的干扰很容易凭主观臆断做出错误的选择。做该类题目时,在文中没有直接表明作者观点态度的词句时,考生要根据作者在文中的措辞,尤其是表达情感色彩的词,以及作者所举的事例,读懂弦外之音,来正确推断其观点态度。
课堂应用
A
(2022新高考全国Ⅱ卷,B)
We journalists live in a new age of storytelling,with many new multimedia tools.Many young people don’t even realize it’s new.For them,it’s just normal.
This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday.I had brought a children’s book to read.It had simple words and colorful pictures—a perfect match for his age.
Picture this:my grandson sitting on my lap as I hold the book in front so he can see the pictures.As I read,he reaches out and pokes (戳) the page with his finger.
What’s up with that He just likes the pictures,I thought.Then I turned the page and continued.He poked the page even harder.I nearly dropped the book.I was confused:Is there something wrong with this kid
Then I realized what was happening.He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them.He thought my storybook was like that.
Sorry,kid.This book is not part of your high-tech world.It’s an outdated, lifeless thing.An antique,like your grandfather.Well,I may be old,but I’m not hopelessly challenged,digitally speaking.I edit video and produce audio.I use mobile payment.I’ve even built websites.
There’s one notable gap in my new-media experience,however:I’ve spent little time in front of a camera,since I have a face made for radio.But that didn’t stop China Daily from asking me last week to share a personal story for a video project about the integration of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei province.
Anyway,grandpa is now an internet star—two minutes of fame!I promise not to let it go to my head.But I will make sure my 2-year-old grandson sees it on his tablet.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者曾经是一名记者,在春节期间,作者给孙子拿了一本儿童读物,孙子却以为是平板电脑,不停地戳书。
1.What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in paragraph 2
A.Provided shelter for me.
B.Became very clear to me.
C.Took the pressure off me.
D.Worked quite well on me.
√
解析 词句猜测题。第一段提道:作者是记者,生活在一个讲故事的新时代,有许多新的多媒体工具。许多年轻人甚至没有意识到它是新的。对他们来说,这很正常。含有画线词语的句子承接上文,表示“而在春节假期,我和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上,尤其清楚地认识到了这一点”。故画线词语意思是“我很清楚”。故选B项。
2.Why did the kid poke the storybook
A.He took it for a tablet computer.
B.He disliked the colorful pictures.
C.He was angry with his grandpa.
D.He wanted to read it by himself.
√
解析 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“He was actually a stranger to books.His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them.He thought my storybook was like that.”可知,那个孩子戳故事书是因为他把它当成了平板电脑。故选A项。
3.What does the author think of himself
A.Socially ambitious.
B.Physically attractive.
C.Financially independent.
D.Digitally competent.
√
解析 细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Well,I may be old,but I’m not hopelessly challenged,digitally speaking.I edit video and produce audio.I use mobile payment.I’ve even built websites.”可知,作者认为自己懂数字技术。故选D项。
4.What can we learn about the author as a journalist
A.He lacks experience in his job.
B.He seldom appears on television.
C.He manages a video department.
D.He often interviews internet stars.
√
解析 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“There’s one notable gap in my new-media experience,however:I’ve spent little time in front of a camera,since I have a face made for radio.”可知,作者作为一名记者很少上电视。故选B项。
B
(2023浙江1月卷,C)
A machine can now not only beat you at chess,it can also outperform you in debate.Last week,in a public debate in San Francisco,a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents,including Noa Ovadia,Israel’s former national debating champion.
Brilliant though it is,Project Debater has some weaknesses.It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together.This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make.Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out,yet they also point to a fundamental problem.As Kristian Hammond,professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University,put it:“There’s never a stage at which the system knows what it’s talking about.”
What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning,and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines.A computer works with symbols.Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another.But it does not specify what those symbols mean.Indeed,to a computer,meaning is irrelevant. Humans,in thinking,talking,reading and writing,also work with symbols.But for humans,meaning is everything.When we communicate,we communicate meaning.What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols,but the inside too,not just how they are arranged but what they mean.
Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction,not of computation,interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads,but also outside,in society,in social memory,social conventions and social relations.It is this that distinguishes humans from machines.And that’s why,however astonishing Project Debater may seem,the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍的是在辩论中战胜人类的名为Project Debater的软件程序。
5.Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph
A.To explain the use of a software program.
B.To show the cleverness of Project Debater.
C.To introduce the designer of Project Debater.
D.To emphasize the fairness of the competition.
√
解析 写作意图题。通读第一段内容可知,文章第一段提到以色列前国家辩论冠军Noa Ovadia是为了说明Project Debater在辩论方面很出色,故B项(为了展示Project Debater的聪明)为正确选项。
6.What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to
A.Arguments. B.Doubts.
C.Errors. D.Differences.
√
解析 词义猜测题。根据画线词的前一句“This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make.”可知,wrinkles指代上文的errors,故C项正确。
7.What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond
A.Create rules. B.Comprehend meaning.
C.Talk fluently. D.Identify difficult words.
√
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段段尾的“There’s never a stage at which the system knows what it’s talking about.”以及第三段段首的“What Hammond is referring to...the most intelligent of machines.”可知,根据Hammond的说法,机器做不到的是理解意义,故B项(理解意义)正确。
8.What can we learn from the last paragraph
A.Social interaction is key to understanding symbols.
B.The human brain has potential yet to be developed.
C.Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters.
D.Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.
√
解析 细节理解题。最后一段聚焦“意义的产生”,指出意义是通过社会互动生成的,而非计算。分配意义的规则不仅存在于我们的头脑中,而且也存在于头脑外部,在社会中,在社会记忆中,在社会习俗中和在社会关系中。这也将人类和机器区分开来,无论Project Debater看起来多么令人震惊,始于苏格拉底和孔子的传统不会因为人工智能而结束。故A项正确。(共26张PPT)
专题二 七选五
NO.1 读文总策略 快解七选五3策略
考情分析
年份 卷别 体裁 主题句 过渡句 细节/总结句 设空位置
2023 新高考全国Ⅰ卷 说明文 0 4 1 段首0/段中4/段尾1
新高考全国Ⅱ卷 说明文 1 3 1 段首1/段中3/段尾1
2022 新高考全国Ⅰ卷 说明文 1 1 3 段首0/段中4/段尾1
新高考全国Ⅱ卷 说明文 1 2 2 段首1/段中4/段尾0
2021 新高考全国Ⅰ卷 记叙文 1 1 3 段首1/段中4/段尾0
新高考全国Ⅱ卷 说明文 1 2 2 段首1/段中2/段尾2
命题专家谈高考
1.文章体裁:体裁以说明文为主,偶尔涉及记叙文(如2021年新高考全国Ⅰ
卷),有的文章会给出标题。
2.短文长度:阅读材料一般是一篇长度为350词左右的短文,其中正文260词左右,备选项80词左右,且选项按照由短到长的顺序依次排列。
3.考点设置:阅读七选五所设空的位置多数集中在段中,主要考查上下文过渡句、细节支撑句等。段首、段尾句主要考查主题句、过渡句或总结句;小标题的考查虽然极少涉及,但也不应忽略。
策略一 掌握“三步走”,文章理解快
策略二 运用“三步骤”,确保解题准
策略三 研究典例 掌握“三步”技巧
(2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
Personal Forgiveness
Taking responsibility for mistakes is a positive step,but don’t beat yourself up about them.To err(犯错) is human. 36 You can use the following writing exercise to help you do this.
In a journal or on a piece of paper,put the heading “Personal strengths.”
37 Are you caring Creative Generous A good listener Fun to be around They don’t have to be world-changing,just aspects of your personality that you’re proud of.
At the top of a second page,put the heading “Acts of kindness.” On this one,list all the positive things you’ve done for others.It might be the time when you helped a friend with their homework,when you did the ironing without being asked,or when you baked cookies after the family had had a tiring day.
38
You could ask a friend or family member to help add to your list. 39 That way,you could exchange thoughts on what makes each of you special and the aspects of your personality that shine through.In fact,don’t wait until you’ve made a mistake to try this—it’s a great way to boost self-confidence at any time.
It’s something of a cliché(陈词滥调) that most people learn not from their successes but their mistakes.The thing is,it’s true. 40 We’re all changing and learning all the time and mistakes are a positive way to develop and grow.
A.A little self-forgiveness also goes a long way.
B.Now list all the characteristics you like about yourself.
C.They might even like to have a go at doing the exercise.
D.It’s just as important to show yourself some forgiveness.
E.It doesn’t mean you have to ignore what’s happened or forget it.
F.Whatever it is,no matter how small it might seem,write it down.
G.Whatever the mistake,remember it isn’t a fixed aspect of your personality.
“三步”技巧运用
1.读文“三步走”
(1)把握主题:本文为一篇说明文。文章鼓励人们练习自我宽恕,并提供了一个简单的写作练习来增强自信。通过列出个人的优点和善良的行为,人们可以学会原谅自己的错误,并从中成长。
梳理段意:第一部分(Para.1):要学会适度自我原谅;第二部分(Paras.2-4):学会适度自我原谅的三个方法;第三部分(Para.5):我们一直在学习,犯错是自我成长的积极方式。
(2)浏览选项:依据7个选项可知:
①所有选项末尾均有标点符号;
②C项中的They指代第39题前面的a friend or family member;
③G项中的fixed与第40题后的changing形成对比。
(3)抓住关键:第二段第一句中的“Personal strengths.”为关键词,第37题肯定与个性优点有关。
2.解题“三步骤”
(1)段中题:36,37,39和40题要充分利用逻辑关系做出推断。
(2)段尾题:38题要仔细阅读上文语境并判断该题是总结句还是细节句。
点拨:36.D 空白前作者提到勇于承担责任固然重要,但是也不要因此而过于自责,人都是会犯错的。空白后说“你可以使用下面的写作练习来帮助你做到这一点”。结合文章标题和下文内容可知,下文主要讲自我宽恕,故空白处内容应该提到宽恕这一话题。D项“宽恕自己也同样重要”符合语境,且D项中的 “show yourself some forgiveness”正好对应空后一句中的“do this”。
37.B 空白前提到“在日记或一张纸上写上标题‘个人优点’”,空白后作者具体罗列了几项“优点”,这些优点可以是关心他人、富有创造力、慷慨、善于倾听、和你待在一起会让人感到快乐等等。由此可推测该空应与列举优点有关,B项“现在列出所有你喜欢的自己身上的特点”符合语境。
38.F 由“At the top of a second page,put the heading ‘Acts of kindness.’”可知,本段主要讲述的是列出一些自己所做的好事。这可能包括帮助朋友完成家庭作业、主动帮忙熨衣服,或在家人劳累一天后烤饼干等。F项“无论是什么事,无论看起来多么微小,都写下来”是对上文列出善举这一做法的总结。
39.C 空白前提到“你可以让朋友或家人帮忙增加你的列表内容”,空白后提到“那样的话,你可以和他们交流想法”,故可推断,空白处应与家人和朋友的反应或举动有关;C项“他们甚至可能想尝试做一下这个练习”承上启下,符合语境,其中C项中的“They”指代空白前“a friend or family member”。
40.G 根据空白前“...most people learn not from their successes but from their mistakes.The thing is,it’s true.”可知,作者认为人是从错误中学习。空白后又提到“我们一直在改变和学习,而犯错是我们得以发展和成长的良好途径”。G项“不管你犯了什么错误,记住这不是你性格中固定的一面”承上启下,符合语境。G项中的 fixed与空白后的changing形成对比。
课堂应用
A
(2023全国乙卷)
Indoor plants might look as if they just sit around not doing much,but in many ways they are the unsung heroes of the home. 1 ,but studies have shown that they can promote people’s wellbeing by improving their mood(心情),reducing stress and helping their memory.What’s more,indoor plants are easy to look after and are not very expensive.
What are indoor plants
Indoor plants,also known as houseplants or pot plants,are plants that like to grow indoors.Many of these species(物种)are not ideally suited to growing outside in the UK,especially in the winter. 2 .
Why are indoor plants good for you
Will Spoelstra,who works at the Royal Botanic Gardens,says,“ 3 .I find during the winter months,plants around the house can really lift your mood.” Several studies have backed this up and found that indoor plants can improve creativity,focus and memory.There is also research showing that pot plants can clean the air around them by removing harmful gases such as carbon dioxide.They also remove some harmful chemicals from paints or cooking. 4 .
Which plants can you grow
Aloe vera,peace lilies and spider plants are some of the species that are easy to grow indoors.You can buy plants from supermarkets,garden centres or online.Younger plants are often cheaper than fully grown ones,and you get to care for them as they mature—which is part of the joy of owning plants. “ 5 ,” Spoelstra says.“It can bring a new interest and focus into people’s lives and help to make the link between home and nature.”
A.All plants are different
B.Not only do they look beautiful
C.There are many benefits of growing plants indoors
D.Instead,they grow better inside,where it is warmer
E.Plants like peace lilies and devil’s ivy are among the best
F.Changing the pot of your plant from time to time will also help
G.Learning about the requirements of each plant can be very rewarding
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了在室内种植植物的好处以及如何选择适宜室内种植的植物。
1.B 解析 本句为并列复合句。根据空后的“but studies have shown that they can promote people’s wellbeing by improving their mood,reducing stress and helping their memory”可知,应该选B项,构成“not only...but (also)...(不仅……,而且……)”句型,本句交代了室内植物的两个优点。
2.D 解析 本句为细节句。根据“Many of these species are not ideally suited to growing outside in the UK,especially in the winter.”可知,应该选D项,选项中的Instead与该句中的not构成“不是……,而是……”句式。outside与inside,winter与warmer相对应。
3.C 解析 本句为主旨句。根据“Why are indoor plants good for you ”和空后的内容可知,应该选C项,good与benefits相一致。空后的“lift your mood”“improve creativity,focus and memory”“clean the air around them”和“remove some harmful chemicals”概括起来都是不同的“好处(benefits)”。
4.E 解析 本句为细节句。空前的“They also remove some harmful chemicals from paints or cooking”综述“它们还可以去除油漆或烹饪中的一些有害的化学物质”,选项E点明具体实例:peace lilies和devil’s ivy这样的植物最有效。
5.G 解析 本句为细节句。根据“It can bring a new interest and focus into people’s lives and help to make the link between home and nature.”可知应该选G项,it指代“Learning about the requirements of each plant can be very rewarding.”,即Spoelstra认为“了解每种植物的需求是非常有益的,它可以给人们的生活带来新的兴趣和关注点,并有助于将家与自然联系起来。”
B
(2021北京卷)
Music has long been considered to be an enjoyable pastime for many people. 6 The mental health benefits from music can’t be argued.Music could also be helping you with many other health problems behind the scenes.
7 However,for the same reason,music can be very beneficial if one is in pain.By distracting (分心)the mind from the pain,music,people say,can lower stress and anxiety levels.This,of course,can lead to less pain.
Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed.
8 While the validity of the idea is still being assessed,the lowered stress can even be tied back to blood pressure.Similarly,according to researchers, listening to just 30 minutes of soft music every day may help with healthy blood sugar levels,through the lowering of stress and anxiety.
When it comes to heart health,there is speculation (推测) that it’s not the style of music,but rather the tempo that makes it so good for your heart health. In one European study,participants listened to music as the researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure. 9 On the other hand,when the music slowed,the participants’ stress and anxiety levels became lower and the effects on heart rates appeared to follow suit.
10 But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for,which is what makes music so valuable.
A.This feeling can also result in many other health problems.
B.Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud.
C.This idea is a little off-the-wall but still has scientific backing.
D.They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep.
E.The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive.
F.It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety.
G.Interestingly,the more cheerful the music was,the faster their heart rates were.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了听音乐会促进我们的心理健康,对我们的身心有很大的益处。
6.F 解析 考查上下文衔接。空前一句讲到了对许多人来说音乐长期以来被认为是一种令人愉悦的消遣方式,空后一句讲到音乐对心理健康的益处是不容置疑的,所以空处应与音乐对于心理健康的益处有关,因此F项符合语境。
7.B 解析 考查上下文衔接。根据空后讲到的 “然而,出于相同的理由,如果有人痛苦难耐,音乐是非常有益的”和“However”一词可推知,空处讲到的应该是音乐的坏处,因此B项符合语境。
8.D 解析 考查上下文衔接。本段第一句讲到了很多人喜欢在晚上睡觉前听舒缓的音乐,空后讲到了这种观念的有效性仍待评估,因此空处讲到的应该是晚上睡觉前听音乐的好处,因此D项符合语境。
9.G 解析 考查上下文衔接。结合语境可知,此处讲到的是一项研究,所以空处讲到的应该是参与者的研究表现,且空后一句讲到了当音乐的速度减慢时,他们的压力和焦虑水平会变得较低,对心率的影响似乎也变小了。由此可推知,空处讲到的应该是音乐较快时的表现,因此G项符合语境。
10.E 解析 考查上下文衔接。结合空后讲到将收音机开大音量可能对其他一系列健康问题有益可知,空处讲到的应该是音乐的好处,因此E项符合语境。(共97张PPT)
专题二 七选五
NO.2 题型微技法 突破七选五13技法
维度1
维度2
目 录 索 引
01
02
维度3
03
维度1 自主练透送分点——外在线索题
技法1 关注小标题
若是针对段落小标题设空,其呈现形式应和其他小标题相同。因此,考生做题时,应观察其他段落标题的句式结构,然后,根据结构相同的原则,缩小范围,选择短小精悍,多为名词词组、动词-ing形式的短语或祈使句作为小标题。
[典例](2023全国甲卷节选)
Make yourself wait
Instant gratification (满足) may seem like the most “feel good” option at the time,but psychology research suggests waiting for things actually makes us happier in the long run.And the only way for us to get into the habit of waiting is to practice.38.Start with small tasks.Put off watching your favorite show until the weekend or wait 10 extra minutes before going for that cake.You’ll soon find that the more patience you practice,the more you start to apply it to other,more annoying situations.
39
So many of us have the belief that being comfortable is the only state we will tolerate,and when we experience something outside of our comfort zone, we get impatient about the circumstances.You should learn to say to yourself, “40.This is merely uncomfortable,not intolerable.” You’ll then gradually become more patient.
A.Find your causes
B.Start with small tasks
C.Accept the uncomfortable
D.All this adds up to a state of hurry
E.It can also help us practice more patience
F.This is merely uncomfortable,not intolerable
G.They’re all situations where we could use a little extra patience
分析 根据“若是针对段落小标题设空,其呈现形式应和其他小标题相同”的原则,排除D、E、F、G选项;再根据下文内容可知,本段的主旨与接受不舒适相关。
[自主解答]
C
技法2 留意主旨句
七选五所选文章通常是“总—分(—总)”结构,偶尔是“总—分—分”结构,把握住这个规律后,在“总—分”结构的文章中,观察每一部分(段落)的结构,如果每一部分(段落)都有主旨句引领,这些主旨句往往句式相同,并且前面往往有实心圆点。如果设空处恰好处于段落主旨句的位置,则该处应为段落主旨句,然后根据本段内容作出选择。
[典例](2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷节选)
·Continually challenge yourself to try something new.38.Get out of your comfort zone.Artistic growth can be a bit painful.Welcome to the club;we’ve all been there.I love taking on challenges.I once took up a challenge to create a painting every day for a month and post the works online.
· 39 Seeking and accepting constructive feedback (反馈) is crucial to growth.I post my work on social media and,in turn,have met some of the kindest people.They make me feel valued and respected,no matter my level of artistic ability.
A.Get out of your comfort zone.
B.Make career plans and set goals.
C.Don’t throw away your beginner art.
D.Share your work if you feel comfortable doing so.
E.You’ll hit roadblocks,and you’ll feel discouraged at times.
F.Evaluate your performance and,if needed,redefine your role.
G.You’ll develop that painting muscle memory that only comes with repetition.
分析 分析文章结构和这两段首句可知,空格处是本段的主旨句。根据后文“Seeking and accepting constructive feedback is crucial to growth...no matter my level of artistic ability.”可知,本段主要讲述的是分享自己的作品。
[自主解答]
D
技法3 观察首段末尾处
在“总—分”结构的文章中,首段的末尾句往往起到总起作用,引领下文。所选答案的语句通常为:“Following is the advice on how to...”“Here are a few tips to...” “The following steps may help you...”,而下文内容正是这些advice,tips,steps的具体内容。
[典例](2020新高考全国Ⅱ卷节选)
Talking freely with your doctor can make you feel better and give your doctor the information she or he needs to give you the best care.Don’t be afraid or embarrassed to discuss something that is bothering you. 36
·Stay positive.
Go to your doctor’s visits with a good attitude.37.Remember,your doctor and other caregivers are on your side.Think teamwork!Think positive!
A.This will make getting answers easier.
B.Here are some tips for talking with your doctor.
C.You can talk to another doctor if the treatments don’t work.
分析 本文主要讲述了与医生高效交流的几种方法——保持积极心态、跟踪记录个人感受、携带病历、提问问题。和医生自由地交谈可使你感觉良好,并让医生了解你的信息,从而给你最好的治疗。不要因谈论困扰你的问题而感到害怕或尴尬,而下文是具体的做法,正确选项应该起到承上启下的作用。
[自主解答]
B
技法4 利用标点符号
类型1 空后是逗号
1.当设空处后面是逗号,且后面的句子是由从属连词引导的状语从句时,则设空处为主句。
[典例](2021全国乙卷节选)
According to Jessica Hagy,author of How to Be Interesting,it’s not difficult to make yourself interesting at a dinner party.
36 ,if you’re out of your comfort zone or if you’re wandering into somebody’s house for the first time.So the main thing is just to show up and be adventurous,trying different foods and talking to strangers.
B.The first step is to go exploring
D.Be prepared to have awkward conversations with strangers
G.He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most
分析 根据空后的句子“if you’re out of your comfort zone or if you’re wandering into somebody’s house for the first time”是由if引导的条件状语从句可知,此空应该填入一个主句;再由下文“be adventurous,trying different foods and talking to strangers”可知,本段告诉读者在晚宴上要勇于尝试,故B项“第一步是去探索”符合语境。
[自主解答]
B
2.当设空处后面是逗号,且后面的句子没有连词引导,则设空处多为状语从句。
[典例](2021全国乙卷节选)
People love to talk about themselves.If you can start the conversation with a question other than “What do you do for a living ”,you’ll be able to get a lot more interesting conversation out of whomever it is you’re talking to.
37 ,it can bring in “I have this old,broken-down vehicle” or “I rode the bus with these crazy people who were laughing at silly jokes in the back.” It just opens up conversation.
C.If you ask the question “How did you get here ”
E.Or turn the conversation into a topic where they have little to say
分析 根据空后的标点符号和标点符号后的句子可推知,此空应该填入一个从句;再根据“‘I have this old,broken-down vehicle’ or ‘I rode the bus with these crazy people who were laughing at silly jokes in the back.’”可知,空处内容与交通方式有关。故C选项符合语境。
[自主解答]
C
类型2 空后是句号
当设空处后面是句号时,考生要根据段落主题和前后句之间的逻辑关系来解题。
[典例](2021全国乙卷节选)
And what about that other dinner-party killer:awkward silence If you’re faced with an awkward silence at a dinner party,the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment (赞扬). 40 .Just quickly turn around and say,“This cake is extremely delicious and you have to tell me all about it.”
D.Be prepared to have awkward conversations with strangers
G.He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most
分析 本段第一句为段落主题句,意为“如何应对另一个宴会杀手:尴尬的沉默”,下文给出方法,应对宴会杀手——尴尬的沉默的唯一方法就是赞扬主人,故G项“他或她是最能感受到这种尴尬的人”符合语境,与前面的句子构成前果后因的关系。
[自主解答]
G
类型3 空后是破折号
当设空处后面是破折号时,考生要根据破折号后面的内容来确定答案,因为它是对前面内容的解释和说明。
[典例](2016全国甲卷节选)
Recall(回忆) your childhood memories
Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood.Grandma’s rose garden and Dad’s vegetable garden might be good or bad,but that’s not what’s important. 39 — how being in those gardens made us feel.If you’d like to build a powerful bond with your garden,start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth.40.For each of those gardens,write down the strongest memory you have.Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden. Have fun.
C.It’s our experience of the garden that matters
D.It’s delightful to see so many beautiful flowers
分析 根据空前的“but that’s not what’s important”可知,空处应讲什么重要;再根据破折号后面的内容“how being in those gardens made us feel”可知,空处内容应该是对“我们”的关于花园的体验的解释,故C项“我们的关于花园的体验很重要”符合语境。
[自主解答]
C
类型4 空后是问号
当设空处后面是问号时,考生要根据后面对这个问题的回答来确定设空处问的是什么。
[典例](2021全国乙卷)
38 If you can’t take their wine away,you should certainly try to take away their soapbox (讲台).If you’re the host,you can ask them to help you in the kitchen with something and just remove them from the situation.Or turn the conversation into a topic where they have little to say.
A.How do you know the host
F.What about that person who has had too much to drink or won’t stop talking
分析 根据空后的标点符号可知,此空应该填入一个问句,选项中只有A项和F项是问句;再根据空后“If you can’t take their wine away”中的“wine”可知,F项中的“has had too much to drink”与之属于同一范畴的表达,因此F项“对于喝多了或者不停说话的人该怎么办”符合语境。
[自主解答]
F
课堂应用
A
(2023浙江1月卷)
With gas prices rising and airport security lines snaking longer than ever, why not book your next domestic vacation on a train Compared to other alternatives,it’s comfortable and relaxing.Here is some advice on how to make a trip by rail as pleasant as possible.
Plan ahead.Most long-distance trains,especially the sleeping car accommodations,sell out very quickly. 1 But no matter when you travel, it’s a good idea to make your reservations at least 90 days in advance.
Use a travel agent.Consider turning your travel plan over to a travel agent and letting him double-check all the details,make suggestions,and then handle the actual reservations.A good one can sometimes find you discounted tickets. 2 Then you won’t have to walk through several cars on a moving train three times a day for your meals.
Bring a blanket.When you’re riding on trains,you won’t be provided with a blanket for free,even if your trip is an overnight one. 3 In the summer in particular,the air conditioning can make them quite cold.
Arrive early.Most trains operate just once a day and some run only three times a week,so missing yours can be a disaster. 4 Note:The times listed on the schedules are departure times,not arrival times.
Have fun. 5 Read a book,knit,do a crossword puzzle,or simply watch the world unfold outside the window.To calculate your speed as you do,divide 3,600(the number of seconds in an hour)by the number of seconds it takes you to travel one mile(the distance between two mileposts).If it takes the train 53 seconds to travel one mile,you’re going 67.92 mph.
A.Train trips aren’t for impatient types.
B.You’ll have views from both sides of the train.
C.The temperature on rail cars is often hard to control.
D.That’s particularly true during busy summer months.
E.You might have to wait longer than 24 hours to catch the next one.
F.Chances are the cost will be a lot less than the cost of one bedroom.
G.He may also book you in a sleeping car that’s right next to the diner.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了一些关于如何使坐火车旅行尽可能愉快的建议。
1.D 解析 根据上文“Plan ahead.Most long-distance trains,especially the sleeping car accommodations,sell out very quickly.”以及下文“But no matter when you travel,it’s a good idea to make your reservations at least 90 days in advance.”可知,大多数长途火车的卧铺很容易被订完,所以要提前安排预订。D项“在繁忙的夏季尤其如此。”符合语境。D项中“busy summer months”与上下文呼应,说明忙碌的夏季尤其需要提前计划。
2.G 解析 根据上文“A good one can sometimes find you discounted tickets.”以及下文“Then you won’t have to walk through several cars on a moving train three times a day for your meals.”可知,好的旅行社帮你预订,不仅可以订到打折的票,还可以订到紧挨餐车的车厢从而为你节省从卧铺到餐车的距离。G项中“book you in a sleeping car that’s right next to the diner”与上下文对应,因此推断G项“他可能还会给你预订餐车旁边的卧铺车厢。”符合语境。
3.C 解析 根据上文“When you’re riding on trains,you won’t be provided with a blanket for free,even if your trip is an overnight one.”以及下文“In the summer in particular,the air conditioning can make them quite cold.”可知,这里提到了车厢内温度的问题,提醒乘客最好自备毛毯。C项中“The temperature on rail cars”与上下文对应,因此推断C项“列车上的温度通常很难控制。”符合语境。
4.E 解析 根据上文“Most trains operate just once a day and some run only three times a week,so missing yours can be a disaster.”以及下文“Note:The times listed on the schedules are departure times,not arrival times.”可知,本段提醒要提前安排时间,错过时间是很麻烦的事情。E项中“You might have to wait longer”与上下文对应,说明错过火车导致的结果,因此推断E项“你可能要等上超过24小时才能赶上下一班。”符合语境。
5.A 解析 根据上文“Have fun.”以及下文“To calculate your speed as you do,divide 3,600(the number of seconds in an hour)by the number of seconds it takes you to travel one mile(the distance between two mileposts).”可知,本段讲述如何度过乘车时间。A项中讲到火车旅行不适合没有耐心的人与下文要计算时间,用不同的方式打发时间对应,符合语境。
B
(2020全国Ⅰ卷)
A Few Tips for Self-Acceptance
We all want it...to accept and love ourselves.But at times it seems too difficult and too far out of reach. 6 Here’s a handful of ways that will set you in the right direction.
7 Do not follow the people who make you feel not-good-enough. Why do you follow them Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs Know that your life is your own;you are the only you in this world.
Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made.We are often ashamed of our shortcomings,our mistakes and our failures. 8 You will make mistakes,time and time again.Rather than getting caught up in how you could have done better,why not offer yourself a compassionate(有同情心) response “That didn’t go as planned.But,I tried my best.”
Recognize all of your strengths.Write them down in a journal.Begin to train your brain to look at strength before weakness.List all of your accomplishments and achievements.You have a job,earned your degree,and you got out of bed today. 9
Now that you’ve listed your strengths,list your imperfections.Turn the page in your journal.Put into words why you feel unworthy,why you don’t feel good enough.Now,read these words back to yourself. 10 Turn to a page in your journal to your list of strengths and achievements.See how awesome you are
A.Feeling upset again
B.Where do you start
C.Nothing is too small to celebrate.
D.Remember,you are only human.
E.Set an intention for self-acceptance.
F.Stop comparing yourself with others.
G.When does the comparison game start
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了自我接受的几种方法,倡导自尊自信、乐观向上的人生态度。
6.B 解析 此处为过渡句。根据上文提到的接纳自己有时很难,联系下文的“Here’s a handful of ways that will set you in the right direction.”可知,此处表示“从何处开始呢 ”。故B项合适。
7.F 解析 段前空格考查主题句。根据后面的“Do not follow the people who make you feel not-good-enough.”可知,此处表示“停止与别人比较”。故选F项。
8.D 解析 此处为段中承上启下过渡句。根据开头提及的“Forgive yourself for mistakes...”以及后面的“You will make mistakes...”可知,此处表示“要记住,你只是个普通人”。故选D项。
9.C 解析 此处为总结句。本段讲述要认识自身的长处,将它们写进日记,将你的成就列出来。你有一份工作,你获得了学位,你今天没有赖床。最后总结:无论事情多小,都值得庆贺。故选C项。
10.A 解析 此处为过渡句。根据上文中的“Put into words why you feel unworthy,why you don’t feel good enough.”可知,此处表示“又感到不安了吗 ”。don’t feel good enough与A项中的upset同义。故选A项。
维度2 精准突破保分点——词汇复现题和代词指代题
技法5 词汇复现法
词汇复现法是为了保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手法,即在文章中不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述,从而使得同样的意思在文章中不同的地方重复出现。复现的形式主要包括原词复现、同(近)义词复现、反义词复现等。学生可利用文章的这一特点,在解题时注意选项中出现的与正文意思相同、相近或相反的词。
类型1 原词复现
原词复现指一个句子中的关键词(常为动词、名词、形容词)会反复出现在文中的其他句子中。这些词会以不同词类、词性、数、格、时态、语态等形式出现,如:“looks”与“looking” “looked”,“go”与“going” “went”等。根据语言习惯,第一句的宾语往往是第二句的主语,或者前后句有相同、重叠的词汇。因此,要学会寻找设空处上下句中的相同关键词。
[典例1](2022全国甲卷)
Hands or Utensils (餐具)
In India and the Middle East,it’s considered very rude to eat with your left hand.People in France expect you to eat with a utensil in each hand.
38 ,instead preferring to use their hands.In Chile,you may never touch any food with your fingers.People in Thailand generally use their forks only to push food onto their spoons.
A.The more friends you make in your lifetime
B.The more time you spend in any given country
C.Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils
分析 空前一句提到法国人希望你每只手拿着一个餐具吃饭(People in France expect you to eat with a utensil in each hand),空后说“更喜欢用手(instead preferring to use their hands)”,也就是不用“餐具”。故C项(墨西哥人认为用餐具吃饭是不合适的)符合语境。这里utensils一词为原词复现。
[自主解答]
C
[典例2] (2022全国乙卷)
·More isn’t always merrier
Make sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants to be contacted and what method works best for you both. 37 .There are alternatives to constant written communication,such as leaving voice messages or having a group chat.
D.Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to it
E.Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication
F.It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media
分析 空前一句提到“确保你已经和你的朋友沟通过了,了解你们想要相互联系的频率,以及哪种方法对你们双方都最有效”,再根据空后介绍的具体的交流方式可推出本空讲的是“朋友需要讨论各自喜欢的交流方式”。
E项中的methods与空前一句中的method为原词复现,同时E项中的communication与空前一句中的communicated相呼应。
[自主解答]
E
类型2 派生词复现信息
派生词是由词根加词缀构成的词。派生词复现指的是同一词根构成的不同派生词在文中的重复出现。
[典例] (2022全国乙卷)
·More isn’t always merrier
Make sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants to be contacted and what method works best for you both. 37 .There are alternatives to constant written communication,such as leaving voice messages or having a group chat.
A.Remember important dates
B.Compensate by writing letters
分析 本题可从下面两个角度分析:
(1)下文中的“written”与B项中的“writing”是同根词,属于派生词复现信息;
(2)上文提到异地朋友之间要商量沟通方式,B项“可以通过写信补偿”提出了其中一种沟通方式:写信;下文进一步叙述了发语音等其他沟通方式,与B项为并列关系。下文中的“constant written communication”呼应了B项中的“writing letters”。
[自主解答]
B
类型3 同/近义词复现
同义词/近义词复现是指设空处的前后句或本段中的某个关键词(动词、名词、形容词或副词)的同义词/近义词在正确选项中出现。
[典例](2021浙江卷1月)
If there are three lines in the store,delays will happen randomly at different registers.Think about the probability: 33 So it’s not just in your mind:Another line probably is moving faster.
B.So why don’t most places encourage serpentine lines
C.Some of them may have stood in a queue for almost an hour.
D.The chances of your line being the fastest are only one in three.
分析 空前的probability与D项中的chances相对应,同时D项与空后一句“So it’s not just in your mind:Another line probably is moving faster.”相呼应,符合语境。
[自主解答]
D
类型4 反义词复现信息
反义词复现是指上下文中有词义相反的单词、短语或者意思相反的句子。
[典例] (2021全国甲卷)
·Invite 5-10 people so you have a nice selection. 37 ,and there may not be enough things to choose from;more than that,and it becomes uncontrollable.
A.Less people than that
B.Hold a clothing swap
C.If two people are competing
D.Just keep music playing throughout
E.Donate whatever clothes are left over
分析 本段主题句是需要召集5~10人组成衣物交换小组。下文表示“人数超过那个数字,活动将无法控制”,由此可知,设空处应与下文语义相反,应描述人数不够的情况。设空处应与下文的more than that形成对比,应用less than that,less与more互为反义词。
[自主解答]
A
技法6 代词指代法
行文中为了避免与上文提到的名词重复,常用不同的代词指代上文提到的人、事物或事件。如:it指代单数名词、不可数名词、整个句子,they/them指代复数名词;one泛指单数可数名词,ones 泛指复数名词;that特指单数名词、不可数名词,this特指单数名词、句子,these/those特指复数名词;还有反身代词、指示代词、关系代词等。因此,考生要注意空前空后句中出现的代词,结合其指代意义和单复数解题。
[典例1](2022全国甲卷)
Making Requests
39 .In Portugal,this would be a serious mistake,because it shows the chef that you don’t like their seasoning skills.Similarly,in Italy,never ask for extra cheese to add to your food.
E.It’s a good sign for the chef if you make a mess around your plate
F.Never stick them upright in your food or cross them as you use them
G.It may seem like a simple request to ask for salt and pepper at a meal
分析 根据段落小标题Making Requests可知,本段主要介绍的是在用餐时提出请求。设空处也应与此相关。G项中的a simple request是空后一句中的this指代的内容,代词复现是一个很好的解题信号。
[自主解答]
G
[典例2] (2023全国甲卷)
Practice gratitude(感激)
Thankfulness has a lot of benefits:Research shows it makes us happier,less stressed and even more optimistic. 17 .“Showing thankfulness can foster self-control,” said Ye Li,researcher at the University of California.
D.All this adds up to a state of hurry
E.It can also help us practice more patience
F.This is merely uncomfortable,not intolerable
分析 根据上文“Thankfulness has a lot of benefits:Research shows it makes us happier,less stressed and even more optimistic.”以及下文“‘Showing thankfulness can foster self-control,’ said Ye Li,researcher at the University of California.”可知,上文提到了感恩的诸多好处,本句继续说明感恩的好处:它还可以帮助我们练习更多的耐心。E选项中It指代上文的Thankfulness。故E选项“它还可以帮助我们练习更多的耐心”符合语境,故选E项。
[自主解答]
E
课堂应用
A
(2022新高考全国Ⅱ卷)
Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people.However,the process can be made easier if you learn to practice three simple techniques.
1 When you are first trying to think of ideas for an essay,put your pen to your paper and write nonstop for ten or fifteen minutes without letting your pen leave the paper.Stay loose and free. 2 Don’t worry about grammar or spelling.Even though this technique won’t work for everyone,it helps many people get a good store of ideas to draw on.
The next technique is to write your draft rapidly without worrying about being perfect. 3 Yet,by learning to live with imperfection,you will save yourself headaches and a wastepaper basket full of crumpled (弄皱) paper. Think of your first draft as a path cut out of the jungle—as part of an exploration,not as a complete highway.
The third technique is to try printing out a triple-spaced (三倍行距) copy to allow space for revision. 4 As a result,these writers never get in the habit of crossing out chunks (大块) of their draft and writing revisions in the blank space.After you have revised your draft until it is too messy to work from anymore,you can enter your changes into your word processor. 5 The resulting blank space invites you to revise.
A.Make sure your handwriting is neat.
B.Let your pen follow the waves of thought.
C.The second draft of the essay should be better.
D.First of all,learn the technique of nonstop writing.
E.Too many writers try to get their drafts right the first time.
F.Many beginning writers don’t leave enough space to revise.
G.Then you can print out a fresh draft,again setting your text on triple-space.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是写文章的技巧。
1.D 解析 空格处是本段的主题句,由空后的“When you are first trying to think of ideas for an essay,put your pen to your paper and write nonstop for ten or fifteen minutes without letting your pen leave the paper.”可知,本段主要讲的是要学会不间断地写。D项概括了本段的主要内容,可作为主题句。故选D项。
2.B 解析 根据空前的“Stay loose and free.”和空后的“Don’t worry about grammar or spelling.”可知,空格处应说按心里想的写,自由发挥。B项表示“让你的笔跟随思想的波浪”,符合语境。故选B项。
3.E 解析 空前面一句提道:下一个技巧是快速写草稿,不要担心是否完美。空后面一句提道:然而,通过学习与不完美共存,你将避免头痛和一个装满皱巴巴的纸的废纸篓。E项承上启下,符合语境。故选E项。
4.F 解析 F项中的revise和前面的revision呼应。另外space在前后句子中也都出现了。F项中的Many beginning writers和下文的these writers也相互呼应,因此F选项承上启下,符合语境。故选F项。
5.G 解析 空前面一句提道:在你修改你的草稿,直到它太乱以至于无法继续工作之后,你可以把你的修改输入到你的文字处理器中。空后面一句提道:由此产生的空白允许你修改。G项表示:然后你可以打印一份新的草稿,同样将文本设置为三倍行距。G项承上启下,符合语境。故选G项。
B
(2020浙江卷)
I experienced years of loneliness as a child. 6 His friends teased him about babysitting his sister and his interests were far different from mine.With no other kids of my age in the neighborhood,I had to spend hours by myself.
A bright spot for me turned out to be reading.My love of the written word began early as my mother read to me every evening. 7 I started reading books on my own before age 5 and my mother took me to the public library once a week to borrow several books.I quickly graduated from typical children’s books to ones with fewer pictures and longer chapters.Reading opened new worlds to me. 8
My mother also encouraged me to make what I wanted.I tried making toy cars with cardboard boxes and constructing buildings from leftover cardboard and bits of wood my father gave me.When my mother saw my creations,she told me how creative my designs were. 9 I learned a lot about how to extend the life of objects and transform them into something new and useful.It was a trait(特点) others found helpful,and I soon had friends who wanted to make things with me.
10 My parents made it a point for their two kids to spend time outside,no matter the weather or season.My brother,of course,raced off to be with his friends,while I had plenty to do myself.There was making leaf houses in autumn,ice skating in winter,and so much more.They’re all memories I treasure today.
A.I wasn’t alone any longer.
B.I enjoyed reading stories aloud.
C.I was invited to play with another kid.
D.I loved the colorful photographs in the books.
E.Another habit I formed early was being outdoors.
F.Thus,I began my lifelong interest in making things.
G.My older brother couldn’t be bothered to play with me.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章作者分析了自己几个生活习惯的成因。
6.G 解析 根据设空后一句 “His friends teased him about babysitting his sister and his interests were far different from mine.” 可知,设空句应提及His的身份,即G项中的My older brother。故选G项。
7.D 解析 根据设空前一句提到 “我对书写字的爱始于母亲每天晚上给我读故事的时候” 和下文提到 “我很快就从典型的儿童读物变成了插图少、章节多的书” 可知,此处应指 “我喜欢书中的彩色照片” 与上句构成递进与下文形成对比。结合选项可知D项最符合语境。故选D项。
8.A 解析 根据前一句提到阅读为 “我” 打开了新世界可知,接下来应描述作者的感受。结合选项可知A项 “我不再孤独” 与设空前一句形成了因果关系,符合语境。故选A项。
9.F 解析 根据前一句 “当我的母亲看到我的创作时,她说我的设计很有创意” 及下文make things和F项making things属于同词复现。故选F项。
10.E 解析 根据后一句 “无论什么天气或季节,我的父母都要让他们的两个孩子花时间在户外” 可知关键词outside,结合选项可知E项outdoors属于同词复现。故选E项。
维度3 高效攻克抢分点——逻辑关系题
每篇文章都是一个有机统一的整体,各部分之间存在着一定的内在联系。从逻辑意义上来看,句子之间常常有总分、并列、递进、顺承、转折、解释、因果、过渡、例证等关系,有时甚至包含不止一种关系。因此,阅读七选五的材料时一定要把握文章脉络,弄清其中的逻辑关系。如果文章或选项中出现了逻辑关系词,考生就可以利用其来进行推理判断;如果文中或选项中未出现逻辑关系词,这就需要考生全面理解文章大意,根据上下文语境弄清文章内在的逻辑关系,并作出正确的判断。
技法7 根据总分关系定答案
[典例] (2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
The place wasn’t entirely authentic,though.Unlike a normal Parisian apartment,the plumbing(水管) worked. 37 Our building even had a tiny lift with a female voice that said,“Ouverture des portes,” in perfect French. That is the only French phrase I mastered,and it’s a shame I don’t have much use for it.
A.Not all the customers are tourists.
B.The quality of life in France is equally excellent.
C.There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
D.The amazing food is mainly consumed by local farmers.
分析 本段首句介绍了作者租住的公寓的情况,下文列举了公寓的特殊之处。根据空前一句提到的“和通常的巴黎公寓不同,这里的水管可以正常使用”和空后一句提到的“我们的公寓楼里甚至还有一部小电梯”可知,设空处和上下句之间为并列关系,不管是水管和电梯,还是厨房和床,都是对公寓的介绍。
[自主解答]
图解技法
C
技法8 根据解释关系定答案
[典例](2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
In France,quality of life is much more important than efficiency (效率).You can tell this by café life.French cafés are always crowded. 40 When do these people work The French take their 35-hour workweek seriously — so seriously that some labor unions recently struck a deal with a group of companies limiting the number of hours that independent contractors can be on call.
A.Not all the customers are tourists.
B.The quality of life in France is equally excellent.
C.There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
分析 空前一句提到“法国咖啡厅常常很拥挤”,设空处是进一步解释说明;空后一句通过设问“这些人什么时候工作呢 ”也暗示这里的顾客并不都是游客,也有很多法国人。
[自主解答]
图解技法
A
技法9 根据例证关系定答案
[典例] (2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
Parisians are different from you and me.They never look lazy or untidy. As someone noted in this paper a couple of weeks ago,they eat great food and never gain weight. 38 French strawberries do not taste like cardboard. Instead,they explode in your mouth like little flavor bombs.
D.The amazing food is mainly consumed by local farmers.
E.That’s not the only reason the French eat less than we do.
F.Our aim was to see if we could live,in some way,like real Parisians.
G.The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy.
分析 根据空前一句“As someone noted in this paper a couple of weeks ago,they eat great food and never gain weight.”和下文的描述可知,空处承上启下,既要说明法国人吃得少的原因,又要和下文提到的美味的法国草莓有逻辑上的衔接关系。分析选项可知,G项是对上句的解释说明,并与下句构成例证关系。
[自主解答]
图解技法
G
技法10 根据转折关系定答案
表示转折关系的连接词汇有but、 however/whereas、 nevertheless (然而,不过)、 though、 yet、 in spite of、 at any rate (无论如何)、 in any case (无论如何,不管怎样)、 on the contrary、 by contrast (相反,相比之下)、 by comparison (相比之下)、 otherwise、 not...but、 as well等。
[典例] (2022全国乙卷)
·Don’t rely on technology alone
40 ,but long-distance friendships — even close ones — may require more conscious effort to sustain.Try to seek out chances to renew friendships. How to do it Just spend face-to-face time together whenever possible.
D.Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to it
E.Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication
F.It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media
G.You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind
分析 本段小标题提到不要只依靠技术,空后一句表示“远距离的友谊,即使是亲密的朋友之间,可能需要更多有意识的努力来维持”,又根据空后的转折连词but可知,设空处应与空后内容形成转折关系,故F项(通过社交媒体很容易产生一种联系感)符合语境。
[自主解答]
图解技法
F
技法11 根据因果关系定答案
表示因果关系的连接词汇有as a result/consequently、 thus/therefore、 so、 so/such...that...等。
[典例] (2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
My husband and I just spent a week in Paris. 36 So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard.It was so tiny that we had to leave our suitcases in the hallway.
D.The amazing food is mainly consumed by local farmers.
E.That’s not the only reason the French eat less than we do.
F.Our aim was to see if we could live,in some way,like real Parisians.
G.The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy.
分析 根据空后的So可知,设空处与空后一句之间构成因果关系。故F项(我们的目的是想看看我们能否像真正的巴黎人一样生活)是作者和她丈夫在巴黎租住公寓的原因。
[自主解答]
图解技法
F
技法12 根据递进关系定答案
表示递进关系的连接词汇有also、 further、 furthermore、 similarly、 moreover、 in addition、 what’s more、 too、 either、 neither、 not only...but also...、 the more...the more...等。
[典例1](2022全国甲卷)
Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange,but they are important in various countries. 40 ,the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices.
A.The more friends you make in your lifetime
B.The more time you spend in any given country
C.Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils
D.Don’t get caught making an embarrassing mistake at a restaurant
分析 根据空后的“the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices”可将答案锁定选项A和B。 根据语境可知,你在任何特定的国家待的时间越长,你就会对它的文化习俗感到越适应。
[自主解答]
B
[典例2] (2021浙江6月卷)
Language is certainly a barrier for many people.For postcrossing to work worldwide,a common communication language is needed so that everyone can understand each other.As cool as it may be to receive a postcard written in Chinese,the concept doesn’t work if one doesn’t understand it. 34 So a common language is required and in postcrossing that’s English since it’s widely spoken.
E.On August 5,the number of postcards exchanged by members topped 31 million.
F.Similarly,if you speak only Chinese,receiving a card in Swedish takes part of the fun away.
G.In short,he loves postcards,and the excitement of getting a hand-written note from someone far away.
分析 本段主要说明了明信片交换中的语言障碍。空前一句和设空处都是针对此问题的举例说明。空前一句“虽然收到一张汉语卡片很酷,但如果你不懂汉语,你就看不懂意思”和F项(同样,如果你只会说中文,收到一张瑞典语的卡片也会让你失去一部分乐趣)之间构成递进关系。
[自主解答]
图解技法
F
技法13 根据并列关系定答案
[典例] (2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
So,how do you find a workout partner
First of all,decide what you want from that person. 37 Or do you just want to be physically fit,able to move with strength and flexibility Think about the exercises you would like to do with your workout partner.
A.Your first meeting may be a little awkward.
B.A workout partner usually needs to live close by.
C.You’ll work harder if you train with someone else.
D.Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport
E.How can you write a good “seeking a training partner” notice
分析 选段第一段提到如何找到一个健身伙伴,第二段提到首先要决定你想要从那个人那里得到什么。根据空后一句“Or do you just want to be physically fit... ”可知,设空处与空后一句之间是并列关系,设空处也应是一般疑问句,是对本段首句的进一步解释。
[自主解答]
图解技法
D
课堂应用
A
(2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partner”. One reason was:“You’ll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym,” while another read:“ 1 ” With a workout partner,you will increase your training effort as there is a subtle(微妙) competition.
So,how do you find a workout partner
First of all,decide what you want from that person. 2 Or do you just want to be physically fit,able to move with strength and flexibility Think about the exercises you would like to do with your workout partner.
You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media,but it probably won’t result in a useful response. 3 If you plan on working out in a gym,that person must belong to the same gym.
My partner posted her request on the notice board of a local park.Her notice included what kind of training she wanted to do,how many days a week and how many hours she wanted to spend on each session,and her age.It also listed her favorite sports and activities,and provided her phone number. 4
You and your partner will probably have different skills. 5 Over time, both of you will benefit—your partner will be able to lift more weights and you will become more physically fit.The core(核心) of your relationship is that you will always be there to help each other.
A.Your first meeting may be a little awkward.
B.A workout partner usually needs to live close by.
C.You’ll work harder if you train with someone else.
D.Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport
E.How can you write a good “seeking training partner” notice
F.Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.
G.Any notice for a training partner should include such information.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何选择锻炼伙伴。
1.C 解析 此句为过渡句。上文提到其中的一个原因“如果你知道有人在健身房等你,你就会在那儿出现”,结合空格前面的“another read”可知,空格处应为另一个原因。C项“如果你和别人一起训练,你会更加努力。”可起到承上启下的作用。
2.D 解析 此句为细节句。根据下文的“Or do you just want to be physically fit,able to move with strength and flexibility ”可知,所填的句子也应该是一个一般疑问句。D项“你想在你最喜欢的运动中成为一名更好的运动员吗 ”可以和下文构成选择关系。
3.B 解析 此句为细节句。根据空格后面的“If you plan on working out in a gym,that person must belong to the same gym.”可知,B项“锻炼伙伴通常需要住在附近。”可引出下文。
4.G 解析 此句为总结句。根据上文的“My partner posted her request on the notice board of a local park.Her notice included what kind of training she wanted to do,...”可知,本段的内容和notice有关,该词也是解题的关键。G项“任何针对锻炼伙伴的通知都应包括此类信息。”可作为对该段的总结。其中notice为同词复现。
5.F 解析 此句为过渡句。根据本段的主题句“You and your partner will probably have different skills.( 你和你的伙伴可能会有不同的技能。)”可知,F项“接受你们的不同,学会相互合作。”可承接上文。其中different和difference是同根词复现。
B
(2020全国Ⅲ卷)
A housewarming party is a special party to be held when someone buys or moves into a new apartment or house.The person who bought the house or moved is the one who throws the party.The party is a chance for friends and family to congratulate the person on the new home. 6 And it is a good time to fill the new space with love and hopefully presents.
7 Some people register a list of things they want or need for their new home at a local store or stores.Some common things people will put on a gift registry include kitchen tools like knives and things like curtains.Even if there isn’t a registry,a good housewarming gift is something to decorate the new house with,like a piece of art or a plant.
8 This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn’t a lot of food served.There are usually no planned activities like games at a housewarming party.The host or hostess of the party will,however,probably give all the guests a tour of their new home.Sometimes,because a housewarming party happens shortly after a person moves into their new home,people may be asked to help unpack boxes. 9
Housewarming parties get their name from the fact that a long time ago people would actually bring firewood to a new home as a gift. 10 Now most homes have central heating and don’t use fires to keep warm.
A.This isn’t usual though.
B.It is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party.
C.You can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests.
D.If you’re lucky enough to receive gifts,keep them in a safe place.
E.It also gives people a chance to see what the new home looks like.
F.The best housewarming parties encourage old friends to get together.
G.This was so that the person could keep their home warm for the winter.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“温锅”聚餐这一习俗的相关内容。
6.E 解析 上文提到“温锅”是朋友和家人对乔迁新居的人进行的一种祝贺方式,下文讲“温锅”也是在用爱和礼物来填充新空间的时刻。由此可以推知,空处很有可能也是在讲有关“温锅”的意义。结合语境内容可知,E项中的代词It指housewarming party,而且also表明了和上一句之间的逻辑关系。故选E项。
7.B 解析 结合空后内容可知,此段主要讲“温锅”的时候,人们通常会带礼物。B项符合语境内容。
8.C 解析 根据文中的“...there isn’t a lot of food served.”可知,此处讲的是人们来参加乔迁派对时也可以带着食物,据此可知C项“你也可以带着食物和饮料与其他客人一同分享”符合语境。
9.A 解析 根据空前的“...people may be asked to help unpack boxes.”可知,此处是在描述派对活动时可能会做的事情,A项“不过这并不常见”是对空前内容的补充。A项中的代词This指代空前的people may be asked to help unpack boxes这种情况。
10.G 解析 此段中的firewood和central heating是答题的关键。这与G项中的keep their home warm for the winter的表述一致。(共30张PPT)
专题二 七选五
NO.3易错防范 明辨“陷阱”不丢分
易错点1
易错点2
目 录 索 引
01
02
易错点3
03
七选五选项的设置兼顾语篇、段落和句际三个方面,选项可分为主旨句(段落整体内容)、过渡句(文章结构)和细节句(上下文逻辑)三类。 干扰项往往也从这三个方面设置,如主旨句过于宽泛、以偏概全或偏离主题,过渡句不能反映文章的行文结构,细节句与上下文脱节等,这就对考生提出了更高的要求。
七选五是许多考生心中的一条“梗”,为什么这么说呢 因为该题型出现错误时常是“连环夺命杀”,不错则已,一错到底!
易错点1 不能只看同词复现,要结合前后句逻辑
七选五上下文语境中往往出现原词复现、同义词、近义词表达,这是考生解题的一个重要线索,但是也不能“一叶障目,不见森林”。考生往往看到词汇复现就选答案,而忽视了设空处也有可能是考查句子间的逻辑。因此,只有真正理解文章的主旨大意,弄清楚前后句子的确切含义,然后才能根据意义的连贯性从七个选项中选出正确答案。最后要将所选的选项代入原文,看短文语言是否通顺,逻辑是否合理,从而验证答案。
[典例] (2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
38.The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy.French strawberries do not...flavor bombs.
39 On our first morning in Paris,I went around the corner to the food market to pick up some groceries.I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries and a little sweet melon.My husband and I agreed they were the best fruit we had ever eaten.But they cost $18!
A.Not all the customers are tourists.
B.The quality of life in France is equally excellent.
C.There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
D.The amazing food is mainly consumed by local farmers.
E.That’s not the only reason the French eat less than we do.
F.Our aim was to see if we could live,in some way,like real Parisians.
G.The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy.
分析 上一段讲述巴黎的食物非常美味,人们吃一点就很满足。空后讲作者和丈夫发现巴黎的食物很贵,暗含上一段所述情况不是法国人吃得少的唯一原因。考生往往看到原词出现“the food”而误选D项或G项。
[自主解答]
E
易错点2 不能只看设空位置,要跳出段落看逻辑
句子在段落中的位置不同,所起的作用也不同。命题人之所以采用段首、段中和段尾三种设空方式,正是利用设空位置的暗示作用和设空上下文的提示作用来考查考生的逻辑思维能力。但是考生不能只看设空位置,一定要跳出段落看逻辑关系来游刃有余地解题。
位置1 设空在段首
[典例](2021全国乙卷)
36 ,if you’re out of your comfort zone or if you’re wandering into somebody’s house for the first time.So the main thing is just to show up and be adventurous,trying different foods and talking to strangers.
A.How do you know the host
B.The first step is to go exploring
C.If you ask the question “How did you get here ”
D.Be prepared to have awkward conversations with strangers
E.Or turn the conversation into a topic where they have little to say
F.What about that person who has had too much to drink or won’t stop talking
G.He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most
分析 根据空后的“if you’re out of...for the first time”可知,空处内容应与走出舒适区或者第一次去别人的家里的做法有关,再结合下文的“just to show up...talking to strangers”可知,要现身(宴会),并敢于冒险,去尝试不同的食物以及和陌生人交谈。在做此题时,除了要关注设空位置,还要结合空格后面的句子才能最终确定答案。
[自主解答]
点拨 考生在解答段首句题目时,不要仅局限于主旨句、总结句和过渡句,而是应利用上一段尾句和空后第一、二句确定相关信息词,从而确定正确答案。
B
位置2 设空在段中
[典例](2021全国乙卷)
And what about that other dinner-party killer:awkward silence If you’re faced with an awkward silence at a dinner party,the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment (赞扬). 40 .Just quickly turn around and say,“This cake is extremely delicious and you have to tell me all about it.”
D.Be prepared to have awkward conversations with strangers
G.He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most
分析 本题设空类型属于段中细节句。空前一句中的关键词语“an awkward silence”和“the host”分别与G项中的“that awkwardness”和“He or she is the person”呼应。D项虽然也有关键词复现,但是不符合前后句语境和文章大意。
[自主解答]
点拨 考生在解答段中句题目时,不要仅局限于过渡句,而有可能是细节句,所以要注意前后句的逻辑关系,从而确定正确答案。
G
位置3 设空在段尾
[典例1](2021浙江卷1月)
You run into the grocery store to pick up one bottle of water.You get what you need,head to the front,and choose the line that looks fastest.
You chose wrong.People who you swear got in other lines long after you are already checked out and off to the parking lot. 31
It turns out,it’s just math working against you;chances are,the other line really is faster.
A.Why does this always seem to happen to you
E.How high is the probability that you are in the fastest waiting line
分析 本题设空类型属于段尾过渡句。上文提到你明明选了看上去最快的队伍,但是那些站在其他队伍中远远在你之后的人都先结账离开了,下文分析这种现象是概率问题。由此可推断,此空应是提出问题“为什么这种事好像总是发生在你身上 ”承接上文,并引出下文,阐明文章主题。
[自主解答]
A
[典例2] (2020新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
Even the most successful public speaker will make mistakes.Yet,the only one who cares about any mistake is the one who is speaking.People’s attention wanders constantly.In fact,most people only absorb about 20 percent of a speaker’s message.So,don’t stop speaking when you make a mistake unless it’s a truly serious one. 18
B.You want to be an effective public speaker.
C.You don’t need to apologize for a minor slip.
E.The objective of most speeches is to benefit the audience.
分析 本题为细节句。由本段第一句(即使是最成功的演说家也会犯错误)和第四、五句(事实上,大多数人只大约吸收了演讲者信息的20%。所以,当你犯错误时,不要停止演讲,除非是非常严重的错误)可知答案。而且C选项中的a minor slip对应第五句中的a truly serious one。
[自主解答]
点拨 考生在解答段尾句题目时,不要仅局限于总结句,而有可能是过渡句或者细节句,所以要注意前后句的逻辑关系,从而确定正确答案。
C
易错点3 不能只看上下句,要结合段落扣主题
七选五语篇组织得很严谨,段落与段落之间逻辑分明,往往每一段都只讲整个文章的一方面,或只交代整个过程的一部分或一个环节,每一段作用不同,每一段中不同部分也各有其功能和作用。因此,考生答题时,不能只看上下句,要结合段落扣主题;一定要准确地理解文章脉络,把握语篇整体内容和基本结构,厘清上下文的逻辑和语义衔接关系,使补全的短文逻辑通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。
[典例] (2022全国乙卷)
Friendship needs care and attention to keep it in good health.Here are five ways to sustain(保持) long-distance friendships.
·Set a regular date
Long-lasting friendships share the characteristic that both sides equally contact (联系) and share with one another.With busy schedules,squeezing in phone calls can be a challenge. 36 .
C.It is also helpful for you to be a friendship keeper
D.Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to it
分析 空前提到双方忙碌,可能会难以找到时间打电话。根据该段小标题“Set a regular date”可知,此段主要建议朋友间设定一个固定时间来联系,所选项应紧扣这个段落主题。做题时,若只关注空格上下句,很容易错选,还要紧扣段落主题确定最终答案。
[自主解答]
D
课堂应用
A
(2021新高考全国Ⅱ卷)
If the only reading you ever do is the novel or magazine,the speed at which you read probably does not matter very much.But if you have to read a great deal for study,you will appreciate the benefits of being able to read more quickly. 1
·Before you open the book,make sure that you are comfortable.You need a seat which supports your back and the book should be at the right distance from your eyes. 2
· 3 Look at the table of contents,the preface,the chapter heading,etc. This will help you to decide whether you really need to read the whole book or only certain parts of it.Ten minutes spent in this way could save you quite a lot of time in the long run.
·If you decide that you need to read the whole book,decide how much you can read at a time. 4 A history book which may contain the facts in story form will be easier to read than one dealing with scientific subjects.In the former case you may be able to read a chapter.In the latter you may only be able to read one page.
·Always keep a pencil and paper beside you. 5 Note also the facts important for your purpose as well as anything which leads you to further research.You don’t have to write these things in detail.It is enough to put the page number and one or two words as a reminder.
A.Stop to have a rest now and then.
B.Spend a few minutes looking through the book.
C.This depends on the type of book you are reading.
D.Here are some tips to help improve your reading speed.
E.Make a note of any page which is of special importance.
F.You may find yourself having to learn something by heart.
G.Keep the room cool rather than warm to avoid feeling sleepy.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在学习中面对大量需要阅读的材料或者书籍时,可以提高阅读速度的几种方法。
1.D 解析 设空处上文提到“But if you have to read a great deal for study,you will appreciate the benefits of being able to read more quickly.”下文又介绍了几种能够提高阅读速度的方法。故设空处的句子应承接上文并引出下文的建议。D项(此处是一些帮助你提高阅读速度的建议)符合语境。
2.G 解析 设空处前介绍了选择合适的座位及与书本之间保持合适的视距,这两者都与感觉舒适有关。G项(为避免感到困倦,要保持房间凉爽而不是温暖)也与身体感觉舒适有关,符合语境。
3.B 解析 再结合设空处后的“Look at the table of contents,the preface,the chapter heading,etc.”可知,本段讲的是要浏览书本的大概内容。B项(花几分钟浏览下这本书)为本段的主旨概括,符合语境。
3.B 解析 再结合设空处后的“Look at the table of contents,the preface,the chapter heading,etc.”可知,本段讲的是要浏览书本的大概内容。B项(花几分钟浏览下这本书)为本段的主旨概括,符合语境。
4.C 解析 设空处后举例说明历史书与科学书因题材不同而造成每次的阅读量不同,C项(这取决于你正在读的书的类型)中的This指代上文中的“how much you can read at a time”且能呼应下文,为承上启下的句子,符合语境。
B
(2020全国Ⅱ卷)
Emoji(表情符号) and Workplace Communication
In Asia,messaging platforms are growing rapidly,with users in the hundreds of millions,both at work and play. 6 .It’s been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.
Written communications can often read as cold and dull.Using emojis can add humor and feeling,keeping intention clear. 7 ,encouraging better and more frequent communication.
In any given office,employees can range from age 22 to 70 and beyond, and finding common ground in communication style can be a challenge.
8 .While the younger generations prefer to communicate visually,for those used to working with traditional tools like email,it may feel like a learning curve(曲线).The good news is that it’s simple to learn and can be worth the effort.
There is also the matter of tone(语气).Who hasn’t received an email so annoying that it ruined an entire day 9 .Emoji can help communication feel friendlier,and even a serious note can be softened with an encouraging smile.
10 ,and emoji can contribute directly to that positive outcome.And when your employees begin adding smiling emojis to their business communication,you’ll know you have succeeded in improving your work culture.
A.Messages with emojis feel more conversational
B.Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendly
C.Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strange
D.The popularity of these platforms is spreading globally
E.Giving employees the tools enables them to communicate honestly
F.Studies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplace
G.An easy way to bring all work generations together is with a chat platform
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了表情符号在职场沟通中的重要作用。
6.D 解析 根据上文出现的messaging platforms和下文出现的western countries可知,信息平台在全球迅速普及开来。故选D项。
7.A 解析 根据前一句出现的emojis和下文的结果状语可知,此处表示带有表情符号的信息更有利于交谈。故选A项。
8.G 解析 上文提到,办公室里的人们年龄不同,交流方式可能是一个挑战,由此推知此处应该是解决方案。故选G项。
9.B 解析 根据上文出现的annoying和下文出现的friendlier可知,B项承上启下,符合语境。故选B项。
10.F 解析 根据下文的that positive outcome可知,F项中的a happier workplace刚好与之吻合。故选F项。(共124张PPT)
专题三 完形填空
NO.1 题型微技法 分文体突破完形填空13技法
第1讲 记叙文
第2讲 夹叙夹议文
目 录 索 引
01
02
第3讲 说明文/议论文
03
考情分析
卷别、文体 句内 层次题 句组 层次题 语篇 层次题 名词 动词 形容词/ 副词 短语
2023 新高考全国Ⅰ卷 (记叙文) 4 9 2 8 4 2 1
新高考全国Ⅱ卷 (记叙文) 6 8 1 3 5 5 2
2022 新高考全国Ⅰ卷 (记叙文) 7 6 2 5 4 4 2
新高考全国Ⅱ卷 (记叙文) 5 8 2 7 4 4 0
卷别、文体 句内 层次题 句组 层次题 语篇 层次题 名词 动词 形容词/ 副词 短语
2021 新高考全国Ⅰ卷 (记叙文) 9 5 1 4 8 2 1
新高考全国Ⅱ卷 (记叙文) 9 5 1 7 5 2 1
说明 句内层次题:空格的答案由空格所在的句子决定; 句组层次题:空格的答案由与空格相距不远的一组句子决定; 语篇层次题:空格的答案由整篇文章的内涵决定。 命题专家谈高考
1.文章体裁。以记叙文为主,2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷、Ⅱ卷,2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷、Ⅱ卷和2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷、Ⅱ卷都是记叙文。这也给我们一个启示:完形填空以记叙文为主,做题时应先理清文章脉络和事情的来龙去脉。
2.设题类型。完形填空的设题方式大致可分为句内层次、句组层次及语篇层次三种题型。句内层次题和句组层次题较容易,能保障考生取得基本分数。每篇完形填空总会有2个左右比较难的语篇层次题,要根据整篇文章才能推断出答案,所以考生要有“大局观”。二轮复习在确保句内层次题和句组层次题全做对的前提下,要全力争取语篇层次题不失分。
命题专家谈高考
3.解题捷径。(1)利用首句明大意。快速通读全文,利用好首句,洞悉文章脉络,明确故事的意义。(2)瞻前顾后巧求索。留意文章的细节和措辞,注意前后文的呼应。把空格处与上下文语境联系起来,切勿自以为是。(3)攻克4大易错点:①因惯性思维而错选;②因一词多义或者熟词生义而错选;③因词汇理解障碍而错选;④缺乏全篇关联思维而错选。
第1讲 记叙文
题型分析
完形填空的文章体裁以记叙文为主,记叙文是一种以写人记事为主要内容,以叙述为主要表达方式的文体。它主要包括人物故事、历史故事、励志故事等。读文时要掌握以下几点:
1.通读全文抓中心。抓住了中心就有助于明确做题方向,提高针对性。
2.明确文章的叙述角度。通常记叙文有两大叙述角度:第一人称和第三人称。第一人称就是从“自我参与”的角度进行叙述,学生可从字里行间读出作者对人物、事件或景色的情感态度。第三人称就是从“旁观者”的角度客观地记人、叙事、状物。在做题时学生可以采用“角色渗透法”,即假设自己就是文中的角色会有什么感受、会做出怎样的选择等,这样有助于走进作者的思维,深入理解文章的含义。
3.理清写作顺序。根据写作需要,作者往往采用顺叙、倒叙或插叙等方法进行叙述。了解事情发展的来龙去脉,更迅速、准确地理解文意。
4.把握记叙的线索:人物线、事物线、感情线、事件线、时间线、地点线等。
5.明确写作要素。包括事情发生的时间(when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件的内容(what)、原因(why)等。明确这些写作要素,就基本上抓住了文章的主体,有利于理解整篇文章。
6.洞悉写作目的。作者是借助叙述这样一个载体来阐明一个道理,给人以启迪或教益。
典例印证
(2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
On Oct.11,hundreds of runners competed in a cross-country race in Minnesota.Melanie Bailey should have 41 the course earlier than she did. Her 42 came because she was carrying a 43 across the finish line.
As reported by a local newspaper,Bailey was more than two-thirds of the way through her 44 when a runner in front of her began crying in pain. She 45 to help her fellow runner,Danielle Lenoue.Bailey took her arm to see if she could walk forward with 46 .She couldn’t.Bailey then 47 to let Lenoue climb onto her back and carried her all the way to the finish line, then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get 48 attention.
Once there,Lenoue was 49 and later taken to a hospital,where she learned that she had serious injuries in one of her knees.She would have struggled with extreme 50 to make it to that aid checkpoint without Bailey’s help.
As for Bailey,she is more 51 about why her act is considered a big
52 .“She was just crying.I couldn’t 53 her,” Bailey told the reporter. “I feel like I was just doing the right thing.”
Although the two young women were strangers before the 54 , they’ve since become friends.Neither won the race,but the 55 of human kindness won the day.
41.A.designed B.followed
C.changed D.finished
42.A.delay B.chance
C.trouble D.excuse
43.A.judge B.volunteer
C.classmate D.competitor
44.A.race B.school
C.town D.training
45.A.agreed B.returned
C.stopped D.promised
46.A.courage B.aid
C.patience D.advice
47.A.went away B.stood up
C.stepped aside D.bent down
48.A.medical B.public
C.constant D.equal
49.A.interrupted B.assessed
C.identified D.appreciated
50.A.hunger B.pain
C.cold D.tiredness
51.A.worried B.ashamed
C.confused D.discouraged
52.A.game B.problem
C.lesson D.deal
53.A.leave B.cure
C.bother D.understand
54.A.ride B.test
C.meet D.show
55.A.secret B.display
C.benefit D.exchange
[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章描写了越野赛场上感人的一幕。选手Melanie Bailey背着受伤的Danielle Lenoue冲向终点线,并送到医疗点。
41.D 解析 根据下文的“across the finish line”可知,Melanie Bailey完成(finished)赛程的时间比预计得要晚。
42.A 解析 根据上文的“should have...the course earlier than”可知,Bailey耽搁(delay)了比赛,同时根据下文可知,Bailey背着一个参赛选手(competitor)冲过终点线。
43.D 解析 根据第二段中的“help her fellow runner”可知,Bailey背着的是一名参赛选手(competitor)。
44.A 解析 根据语境可知,Bailey已经完成了三分之二多的赛程(race),这时她前面的一位选手痛苦地哭了起来。上文的“across-country race”也有所提示。
45.C 解析 根据下文的“took her arm”以及“carried her”可知,Bailey停了下来(stopped)去帮助那位参赛选手。
46.B 解析 句意:Bailey扶着她的胳膊,看看她能否在帮助下行走。aid“帮助”。
47.D 解析 句意:然后Bailey弯下腰让Lenoue爬到她的背上,背着她一路冲向终点线。go away“走开”;stand up“站起来”;step aside“让开”;bend down“弯腰”。
48.A 解析 句意:(Bailey)又跑了300英尺,送Lenoue去就医。get medical attention是固定搭配,意为“就医”。下文的“taken to a hospital”和“aid checkpoint”也有所提示。
49.B 解析 根据常识可知,只有经过评估(assessed)后,才确定是否有必要去医院。interrupt“打扰”;assess“评估”;identify“确认”;appreciate“感激”。
50.B 解析 根据第二段中的“crying in pain”可知,如果没有Bailey,Lenoue要经历极大的痛苦(pain)才能到达就医点。
51.C 解析 根据上下文语境可知,Bailey没把这件事放在心上,所以这样的一桩小事被报道让她觉得很费解(confused)。
52.D 解析 a big deal是固定搭配,意为“大事,重要的事”。记者认为这样感人的一幕是一件大事(deal),所以进行了报道。
53.A 解析 根据下文的“I feel like I was just doing the right thing.”可知,Bailey不能丢下(leave)Lenoue,她只是做了她认为正确的事情。
54.C 解析 根据上下文可知,Bailey和Lenoue在赛场上是首次相遇(meet),在此之前,两个人并不认识。
55.B 解析 设空处是文章的升华。尽管这两个人都没有赢得比赛,但是她们所展示(display)的人性的善意赢得了胜利。
文本感知
体裁 记叙文
中心思想 一名越野赛跑运动员在比赛中将受伤的运动员背至终点就医,虽因此事耽误了自己的比赛,与胜利失之交臂,但她善良的举动为她赢得了独特的胜利,体现了人性之善的力量。
写作要素 Time:on Oct.11
Place:a cross-country race in Minnesota
Character:Melanie Bailey;Danielle Lenoue,an injured runner
What:Bailey then bent down to let Lenoue climb onto her back and carried her all the way to the finish line,then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get medical attention.Once there,Lenoue was assessed and later taken to a hospital,where she learned that she had serious injuries in one of her knees.
Why:A runner in front of her began crying in pain.
写作目的 文章体现了“人与自我——做人与做事”的主题语境
维度1 自主练透送分点——句内层次题(以记叙文为例)
句内层次题的解题信息分布在本句内,在读懂文意的前提下,利用本句的一些信息凭借语感即可顺利选出答案。对于此类题目,学生可以边读边填,将原文信息尽量复原。
上文典例印证中出现的句内层次题
技法1 利用生活常识和文化背景解题
学生在做题时,若能积极地调动自己掌握的文化背景知识和生活常识,巧妙地加以运用,特别是注意中西文化的差异,将会大大简化分析与判断过程,节省宝贵的时间,从而轻松地做出正确的判断。
[典例] Once there,Lenoue was 49 and later taken to a hospital,where she learned that she had serious injuries in one of her knees.
A.interrupted B.assessed
C.identified D.appreciated
分析 根据常识可知,只有经过评估后,才确定是否有必要去医院。
[自主解答]
B
技法2 利用对应关系分析法解题
完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系,它使句子的各个成分之间形成一定的对应关系。学生可以根据这种对应关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分,将它作为线索,从而推断出未知填空的答案。
[典例1]Bailey took her arm to see if she could walk forward with 46 .
A.courage B.aid
C.patience D.advice
分析 根据上文的“took her arm to see”可知,Bailey搀着Lenoue的胳膊,想看看能否帮(aid)她往前走。
[自主解答]
B
[典例2]Bailey then 47 to let Lenoue climb onto her back and carried her all the way to the finish line,then another 300 feet to where Lenoue could get 48.medical attention.
A.went away B.stood up
C.stepped aside D.bent down
分析 根据下文的“let Lenoue climb onto her back”可知,Bailey弯下腰(bent down)让Lenoue 趴到她的背上。
[自主解答]
D
技法3 利用习惯用法及固定搭配解题
解题时通过分析习惯用法、固定搭配等搭配关系和句子结构,进行有效的推理判断,从而选出正确选项。学生在解题时要灵活地运用一些常用的习惯用法、固定搭配,学会分析句子结构。
[典例]As for Bailey,she is more 51.confused about why her act is considered a big 52 .
A.game B.problem C.lesson D.deal
分析 Bailey认为自己只是做了一件该做的事,所以让她疑惑的应是为什么人们认为她的行为很了不起。a big deal是固定搭配,意为“大事,重要的事”。
[自主解答]
D
高考真题出现的其他句内层次题
技法4 利用逻辑关系解题
此方法是通过分析空处上下文与已知信息之间的逻辑关系来确定答案,主要应用于完形填空的两类题型:一是考查连接词和起连接词作用的短语;二是考查上下文的逻辑关系。
[典例] (2023全国甲卷)
Mario’s wine may have been cloudy and come out of an old bottle,but it was
57 .
A.perfect B.useful
C.convenient D.familiar
分析 根据前文“Mario’s wine may have been cloudy and come out of an old bottle”以及空前的but可知,此处表转折,结合选项,此处应是“马里奥的酒可能是混浊的,而且是从一个旧瓶子里出来的,但它是完美的”之意,符合实际。
[自主解答]
A
技法5 利用语境暗示分析法解题
上下文语境具体体现为全文的中心主线和主题、作者的态度倾向和评价、上下文语篇衔接、句际和段际关系。在句内层次题中,我们通常可以通过上下文语境暗示,即根据已知信息,推导出正确答案。
[典例] (2023全国甲卷)
But when we looked at the tomatoes,we were 46.worried because they were so misshapen:not at all like the nice,round,47.shiny things you get in a supermarket.And the wine was cloudy,in a funny old bottle with no label (标签) on it.These can’t be any 48 ,we thought.
A.more B.good C.new D.easy
分析 根据前文“But when we looked at the tomatoes,we were worried because they were so misshapen:not at all like the nice,round,shiny things you get in a supermarket.And the wine was cloudy,in a funny old bottle with no label (标签) on it.” 可知,马里奥带来的西红柿和酒外观都不好,因此作者一家认为这些都不可能好。
[自主解答]
B
课堂应用
A
(2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷)
In April last year,I saw a post on the PNP(Pilots N Paws) website from a family in Topeka.They had to move to Virginia but they were on a very tight
1 .They could not afford to pay for 2 for their dog,Tiffy,and 3 wanted to take her with them.
It just 4 that I was planning another PNP flight with another pilot, Karen,who 5 to take Tiffy from Kansas City to Virginia.What I was to do was fly to Topeka to 6 Tiffy.
When I met Tiffy’s owners,they seemed very 7 .George,the husband, was trying to be calm,but I could tell this was 8 for him,having to leave his dog to a 9 and trust that everything would 10 .
After some goodbyes,I asked George and his wife to help me 11 Tiffy into the plane.I promised to take care of Tiffy and 12 them as soon as we got to Kansas City.
The flight was 13 ,and Tiffy was a great passenger.The next day,she
14 with Karen and made it back to George in Virginia within a few days. He was so 15 and sent me a nice e-mail with pictures.It felt great to know that I had helped bring this family together again.
1.A.turn B.budget
C.schedule D.connection
2.A.food B.shelter
C.medicine D.transportation
3.A.desperately B.temporarily
C.secretly D.originally
4.A.appeared B.proved
C.happened D.showed
5.A.waited B.offered
C.hurried D.failed
6.A.see off B.look for
C.hand over D.pick up
7.A.confused B.nervous
C.annoyed D.curious
8.A.hard B.fine
C.common D.lucky
9.A.coworker B.passenger
C.stranger D.neighbor
10.A.speed up B.work out
C.come back D.take off
11.A.feed B.follow
C.change D.load
12.A.call B.join
C.leave D.serve
13.A.unnecessary B.unexpected
C.unavoidable D.uneventful
14.A.returned B.fought
C.flew D.agreed
15.A.thankful B.generous
C.proud D.sympathetic
[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者从Pilots N Paws网站上看到一个帖子后,和另一名飞行员用飞机帮助一家人将他们的狗从托皮卡接到弗吉尼亚的故事。
1.B 解析 根据“They could not afford to pay for for their dog,Tiffy...”可知,这个家庭的预算(budget)非常紧张。
2.D 解析 根据“They had to move to Virginia but they were on a very tight .”及下文语境可知,这个家庭的预算非常紧张,所以付不起他们的狗Tiffy的交通费(transportation)。
3.A 解析 根据“...wanted to take her with them.”可知,这家人非常(desperately)想把狗一起带走。
4.C 解析 根据“I was planning another PNP flight with another pilot, Karen...”可知,碰巧(happened)作者和另一名飞行员正在计划另一次PNP飞行。
5.B 解析 根据“...to take Tiffy from Kansas City to Virginia.”可知,Karen主动提出(offered)帮忙把狗Tiffy从堪萨斯城带到弗吉尼亚。
6.D 解析 根据“What I was to do was fly to Topeka...”和常识可知,作者需要飞到托皮卡去接(pick up)Tiffy。
7.B 解析 根据“George,the husband,was trying to be calm...”可知,这家人看起来很紧张(nervous)。
8.A 解析 根据上文“...was trying to be calm...”以及下文“...having to leave his dog to a and...”可知,把狗留给一个陌生人对主人来说很难(hard)。
9.C 解析 根据文章的第一句可知,作者是从网站上看到的信息,不认识狗的主人,所以是陌生人(stranger)。
10.B 解析 狗的主人很紧张,因为把狗留给一个陌生人,并相信一切都会解决好(work out),这对他来说很难。
11.D 解析 根据“...Tiffy into the plane.”可知,作者让George和他的妻子帮忙把Tiffy放到(load)飞机上。
12.A 解析 根据“...as soon as we got to Kansas City.”可知,作者承诺一到堪萨斯城就给他们打电话(call)。
13.D 解析 根据“...and Tiffy was a great passenger.”可知,这次飞行一切都平安无事(uneventful)。
14.C 解析 根据上文的“It just that I was planning another PNP flight with another pilot,Karen,who to take Tiffy from Kansas City to Virginia.”可知,Karen带着Tiffy飞往(flew)弗吉尼亚。
15.A 解析 根据常识可知,作者帮助狗的主人把狗运到了弗吉尼亚,狗的主人自然非常感激(thankful)。
B
(2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
My husband,our children and I have had wonderful camping experiences over the past ten years.
Some of our 1 are funny,especially from the early years when our children were little.Once,we 2 along Chalk Creek.I was 3 that our 15-month-old boy would fall into the creek (小溪).I tied a rope around his waist to keep him near to our spot.That lasted about ten minutes.He was
4 ,and his crying let the whole campground know it.So 5 tying him up,I just kept a close eye on him.It 6 —he didn’t end up in the creek.My three-year-old,however,did.
Another time,we rented a boat in Vallecito Lake.The sky was clear when we 7 ,but storms move in fast in the mountains,and this one quickly 8 our peaceful morning trip.The 9 picked up and thunder rolled.My husband stopped fishing to 10 the motor.Nothing.He tried again.No
11 .We were stuck in the middle of the lake with a dead motor.As we all sat there 12 ,a fisherman pulled up,threw us a rope and towed(拖) us back.We were 13 .
Now,every year when my husband pulls our camper out of the garage,we are filled with a sense of 14 ,wondering what camping fun and 15 we will experience next.
1.A.ideas B.jokes
C.memories D.discoveries
2.A.camped B.drove
C.walked D.cycled
3.A.annoyed B.surprised
C.Disappointed D.worried
4.A.unhurt B.unfortunate
C.uncomfortable D.unafraid
5.A.due to B.instead of
C.apart from D.as for
6.A.worked B.happened
C.mattered D.changed
7.A.signed up B.calmed down
C.checked out D.headed off
8.A.arranged B.interrupted
C.completed D.recorded
9.A.wind B.noise
C.temperature D.speed
10.A.find B.hide
C.Start D.fix
11.A.luck B.answer
C.wonder D.signal
12.A.patiently B.tirelessly
C.doubtfully D.helplessly
13.A.sorry B.brave
C.safe D.right
14.A.relief B.duty
C.pride D.excitement
15.A.failure B.adventure
C.performance D.conflict
[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。作者主要讲述了在过去的十年中,一家人外出旅行的美好回忆。虽然旅途中也会出现意外和危险,但作者一家人对下一次旅行仍然充满期待。
1.C 解析 根据上文的“wonderful camping experiences”和下文的两个事例可知,作者觉得对往事的一些回忆(memories)是有趣的。idea“想法,主意”; joke“笑话”;discovery“发现”。
2.A 解析 根据上文的“wonderful camping experiences”和最后一段出现的camper可知,此处讲述的是一家人露营(camped)的经历。drive“驾驶,开车”; walk“行走,散步”;cycle“骑自行车”。
3.D 解析 根据常识并结合下文的“would fall into the creek”可知,此处表示作者担心(worried)15个月大的儿子会掉进小溪里。annoyed“生气的,恼火的”;surprised“惊讶的”;disappointed“失望的”。
4.C 解析 根据常识和下文的“his crying let the whole campground know it”可知,把绳子拴在小孩子的腰上,小孩子肯定感觉不舒服(uncomfortable)。unhurt“未受伤的”;unfortunate“不幸的”;unafraid“不害怕的”。
5.B 解析 根据下文的“I just kept a close eye on him”可知,作者不再把孩子用绳子拴住,而是密切关注着孩子的一举一动。instead of“代替,而不是”,符合语境。due to“由于,因为”;apart from“除了”;as for“关于,至于”。
6.A 解析 根据下文的“he didn’t end up in the creek”可知,作者的这个办法奏效(worked)了,15个月大的儿子没有掉进小溪里。happen“发生”; matter“要紧”;change“改变”。
7.D 解析 根据常识并结合下文的“but storms move in fast in the mountains”可知,作者一家人出发(headed off)时,天空是晴朗的。sign up“报名”;calm down“安静,镇静”;check out“得到证实”。
8.B 解析 根据上文的“storms move in fast in the mountains”可知,作者一家人的美好行程由于暴风雨中断(interrupted)了。arrange“安排”; complete“完成”;record“记录”。
9.A 解析 根据语境和常识可知,此处为环境描写,暴风雨来临之前,肯定是风(wind)起雷鸣。noise“响声,吵闹声”;temperature“气温”;speed“速度”。
10.C 解析 根据常识并结合下文出现的dead motor可知,作者的丈夫一看天气突变,立刻去发动(start)马达。find“发现”;hide“躲藏”;fix“修理”。
11.A 解析 根据下文的“We were stuck in the middle of the lake with a dead motor.”可知,运气(luck)不佳,作者一家被困在湖中,马达坏了。answer“答案”;wonder“惊讶,惊奇”;signal“信号”。
12.D 解析 根据上文内容并结合常识可知,作者一家在暴风雨中被困,此时一定感到非常无助(helplessly)。patiently“耐心地”;tirelessly“不知疲倦地”;doubtfully“怀疑地”。
13.C 解析 根据上文内容可知,这时一个渔民出现了,他帮助作者一家人摆脱了困境,转危为安(safe)。sorry“遗憾的”;brave“勇敢的”;right“正确的”。
14.D 解析 根据第一段出现的“wonderful camping experiences”和空后的“wondering what camping fun”可知,作者一家人对未知的旅行充满了兴奋(excitement)感。relief“宽慰”;duty“责任,义务”;pride“自豪,骄傲”。
15.B 解析 根据上文列举的两个例子可知,作者一家人的旅行充满了快乐,但也有一些冒险(adventure)的经历。failure“失败”;performance“表演,表现”;conflict“矛盾,冲突”。
第2讲 夹叙夹议文
题型分析
常用以下方法来解此类型试题:
读文要领 内容解读
分析结构,抓住作者的观点 借助文章结构,即事例→观点,观点→事例,观点→事例→观点,体会记叙和议论的关系,抓住作者的观点,明确文章的组织方式。看文章属于上述哪种结构,从而明白作者的写作思路。
重视首句,把握文章主题 首句往往是文章的关键句、引题句或主题句。通过首句可以初步判断文章的写作中心,为全面理解文章打开一扇“窗户”。
读文要领 内容解读
叙议兼顾,理解议论内涵 夹叙夹议文中叙与议是一个有机的整体,叙是议的基础,而议是叙的升华。在读这类文章时,掌握议论部分的内容是关键,因为叙述是为作者的议论而服务的。所以只有把故事和哲理联系起来,再结合对人物心理和行为的描述,全面把握文章才能正确解题。
抓住转换,理清逻辑关系 抓住记叙与议论的转换,及时调整思维方式,理清上下文之间的逻辑关系,在充分把握语境的基础上,辨析词语,进一步把握作者的观点、态度,找到正确答案。
典例印证
(2020天津5月改编)
For the past ten years,my dad and I have attended the same school—he as an administrator and I as a student.Our relationship,in and out of school,has been totally unpredictable.
When I was younger,all that my dad said was doctrine(信条) and anything he did I, 1 ,copied.As I grew older,we were not as 2 as we used to be.He wasn’t cool anymore.He listened to 3 country music and laughed too loudly in front of my friends.He became a total embarrassment.
However,the 4 that occurred in school were even worse.This 5 continued into high school,but we somehow began to find a balance.Things started to 6 around the time of my 10th-grade physics project.The 7 was to build a wood bridge with the best strength-to-weight ratio(比率).All the students and physics teachers 8 .So did my dad,the only administrator! Embarrassed,as usual,I 9 the scene. 10 ,later when I learned from my friends that my dad defeated all competitors and won everyone’s admiration,I found that mixed in with my 11 was a touch of pride.
I had needed someone else to show me what I 12 in my dad.It wasn’t the fact that he’d won;it was more than that.I began to 13 many of the same values and sometimes the same opinions that we have.
I feel 14 to have such an unusual father.The 15 I have developed with my dad over the years has enabled me to look back and see how I’ve grown.
1.A.temporarily B.naturally
C.originally D.passively
2.A.close B.reliable
C.generous D.confident
3.A.creative B.familiar
C.horrible D.live
4.A.failures B.coincidences
C.competitions D.disasters
5.A.debate B.party
C.progress D.struggle
6.A.happen B.change
C.grow D.disappear
7.A.issue B.task
C.lesson D.procedure
8.A.participated B.protested
C.hesitated D.explored
9.A.fled B.investigated
C.pictured D.made
10.A.Instead B.Otherwise
C.Therefore D.However
11.A.confusion B.encouragement
C.embarrassment D.fascination
12.A.recommended B.tolerated
C.doubted D.appreciated
13.A.be aware of B.call for
C.argue for D.bring about
14.A.puzzled B.fortunate
C.concerned D.awkward
15.A.strategy B.habit
C.relationship D.potential
[语篇解读]本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者与父亲关系的演变见证了作者的成长。
1.B 解析 根据“all that my dad said was doctrine”可知,既然父亲说的都是信条,那作者自然地只有照做的份。
2.A 解析 下一句“He wasn’t cool anymore.”表明作者和父亲没有那么亲密无间了。
3.C 解析 根据“He became a total embarrassment.”可知,作者认为父亲听的乡村音乐令人生厌。
4.D 解析 根据“even worse”可知,在学校里发生的是灾难。
5.D 解析 作者多年来的经历告诉我们作者内心是纠结的,挣扎于与父亲的关系上。
6.B 解析 根据下文“I found that mixed in with my was a touch of pride”可知,事情开始在作者十年级物理课项目上发生了变化。
7.B 解析 根据下文“to build a wood bridge”可知,建造木桥是此次项目的任务。
8.A 解析 根据下文“my dad defeated all competitors”可知,所有的同学和物理老师都参与进来了。
9.A 解析 根据上文“Embarrassed,as usual”可知,作者像往常一样感到尴尬,所以逃离了现场。
10.D 解析 根据下文“a touch of pride”可知,这与之前作者认为父亲的行为让作者尴尬的态度形成一个意义上的转折。
11.C 解析 根据上文“He became a total embarrassment.”可知,此处是指作者发现自己的尴尬中混合了一丝自豪。
12.D 解析 上句说有一丝的自豪感,自然对父亲有一丝欣赏的感觉。
13.A 解析 be aware of知道,意识到;call for要求,需要;argue for为……辩论;bring about导致。根据“many of the same values and sometimes the same opinions”可知,作者开始意识到和父亲有很多相同的价值观,而且有时候有很多相同的观点。
14.B 解析 根据“such an unusual father”可知,有这样不同寻常的父亲当然是幸运的。
15.C 解析 根据文章开头“Our relationship,in and out of school,has been totally unpredictable.”可知,此处relationship是原词复现,指作者多年以来和父亲的关系的演变。
文本感知
体裁 记叙文
中心思想 作者与父亲的关系的演变见证了作者的成长。
叙述角度 第一人称
语篇结构 事例→观点
写作要素 my dad;I;younger;grew older;high school;10th-grade physics project;a touch of pride;an unusual father
写作目的 体现了“人与自我——生活与学习”的主题
维度2 精准突破保分点——句组层次题(以夹叙夹议文为例)
句组层次题是比句内层次题稍难一级的题目,其解题信息分布在空格前后的一组意群之中,解题时需瞻前顾后,综合意群信息解答。即本句信息不足填,空格前后再找信息源。
上文典例印证中出现的句组层次题
技法6 利用语义复现之原词复现解题
复现是一种语义衔接手段,它通过原词、同义词/近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念,使整篇文章上下连贯,有机地衔接在一起。因此,学生可根据文章的具体情况,理解文章的结构和语境,利用文章中的语义复现来选出正确的答案。
[典例1]He wasn’t cool anymore.He listened to 3.horrible country music and laughed too loudly in front of my friends.He became a total embarrassment...later when I learned from my friends that my dad defeated all competitors and won everyone’s admiration,I found that mixed in with my
11 was a touch of pride.
11.A.confusion B.encouragement
C.embarrassment D.fascination
分析 根据上文“He became a total embarrassment.”可知,作者发现自己的尴尬中混合了一丝自豪。embarrassment与上文的embarrassment是原词复现。
[自主解答]
C
[典例2]For the past ten years,my dad and I have attended the same school—he as an administrator and I as a student.Our relationship,in and out of school,has been totally unpredictable.
...
The 15 I have developed with my dad over the years has enabled me to look back and see how I’ve grown.
15.A.strategy B.habit C.relationship D.potential
分析 根据文章开头“Our relationship,in and out of school,has been totally unpredictable.”可知,此处是relationship的原词复现,指作者多年以来和父亲的关系的演变。
[自主解答]
C
技法7 利用逻辑关系之转折关系解题
[典例]Embarrassed,as usual,I 9.fled the scene. 10 ,later when I learned from my friends that my dad defeated all competitors and won everyone’s admiration,I found that mixed in with my 11.embarrassment was a touch of pride.
10.A.Instead B.Otherwise
C.Therefore D.However
分析 根据下文“a touch of pride”可知,这与之前作者认为父亲的行为让作者尴尬的态度形成一个意义上的转折。instead相反,取而代之;otherwise要不然的话;therefore因此;however然而。
[自主解答]
D
高考真题出现的其他句组层次题
技法8 利用其他语义复现解题
同义词复现
[典例1](2021天津3月卷)
For most people,having things stolen feels like an offence.Robbie Pruitt admitted that he got 16 when he discovered the theft of his mountain bike last September.But soon enough,his 17.emotions took a turn.After letting go of his anger and frustration,he found himself on a road to sympathy 18.instead.
16.A.amazed B.mad
C.curious D.frightened
分析 根据下文中的“After letting go of his anger and frustration,he found himself on a road to sympathy instead.”可知,空处和“anger”“frustration”是同义词,由此可知正确选项。
[自主解答]
B
反义词复现
[典例2] (2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
Our 48.roles in the factory were simple:Place cakes on a moving belt.Attach icing (糖霜) ears.Apply icing eyes and nose.49.Remove bunny from the belt.This was 50 than it sounds.51.Slow down a bit and the cakes pile up. As I told my parents at dinner that first night,it was all a little more high-pressure than I’d 52.expected.
50.A.harder B.better
C.longer D.cheaper
分析 尽管上文提到了“Our 48.roles in the factory were simple”,但根据下文中的“the cakes pile up”和“a little more high-pressure”可知,要完成一系列任务,稍微慢一点,小兔子蛋糕就会堆积起来,此处表示“这比听起来要艰难多了”。 harder与上文中的simple构成了反义词复现。
[自主解答]
A
技法9 利用其他逻辑关系解题
因果关系 [典例1](2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷) I tied a rope around his waist to keep him near to our spot.That lasted about ten minutes.He was 44.uncomfortable,and his crying let the whole campground know it.So 45 tying him up,I just kept a close eye on him. 45.A.due to B.instead of C.apart from D.as for 分析 上文说作者给孩子系上绳子,孩子因不舒服而哭叫。有连词So表示因果关系,空后表达作者只能密切留意孩子,不再用绳子拴着他。
[自主解答]
B
对比关系 [典例2](2020全国乙卷) ...and 55 opening the door and taking the opportunity,they just 56.stare at it and wonder,“What if it isn’t a door ” 55.A.by comparison with B.in addition to C.regardless of D.instead of 分析 句意:……他们不是打开门,抓住机会,而是凝视着它,想知道“假如它不是一扇门,将会怎么样 ”前后表示一种对比关系。
[自主解答]
D
递进关系 [典例3](2020新高考全国Ⅰ卷) A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the 24.damage it caused had driven away a number of birds. 25 ,the number of snakes had declined as well. 25.A.Besides B.However C.Therefore D.Otherwise 分析 空前提到鸟的数量减少了,空后提到蛇的数量也减少了,as well是解题的关键。
[自主解答]
A
让步关系 [典例4](2021全国乙卷) One afternoon,while 45.attempting to get into bed she collapsed (倒下) from what was 46.eventually discovered to be a heart attack.The collapse was disastrous,47.requiring the emergency medical team and good teamwork.But she recovered, though 48 ,and was ready for discharge (出院) after four weeks. 48.A.slightly B.accidentally C.slowly D.happily 分析 由空前though 可知,本题可利用让步关系解题。下文的“four weeks”也起提示作用。
[自主解答]
C
技法10 利用作者的态度或感彩关联解题
在做完形填空题时,我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中,仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感彩的重要词汇,它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索,可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案。
[典例] (2022全国甲卷)
You can tell a lot about a man by how he treats his dogs.
For many years,I enjoyed living with my dogs,Tilly and Chance.Their 41 was nearly enough to keep my loneliness at bay.
41.A.ownership B.membership
C.companionship D.leadership
分析 根据第二段中的“For many years,I enjoyed living with my dogs,Tilly and Chance.”可知,作者这些年来一直很喜欢和她的两只宠物狗生活在一起,两只狗的“陪伴”能让作者远离孤单。
[自主解答]
C
技法11 利用首句提供的信息解题
文章或段落的首句有时为主题句,下文内容往往围绕这一主题展开。因此,利用首句所提供的信息判断正确的选项是一种非常有效的解题方法。记叙文往往在首句交代时间、地点、人物、事件等要素,下文将按照一定的线索展开叙述。说明文一般在首句点明要说明的事物是什么,然后对事物的主要特征进行说明。议论文往往在首句提出论点,下文则列出一个个论据证明这一论点。
[典例] (2023全国甲卷)
Many years ago,I bought a house in the Garfagnana,where we still go every summer.The first time we 41 there,we heard the chug-chug-chug of a motorbike 42.making its way down the hill toward us.
41.A.waited B.met
C.camped D.stayed
分析 根据首句“Many years ago,I bought a house in the Garfagnana,where we still go every summer.”可知,作者在当地买了房子,所以是第一次住在那里。
[自主解答]
D
课堂应用
A
(2020全国乙卷改编)
Since our twins began learning to walk,my wife and I have kept telling them that our sliding glass door is just a window.The 1 is obvious.If we admit it is a door,they’ll want to go outside 2 .It will drive us crazy.The kids apparently know the 3 .But our insisting it’s merely a window has kept them from 4 millions of requests to open the door.
I hate lying to the kids.One day they’ll 5 and discover that everything they’ve always known about windows is a dream.
I wonder if parents should always tell the truth no matter the 6 .I have a very strong 7 that the lie we’re telling is doing spiritual damage to our children.Windows and doors have 8 metaphorical(比喻) meanings. I’m telling them they can’t open what they absolutely know is a door.What if later in 9 they come to a metaphorical door,like an opportunity(机会) of some sort,and 10 opening the door and taking the opportunity,they just
11 it and wonder,“What if it isn’t a door ” That is,“What if it isn’t a 12 opportunity ”
Maybe it’s an unreasonable fear.But the 13 is that I shouldn’t lie to my kids.I should just 14 repeatedly having to say,“No.We can’t go outside now.” Then when they come to other doors in life,be they real or metaphorical,they won’t 15 to open them and walk through.
1.A.relief B.target
C.reason D.case
2.A.gradually B.constantly
C.temporarily D.casually
3.A.result B.danger
C.method D.truth
4.A.reviewing B.approving
C.receiving D.attempting
5.A.win out B.give up
C.wake up D.stand out
6.A.restrictions B.explanations
C.differences D.consequences
7.A.demand B.fear
C.desire D.doubt
8.A.traditional B.important
C.double D.original
9.A.life B.time
C.reply D.history
10.A.by comparison with B.in addition to
C.regardless of D.instead of
11.A.get hold of B.stare at
C.knock on D.make use of
12.A.real B.typical
C.similar D.limited
13.A.safety rule B.comfort zone
C.bottom line D.top secret
14.A.delay B.regret
C.enjoy D.accept
15.A.hurry B.decide
C.hesitate D.intend
[语篇解读]本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。在生活中,父母可以向孩子撒谎吗 如果父母对孩子撒谎,有可能会对孩子造成精神上的伤害。
1.C 解析 结合上下文可知,作者夫妇告诉孩子们那扇滑动玻璃门只是一扇窗户,而对孩子们撒谎的原因是想要阻止他们出去,这个“原因”是显而易见的。故选C项。
2.B 解析 根据常识可知,孩子们会不断地从门里走到外面去。constantly 不断地。故选B项。
3.D 解析 根据下文“我们坚持说它是窗户”可知,此处意为“孩子们显然是知道了真相”。故选D项。
4.D 解析 孩子们知道了它是一道门时,就会尝试着请求到外面去。孩子们在是否能到外面去这个问题上还是尝试着向父母做出请求,这符合常理。故选D项。
5.C 解析 随着孩子们长大,终有一天他们会发现他们一直知道的窗户是个谎言,也就是说他们觉醒了。故选C项。
6.D 解析 根据常识可知,父母无论是一直说谎还是一直讲真话,都会产生后果。故可判断句意为“我不知道父母是否应该一直不计后果地讲真话”。故选D项。
7.B 解析 根据下文“Maybe it’s an unreasonable fear”可知,此处意为“我有一种很强的担忧”, 语义复现。故选B项。
8.B 解析 本段中,作者将“机会”比喻为“门 ”,而生活中的机会对于每个人来说都是“重要的”,因此,在生活中,门和窗户有着“重要的”比喻意义。故选B项。
9.A 解析 根据下文“Then when they come to other doors in life”可知,此处意为“要是他们在以后的生活中遇到一个具有比喻意义的门……”,语义复现。故选A项。
10.D 解析 根据下文wonder可推知他们在遇到可能是机会的门时会感到疑惑,所以此处是说他们不敢打开门。instead of 而不是。故选D项。
11.B 解析 根据上文“而不是打开门”和下文的wonder可知,此处应为“凝视”。故选B项。
12.A 解析 根据上文的“What if it isn’t a door ”这一问句可知,孩子们可能怀疑它不是一个真实的机会。故选A项。
13.C 解析 综合全文来看,作者认为父母应该教育孩子何时打开生活中的隐喻之“门”,而不应该对孩子说谎。说谎与否是衡量人是否诚实的尺度,这应该是做人的底线,而不是安全问题。故选C项。
14.D 解析 根据下一句可知,作者会告诉孩子那是一扇门,但是现在还不能出去,由此可知,作者认为自己应该“接受”告知孩子们“门”的真相,尽管这意味着会不断拒绝孩子们出去的要求。故选D项。
15.C 解析 当父母不再向孩子们撒谎,那么当孩子们看到“门”的时候也不会怀疑,他们会没有“顾虑”地打开门,走过去。这与第三段中的 “stare at it and wonder” 形成对比,此处要表达“没有疑虑或顾虑”的意思。
B
(2022新高考全国Ⅱ卷)
Like many young people,Jessica wants to travel the globe.Unlike most of them,this 25-year-old is doing it 1 .She and her husband have spent the last two years traveling the world,stopping everywhere from Paris to Singapore.It might sound like one long,expensive 2 ,but the couple has an unusual way to make their travel 3 .
They’re part of a new form of the 4 economy:an online group of house sitters.Throughout their no-cost stays in 5 homes,they feed pets and water plants in the homeowner’s 6 .
It’s not all sightseeing.The two travelers carefully 7 their trips, scheduling their days around the pets that are sometimes difficult to 8 .But house sitting also offers a level of 9 they can’t find in a hotel.“It’s like
10 at a friend’s house,” Jessica says.
The couple has a high 11 rate in getting accepted as house sitters and they always go beyond the homeowner’s 12 .For Jessica,that means 13 plenty of pictures of happy pets,keeping the house 14 and leaving a nice small gift before heading to the next house.“You want to make the homeowner feel that they made the right 15 ,” she says.
1.A.indoors B.online
C.single-handed D.full-time
2.A.game B.service
C.vacation D.procedure
3.A.safe B.busy
C.helpful D.affordable
4.A.local B.private
C.sharing D.agricultural
5.A.strangers’ B.parents’
C.co-workers’ D.neighbors’
6.A.favor B.defense
C.honor D.absence
7.A.plan B.explain
C.compare D.complete
8.A.buy B.transport
C.choose D.please
9.A.support B.comfort
C.control D.attention
10.A.cooking B.staying
C.waiting D.studying
11.A.success B.survival
C.growth D.unemployment
12.A.budget B.abilities
C.expectations D.understanding
13.A.admiring B.donating
C.sending D.borrowing
14.A.clean B.open
C.simple D.empty
15.A.guess B.decision
C.response D.impression
[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了Jessica和丈夫通过当看房人来环球旅行的事情。
1.D 解析 根据下文“She and her husband have spent the last two years traveling the world,stopping everywhere from Paris to Singapore.”可知,这位25岁的年轻人全职从事这项工作。故选D项。
2.C 解析 结合上文可知Jessica在环球旅行,所以此处是指听起来像是假期。故选C项。
3.D 解析 上文“It might sound like one long,expensive”,指假期听起来昂贵,句中but起转折作用,可知这对夫妇有一种不同寻常的方式来负担他们的旅行。故选D项。
4.C 解析 根据下文“economy:an online group of house sitters”以及提到他们免费住在陌生人家里,可见是共享经济。故选C项。
5.A 解析 根据上文可知他们在环球旅行,所以是住在陌生人的家里。故选A项。
6.D 解析 上文“they feed pets and water plants in the homeowner’s”指在房主不在的时候喂宠物、给植物浇水。故选D项。
7.A 解析 根据宾语“their trips”可知,指计划旅行,应用plan。故选A项。
8.D 解析 根据上文“the pets that are sometimes difficult to”及常识可知此处指某些宠物很难取悦。故选D项。
9.B 解析 结合下文提到像住在朋友家,可见照看房子也能提供一种在酒店里找不到的舒适感。故选B项。
10.B 解析 下文“at a friend’s house”指像待在朋友家,应用stay at。故选B项。
11.A 解析 根据下文“rate in getting accepted as house sitters”可知此处指他们被接受为看房人的成功率,应用success。故选A项。
12.C 解析 上文提到这对夫妇被接受为看房人的成功率很高,是因为他们总是超出房主的预期,所以成功率才高。故选C项。
13.C 解析 下文“plenty of pictures of happy pets”指给房主发送宠物的照片。故选C项。
14.A 解析 根据上文可知,他们的职责就是照看房子,所以要保持房子的整洁。故选A项。
15.B 解析 是房主选择了他们当看房人,所以是房主做了正确的决定。故选B项。
第3讲 说明文/议论文
题型分析
1.说明文
说明文是对事物的特征、本质、性能、状态、用途、原理或事物的发生、发展、结果等进行介绍、解释、说明的一种文体。与记叙文相比,说明文类完形填空多用一般现在时,其语言简练、平实、准确,常采用客观描述,其主题明确,层次分明。高考说明文类完形填空往往在文章的开头就点明说明对象,从而为同学们把握文章主题提供了有利条件。而且,作者借助合理的说明顺序展开文章,使文章结构清晰,层次分明。
读文要领 内容解读
明确说明对象,理清段落关系 通读全文,明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点,理清各段之间的关系,加深对说明对象的理解
弄清说明顺序,把握作者态度 在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行解说。把握了说明顺序就能准确把握文章的脉络,加深对整篇文章的理解。常见的说明顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序(如因果关系、果因关系、先主后次等)和认识顺序(如由此及彼、由浅入深、由局部到整体、由现象到本质等)。另外,在理清作者思路的基础上,还要注意反映作者态度的关键词或关键句,把握作者的写作情感和意图
2.议论文
议论文是一种剖析事理、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。议论文是高考完形填空较难的一种体裁,一般由论点、论据和结论三个要素组成。高考完形填空中考查议论文的概率不高。
读文要领 内容解读
从首尾句入手,抓住中心 议论文完形填空的第一、二句通常为文章的主题句。作者一般在文章的首段提出论点,然后各段展开论述,尾段提出结论
紧扣关键词,理清论点 要弄清文章的行文逻辑,如转折、因果、递进、对比、让步、指代等;抓住信息词如but,however,yet等
结合语境,确定逻辑关系 为了使文章脉络清楚、行文连贯,作者会使用一些过渡词来体现句与句之间的逻辑关系,如on the other hand,on the contrary,all in all,as a result,in short,as a consequence,generally speaking,in conclusion等
典例印证
(2022全国乙卷改编)
Young children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek. For them,there’s something highly exciting about 1 someone else’s glance and making oneself unable to be seen.
But we witness preschool children are remarkably 2 at hiding.They often cover only their eyes with their hands,leaving the rest of their bodies
3 .
For a long time,this ineffective hiding method was 4 as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric”(自我中心的) creatures.But our surprising research results in child developmental psychology 5 that idea.
We brought children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.Each 6 sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or 7 . We then asked the child if she could 8 or hear the adult.Surprisingly, children replied they couldn’t.
A number of 9 ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked.The results were clear:Our young subjects 10 the questions and knew exactly what was asked of them.Their 11 to the questions reflected their true 12 that “I can see you only if you can see me, too.” They simply 13 mutual(相互的) recognition and regard.Our 14 suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head,it’s not a result of egocentrism.Actually children consider this method 15 when others use it.
1.A.following B.taking
C.escaping D.directing
2.A.clever B.bad
C.scared D.quick
3.A.exposed B.examined
C.untouched D.imbalanced
4.A.supported B.guaranteed
C.imagined D.interpreted
5.A.explained B.confirmed
C.contradicted D.tested
6.A.parent B.child
C.researcher D.doctor
7.A.feet B.nose
C.hands D.ears
8.A.see B.help
C.reach D.fool
9.A.instructions B.descriptions
C.experiments D.assumptions
10.A.comprehended B.predicted
C.explored D.ignored
11.A.responses B.approaches
C.contribution D.sensitivity
12.A.ability B.belief
C.identity D.purpose
13.A.hold back B.relate to
C.insist on D.make up
14.A.limitations B.requirements
C.theories D.findings
15.A.tentative B.impressive
C.creative D.effective
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过实验证明孩子们玩捉迷藏时,只遮住自己的眼睛并不是自我中心主义的结果,而是孩子们坚持相互承认和尊重。
1.C 解析 根据下文“making oneself unable to be seen”可知,此处表示儿童喜欢玩捉迷藏,避开别人的目光。故选C项。
2.B 解析 根据下文“They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies .”可知,他们经常只是用手捂住眼睛,而其余身体部分无遮蔽,因此儿童不擅长隐藏。be bad at sth.表示“不擅长某事”。故选B项。
3.A 解析 根据上文可知,儿童只是用手遮住了眼睛,身体的其余部分无遮蔽,是暴露在外的。故选A项。
4.D 解析 根据下文“as evidence that children are hopelessly ‘egocentric’(自我中心的) creatures”可知,此处表示这种无效的隐藏方法被解释为一种证据,证明儿童是以自我为中心的。故选D项。
5.C 解析 根据前面的But可知,研究结果与之前的观点相矛盾。故选C项。
6.B 解析 根据上文“We brought children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.”可知,此处表示每个儿童和一个成年人坐在一起。故选B项。
7.D 解析 根据下文“or hear the adult”可知,实验中,儿童被询问是否能听到成年人的声音,所以此处表示成年人遮住了自己的耳朵。故选D项。
8.A 解析 根据上文“an adult who covered her own eyes”可知,成年人遮住了自己的眼睛,所以此处儿童被询问是否能看见成年人。故选A项。
9.C 解析 句意:许多实验排除了孩子们误解了他们被问到的问题。故选C项。
10.A 解析 根据下文“and knew exactly what was asked of them”可知,儿童理解了问题,并确切知道自己被问了什么。故选A项。
11.A 解析 根据上文“We then asked the child if she could or hear the adult.Surprisingly,children replied they couldn’t.”可知,此处表示孩子们对于问题的回答。故选A项。
12.B 解析 根据下文“I can see you only if you can see me,too.”可知,此处表示孩子们真正的看法。故选B项。
13.C 解析 根据上文“I can see you only if you can see me,too.”可知,孩子们的看法体现了他们坚持相互的承认和尊重。故选C项。
14.D 解析 根据上文“We brought children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.”可知,此处指实验的研究结果。故选D项。
15.D 解析 根据上文“They simply insist on mutual recognition and regard.”可知,孩子们坚持相互承认和尊重,所以当其他人使用这种方法时,孩子会认为它是有效的。故选D项。
文本感知
体裁 说明文
中心思想 实验证明孩子们玩捉迷藏时只遮住自己的眼睛并不是自我中心主义的结果,而是孩子们坚持相互承认与尊重。
写作要素 young children,hide and seek,cover,exposed,contradicted that idea,experiments,results,mutual recognition,effective
写作目的 文章展现的主题语境为“人与自我——做人与做事”。
维度3 高效攻克抢分点——语篇层次题(以说明文为例)
语篇层次题是完形填空中难度最高的试题,也是学生的拉分题。此类试题需要阅读全篇,站在整个语篇的角度才能选出正确答案。
上文典例印证中出现的语篇层次题
技法12 利用首尾呼应关系解题
[典例] We brought children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.Each 6.child sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or 7.ears.We then asked the child if she could 8.see or hear the adult.Surprisingly, children replied they couldn’t.
A number of 9.experiments ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked.The results were clear:Our young subjects prehended the questions and knew exactly what was asked of them. Their 11.responses to the questions reflected their true 12.belief that “I can see you only if you can see me,too.” They simply 13.insist on mutual(相互的) recognition and regard.Our 14 suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head,it’s not a result of egocentrism.
14.A.limitations B.requirements C.theories D.findings
分析 根据上文“We brought children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.”可知,此处指实验的研究结果。
[自主解答]
名师点津
这类题目无法在句内或句组确定答案,需要结合整个语篇才能确定正确答案。
D
高考真题出现的其他语篇层次题
技法13 利用文章发展脉络解题
[典例] (2022全国甲卷)
You can tell a lot about a man by how he treats his dogs....
The next week we 47.walked our dogs together.It was a hot day.When we paused to catch our 48.breath,Steve got down on one knee.Was he proposing (求婚) I liked him too,but so 49.soon He poured water from a bottle into his hand and offered it to my dogs.50.In that moment,I began to fall for him.
A year later,much to my 58.delight,this man produced a little box with a ring and proposed to me.He did not kneel (跪) down,nor did I 59.need him to.That’s only for giving 60 to the dogs that brought us together.
60.A.toys B.awards C.food D.water
分析 叙事型完形填空在行文结构上往往包括:故事开端—发展—高潮—结局等不同情节,学生应梳理文章发展脉络,理清行文结构。文章首段提出了一个观点:通过一个人如何对待他的狗,你就能了解这个人。根据下文可知,作者是一位动物爱好者,她的男友Steve也是一位动物爱好者。在两人约会的过程中,Steve喂作者的小狗喝水的一幕深深打动了作者。一年之后,作者欣然接受了Steve的求婚。Steve没有通过下跪的方式向作者求婚,因为作者认为下跪这个动作只是为了给那些让他们走到一起的小狗们“喝水”才做的。
[自主解答]
D
名师点津
解题策略 遵循发展脉络,合理思考推理,及时调整思路
上下求索,捕捉关键信息
回头看——关注是否与上文呼应,不留遗憾
关键点——需随机应变,不要一意孤行,更不可胡思乱想
课堂应用
A
(2019全国Ⅲ卷改编)
The small town of Rjukan in Norway is situated between several mountains and does not get direct sunlight from late September to mid-March— 1 six months out of the year.
“Of course,we 2 it when the sun is shining,”says Karin Ro,who works for the town’s tourism office.“We see the sky is blue,but down in the valley it’s darker—it’s like on a 3 day.”
But that changed when a system of high-tech 4 was introduced to reflect sunlight from neighboring peaks(山峰) into the valley below. Wednesday,residents(居民) of Rjukan 5 their very first ray of winter sunshine:A row of reflective boards on a nearby mountainside were put to
6 .The mirrors are controlled by a computer that 7 them to turn along with the sun throughout the day and to close during windy weather.They reflect a concentrated beam(束) of light onto the town’s central 8 ,creating an area of sunlight roughly 600 square meters.When the light appeared,Rjukan residents gathered together.
“People have been 9 there and standing there and taking pictures of each other,” Ro says.“The town square was totally 10 .I think almost all the people in the town were there.” The 3,500 residents cannot all 11 the sunshine at the same time. 12 ,the new light feels like more than enough for the town’s 13 residents.
“It’s not very 14 ,” she says,“but it is enough when we are 15 .”
1.A.only B.obviously
C.nearly D.precisely
2.A.fear B.believe
C.hear D.notice
3.A.cloudy B.normal
C.different D.warm
4.A.computers B.telescopes
C.mirrors D.cameras
5.A.remembered B.forecasted
C.received D.imagined
6.A.repair B.risk
C.rest D.use
7.A.forbids B.directs
C.predicts D.follows
8.A.library B.hall
C.square D.street
9.A.driving B.hiding
C.camping D.sitting
10.A.new B.full
C.flat D.silent
11.A.block B.avoid
C.enjoy D.store
12.A.Instead B.However
C.Gradually D.Similarly
13.A.nature-loving B.energy-saving
C.weather-beaten D.sun-starved
14.A.big B.clear
C.cold D.easy
15.A.trying B.waiting
C.watching D.sharing
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍挪威小镇利用高科技反射太阳光,解决冬季小镇山谷没有阳光的问题。
1.C 解析 根据上文“does not get direct sunlight from late September to mid-March”可知,小镇在九月末到来年三月中旬没有直晒的阳光,一共大约近(nearly)六个月。
2.D 解析 根据下文“when the sun is shining”可知,太阳照射时,当地人可以注意到(notice)有太阳。
3.A 解析 根据上文“down in the valley it’s darker” 可知,山谷里天色更暗,像是多云的(cloudy)天气。
4.C 解析 根据下文“The mirrors are controlled by a computer” 可知,这个系统是用被电脑控制的镜子(mirrors)反射阳光。
5.C 解析 根据下文“very first ray of winter sunshine” 可知,当地居民收到(received)冬天里的第一缕阳光。
6.D 解析 根据上文“A row of reflective boards on a nearby mountainside were put to” 可知,在附近的山坡上安装的一排反射板被投入使用(use)。put to use固定搭配,意为“使用,利用”。
7.B 解析 根据下文“to turn along with the sun” 可知,电脑指挥(directs)镜子随着太阳转动。
8.C 解析 根据下文“The town square was...”也证实应用“square(广场)”。
9.D 解析 根据下文“standing there and taking pictures of each other” 可知,居民们聚在广场,坐(sitting)或站在那里。
10.B 解析 根据下文“I think almost all the people in the town were there.”可知,广场已满(full),全都是人。
11.C 解析 根据下文“at the same time”可知,所有居民不能同时享受(enjoy)阳光。
12.B 解析 根据上文“cannot all enjoy the sunshine at the same time” 和下文“the new light feels like more than enough” 两句间是转折关系,故However符合题意。
13.D 解析 根据上文“the new light feels like more than enough”可知,渴望冬日阳光的(sun-starved)居民很满意。
14.A 解析 根据上文“The 3,500 residents cannot all enjoy the sunshine at the same time.”可知,阳光照射的地方不太大(big)。
15.D 解析 根据上文“but it is enough”可知,阳光照射的广场虽然不大,但居民们分享(sharing)也是足够的。
B
(2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
My life as a tax-paying employed person began in middle school,when, for three whole days,I worked in a baking factory.
My best friend Betsy’s father was a manager at Hough Bakeries,which,at Easter time, 1 little bunny(兔子) cakes for all its 2 throughout Cleveland.It happened that the plant downtown needed eight kids for 3 help during our spring break,for which I had no 4 beyond listening to my favorite records.I’d 5 minimum wage.I’d see how a factory 6 .My parents thought all of this was a grand idea and called Betsy’s dad with their
7 .
Our 8 in the factory were simple:Place cakes on a moving belt. Attach icing(糖霜) ears.Apply icing eyes and nose. 9 bunny from the belt. This was 10 than it sounds. 11 a bit and the cakes pile up.As I told my parents at dinner that first night,it was all a little more high-pressure than I’d 12 .
Dad 13 .The son of a grocer,he’d spent the summers of his childhood
14 food in Bernardsville,New Jersey.This was the sort of work that made you 15 the dollars you earned and respect those who did the work,he told me.
1.A.sold B.ordered
C.made D.reserved
2.A.stores B.families
C.schools D.citizens
3.A.generous B.financial
C.technical D.temporary
4.A.plans B.problems
C.excuses D.hobbies
5.A.offer B.earn
C.set D.suggest
6.A.worked B.closed
C.developed D.survived
7.A.ambition B.permission
C.experience D.invitation
8.A.joys B.ideas
C.roles D.choices
9.A.Save B.Keep
C.Stop D.Remove
10.A.harder B.better
C.longer D.cheaper
11.A.Calm down B.Slow down
C.Stay on D.Move on
12.A.indicated B.witnessed
C.expected D.remembered
13.A.cried B.smiled
C.hesitated D.refused
14.A.tasting B.finding
C.sharing D.delivering
15.A.withdraw B.donate
C.receive D.appreciate
[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者小时候在一家面包厂兼职三天的工作经历。
1.C 解析 结合语境可知,此处表示Betsy的父亲是一家面包厂的经理,这家面包厂制作小兔子蛋糕。
2.A 解析 此处表示这家面包厂为Cleveland的所有商店制作小兔子蛋糕。store“商店”;family“家庭”;school“学校”;citizen“市民”。
3.D 解析 此处表示需要八个孩子临时帮忙。generous“大方的”; financial“经济的”;technical“技术的”;temporary“临时的”。
4.A 解析 此处表示作者除了听最喜欢的唱片之外没有别的计划。plan“计划;打算”;problem“问题”;excuse“借口;理由”;hobby“业余爱好”。
5.B 解析 根据下文作者去工作以及空后的wage可推知,此处表示“挣得”工资。offer“提供”;earn“挣得”;set“放置;使处于”;suggest“建议;暗示”。
6.A 解析 句意:我想看看工厂是如何运作的。work“运作”;close“关闭”;develop“发展”;survive“幸免于难”。
7.B 解析 此处表示“我”父母认为“我”去那里工作是个好主意,所以打电话给Betsy的父亲,得到了他们的许可。ambition“野心;抱负”;permission“许可”;experience“经历;经验”;invitation“邀请”。
8.C 解析 结合上文“我”去那里工作的事可知,这里是在介绍“我”在工厂的工作职责。role“职能;角色”,符合语境。
9.D 解析 根据上文提到的Place cakes on a moving belt可知D项正确。save“节省;拯救”;keep“保持”;stop“阻止”;remove“移开;拿开”。
10.A 解析 结合上面“我”的工作职责及后文的表述可知,此处表示这比听起来要难得多。
11.B 解析 结合语境可知,此处表示工作的速度稍微慢一点就会出现蛋糕堆积的情况。calm down“镇静下来”;slow down“放慢速度”;stay on“留下来继续”;move on“开始做”。
12.C 解析 此处表示“我”告诉父母一切都比“我”预期的要更有压力。indicate“暗示”;witness“目睹”;expect“预期;盼望”;remember“记得”。
13.B 解析 上文提到作者在吃晚饭时告诉父母工作比他预料的要更有压力,且根据下文父亲对工作的正面评价可推知,此处表示父亲笑着告诉他这些道理。
14.D 解析 结合空前的The son of a grocer可知,此处表示他童年的夏天都在Bernardsville运送食物。taste“品尝”;find“发现”;share“分享”;deliver“传送”。
15.D 解析 此处表示这种工作能让你对自己挣的钱心存感激,并尊重那些从事这项工作的人。withdraw“撤退;收回”;donate“捐赠”;receive“接收”; appreciate“感激”。(共34张PPT)
专题三 完形填空
NO.2 易错防范 明辨“陷阱”不丢分
易错点1
易错点2
目 录 索 引
01
02
易错点3
03
易错点4
04
易错点1 因惯性思维而错选
在英语学习中,由于种种原因,如考生的母语、知识面、思维习惯等都有可能令考生出现一些思维定式现象,即不善于思考,考虑问题也不全面,导致误解一些题目,从而抑制思维能力的发展。完形填空解题中考生常因惯性思维而失分。
[典例](2020新高考全国Ⅰ卷节选)
31 young plants in the dry season was 32.tough for a lone boy.Molai built at the 33.top of each sapling (幼树) a bamboo platform,where he placed earthen pots with small holes to 34.collect rainwater.The water would then drip (滴落) on the plants below.
31.A.Decorating B.Observing
C.Watering D.Guarding
分析 受思维习惯的影响,考生看到空后的young plants就会想到去“保护”小树,因此考生易误选D项。但是,综合下文我们可以得知,本段主要描述的是Molai如何给小树浇水的过程。
[自主解答]
C
易错点2 因不明一词多义或熟词生义而错选
在最近几年的高考完形填空中,一词多义或熟词生义的考查屡见不鲜,这往往也是考生容易忽视的地方。很多考生由于不懂这些熟词的“新义”而出现思维堵塞,造成了不应有的失分。下面我们选取具有代表性的试题加以分析,以帮助考生熟悉其命题特点,从而跳出命题人设置的词汇“陷阱”。
[典例1](2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
I was 43.worried that our 15-month-old boy would fall into the creek (小溪).I tied a rope around his waist to keep him near to our spot.That lasted about ten minutes.He was 44.uncomfortable,and his crying let the whole campground know it.So 45.instead of tying him up,I just kept a close eye on him.It 46 — he didn’t end up in the creek.My three-year-old,however,did.
46.A.worked B.happened
C.mattered D.changed
分析 本题考查work的熟词生义。work在本句中意为“奏效;产生预期的结果”。结合上下文可知,此处指的是作者的做法取得了预期的效果——15个月大的孩子确实没有掉进小溪里。
[自主解答]
A
[典例2](2022全国甲卷)
The next week we 47 our dogs together.It was a hot day.When we paused to catch our 48.breath,Steve got down on one knee.Was he proposing (求婚) I liked him too,but so 49.soon He poured water from a bottle into his hand and offered it to my dogs.50.In that moment,I began to fall for him.
47.A.tied B.walked
C.bathed D.fed
分析 此题考查walk的熟词生义。walk此处意为“牵着(动物)走;遛”,又由上下文提供的语境并结合常识可知,作者和史蒂夫在一起遛狗。
[自主解答]
B
易错点3 因词汇理解障碍而错选
在完形填空题的设题上,命题者还往往将一些考生平常容易忽视的词汇或不常用的生僻词汇设置成选项,从而造成考生错选。对于这些词汇,考生在平时应注意积累、识记。
[典例](2022全国乙卷节选)
For a long time,this ineffective hiding method was 44 as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” (自我中心的) creatures.But our 45.surprising research results in child developmental psychology 46 that idea.
44.A.supported B.guaranteed
C.imagined D.interpreted
46.A.explained B.confirmed
C.contradicted D.tested
分析 节选段的语意为:很长一段时间以来,这种无效的隐藏方法被解释为儿童是完全的“以自我为中心的”生物的证据。 但我们在儿童发展心理学方面的令人惊讶的研究结果反驳了这一观点。结合语境和选项可知,以上两个小题的正确答案分别是interpreted和contradicted。如果考生未能掌握这两个相对生僻的考纲词汇,准确作答的难度可能较大。所以考生在平时复习时应注意加强词汇积累,并在练习和考试中不断提高有效利用上下文中的提示信息的能力。
[自主解答]44. 46.
D
C
易错点4 因缺乏全篇关联思维而错选
语篇层次题的解题信息不局限于某一句或某一句群,而是分散在某一段或几段甚至全篇,这就要求学生理解整篇文章,抓住全文的脉络、作者的思想、意图或主人公的心理,然后进行准确的推理、判断,从而做出正确的选择。对于此类题目,一定要坚持这样一个原则——不急于解答,读完全文后综合考虑再做判定。
[典例](2022浙江1月卷)
When Beverley Burdeyney turned seventy-four last year,she started having problems with her 36 ,notably dryness and discomfort.
...
Eventually,Ms.Burdeyney learned about plans for an eye research 43.program at Tel Aviv University in Israel.The research team 44.included Canadian doctor Allan Slomovic,who has done 45.ground-breaking work on eye care using stem cells.
36.A.throat B.skin
C.lungs D.eyes
分析 本题是典型的语篇层次题,只看题目所在的句子我们是无法确定答案的,此类题目需要综合全篇来找线索。根据下文的“Eventually,Ms.Burdeyney learned about plans for an eye research”可知,此处表示Burdeyney女士的眼睛开始出现问题了。
[自主解答]
D
课堂应用
A
(2021新高考全国Ⅱ卷)
Over the past 38 years,Mr.Wang has pretended to be someone else many times,and has even learned to 1 different dialects (方言),leading to him being described as an “Oscar-winning actor”.
The 60-year-old is not an actor,but a 2 .However,he is more devoted to his “ 3 ” than any real actor.
In the 1990s,a group of thieves often sold stolen goods with the help of some beggars.To look into the 4 ,Wang disguised (伪装) himself and 5 the beggars.Dirty shorts and old shoes gave him the 6 of a real beggar and his convincing dialect soon won him the 7 of the beggars.
“I often 8 them to drink alcohol.Once they were 9 ,they began to talk a lot,” Wang said.“I’d then 10 myself to use the toilet, 11 what the beggars said,and send the 12 to my teammates.”
Wang,who is often in 13 situations,is also a judo (柔道) master.“As long as I get close enough,no criminal can 14 from me,” he said.
Wang’s 15 won him several honors,including a National May Day Labor Medal and 11 Citations of Merit.
1.A.teach B.compare
C.assess D.speak
2.A.lawyer B.doctor
C.policeman D.businessman
3.A.role B.study
C.family D.audience
4.A.mirror B.case
C.future D.question
5.A.interviewed B.joined
C.arrested D.assisted
6.A.challenge B.experience
C.appearance D.freedom
7.A.vote B.sympathy
C.permission D.trust
8.A.invited B.forced
C.helped D.expected
9.A.drunk B.deserted
C.bored D.lost
10.A.guide B.persuade
C.excuse D.allow
11.A.refer to B.note down
C.ask about D.miss out
12.A.plan B.agreement
C.direction D.information
13.A.awkward B.dangerous
C.unfortunate D.strange
14.A.separate B.recover
C.escape D.hear
15.A.courage B.honesty
C.kindness D.optimism
[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了王警官伪装成乞丐做卧底抓捕窃贼的故事。为了破案,他学习了多种方言,衣着破旧,赢得了乞巧的信任,最后成功抓捕窃贼,赢得了多项荣誉。
1.D 解析 根据该句中的“pretended to be someone else”和“different dialects”可知,此处是讲王先生学习讲不同的方言,speak“会讲(某种语言);会说”,故D项正确。
2.C 解析 根据第三段第二句中的“Wang disguised himself”可知,王先生伪装成乞丐,打入偷窃团伙内部,由此可推知,他是一名警察。
3.A 解析 根据该句中的“than any real actor”,结合下文他伪装成乞丐抓小偷的描述可知,他比任何专业演员都更专注自己的角色。role“角色”; study“书房”;family“家庭”;audience“观众”,故A项正确。
4.B 解析 根据上句可知,小偷团伙在一些乞丐的帮助下销售偷来的东西;据此可知,该处是说,为了调查这起案件,他伪装成乞丐。case“案情,调查的案件”,故B项正确。
5.B 解析 根据该句中的“disguised himself”可知,他伪装成乞丐,加入了他们。interview“面试”;join“加入,参加”;arrest“逮捕”;assist“帮助”。故B项正确。
6.C 解析 根据该句中的“Dirty shorts and old shoes”并结合常识可知,脏衣服和破鞋子是常见的乞丐的外表。appearance“外表;外貌;外观”,故C项正确。
7.D 解析 根据该句中的“his convincing dialect soon won him”可知,他令人信服的方言很快赢得了乞丐们的信任。trust“信任”。故D项正确。
8.A 解析 根据该句中的“to drink alcohol”可知,他经常邀请乞丐们去喝酒。invite“邀请”;force“强迫”;help“帮助”;expect“期待”,故A项正确。
9.A 解析 根据该句中的“they began to talk a lot”并结合常识可知,一旦喝醉,他们就会说很多话。drunk“醉的;喝醉的”,故A项正确。
10.C 解析 根据该句中的“use the toilet”并结合语境可知,他以上厕所为借口,记下了他们说的话。excuse“为……辩解(或找理由)”,故C项正确。
11.B 解析 参见上题解析。refer to“参考”;note down“记下”;ask about“询问”;miss out“错过”,故选B项。
12.D 解析 根据该句中的“to my teammates”并结合常识可知,他将记下的信息发送给他的队友。plan“计划”;agreement“协议”;direction“方向”; information“信息”,故D项正确。
13.B 解析 根据前文内容可知,他伪装成乞丐,加入犯罪团伙中做卧底;再结合常识可知,他常处于危险的环境中。dangerous“有危险的”,故B项正确。
14.C 解析 根据该句中的“As long as I get close enough,no criminal can”可知,只要他离罪犯足够近,他们就难以逃脱,escape from“从……逃脱”。故C项正确。
15.A 解析 根据上文内容可知,王警官为抓捕窃贼,伪装成乞丐做卧底。据此可知,他的勇气为他赢得了诸多荣誉。courage“勇气”;honesty“诚实”; kindness“友善”;optimism“乐观”,故A项正确。
B
(2020新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
Molai grew up in a tiny village in India.The village lay near some wetlands which became his second 1 .He learned the value and beauty of
2 there from a very young age.
When he was 16,Molai began to notice something 3 happening around his home.A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the 4 it caused had driven away a number of birds. 5 ,the number of snakes had declined as well.He 6 that it was because there weren’t enough trees to protect them from the 7 .The solution,of course,was to plant trees so the animals could seek 8 during the daytime.He turned to the 9 department for help but was told that nothing would grow there.However, Molai went looking on his own and 10 a nearby island where he began to plant trees.
11 young plants in the dry season was 12 for a lone boy.Molai built at the 13 of each sapling(幼树) a bamboo platform,where he placed earthen pots with small holes to 14 rainwater.The water would then drip(滴落) on the plants below.
Molai 15 to plant trees for the next 37 years.His efforts have resulted in 1,360 acres of naturally-grown land that has become home to many plants and animals.
1.A.dream B.job
C.home D.choice
2.A.nature B.youth
C.culture D.knowledge
3.A.precious B.interesting
C.disturbing D.awkward
4.A.waste B.tension
C.pain D.damage
5.A.Besides B.However
C.Therefore D.Otherwise
6.A.agreed B.realized
C.remembered D.predicted
7.A.noise B.heat
C.disease D.dust
8.A.directions B.partners
C.help D.shelter
9.A.labor B.police
C.forest D.finance
10.A.rebuilt B.discovered
C.left D.managed
11.A.Decorating B.Observing
C.Watering D.Guarding
12.A.tough B.illegal
C.fantastic D.beneficial
13.A.back B.top
C.foot D.side
14.A.cool down B.keep off
C.purify D.collect
15.A.returned B.learned
C.failed D.continued
[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。在印度的一个小村庄里有一个男子几十年如一日地在村庄周边的荒岛上植树造林,最后把荒岛变成了多种动植物的家园。
1.C 解析 Molai在印度一个小村落长大,小村落位于湿地附近,于是这些湿地就成了他的第二个家(home)。第二段的 “...happening around his home” 也是个提示。dream “梦想”;job “工作”;home “家;故乡”;choice “选择”。故选C项。
2.A 解析 他从很小就懂得自然(nature)的价值和美丽。nature “自然”; youth “青春”;culture “文化”;knowledge “知识”。
3.C 解析 16岁时,Molai开始意识到他家周围发生的令人不安的(disturbing)事情。precious “珍贵的”;interesting “有趣的”;disturbing “令人不安的”;awkward “尴尬的”。
4.D 解析 那年年初,一场洪水突袭了这一区域,洪水带来的危害(damage)赶走了大量的鸟类。
5.A 解析 根据as well可知,洪水除了赶走了大量的鸟类之外,还导致蛇的数量也减少了。此处besides表递进关系。
6.B 解析 他意识到(realized)这是由于缺乏足够的树来保护它们。agree “同意”;realize “意识到”;remember “记得”;predict “预测”。
7.B 解析 此处表示没有足够的树保护它们不受高温的影响。noise “噪声”;heat “热;高温”;disease “疾病”;dust “尘土”。
8.D 解析 解决的办法当然是植树来让动物们白天找到遮蔽(shelter)的地方。direction “方向”;partner “同伴”;help “帮助”;shelter “庇护处;遮蔽物”。
9.C 解析 树木属于森林部门管理,所以他到森林(forest)部门寻求帮助,然而被告知那里什么也不长。
10.B 解析 Molai只能依靠自己,他发现了(discovered)附近的一个海岛,于是开始在海岛植树。rebuild “重建”;discover “发现”;leave “离开”;manage “想方设法做到”。
11.C 解析 根据常识可知,干旱季节给小树浇水(watering)对于一个男孩来说的确很艰难。
12.A 解析 根据下文内容可知,干旱季节给小树浇水是很艰难的。tough “艰难的”;illegal “不合法的”;fantastic “难以置信的”;beneficial “有益的”。
13.B 解析 根据下文的 “The water would then drip on the plants below.” 可知,他在每棵小树顶端(top)搭建了一个竹台。
14.D 解析 竹台上放置了带着小洞的陶罐来收集(collect)雨水。cool down “冷却”;keep off “不接近”;purify “(使)净化”;collect “收集”。
15.D 解析 此后的37年间,Molai一直继续植树。return “回到”;learn “学习”;fail “失败”;continue “继续”。(共14张PPT)
专题四 语篇填空
NO.1 读文总策略 破解语篇填空3步法
考情分析
年份 卷别 体裁 词数 提示型 无提示型 谓语 动词 非谓语 动词 名词 形容词/ 副词 代词 数词 介词 冠词 连词
2023 新高考 全国Ⅰ卷 说明文 209 0 4 0 2 1 0 1 1 1
新高考 全国Ⅱ卷 记叙文 212 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 2
年份 卷别 体裁 词数 提示型 无提示型 谓语 动词 非谓语 动词 名词 形容词/ 副词 代词 数词 介词 冠词 连词
2022 新高考 全国Ⅰ卷 说明文 229 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 2
新高考 全国Ⅱ卷 记叙文 225 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 2
2021 新高考 全国Ⅰ卷 说明文 200 1 1 1 3 1 0 0 1 2
新高考 全国Ⅱ卷 记叙文 220 1 2 1 2 0 1 1 0 2
命题专家谈高考
1.选材特点:一般是选取200词左右的记叙文或说明文,选自国外网站并进行改编,凸显原汁原味;近几年,语篇选材体现“中国元素”;
2.设空特点:提示型设空一般为6个或7个,无提示型一般为3个或4个;提示词多为实词,无提示词处多考查虚词的用法;
3.命题特点:①从句子结构与语法形式入手考查句子常识和基础语法,语篇中的句子结构和常见的语法形式是命题重点;
②从词汇的本义、转义和前后缀的变化入手考查词类的转换,词类转换以实词中的名词、动词、形容词、副词四类为主;
③除了直接考查基本的语法知识之外,还间接考查对句子结构的分析能力和基本的语言常识。
语篇填空题旨在通过语篇测试考生的语言知识与技能,将语法考查提升到语篇层面,在完整、真实、综合的语境中多角度考查考生运用语法知识、理解语篇的能力。这对考生理解语篇结构、把握语篇主题、分析句子特征以及熟练使用语法知识等方面的能力提出了更高的要求。下面通过分析2023年高考真题,为大家总结出语篇填空的解题3步法:完形——定性——顺意。
【典例印证】
(2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
Xiao long bao (soup dumplings),those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers encasing hot, 56 (taste) soup and sweet,fresh meat,are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.The dumplings arrive steaming and dangerously hot.To eat one,you have to decide whether 57 (bite) a small hole in it first,releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), 58 to put the whole dumpling in your mouth,letting the hot soup explode on your tongue(舌头).
Shanghai may be the 59 (recognize) home of the soup dumpling,but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring ancient canal town of Nanxiang as Xiao long bao’s birthplace.There,you will find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup,and the wrappers are pressed 60 hand rather than rolled.
Nanxiang aside,the best xiao long bao have a fine skin,allowing them
61 (lift) out of the steamer basket without allowing them tearing or spilling any of 62 (they) contents.The meat should be fresh with 63 touch of sweetness and the surrounding soup hot,clear and delicious.
No matter where I buy them,though,one steamer basket is 64 (rare) enough,yet two seems greedy,and so I am always left 65 (want) more next time.
语篇导读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了小笼包的历史起源以及其制作方法。
【解题流程】
第一步 完形——解决有提示词词形转换问题
首先判断所给提示词的词性以及在句中所作的成分,然后完成词形的转换。
分析 56.考查形容词。空处与空前的形容词hot并列,修饰空后的名词soup,故空处填形容词 。
57.考查非谓语动词。此处考查“whether+不定式”结构,空处与下文的to put是并列关系。故填 。
59.考查非谓语动词。空处在句中作定语,修饰名词home,且与home之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,故填过去分词 。
61.考查非谓语动词。空前的them指代上文的Xiao long bao,此处表示“小笼包被从蒸笼里拿出来”。them与lift是逻辑上的动宾关系,此处构成allow sth.to be done结构,意为“允许某事被做”,故空处填 。
tasty
to bite
recognized
to be lifted
62.考查代词。此处用形容词性物主代词 作定语,修饰空后的名词contents。
64.考查副词。此处enough为形容词,其前应用副词修饰,故填 “几乎不”。
65.考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处考查“leave sb.doing sth.”结构。故填 。
their
rarely
wanting
第二步 定性——解决无提示词填空问题
分析句子结构,判断要填入的词在句子中所作的成分,然后决定设空处的词性。
分析 58.考查连词。whether...or...意为“是……还是……”,是固定搭配。故填 。
60.考查介词。by hand“用手工”,是固定搭配。故填 。
63.考查冠词。a touch of“少许,微量”,是固定搭配。故填 。
or
by
a
第三步 顺意——根据语意验证答案
通过对设空的位置、词性以及在句中所作的成分进行综合分析并填入答案后,还需要进行最后一步——顺意。因为语篇填空已经提升到了语篇层面,是在完整、真实、综合的语境中考查语法,所以理解设空处所在句子的意思尤为关键,这也是对此题的最后一个检查过程。(共156张PPT)
专题四 语篇填空
NO.2 题型微技法 分类突破语篇填空题
维度1
维度2
目 录 索 引
01
02
维度3
03
维度4
04
维度1 自主练透送分点——介词、代词、冠词
技法1 填介词——依据用法和搭配判定
[典例印证]
1.(2023全国甲卷)She warns of the environmental dangers facing society,and she teaches that people must take responsibility saving their environment.
2.(2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Giant pandas also serve an umbrella species (物种),bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China.
3.(2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷) I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.And who do they speak English
for
as
with/to
解题攻略
第一步:确定是否填介词
首先,分析句子结构,发现名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时,其前面一般填介词。
第二步:根据句意及固定搭配确定答案
分析句子结构,发现设空处在名词前后时,应考虑名词与介词的搭配;
分析句子结构,发现设空处在不及物动词后名词前时,应考虑动词与介词的搭配;
分析句子结构,发现设空处在形容词后名词前时,应考虑形容词与介词的搭配。
技法2 填冠词——依据用法和搭配判定
[典例印证]
1.(2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷)Not the pandas,even though language used for the medical training instructions is actually English.
2.(2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷)While you’re in China,Mount Huangshan is
must to visit!
3.(2021全国甲卷)My bike was old and shaky but did the job.It took us about 3 hours to go all way around the Xi’an City Wall.
the
a
the
解题攻略
第一步:确定是否填冠词
首先,看空格后是否有名词或“形容词+名词”,且名词在句中作主语、宾语或表语,没有其他限定词时,一般需要填冠词。
第二步:判断特指还是泛指
(1)若空格后有单数可数名词,表示泛指时,应考虑不定冠词a/an。a用于发音以辅音音素开头的名词前,an用于发音以元音音素开头的名词前。
(2)若发现空格后有名词,表示特指时,应考虑定冠词the。第二次提到名词时表特指,用定冠词the;当名词前后有定语修饰时,大多数情况表特指,用定冠词the。
(3)看是否是固定搭配。
技法3 填代词——依据一致关系和句子成分确定
[典例印证]
1.(2022全国乙卷)The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled(揭幕) at the ceremony,opening (it) first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea.
2.(浙江6月卷)Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap can be to eat out.
its
it
解题攻略
第一步:确定填何种形式的代词
根据代词充当的成分进行判断:
1.如果空处位于宾语或表语位置,一般用人称代词的宾格、反身代词或者名词性物主代词。
2.如果空处作定语,常用形容词性物主代词。
3.根据语境考虑人称代词变为复数。
第二步:根据句意和修饰关系确定答案
1.分析句子结构,发现指代上文中所提到的人或物时,应考虑用相应的代词。
2.发现句子缺少形式主语或形式宾语时,应考虑用it。
课堂应用
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2023湖北武汉模拟)The publishing group announced that award-winning videos would be covered by seven media companies ten languages.
2.(2023河北名校3月联考)The last reason why homework is important is that it prepares students the real world.
3.(2023苏锡常镇四市调研)The classical gardens of Suzhou,Jiangsu Province, date back to the 6th century when the city was founded the capital of the Wu Kingdom.
in
for
as
4.(2023福建莆田二测)“The tests received a lot of positive feedback, especially for the impressive residential services,the food quality in the dining hall and accessibility for wheelchair users,” said official at a news briefing on Thursday.
5.(2023湖北七市州3月调研)Today Lei Feng continues to serve as an idol to us and has become cultural symbol.
6.(2023辽宁名校3月联考)The documentary series also includes the old videos that Crosby took in 1990s allowing more people to see the changes taking place.
an
a
the
7.(2023重庆名校一联)They also set up the traffic signals and series of traffic monitoring equipment.
8.(2023湖北八市3月联考)Also,the lecture is an eye-opener and I actually have developed an appreciation of the devotion and hard work takes to create art.
9.(2023河北衡水中学二调)Employing 3D laser scanning technology,the researchers digitally record the shapes,colors and other fine details of the grottoes and later reproduce by using 3D printing technology.
10.(2023福建福州期末)When I studied English literature at university,I thought best to build my own library.
a
it
them
it
Ⅱ.语篇填空
(2023山东淄博三模)
Experts on child development agree that children learn and develop through everyday experiences.Because food and cooking are such fundamental components of our day-to-day lives,1. (introduce) cooking to children at a young age is essential to their experiential learning.
introducing
Children like playing make-believe and enjoy inventing a variety of characters while 2. (absorb) in imaginative play.Cooking games are an excellent way to stimulate imaginative play.Children can act out real-life situations and behaviors through pretend play and improve 3. (they) in creativity.Furthermore,pretend play in the kitchen helps kids learn things like problem-solving,creative thinking,visual 4. (recognize),and so on.
absorbed
themselves
recognition
Various cooking games for children that are available online
5. (be) more than just a fun pastime activity.They provide a number of educational benefits as well.Free online cooking games surge kids
6. (try) new things and think outside the box by letting them experiment 7. ingredients,recipes,and preparation methods.
8. (addition),many free cooking games online require kids to perform various kitchen tasks or read the recipes and then follow the instructive tips.When kids take the initiative and finish a task,they feel proud of 9. they have undertaken.Playing free cooking games online can also help kids learn essential skills,teach them 10. to be safe in the kitchen,and increase their general knowledge about the world.
are
to try
with
Additionally
what
how
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了网上提供的免费在线烹饪游戏给孩子们带来的好处。
答案与解析 1.introducing 考查非谓语动词。句意:因为食物和烹饪是我们日常生活的基本组成部分,所以在孩子很小的时候向他们介绍烹饪对他们的体验学习至关重要。分析句子可知,设空处在句中与后面的cooking to children at a young age一起作主语,应用动词-ing形式。故填introducing。
2.absorbed 考查状语从句省略。句意:孩子们喜欢玩假装游戏,喜欢创造各种各样的角色,沉浸在想象的游戏中。分析句子可知,句中已有谓语动词,设空处在句中作非谓语,逻辑主语Children与动词absorb之间为被动关系,应用过去分词形式,此处是while引导的时间状语从句的省略,完整句子为while they are absorbed in imaginative play,当主从句主语一致,且从句谓语中含有be动词时,可将从句主语和be动词省略。故填absorbed。
3.themselves 考查反身代词。句意:孩子们可以通过假装游戏来表演现实生活中的情景和行为,提高自己的创造力。分析句子可知,设空处在句中作宾语,结合句意可知,此处表示“提高他们自己的创造能力”,应用反身代词themselves。故填themselves。
4.recognition 考查名词。句意:此外,在厨房里假装游戏可以帮助孩子们学习诸如解决问题、创造性思维、视觉识别等能力。分析句子可知,设空处位于形容词visual后,受其修饰,此处表示“视觉识别”,应用名词,故填recognition。
5.are 考查主谓一致。句意:网上提供的各种儿童烹饪游戏不仅仅是一种有趣的消遣活动。分析句子可知,设空处在句中作谓语,根据句意及从句谓语动词时态可知,此处应用一般现在时,主语Various cooking games为复数形式,故be动词也应用复数。故填are。
6.to try 考查非谓语动词。句意:免费的在线烹饪游戏通过让孩子们用食材、食谱和制作方法进行实验,让他们尝试新事物,跳出思维框架。分析句子可知,句中已有谓语动词,设空处在句中作非谓语,逻辑主语kids与动词try之间为主动关系,且表示将来,应用不定式。故填to try。
7.with 考查介词。句意:免费的在线烹饪游戏通过让孩子们用食材、食谱和制作方法来进行实验,让他们尝试新事物,跳出思维框架。根据句意可知,此处表示“用食材、食谱和制作方法来进行实验”,应用介词with,表示具体、有形的方式方法。
8.Additionally 考查副词。句意:此外,许多免费的在线烹饪游戏要求孩子们执行各种厨房任务或阅读食谱,然后按照指导性的提示。分析句子可知,设空处在句中修饰后面整个句子,作状语,应用副词;设空处位于句首,需首字母大写。故填Additionally。
9.what 考查宾语从句。句意:当孩子们主动完成一项任务时,他们会为自己所做的事情感到自豪。分析句子可知,设空处在句中引导一个宾语从句,从句中缺少宾语,结合句意可知,此处表示他们所做的事,故填what。
10.how 考查疑问词。句意:玩免费的在线烹饪游戏也可以帮助孩子们学习基本技能,教他们如何在厨房里保持安全,并增加他们对世界的一般了解。分析句子可知,设空处与后面的to be safe in the kitchen在句中作teach的直接宾语,结合句意可知,此处应指“教他们如何在厨房里保持安全”,应用疑问副词how连接,此处是“疑问词+to do不定式”的结构。故填how。
维度2 精准突破保分点——词形转换
(名词、数词、形容词、副词)和比较等级
类型1 词性转换
技法1 如何判定填名词
[典例印证](2022全国乙卷)As a main promoter of the International Tea Day,the birthplace of tea and the 64.largest(large) tea-producing country,China has a 65. (responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.
[解题步骤]
第一步:确定是否考查词性转换
提示词为形容词,句中有谓语动词has,考虑空格处作has的宾语,故考虑词性转换。
第二步:确定转换为名词
分析句子成分,根据空前的不定冠词“a”可知,此处填名词。
responsibility
技法点拨
第一步:确定是否考查词性转换
提示词为动词,如果既不是谓语动词,也不是非谓语动词,则考虑转换为名词。
提示词为形容词,且作动词的宾语,则考虑转换为名词。
第二步:确定转换为名词
根据句式结构以及空格所缺成分进一步分析,如果作动词或介词的宾语或作主语,动词常转换为名词。
[知识回顾]
名词后缀一览
1.-ion/-tion/-ation/-sion结尾的名词
compete→competition 比赛
admit→admission 准许加入
2.-ment结尾的名词
argue→argument 争论
announce→announcement 宣布
3.-r/-er/-or结尾的名词
perform→performer 表演者
educate→educator 教育家
4.-ure结尾的名词
fail→failure 失败;失败者
mix→mixture 混合;混合物
press→pressure 压力
depart→departure 离开;启程
技法2 如何判定填形容词和副词
[典例印证1](2023全国乙卷) The (remark) development of this city,which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world,means there is always something new to discover here,and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.
[解题步骤]
第一步:确定词性
空处在句中作定语,修饰名词development,应用形容词。
第二步:确定词性转换的形式
remark为动词,其形容词在词尾加-able。
remarkable
[典例印证2](2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷)So,what are they learning
(basic),how to describe a panda’s life.
[解题步骤]
第一步:确定词性
分析句子结构可知,空处修饰整个句子应用副词形式。由于本空位于句首,首字母需要大写。
第二步:确定词性转换的形式
basic为形容词,其副词形式要在词尾加-ally。
Basically
技法点拨
第一步:确定词性及其变化
分析句子成分,若修饰名词或在句中作表语、补足语应用形容词;若修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子用副词;若根据句意和修饰关系,词性不变,且有比较级或最高级含义则考虑填比较等级。
第二步:确定词性转换
[知识回顾]
1.名词变形容词
(1)名词+-al:national,personal
(2)名词+-y:sunny,healthy
(3)名词+-ly:monthly,motherly
(4)名词+-ous:humorous,mountainous,poisonous
(5)名词+-ial:beneficial,influential
(6)名词+-en:golden,wooden,woolen
(7)名词+-ful:peaceful,successful
(8)名词+-ed:delighted,skilled
(9)名词+-ic/-(a)tic:energetic,historic
2.动词变形容词
(1)动词+-ful:cheerful,thankful
(2)动词+-less:endless,aimless
(3)动词+-able:adjustable,suitable
(4)动词+-ive:attractive,impressive
(5)动词+-(e)d:determined,amazed
(6)动词+-ing:inspiring,appealing
3.形容词变副词规律
(1)一般(辅音或“辅音+e”)在单词词尾直接加-ly:politely,quickly
(2)“元音字母+e”结尾的单词去e 加-ly:truly
(3)“辅音字母+y”结尾的单词变y为i加-ly:happily,healthily
(4)以“le”结尾的单词把e变成y:possibly,probably
(5)以“ic”结尾的单词要加-ally:economically,basically
注意:whole→wholly
public→publicly
课堂应用
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2023江苏南京模拟)They have developed an (advance) system that can grow plants anywhere,even in space.
2.(2023苏锡常镇四市调研)Since many of the (origin) features of the garden have been preserved,the garden has a high historical and artistic value.
3.(2023辽宁县级重点高中一模)It was an (ambition) plan and he was laughed at by the villagers for it.
4.(2023福建四地市一测)Parents and teachers alike maintain that
(silent)is important when learning,whereas youngsters insist that their favourite sounds help them concentrate.
advanced
original
ambitious
silence
5.(2023湖北协作体2月联考)I made an (appoint) soon after setting the starting and ending points in the app.
6.(2023广东六校联考)In the painting,the emperor,seated inside his ice bed,was watching skaters compete (fierce).
7.(2023福建泉州监测二) (similar),instead of learning knowledge inside the classroom,students should be encouraged to take adventure outside and visit places where they can witness the development of their hometown.
8.(2023辽宁抚顺模拟)China has expressed an ambition to land people on the moon and (possible) build a scientific base there.
appointment
fiercely
Similarly
possibly
Ⅱ.语篇填空
(2023浙江东阳5月模拟)
One of the great delights of Xi’an is to explore its nightlife and entertainment.It gives visitors a 1. (memory) experience of life in the city both as it was long ago and as it is today.
memorable
A good place to start is the Bell Tower as it stands in the historical center of the city 2. is near the booming modern commercial district. Throughout the night,both the Bell Tower and Drum Tower are well-lighted,
3. (provide) a striking setting for traditional Chinese restaurants and bright modern shopping malls 4. with a mix of color and movement,the neon lights together with the street lighting present a vivid magical picture.As the bell 5. (ring) in the Bell Tower,you can imagine yourself standing in the city as 6. was centuries ago.
and
providing
where
rings
it
If you want to enjoy a more traditional Chinese evening,then the Tang Dynasty Dinner Show is 7. must,and its music and dance
8. (symbol) the glory of Chinese civilization.Moreover,in the Tang Dynasty Theatre Restaurant,you will enjoy music 9. (play) on ancient Chinese instruments such as the pipa and sheng.The musicians also play the more easily recognized western style instruments,of course.
10. (complete) your Tang Dynasty experience,don’t forget to enjoy a Dumpling Dinner!
a
symbolize
played
To complete
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。西安最大的乐趣之一是探索其夜生活和娱乐。它会给游客带来一次难忘的城市生活体验,无论是很久以前还是今天。
答案与解析 1.memorable 考查词性转换。句意:它给游客带来了一次难忘的城市生活体验,无论是很久以前还是今天。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中作定语修饰名词experience,使用形容词,故填memorable。
2.and 考查连词。句意:一个好的起点是钟楼,因为它位于城市的历史中心,靠近蓬勃发展的现代商业区。分析句子结构可知上文“it stands in the historical center of the city”以及下文“is near the booming modern commercial district”是两个并列的句子,第二个句子省略了主语,故应使用并列连词,故填and。
3.providing 考查非谓语动词。句意:整晚,钟楼和鼓楼都灯火通明,为传统的中餐馆和明亮的现代购物中心提供了引人注目的环境,霓虹灯与街道照明相结合,将色彩和运动融为一体,呈现出一幅生动的神奇画面。空白处在句子中作状语,与逻辑主语both the Bell Tower and Drum Tower构成主动关系,使用现在分词,故填providing。
4.where 考查定语从句。句意:同上。分析句子结构,这是一个包含定语从句的复合句,先行词为shopping malls,因空白处在定语从句中作状语表示地点,使用where引导定语从句,故填where。
5.rings 考查时态。句意:当钟楼上的钟声响起时,你可以想象自己站在这个城市里,就像几个世纪前一样。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中作谓语,因句子表达的是一个客观情况,谓语动词使用一般现在时,因主语为单数,谓语动词使用单数第三人称形式,故填rings。
6.it 考查代词。句意:同上。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中作主语,代替上文提到的名词Bell Tower,根据代词的用法,当同一个单数名词再次在文中出现时,使用it代替,故填it。
7.a 考查冠词。句意:如果你想享受一个更传统的中国夜晚,那么唐朝晚宴是必不可少的,它的音乐和舞蹈象征着中华文明的荣耀。根据名词的用法,名词前需使用不定冠词,表示“一种”含义,此处must在句子中作表语,为名词,表示“一件必不可少的事”,故填a。
8.symbolize 考查动词的时态。句意:同上。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中作谓语,应使用动词,因句子表达的是一个客观情况,谓语动词使用一般现在时,主语为 its music and dance,谓语用原形。故填symbolize。
9.played 考查非谓语动词。句意:此外,在唐朝剧院餐厅,您将欣赏到用中国古代乐器演奏的音乐,如琵琶和笙。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中作定语修饰music,应使用非谓语动词,因与其逻辑主语music之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,使用过去分词,故填played。
10.To complete 考查非谓语动词。句意:要完成你的唐朝体验,别忘了享用饺子晚餐!分析句子结构,空白处在句子中作状语表示目的,应使用动词不定式,句首单词首字母大写。故填To complete。
类型2 词形变化
技法1 名词单数变复数
[典例印证1](2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate (population) and homes of giant pandas,and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
[解题步骤]
第一步:利用名词前的修饰语,确定名词复数形式
提示词为名词population,空前的separate意为“不同的”,由此可知应用名词复数形式。
第二步:根据名词单数变复数的规则,确定单词的正确形式
population的复数形式应在其后加-s。
populations
[典例印证2](2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷)They also need to be ready to give
(interview) in English with international journalists.
[解题步骤]
第一步:利用语境中的关键词,确定名词的数
分析句子结构可知,空处作动词give的宾语,需要用名词。根据空后的“with international journalists”可知,空处表示复数意义。
第二步:根据名词单数变复数的规则,确定单词的正确形式
interview的复数形式应在其后加-s。
interviews
技法点拨
提示词是名词,分析句子成分后发现词性不需改变,则考虑名词的复数形式,同时注意不规则变化的情况。
1.利用语境中的关键词,如句中有暗示复数意义的名词,确定名词的数。
2.利用名词前的修饰语,确定名词的单复数形式。
(1)有these、those、some、many、all、both、a number of、several、hundreds of 等词修饰时,名词一般用复数形式。
(2)名词前有one of、among 时,名词一般用复数形式。
(3)名词前有形容词different、various、separate等时,名词一般用复数形式。
3.利用谓语的数确定名词的数
所填名词作主语,且谓语动词是复数形式are、were、have等时,名词一般用复数形式。
[知识回顾]名词变复数的规则
(1)大部分单数可数名词变为复数要加-s;如果是以ch,sh,s,x等结尾的单词,则加-es。
注意:-th结尾的名词变复数时加-s。
(2)“辅音字母+y”结尾的单词,变y为i再加-es;但“元音字母+y”结尾的单词,则直接加-s。
(3)以o结尾的单词除了一人(hero)、两菜(tomato,potato)加-es外,其余一般加-s。
(4)以f或fe结尾的单词,通常加-s,但以下名词变复数时,把f,fe变为v再加-es:thief,leaf。
(5)特殊变化:
man→men woman→women
tooth→teeth mouse→mice
foot→feet child→children
(6)单复数同形:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish(表数量时),series,means。
技法2 名词变为所有格
[典例印证](2022新高考全国Ⅱ卷)“He saved my (son) life,” said Mrs Brown.“I don’t know how to thank him.”
[解题步骤]
第一步:分析提示词和后面名词的关系
提示词与life为所属关系,因此设空处应用名词所有格。
第二步:根据名词所有格的构成方式,确定单词的正确形式
son的所有格形式应在其后加’s。
技法点拨
提示词与后面的名词为所属关系,应考虑名词所有格。
[知识回顾]单数名词或不以s 结尾的复数名词,在词尾加’s;以s 结尾的单数或者复数名词,在词尾加’。
son’s
技法3 基数词变为序数词
[典例印证](2023全国甲卷)Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures,and the well-known Aesop’s fables date to the (six) century,B.C.
[解题步骤]
第一步:分析提示词和后面名词的关系
century意为“世纪”,其前加序数词表示顺序。
第二步:根据序数词的拼写形式,确定答案。
six的序数词应在其后加-th。
技法点拨
序数词是由基数词在词尾+-th构成,表示顺序的数词。它的前面一般要用定冠词the。
sixth
[知识回顾]序数词一般是由基数词后加-th变化而来。
four(四)—fourth(第四)
ten (十)—tenth(第十)
thirteen(十三)—thirteenth(第十三)
但要记住以下特殊情况:
1.一、二、三,单独记
one—first;two—second;three—third
2.八去t,九除e,ve要用f替
eight(八)—eighth(第八)
nine(九)—ninth(第九)
five(五)—fifth(第五)
twelve(十二)—twelfth(第十二)
3.整十基数变序数,先把ty变成tie
twenty(二十)—twentieth(第二十)
thirty(三十)—thirtieth(第三十)
forty(四十)—fortieth(第四十)
fifty(五十)—fiftieth(第五十)
技法4 形容词、副词由原级变为比较级和最高级
[典例印证](2022全国甲卷)In the last five years,Cao has walked through 34 countries in six continents,and in 2016,he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s (high) mountain.
[解题步骤]
第一步:利用修饰词确定比较范围
根据空前Africa’s可知,此处表示乞力马扎罗山是非洲最高的山脉,应用形容词的最高级。
第二步:利用比较等级的构成方式,确定单词的正确形式
high的最高级形式应在其后加-est。
highest
技法点拨
提示词是形容词或副词,根据语境和句意,该词词性不变时,则可能填该词的比较级或最高级。
1.等级判定看标志
(1)题目中有much,far,still,even,rather,a little,a bit,a lot,a great deal,than等标志性词汇时,用比较级。
(2)空后有表示范围的标志词in,of,among等时,用最高级。
(3)空前有one of the,the+序数词等修饰词时,用最高级。
2.利用固定句型
(1)“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越……,就越……”。
(2)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。
(3)“否定词+比较级”表示最高级含义。
3.利用隐含信息判断
句中虽没有than等标志词,但暗含比较级或最高级,也需要用比较级或最高级。
[知识回顾]形容词、副词变比较级或最高级
构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
一般单音节词,末尾加-er,-est tall great taller greater tallest
greatest
以不发音的-e结尾的单音节词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st nice simple nicer simpler nicest
simplest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est big hot bigger hotter biggest
hottest
构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
“以辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,变y为i,再加-er,-est easy busy easier busier easiest
busiest
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词,末尾加 -er,-est clever narrow cleverer narrower cleverest
narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级 important easily more important more easily most important
most easily
课堂应用
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2023河北衡水中学二调)These Yungang (researcher) attempt is a good example of technology helping to preserve cultural heritage.
2.(2023福建泉州质量监测)In China,only 1% of the population has an interest in the skiing,far (low) than the 35% in Switzerland,9% in Japan and 8% in the United States.
3.(2023山东日照模拟)To our amazement,a duckling swimming behind a leader experiences much (little) wave drag.
researchers’
lower
less
4.(2023辽宁协作体一模)The (old) known coin factory in the world has been discovered in China.
5.(2023山东菏泽模拟)For example,about 70 percent of the (material) used in the Games were obtained through renting,including new sporting equipment,furniture in the Olympic village and technical devices.
6.(2023湖南郴州模拟)It is widely considered that these social (policy) will definitely improve the well-being of Chinese children.
oldest
materials
policies
Ⅱ.语篇填空
(2023四川南充三诊)
The kite is a symbol of the Chinese handicraft. 1. (fly) a kite is a very popular activity in all generations in China.It is easy to find the scene,where there are large numbers of people gathering in the squares and holding lines 2. (control) beautiful kites in the blue sky.
Flying
to control
Making and playing kites became very popular in Weifang area,Shandong Province during the Tang and Song dynasties.At that time,every year in spring 3. the Tomb-sweeping Day came,the weather became warm.It was 4. good time to display the kites as well as enjoy the warm weather and the fresh air.The tradition has been well kept until today and has become the world-famous Weifang International Kite Festival,which
5. (celebrate) from 20th to 25th in April every year.Since 1984, dozens of countries and regions from all over the world 6. (join) in the festival.
when
a
is celebrated
have joined
Teams from home and abroad gather here to fly 7. (they) well-designed kites to the sky.Apart 8. the traditional patterns such as swallows,butterflies,and triangles,you will be amazed by the
9. (create) thinking shown in these kites.There are animals like fish,dragons,dolphins,cartoon 10. (figure) like Flower Fairies, Supermen,and other shapes like spaceships,and satellites.People say there is nothing you cannot fly to the sky in Weifang.
their
from
creative
figures
[语篇解读]本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了山东潍坊的风筝节的历史以及目前的特色。
答案与解析 1.Flying 考查动名词。动名词作主语,应用flying,设空处在句首,首字母应大写。故填Flying。
2.to control 考查非谓语动词。设空处在where引导的非限制性定语从句中,其谓语为are,设空处为非谓语,作目的状语,应用动词不定式。故填to control。
3.when 考查定语从句。此处引导限制性定语从句,先行词为spring,在从句中作时间状语,应用关系副词when引导从句。故填when。
4.a 考查冠词。a good time为“一个好时机”表示泛指,good以辅音音素开头,应用不定冠词a。故填a。
5.is celebrated 考查动词时态和语态。此处考查非限制性定语从句的谓语动词,celebrate与其逻辑主语,即先行词“the world-famous Weifang International Kite Festival”之间为动宾关系,应用被动语态,陈述客观事实,应用一般现在时,先行词为第三人称单数,故助动词为is。故填is celebrated。
6.have joined 考查动词时态。根据时间状语 “Since 1984”可知句子的谓语动词用现在完成时,主语为“dozens of countries and regions”,为复数,助动词用have。故填have joined。
7.their 考查形容词性物主代词。主语为“Teams from home and abroad”,为第三人称作主语,为复数,故名词短语“well-designed kites”前用形容词性物主代词their。故填their。
8.from 考查介词。此处考查介词短语apart from,意为“除……之外”,后接宾语 “the traditional patterns”,介词短语作状语。设空处应填介词from。故填from。
9.creative 考查形容词。修饰名词thinking,应用形容词creative,意为“有创造力的,有想象力的”,作前置定语。故填creative。
10.figures 考查名词复数。名词figure意为“(绘画或模型中)人像”,为可数名词,后接介词短语“like Flower Fairies,Supermen”,故应用名词复数,与“fish,dragons,dolphins”并列,作like的宾语。cartoon figures意为“卡通形象,卡通人物”。故填figures。
维度3 高效攻克抢分点(1)——谓语动词和非谓语动词
角度1 一个等式,巧判语篇填空谓语&非谓语
谓语动词和非谓语动词为语法填空的必考内容,近年高考在题目设置上增加了句式结构的复杂性和干扰性,突出考查考生在准确理解语境的基础上正确分析句法结构的能力,使得判断谓语还是非谓语的难度增加。使用如下等式可以帮助考生在无法区分句子结构的情况下巧妙判定谓语和非谓语。
注意 在这个等式中,and等并列连词的数只有在连接并列句或并列谓语时才计入。
[典例印证1]One possible explanation is the 8-hour day movement,which started in Australia,Britain and America in 1850,and (base) around the idea that the working man needed 8 hours of work,8 hours of leisure and 8 hours of sleep within a 24-hour period.
was based
解题攻略
第一步:巧借等式判类型
该句中有三个连接词——which、and和that,按照上面“注意”的解释, “Australia,Britain and America”“8 hours of work,8 hours of leisure and 8 hours of sleep”中的 and 连接的不是并列句或并列谓语,不计数。由等式“谓语数=连接词数+1”可知,句中应有四个谓语,句中已有三个谓语 is、started 和 needed,由此可以判定,设空处应为谓语。
第二步:结合语境定形式
关系代词 which 指代先行词 the 8-hour day movement,与 base 之间为被动关系,且根据上下文语境可知,该动作发生在过去,应使用一般过去时的被动语态。
[典例印证2]He said that China and Italy are two countries with vibrant culture and have made great contributions to the progress of humanity, (add) that the cultural relation is an important bond that links the people of the two countries.
adding
解题攻略
第一步:巧借等式判类型
该句中有四个连词——that、and、that和that,按照等式“谓语数=连接词数+1”可知,句中应有五个谓语,句中已有五个谓语,即said、 are、 have made、 is和links,由此可以判定,设空处应使用非谓语动词。
第二步:结合语境定形式
分析句子结构可知此处为非谓语动词作伴随状语,动词add和He之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,所以应使用现在分词。 故填adding。
角度2 如何判定谓语动词的时态和语态
技法1 “5种方法”解决时态问题
(1)通过“标志性状语”解决时态问题
[典例印证](2022全国甲卷)
In the last five years,Cao (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016,he reached the top of Kilimanjaro,Africa’s highest mountain.
分析 根据空前的时间状语In the last five years可知,此处要用现在完成时;主语Cao为第三人称单数,谓语动词应用单数形式。
has walked
技法点拨
在题干中,yesterday,tomorrow,always,since,in the past few years,over the years,by+时间,so far等都是动词时态常用的标志性状语,做题时可以通过寻找这些标志性状语来判定时态。
(2)通过“并列谓语动词”解决时态问题
[典例印证](2020全国Ⅲ卷)
When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary(传奇的) artist,they smiled and (point) down the river.
分析 and连接两个并列谓语动词,前后时态应一致。
技法点拨
当句中有两个或两个以上的动词时,它们之间可能是同时发生,也可能有一定的先后关系,我们可以根据这种谓语动词的关系来判定时态。同一个主语的两个或两个以上的并列谓语,谓语动词的时态要一致。
pointed
(3)通过“语境暗示”解决时态问题
[典例印证](2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷)As a little girl,I (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up.Now,I’m living out that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers do their job in English.
分析 根据空前的“As a little girl”和空后的“when I grew up” “Now,I’m living out that dream”可知,空处讲的是作者小时候的愿望,故时态应用一般过去时。
技法点拨
有些题目在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下,通过“语境暗示”,正确分析语境也是解决时态问题的一条行之有效的方法。
wished
(4)通过“时态定义”解决时态问题
[典例印证](2021浙江6月卷)
After Lincoln was elected President of the US in 1861,they rented the house and (sell) most of their furniture.
分析 这里描述的是过去发生的事情,应用一般过去时。
技法点拨
准确理解常考时态的定义是做题的根本。
sold
(5)通过“固定句式”解决时态问题
[典例印证](天津卷改编)
I (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
分析 此处是be doing...when...结构,意为“正在做……,这时(突然)……”;由平行的谓语动词was可知,应用过去进行时。
技法点拨
掌握常用句式也是解决时态问题的快速且行之有效的方法,因此平时要多积累,并熟记一些常用句式。
was driving
技法2 通过“逻辑关系”解决语态问题
[典例印证](2021浙江1月卷)
It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kg by their height in meters squared,and a BMI of between 19 and 25 (consider) healthy.
分析 句中含有连词and,此空应是句子的谓语;根据前半句的It is可判断,时态为一般现在时;且根据句意“19到25之间的BMI(体重指数)被认为是健康值”可知,BMI与consider之间为被动关系,故应用一般现在时的被动语态。
技法点拨
有时候做题时,我们对于时态问题比较关注,但往往忽略了语态,因此我们可以采用“先语态、后时态”的方式。解决语态问题主要是根据谓语动词与句子主语之间的逻辑关系,二者为主动关系用主动语态,是被动关系则用被动语态。
is considered
技法3 “3原则”解决主谓一致问题
(1)“语法一致”原则
[典例印证](2020全国Ⅰ卷)
Carle Pieters,a scientist at Brown University,says,“because it 67 (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon 68 (construct).”
[自主解答]67. 68.
分析 67.根据题干中的says可判断,用一般现在时;主语it为第三人称单数,根据“语法一致”原则,谓语动词用单数形式。
68.整句话的时态为一般现在时;由主语the moon可知,谓语动词应使用第三人称单数,且the moon与construct之间为被动关系,故应用一般现在时的被动语态。
means
is constructed
技法点拨
1.可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数;可数名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
2.在定语从句中,关系代词that,who,which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与先行词的数保持一致。
3.单个的动词-ing形式、名词性从句作主语,谓语动词一般用单数。但what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时,谓语动词用复数。
4.主语后跟有with,together with,as well as,but,except,along with,rather than等连接另一主语时,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
(2)“意义一致”原则
[典例印证](2020天津卷改编)
The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and
(remain) around that level ever since.
分析 根据句中的时间状语ever since可知,需用现在完成时,而句子主语是The number of medical schools,所以谓语用第三人称单数。
has remained
技法点拨
1.集体名词作主语时,若被看作一个整体,谓语动词则用单数形式;若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员,谓语动词则用复数形式。常见的集体名词有family,class,team,group,public,committee,government,audience等。
2.“分数/百分数/the majority+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数及其表示的意义;all,some,half,most,the rest等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。“a number of+名词”作主语,其谓语动词常用复数形式;“the number of+名词”作主语,其谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。
(3)“就近一致”原则
[典例印证](2021北京卷)
There (be) a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years,caused largely by rising global temperatures...
分析 根据over the past 20 years可知,应用现在完成时;主语为a dramatic rise,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。
技法点拨
1.由either...or...,neither...nor...,not only...but also...等连接的并列主语或者在there be句型中,谓语动词常与最邻近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
2.在there be句型中,若有几个并列成分作主语,谓语动词的单复数形式由最邻近的主语决定。
has been
角度3 如何确定非谓语动词
技法1 如何确定作主语和表语的非谓语动词
考查方向 解题攻略
非谓语动词 作主语 1.分析句子结构,找到句子的谓语部分,其前设空可能是缺少主语。如果是不具体的抽象的动作一般用-ing形式作主语;如果是具体的动作一般用不定式作主语。
2.掌握一些it充当形式主语,动词-ing形式/不定式作真正主语的句型,常见句型见下面的“注意”。
典例印证
1. (carry) a large quantity of cash could put the owner in danger as robberies quite often happened along the way.
2.(2019全国Ⅲ卷)On our way to the house,it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take (get) there.
3.(2021全国甲卷)It is possible (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
Carrying
to get
to walk
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
非谓语动词作表语 1.现在分词作表语,意为“令人感到……的”。 2.动名词作表语,表示对主语内容的进一步说明和解释。 3.过去分词作表语,意为“本身感到……的”。 4.不定式作表语,表将来或目的。 4.(2023江苏镇江质检)The day is
(celebrate) the importance and role of philosophy in our lives.
5.(2018全国Ⅲ卷)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel
(challenge).
6.Bioprinting may be a relatively new field but the results so far are
(encourage).
to celebrate
challenged
encouraging
注意 it充当形式主语,常见的动词-ing形式/不定式作真正主语的句型:
(1)It is/was+形容词(for/of sb.)+to do sth.
(2)It is no use/good doing sth.
(3)It takes sb.some time to do sth.
(4)It’s worthwhile to do/doing sth.
技法2 如何确定作宾语的非谓语动词
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
作介词的宾语 1.介词和带介词的固定搭配后一定跟动词-ing形式作宾语。 2.带介词to的短语后也跟动词-ing形式作宾语。常见的带介词to的短语见下面的【注意】。 3.介词but/except后接不定式作宾语,且前面有实义动词do时,不定式要省略to。 1.(2023全国乙卷)As a photographer,I have spent the last two years (record) everything I discovered.
2.I won’t call myself the most accomplished person when it comes to (hold) chopsticks.
3.The windows were never opened except (air) the room for a few minutes.
recording
holding
to air
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
只能跟动词-ing形式作宾语的动词和短语 avoid,advise,appreciate,allow,admit,consider(考 虑),deny,delay,enjoy, escape,excuse,finish, imagine,mind,miss, permit,practice,quit,risk,suggest,give up, be worth,put off,insist on,keep on,succeed in等。 4.Practice (stay) highly aware of your breath,your presence, and your thoughts,and you will be completely yourself.
5.(2023江苏常州期末)You may enjoy using it to do research for a school project, (download) your favorite songs or communicating with friends and family.
staying
downloading
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
只能跟不定式作宾语的动词 agree,arrange,aim,afford,choose, demand,decide,determine,desire, expect,fail,hope,long(渴望), learn,manage,offer,pretend,plan, promise,prepare,refuse,want,wish等。 6.(2022浙江1月卷)That approach brought Cobb’s air travel last year down by 75%,and she plans
(continue) the practice.
to continue
考查方向
既可跟动词-ing形式作宾语,又可跟不定式作宾语但表达含义不同的动词短语
解题攻略
典例印证
7.I didn’t mean (eat) anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn’t help (try) it.
8.I still remember (visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.
to eat
trying
visiting
注意 常见的带介词to的短语:be/get used to习惯于;stick to坚持;object to/be opposed to反对;lead to导致;devote to献身于;be sentenced to被判处……(徒刑);when it comes to当提及;look forward to盼望;add to加上;get down to着手做;be addicted to对……上瘾;be/get accustomed to习惯于;adjust to/adapt oneself to适应。
技法3 如何确定作宾语补足语的非谓语动词
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
现在分词 作宾语补足语 表示主动和正在进行用doing。常跟doing作宾语补足语的动词或动词短语有感官动词feel,hear,listen to,see,look at,watch,notice,observe;使役动词get,have;其他动词catch,find,keep,leave等。 1.(2020全国Ⅲ卷)And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds
(surround) the mountain tops,he was reduced to tears.
surrounding
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
过去分词 作宾语补足语 表示被动和完成用done。常跟done作宾语补足语的动词或动词短语有感官动词feel,hear,listen to,see,look at, watch,notice,observe;使役动词get,have,make;其他动词find,keep,leave等。 2.Most of these individuals are senior citizens in search of new friends and activities to keep themselves (occupy).
occupied
考查方向 解题攻略
不定式作 宾语补足语 1.常跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词有advise,allow,appoint,cause,challenge,order,command,permit,encourage,expect,drive,enable,forbid,force,inspire,instruct,invite,persuade,warn等。
2.常跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词或短语有感官动词feel,hear,listen to,see,look at,watch,notice,observe;使役动词let,have,make等。但在变为被动语态时需要加上to。
典例印证
3.(2020浙江1月卷)Something significant is happening to the world population—it is aging.The median(中间的) age of an American in 1950 was 30—today it is 41 and is expected (increase) to 42 by 2050.
4.My wallet was seen (drop) by a girl when she passed by.
to increase
to drop
考查方向 解题攻略
with复合 结构中的 宾语补足语 在with复合结构中也可以用非谓语动词作宾语补足语,常见的结构如下:
with+宾语+
典例印证
5.(2023福建泉州质检)With the new snow season (begin) in China,enthusiastic skiers and snowboarders have been eager to get back on the slopes.
6.(2023全国乙卷) From Buddhist temples to museums,narrow hutong to royal palaces,it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout,with the city keeping its carefully (build) system of ring roads.
7.With so many people (help) us,we are confident that we can finish the task on time.
beginning
built
to help
技法4 如何确定作定语的非谓语动词
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
动词-ing形 式作定语 1.动词-ing形式作定语表示主动、正在进行。 2.若表示被动且正在发生的动作用being done 结构。 3.表示心理状态的动词-ing形式的形容词,意为“令人……的”。 1.(2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷)They talk to the flood of international tourists and to
(visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas,which are on loan from China.
2.The tall building (build) now is our new school.
visiting
being built
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
动词-ed形式 作定语 1.动词-ed形式作定语表示被动、完成。 2.动词-ed形式的形容词,意为“(人)感到……的”,也可修饰体现内心感受的名词,如look,expression,face,voice等。 3.(2023全国甲卷) Behind the simple style,however,is a serious message
(intend) for everyone.
intended
考查方向 解题攻略
不定式 作定语 1.由序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词或代词后常用不定式作定语。
2.由the only,the just,the next等修饰的名词或代词后常用不定式作定语。
3.名词ability,attempt,chance,desire,eagerness,potential,way,right,time,wish,decision等和代词something,anything,nothing等后常用不定式作定语。
4.若表示被动且将要发生的动作用to be done 结构。
典例印证
4.(2022全国甲卷)A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked(徒步) 40 days to Xi’an,as a first step (journey) the Belt and Road route(路线) by foot.
5.Nobody expected a shortage of stuffed pandas when China won the rights
(host) the 2022 Winter Olympics.
6.We are having a meeting in half an hour.The decision (make) at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
to journey
to host
to be made
技法5 如何确定作状语的非谓语动词
考查方向 解题攻略
动词-ing形式 作状语 1.句子的主语是分词动作的逻辑主语,而且与该动词为主动关系。
2.表示自然而然的意料之中的结果用-ing形式作状语。
3.如果分词的动作早于谓语动词发生,则该分词要用having done形式。
典例印证
1.(2022全国乙卷)To strengthen the connection with young people,the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media,
(invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.
2.(2023全国乙卷) (visit) several times over the last 10 years,I was amazed by the co-existence of old and new,and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage(遗产) while constantly growing.
inviting
Having visited
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
动词-ed形式 作状语 句子的主语是分词动作的逻辑主语,而且与该动词为被动关系。 3. (attract) by the beauty of nature,he decided to spend another two days in the village.
Attracted
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
不定式作状语 1.不定式可以用作目的状语。 2.only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语,表示出乎意料的结果。 3.形容词作表语时,后接不定式作状语表原因。 4.“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do”句式中,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 4.He got up early and hurried to the bus station,only
(find) the early train had gone.
5.(2023全国甲卷)For thousands of years,people have told fables (寓言)
(teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom.
to find
to teach
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
独立主格 作状语 若句子的主语不是非谓语动词的逻辑主语,且在该词前有自己的主语,就构成了独立主格结构,常见的形式有: 6.Weather ____________
(permit),we are going to have a picnic.
7.The president
(shoot) to death,the whole country was in deep sorrow.
permitting
shot
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
独立成分 作状语 有的非谓语动词作状语不需要判断与逻辑主语的关系,为独立成分作状语,常见的形式有: generally speaking一般来说 judging by/from...根据……来判断 considering...考虑到…… to tell you the truth说实话 given...考虑到…… compared with/to与……相比较 8. (judge) from what he said,he was not satisfied with the result.
9. (give) your health,you’d better resign from the company and go to the seaside to relax yourself.
Judging
Given
课堂应用
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2023湖南常德一模)This unforgettable site consists of 135 hectares of vineyards,with a charming European-style castle (locate) in the seemingly endless greenery.Luckily,we didn’t find ourselves drowning in a sea of wine.Rather,we (treat) to a fascinating tour of the facilities and witnessed all the advanced technology required to produce wine.
2.(2023甘肃武威一模) The research,which was (publish) in the journal Science of the Total Environment last week,is the first study
(identify) the plastics in the lungs of living people.The plastics have previously been found in human blood,waste and in the depths of the ocean.
located
were treated
published
to identify
3.(2023福建福州二模)It (appeal) to not only scholars but also those outside the circles of archaeology.Chen Nan,a professor at Tsinghua University’s Academy of Arts and Design,has energized the life of these ancient symbols by (feature) them in the biaoqingbao
(emotions) he developed.
4.(2023辽宁沈阳一模)The Grand Canal runs from Zhejiang to Beijing
(pass) through six provinces and two municipalities and connects five main river systems.The canal (function) as the backbone of the ancient empire’s inland communication and trading systems.
appeals/has appealed
featuring
passing
functioned
5.(2023江苏镇江二模)All things (consider),libraries play a fundamental role in our society.Therefore,people’s need for libraries which serve as (share),community-centered spaces that help them find information and connect them with others (be) not going to change any time soon.
6.(2023吉林长春四模) Anne Hidalgo,the mayor of Paris,wants to clean the Seine, (make) the river swimmable by 2024 when the city will host the Olympic Games.Unfortunately,the Seine has a lot of pollution,which is the addition of harmful materials to the environment.Around 360 tons of plastic (find) in the Seine every year.
considered
shared
is
making
are found
7.(2023浙江义乌三模)A report (release) Tuesday showed that the “teenager mode” on 20 Chinese major video platforms,including Douyin,Bilibili,and iQiyi, (lack) relevant content for minors as required,with some showing empty pages with no videos.Instead of adding more educational and knowledge-based videos in the feed,many were filled with food recommendations.
8.(2023浙江嘉兴二模) Tea drinking has been a traditional custom among native Beijingers.Teahouses formed in the Tang Dynasty,took off in the Song Dynasty and were recorded in Yuan Qu (write) in the Yuan Dynasty.As society developed,private teahouses,tea bars and teahouses with diverse features (create).
released
lacked
written
were created
9.(2023山西大同三模) Although the work is dangerous and laborious,Zheng says it is rewarding to see the brown fields turning green.Estimated to be completed by the end of this month,the project will enter a two-year maintenance period (restore)the area’s greenery.In the past decade, Zheng (help)with such work at over 60 former sites.Some sites are even reviving parklands.
10.(2023吉林延边二模) During this period,the art form (bring) to Yazhou town in today’s Pingtang county,Guizhou Province from Jiangxi Province.This is how Yazhou pottery was named and found its origin.After
(spread) to Guizhou,Yazhou pottery was combined with aspects from the local Miao and Buyi ethnic cultures.In this way,it gained its own distinctive style in shape and color.
to restore
has helped/has been helping
was brought
being spread
Ⅱ.语篇填空
(2023江苏镇江考前保温卷)
For people interested in learning more about the ethnic Miao culture,an ideal place to experience it is an ethnic Miao community,called Qianhu,in Guizhou Province.1. has preserved the distinctive cultural traditions of the Miao ethnic group exhibited in the forms of architecture, arts,and daily lifestyle.
This world’s largest Miao community consists 2. a dozen smaller settlements 3. (spread) over rolling mountains.Singing is
4. essential part of local life.The Miao people begin to learn how to sing as early as they can speak.
It
of
spreading
an
The Miao people are also known for making fine embroidery (刺绣). Different from other parts of China,the themes 5. (express) in Miao embroidery are showy,6. (imagine),and often based on folklores (民俗).Meanwhile,Miao people can 7. (effortless) arrange colors in a way that avoids awkwardness.This is a truly natural gift.
Another fine element of the Miao culture is wearing silver ornaments (装饰).For most of their history,the Miao people 8. (have) no written language,so they had to preserve and pass on their heritage through visual elements,like carving history on silver ornaments.Over time,this craft has evolved into a vehicle 9. represents the Miao culture and spirit.
expressed
imaginative
effortlessly
had
that/which
The Miao songs,embroidery,and silver ornaments all convey the rich, profound history of the Miao people and 10. (symbol) the continuity of their culture and traditions.
symbolize
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了贵州省黔湖是了解苗族文化的理想去处,苗族的歌曲、刺绣和银饰都传达了它丰富而深厚的历史和文化。
答案与解析 1.It 考查代词。句意:它以建筑、艺术和日常生活方式的形式保存了苗族独特的文化传统。根据上下文可知,空处指的是上文提到的Qianhu,是一个地点,应用代词it指代,且空处位于句首,首字母需大写。故填It。
2.of 考查介词。句意:这是世界上最大的苗族社区,由十几个分布在连绵起伏的山脉上的小定居点组成。consist of由……组成。
3.spreading 考查非谓语动词。设空处修饰settlements作后置定语,spread和settlements逻辑上是主动关系,需用现在分词形式。故填spreading。
4.an 考查冠词。句意:唱歌是当地生活必不可少的一部分。设空处表泛指,表示“一个”,且essential以元音音素开头,故填an。
5.expressed 考查非谓语动词。句意:与中国其他地区不同,苗绣所表达的主题是华丽的、富有想象力的,通常基于民间传说。设空处修饰themes作后置定语,express和themes逻辑上是被动关系,需用过去分词形式。故填expressed。
6.imaginative 考查词性转换。设空处作句子的表语,用形容词形式。故填imaginative。
7.effortlessly 考查词性转换。句意:同时,苗族人可以毫不费力地以一种不笨拙的方式安排颜色。设空处修饰谓语动词arrange,需用副词形式作状语。故填effortlessly。
8.had 考查动词的时态。句意:在他们的大部分历史中,苗族人没有书面语言,所以他们必须通过视觉元素来保存和传承他们的遗产,比如在银饰上雕刻历史。设空处作句子的谓语,句子描述的是过去发生的事情,用一般过去时,故填had。
9.that/which 考查定语从句。句意:随着时间的推移,这种工艺已经演变成一种代表苗族文化和精神的工具。分析句子可知,设空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词vehicle,先行词指物,关系词在从句中作主语,故填that/which。
10.symbolize 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意:苗族的歌曲、刺绣和银饰都传达了苗族丰富而深刻的历史,象征着他们文化和传统的连续性。分析句子可知,空处和前面的谓语convey并列,作句子的并列谓语,时态为一般现在时,主语The Miao songs,embroidery,and silver ornaments是复数,谓语用复数形式,故填symbolize。
维度4 高效攻克抢分点(2)——连词和三大从句
角度1 如何确定连词和三大从句
技法1 如何确定并列连词
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
并列 连词 分析 关系 1.表示并列或递进关系的有and,both... and...,not only...but (also)...等。 2.表示选择关系的有or,either... or...,not...but...等。 1.(2023山东潍坊测评)Only a few primate species sing, they are precious resources in our search for the evolutionary origins of human musicality.
2.(2023全国乙卷) It is a distinct visual contrast (反差) that shouldn’t work,
somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination.
so
but/yet
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
并列 连词 分析 关系 3.表示转折或对比关系的有but,while等。 4.表示因果关系的有so,for等。 3.(2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷) It’s been an honor to watch the panda programme develop to see the pandas settle into their new home.
and
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
并列 连词 固定 句型 1.“祈使句+and/or+陈述句” 2.be doing...when... 3.be about to do...when... 4.be on the point of doing...when... 5.had just done...when... 4.We were sleeping
we heard the dog barking crazily outside.
5.Work more efficiently
you will have more time for the rest and relaxation.
6.Get down to your work at once
you will be fired.
when
and
or
技法2 如何确定定语从句的关系词
考查方向 解题攻略
关系 代词 1.先行词指人且所填关系词在从句中作主语时,可以用关系词that或who。
2.先行词指人且所填关系词在从句中作宾语时,可以用关系词that或whom或who,也可以不填。
3.先行词指物且所填关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,可以用关系词that或which。
4.先行词指人或物且所填关系词在从句中作定语时,可以用关系词whose。
5.在非限制性定语从句中不能用关系词that。
6.在非限制性定语从句中,如果先行词是前面的整个句子或句子的一部分时,可以用关系词as或which。as译为“正如”;which译为
“这一点,这件事”,表明事物的状态或结果。
典例印证
1.(2023全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings,Beijing is also a place
welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life,with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
2.(2022浙江1月卷)Kim Cobb,a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta,is one of a small but growing minority of academics
are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
3.And the most popular of all is an 8-inch-tall stuffed animal version of the Beijing Olympics mascot—Bing Dwen Dwen,a rotund panda suit is made of ice.
4.(2023全国甲卷) Yet,the form of the fable still has values today,
Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”.
that/which
who/that
whose
as
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
关系 副词 先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词且所填关系词在从句中作状语时,可以用关系词when,where或why。 点津 先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词且所填关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,可以用关系词that或which。 5.(2023全国甲卷)“There was once a town in the heart of America
all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins,borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables.
6.In most Chinese tea villages,March is the time of year locals start to pick and process tea.
where
when
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
介词+ 关系词 1.关系词依据先行词来确定,如果先行词指人,用whom;如果先行词指物,用which;如果先行词指人或物,且关系词在从句中作定语,则用whose。 2.介词根据以下原则来确定: (1)与先行词的搭配; (2)与从句谓语的搭配; (3)逻辑关系。 7.Wind power is an ancient source of energy which we may return in the near future.
8.The old lady had one son and two daughters,none of treated her well,which made her very sad.
9.I’d appreciate my teacher very much without help I couldn’t win the award.
to
whom
whose
注意 常见的只用that而不用which的情况:
(1)先行词指物,是不定代词或者被不定代词所修饰时,关系代词通常只用that。
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself
(2)先行词指物,被序数词、形容词最高级或the only,the very,the last等修饰时,关系代词通常只用that,不用which。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
This is the only thing that we can do now.
(3)先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词通常只用that,不用which。
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
(4)当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词也作表语时,关系代词通常只用that。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
技法3 如何确定名词性从句的连接词
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。分析句子结构,先找出主句的谓语动词,谓语动词之前的从句为主语从句,动词和介词后的为宾语从句,系动词后的为表语从句,名词后的从句且对名词内容加以解释的从句为同位语从句。判断出从句以后,再根据以下技法确定连接词。
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
从属连词that和whether/if 分析句子结构,若待填的连接词不作任何成分也没有任何意思,只起连接作用,要考虑连接词that;若表示“是否”的意思,要考虑连接词whether;if可以用于引导宾语从句。 1.(2019全国Ⅰ卷)While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
2. anyone actually believes in a causal relationship between eating these foods and receiving the promised benefits or not is unclear.
that
Whether
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
连接代词 分析句子结构,若从句缺少主语、宾语、表语,要用连接代词what,who,whom, which,whose, whatever等。 3.With magnificent natural scenery civilization,the tourist area lies along
may be the most charming section of the upper reaches(上游) of the Yellow River.
4.(2020全国Ⅲ卷)In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike.
what
whose
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
连接副词 分析句子结构,若从句缺少状语,要用连接副词where (表地点),when (表时间),how (表方式或程度),why (表原因)等。 5.(2023新高考全国Ⅱ卷)This is
they need an English trainer.
6.Finally,the motto also represents a series of patterns of ______________
countries should work together.
why
how
考查方向 解题攻略 典例印证
形式主语和形式宾语it 在名词性从句中it作形式主语或形式宾语。其用法在前面代词讲解时已经提到。 7.It is likely FAST will help make many new Nobel-level discoveries.
8.It is warned the pandemic could create a “lost” generation who will be affected by “lifelong” mental illnesses.
that
that
技法4 如何确定状语从句的连接词
考查方向 解题攻略
状语从句的 连接词 根据句意确定是什么状语从句从而确定连接词,常见的状语从句的连接词有:
1.时间状语从句while/when/as/since/before/after/until
2.条件状语从句if/unless/once
3.让步状语从句though/although/while/as
4.地点状语从句where
5.原因状语从句because/since/as
典例印证
1.(2023山东威海期末) a keystone species disappears,other plants and animals may die off and not grow back.
2.(2023福建福州期末) I got my first library card in the mid-1950s,my appreciation for the institution developed quickly.
3. it is normal for you to want only the best for yourselves, that is the source of your problems and stress.
If
When
While/Although/Though
考查方向 解题攻略
状语从句的 连接词 根据固定句型来确定状语从句的连接词,常见的固定句型有:
so/such...that...
not...until...
It will/won’t be+...+before...
It was+...+before...
It is some time+since...
whether...or not...
no sooner...than...
hardly...when...
典例印证
4.(2019全国Ⅲ卷)On our way to the house,it was raining hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to get there.
5.If you don’t understand something,you may research,study,and talk to other people you figure it out.
6.(2021天津卷改编)We all need to get involved in saving energy
it’s at work,at home,or at school.
so
until
whether
角度2 关注从句三个易错点
易错点1 强调句型还是主语从句
[典例印证](1)It is Chinese’s becoming an official UNWTO language
will help China’s tourism industry grow.
(2)It really matters he treated the latest failure,for the examination is around the corner.
[错因]对于“It”开头的句子,考生容易分不清是主语从句还是强调句型,因此会误用连接词。
that
how
[点拨](1)句意:中文成为联合国世界旅游组织的官方语言将有助于中国旅游业的发展。把“it is”和横线去掉,剩下的部分句子结构完整且意义通顺,因此可以确定此处是强调句型,被强调部分是“Chinese’s becoming an official UNWTO language”,故填“that”。
(2)分析句子结构可知。“it”是形式主语,真正的主语是“he treated the latest failure”,且此部分主谓宾俱全,应该考虑填连接副词,根据句意可知,此处表示“他如何对待最近的失败”,故填“how”。
易错快攻 区分强调句型和主语从句的关键在于把握两种句型的特征:
强调 句型 基本结构:It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分
这一句型中的“It”没有指代意义。当去掉“It is/was”和后面的“that/who”时句子在结构上仍然完整,句意上仍然通顺,只是不再突出强调某一成分。
主语 从句 开头的“It”是形式主语,主语从句是真正的主语。
易错点2 名词后是定语从句还是同位语从句
[典例印证1](2023四川成都七中期中)The exhibit also includes an interactive, immersive unit visitors may click a mouse or use their fingers on a touch screen to change digital versions of the artwork.
[错因]部分考生误以为空处引导同位语从句,作“unit”的同位语,且从句中不缺句子成分,从而误填“that”。
[点拨]句意:展览还包括一个交互式、沉浸式单元,参观者可以点击鼠标或用手指点击触屏来更改艺术品的数字版本。分析句子可知,空处后的从句不缺少主语和宾语,“click a mouse or use their fingers”的动作发生在展览活动中,故填关系副词“where”。
where
[典例印证2](2023重庆一中月考)The government issued a statement on Sept.8,without any previous warning, doctors were concerned about her health and recommended she remain under medical supervision.
[错因]部分考生受“statement”后的介词短语的影响,误以为其后的从句为定语从句,因此错填“which”。
[点拨]分析句子可知,空处所填词引导从句,对“statement”进行解释说明,从句不缺成分且意义完整,故应用“that”引导同位语从句。
that
[典例印证3](2023广东六校二联)Famous for carrying his tennis rackets in a bamboo basket,Wang Fa,a 14-year-old dark horse, won the U14 boys’ singles title in the Guangzhou stop of the 2022 ASICS Tennis Junior Tour,has become an internet sensation.
[错因]未能准确理解短语“dark horse”的含义而误填“which”。
[点拨]句意:在2022年ASICS网球青少年巡回赛广州站获得U14男单冠军的14岁黑马王发,因把网球拍放在竹篮里而出名,成为网络红人。
who
本句的句式分析如下:
空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是Wang Fa,关系词在定语从句中作主语,指代人,用关系代词“who”引导。
易错快攻 名词后的从句有以下两种情况:
1.用在fact、idea、news、thought、hope、belief、truth、doubt、suggestion等名词后,对前面的名词做进一步解释。→同位语从句(连接词that 引导同位语从句时,在从句中不充当句子成分,一般也不能省略。)
2.放在名词后,对先行词起修饰作用。 →定语从句(关系代词“that”在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略。)
易错点3 时间短语后是状语从句还是定语从句
[典例印证1] Despite this,the term was not known to the academic world until the 20th century, explorer Sven Hedin wrote a book titled “The Silk Road” in 1938.
[错因]本题考生误以为在后面的非限制性定语从句中,名词“explorer”前缺少定语,因此错填关系代词“whose”。
[点拨]句意:尽管如此,这个术语直到20世纪才为学术界所知,当时探险家 Sven Hedin 在1938年写了一本名为《丝绸之路》的书。分析句子结构可知,“the 20th century”为先行词,先行词表时间,关系词在定语从句中作时间状语,故填关系副词“when”。
when
[典例印证2] The computer developed very slowly and it took nearly two hundred years it was built as an analytical machine.
[错因]部分考生误以为空处引导定语从句,从句中不缺成分,因此错填“when”。
[点拨]句意:计算机发展非常缓慢,在它作为一种分析机器被开发之前几乎花了200年的时间。根据句意可知,此处应用“before”引导时间状语从句。
易错快攻 表示时间的短语
1.表示主句谓语动词发生的时间的从句→时间状语从句
2.对时间短语进行修饰或进行补充说明的从句→定语从句
准确把握二者的功能是解题的关键。
before
课堂应用
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2023吉林延边二模)The shapes of Yazhou pottery are inspired directly by objects in daily life, adds to their folk style.In addition,the glaze of Yazhou pottery is also special.
2.(2023吉林长春四模) That’s he started fishing and he hopes he’ll be one of the first to swim in the water once it’s declared safe.
3.(2023山西大同三模) It is the most difficult reforestation project related to the former coal mines and stone quarries in the area in Zheng has participated.
which
where
which
4.(2023黑龙江大庆三模) It is well known Chinese people prefer hot meals every day,and they’re also used to having hot drinks with it.
5.(2023浙江绍兴二模) Chinese food is often thought of as a single type of cuisine, there are actually many different regional variations.
6.(2023辽宁阜新二模)For farmers,it becomes a term marks the start of spring work.
7.(2023江苏南京模拟)BioPods don’t use any soil to grow plants,
the vast majority of water there is recycled and recirculated.
that
but/yet
which/that
and
8.(2023湖北孝感模拟)Apart from that,the decorated resumes do little help to find a job most HR managers pay more attention to skills.
9.(2023辽宁协作体一模) the factory was a later addition,it proved that subsequently dedicated coin mints were built somewhere in China from the very beginning.
10.(2023河南商丘适应性练习) you agree or not,the saying does reflect its vital role in the city’s evolution(演变).
because
While/Although/Though
Whether
Ⅱ.语篇填空
(2023山东日照三模)
During the May Day holiday,numerous messages of people looking for dazi,or activity partners for traveling,1. (post) on the social media platform Xiaohongshu.Earlier this year,several dazi-related topics were among the most searched-for hashtags on Sina Weibo,2. (stimulate) heated discussions among young people.In some ways,activities using dazi have become 3. new form of social communication.
were posted
stimulating
a
4. friendships,the concept of dazi is more customizable (定制的).It is 5. (definite) centered on companionship fields.The idea is simple—random individuals come together 6. (join) in an activity they all enjoy.With one or several dazi,people can experience deeper fun in the activities they are interested in.
In addition to the 7. (share) interests,another major advantage of dazi compared to normal relationships 8. (be) its simplicity,some dazi are only temporary,but even longer-lasting ones are cast in the same mould (模式),where the topics discussed tend to be focused and relaxed.
Unlike
definitely
to join
shared
is
“9. my meal dazi doesn’t go to school someday,I’ll not be so sad for the rest of the day,” said Shi Zhimin,a 17-year-old student from Shanxi province.“Traditional friendships require a lot of time and emotion to maintain,10. having a dazi means not needing to carry those burdens,” she added.
If/When
while/but/yet
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。在五一假期期间,社交媒体平台小红书上发布了大量寻找“搭子”,也就是旅行伙伴的信息。在某些方面,使用“搭子”的活动已经成为一种新的社交形式。
答案与解析 1.were posted 考查动词的语态。句意:在五一假期期间,社交媒体平台小红书上发布了大量寻找“搭子”,也就是旅行伙伴的信息。根据“During the May Day holiday”可知,此处描述过去的事情,应用一般过去时。动词post意为“发布”,和主语messages构成被动关系,应用被动语态,主语为复数形式,be动词使用were。故填were posted。
2.stimulating 考查非谓语动词。句意:今年早些时候,几个与搭子相关的话题成为新浪微博上搜索量最高的话题标签,引发了年轻人的热烈讨论。动词stimulate意为“促进,激发(某事物)”,和系动词之间没有连词,和句子构成主动关系,且表示意料之中的结果,应用现在分词作状语。故填stimulating。
3.a 考查冠词。句意:在某些方面,使用搭子的活动已(共57张PPT)
专题五 应用文写作
NO.1 写作总策略 破解书面表达2维度
维度1
维度2
目 录 索 引
01
02
考情分析
年份 卷别 文体 话题
2023 新高考全国Ⅰ卷 建议信 对外教分组安排的意见和建议
全国乙卷 投稿 学习新技能
全国甲卷 投稿 中国历史人物
2022 新高考全国Ⅰ卷 邀请信 节目访谈
全国乙卷 投稿 英语学习活动调查
全国甲卷 投稿 保护海洋
2021 新高考全国Ⅰ卷 投稿 庆祝Youth创刊十周年
全国乙卷 发言稿 做聪明的网络学习者
全国甲卷 咨询信 向外国朋友了解哪些中国传统文化更吸引外国友人
命题专家谈高考
1.未来命题形式仍然以半开放为主,方式会更加灵活,需要考生仔细审题,判断是哪种写作文体,有时甚至会融合两种文体。例如:回复关于约稿的告知信,并呼吁积极参与投稿;宣传你校微信公众号,并提倡大家进行关注等等;
2.选材依旧会贴近学生生活,关注德智体美劳各个方面,深化对英语交际应用能力的考查,体现交际功能和中国文化元素等;
3.日常训练要拓宽思路,灵活组题,对不同话题、不同文体的写作内容,进行多角度、多方位的强化训练。
维度1 学习评分标准,实现高分有方向
一、评分标准解读
档次 解读
第五档(13~15分) 能写明全部要点;语言基本无误;行文连贯,表达清楚
第四档(10~12分) 能写明全部或绝大部分要点;语言有少量错误;行文不够连贯,表达基本清楚
第三档(7~9分) 能写明基本要点;语言虽有较多错误,但能基本达意
第二档(4~6分) 能写明部分要点;语言错误多,影响意思表达
第一档(1~3分) 只能写出一两个要点;语言错误很多,只有个别句子正确
0分 未作答;内容太少,无法评判;写的内容与所要求的内容无关或所写内容无法看清
二、评分细则
1.满分15分,按五个档次进行评分。
2.评分时主要从内容要点、词汇语法和篇章结构三个方面考虑。具体为:
①内容要点的覆盖情况以及表述的清楚程度和合理性;
②使用词汇和语法结构的准确性、恰当性和多样性;
③上下文的衔接和全文的连贯性。
3.评分时,先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后根据该档次的评分标准来衡量、确定或调整档次,最后给分。
4.词数应为80左右,少于60和多于100的,从总分中减去2分。
5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。书写较差影响交际的,将分数降低一个档次。
[典题印证](2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
假定你是校广播站英语节目“Talk and Talk”的负责人李华,请给外教Caroline写邮件邀请她做一次访谈。内容包括:
1.节目介绍;
2.访谈的时间和话题。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80左右;
2.请在相应位置作答。
Dear Caroline,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
[示例1]
三档作文
Dear Caroline,
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
名师点评
本范文要点基本齐全,结构完整,但是书写潦草,整体给阅卷老师的感觉是该考生基本功差,没有吸引老师的亮点词汇和高级句式,还犯了一些低级的错误。
1.句式方面:句式单一,单句较多;不会使用非谓语、定语从句和名词性从句等复杂句式;
2.词汇方面:不定冠词误用(a English),漏词(Talk Talk),拼写错误(writting)等,这类错误虽然不会对句意的表达产生很大的影响,但会给阅卷老师留下该考生语言基础薄弱的印象,从而使作文落入低档;
3.语法方面:时态和主谓一致错误(如:school life becoming more and more colorful)、介词误用(如:in Sunday),这些错误也是考生的作文在低档徘徊的直接原因;
4.格式方面:标点符号缺失(And the program will be held in Sunday and the topic is about “English classic”)。
[示例2]
五档作文
Dear Caroline,
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
高分原因
本范文要点齐全、结构完整、用词准确、语言流畅,灵活地运用了亮点词汇和高级句式,具备了满分作文的六大基本特征:
1.层次不乱(本文分为三段,层次清晰);
2.句式多变(非谓语动词作定语held by “Talk and Talk”;定语从句which is an English programme...,As you know;主语从句It is certain that all students will benefit from your speech.);
3.亮点若干(高级词汇:improve,benefit from,appreciate,take...into account,look forward to);
4.巧妙串联(如:besides);
5.小错不犯;
6.卷面整洁,语意丰满。
维度2 用好“4策略”,写出高分作文
策略1 遵循“两美”原则,打造内外兼美好作文
策略2 词汇高级,“语”众不同
高级词汇就像一颗颗耀眼的明珠,为作文增添光彩,从而使考生稳拿高分。选词时应注意两点:
技法1 摒弃笼统表达,细化描写
笼统词具有较强的概括性,考生相对熟悉,但具体词能形象地描述事物或反映细腻的感彩变化,使表达更出彩。
It was set up to raise awareness of protecting the ocean,which plays an important part in global ecosystem.(2022全国甲卷)
→It was set up to raise awareness of protecting the ocean,which plays a significant/crucial part in global ecosystem.
When feeling sad,I often choose to enjoy the novel part which includes a lot of good stories.(2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
→When feeling depressed,I often choose to enjoy the novel part which includes a lot of imaginative stories.
[高分语料]
笼统词 具体词
good amazing/breathtaking惊人的;awesome令人惊叹的;brilliant绝妙的;
fantastic 极好的;impressive给人印象深刻的;
remarkable/extraordinary非凡的;splendid/spectacular壮丽的
happy cheerful/delighted/joyful快乐的;overjoyed欣喜若狂的;thrilled 兴奋的
beautiful attractive吸引人的;appealing 有吸引力的;
charming/engaging/fascinating 迷人的
important crucial/vital/essential至关重要的;fundamental根本的;primary首要的;significant有重大意义的
笼统词 具体词
difficult complicated/complex复杂的;challenging挑战性的;puzzling令人困惑不解的
big/large broad辽阔的;enormous庞大的;
giant/huge/immense/gigantic/massive巨大的
small/little narrow狭窄的;slight轻微的;tiny极小的;young年轻的
very absolutely/extremely极其;awfully/badly/especially/highly/terribly非常
have enjoy享有;hold 怀有(信念、意见);possess 拥有;own 拥有:be in possession of 拥有
笼统词 具体词
go dash猛冲;flee 逃跑;head 朝……行进;hurry迅速移动;move移动;
pace来回踱步;race快速移动;rush冲,急速行进;slip溜;struggle 艰难行进;speed 快速前行;wander 漫游、游
give award授予;contribute 贡献;donate捐赠;offer主动提供;provide提供;
supply供给
see/look examine(仔细地)检查;glance瞥一眼;notice注意到;observe观察;
stare凝视;spot发现;surf 浏览;witness 目击;catch sight of 看见;check out 查看;look around 环顾;look through浏览
say announce声称;comment 评论;declare宣布;exclaim 惊叫;inform 通知;
persuade 劝说;reply回答;remark 评论;respond回应;state陈述;
shout 大声说;whisper 小声说
笼统词 具体词
like/enjoy/love admire欣赏;appreciate 赏识;cherish 珍爱;prefer更喜欢;
treasure 珍视,珍爱;be crazy/mad about 对……着迷;be enthusiastic about热衷于……;be passionate about 酷爱……;
have a taste for/in 对……感兴趣;show (a) great interest in 对……表现出极大的兴趣
think consider仔细考虑;expect认为;reflect沉思;suppose推断;be regarded as被视为
know realize意识到;recognize认出,认可;understand理解
笼统词 具体词
want desire渴望;long渴望;wish希望;be dying/thirsty for 渴望
ask consult咨询;enquire/inquire询问;interview采访;question正式提问;
wonder想知道
change develop发展;grow增长;improve改善;transform 改变;rise上升
learn master掌握;research研究;preview预习;get the hang of掌握……的要领;have a good command of 熟练掌握
技法2 多用高级表达,短语优先
恰当地选用一些贴切、地道的高级表达对提高书面表达的得分档次至关重要。所以考生不妨考虑在文章中使用较高级的表达,充分展现自己的语言功底。
1.I would appreciate it if you could consider my invitation.(2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
→I would appreciate it if you could take my invitation into account.
2.In conclusion,we should know its advantages and disadvantages and find a proper way to make our study more efficient.(2021全国乙卷)
→In conclusion,we should have a good understanding of its advantages and disadvantages and find a proper way to make our study more efficient.
3.In order to get more clicks,you’d better tell me which Chinese culture attracts westerners most.(2021全国甲卷)
→In order to get more clicks,you’d better tell me which Chinese culture holds the most attraction for westerners.
4.The majority of people who were surveyed supported this idea.
→The majority of people who were surveyed were in favour of this idea.
[高分语料]
类型1 校园生活
汉语意义 普通表达 升级表达
能够做某事 be able to do sth. be capable of doing sth.,be competent to do sth.
努力做某事 try to do sth. spare no effort to do sth.,strive/endeavor to do sth.
某人必须要 做的事情 something sb.must do a must for sb.
试图做某事 try to do sth. attempt/seek to do sth.,make an attempt to do sth.
汉语意义 普通表达 升级表达
参加 join in,take part in participate in,get involved in,attend,engage in
想做某事 want to do sth. can’t wait to do sth.,desire/long to do sth.,be eager to do sth.
专注于 focus on concentrate on,be absorbed in,be immersed in
帮助某人 help sb. do sb.a favor,lend/give sb.a hand,come to sb.’s assistance
忙于 be busy with be occupied with,be engaged in
即将来临 be coming be around the corner,be approaching
利用,使用 use make (full) use of,take advantage of,make the best of,adopt
类型2 动作行为
汉语意义 普通表达 升级表达
记住 remember keep/bear in mind
面对,面临 face be faced with,meet with,encounter
意识到 know,realize be aware of/that,be
conscious of,come to realize
重视 value attach great importance to,take sth.seriously
参观 visit pay a visit to,go to...for a visit
汉语意义 普通表达 升级表达
某人想到某事 sb.think(s) of sth. sth.occur(s) to/strike(s)sb.,e(s) up with sth.
建议 suggest/advise that... put forward the suggestion that...,recommend that...
弥补,补偿 make up for compensate for
吸引某人 attract sb. appeal to sb.,have great appeal for sb., draw sb.
汉语意义 普通表达 升级表达
相信,认为 believe that...,be sure that... hold the firm belief/view that...,be convinced that...
影响 affect have an effect/influence/impact on
造成,导致 cause contribute to,lead to,result in,bring about
提高 improve,raise,increase promote,strengthen
照顾 look after,take care of tend to,attend to
类型3 人际关系
汉语意义 普通表达 升级表达
向某人道歉 say sorry to sb. make an apology to sb.,
apologize to sb.
因某事感激某人 thank sb.for sth., be thankful to sb.for sth. be grateful to sb.for sth.,express one’s gratitude to sb.for sth.
遇见 meet come across,encounter,run into
向某人求助 ask sb.for help turn to sb.for help
类型4 修饰形容
汉语意义 普通表达 升级表达
不同种类的 different kinds of a wide range of,a variety of,various,
varieties of
大量的,很多的 a number of,a lot of a considerable number of,
an overwhelming majority of,
large quantities of,scores of,
dozens of,countless,numerous
对……有益 be useful to,be good for be of great benefit to,do good to,be beneficial to
由……组成 be made up of consist of,be composed of
汉语意义 普通表达 升级表达
疲惫不堪 be tired be worn out,feel
exhausted
立即 immediately without hesitation/delay
擅长 be good at be skilled at,have a gift for,have a good command of,be expert at/in
准时 on time on schedule,punctually
类型5 陈述事实
汉语意义 普通表达 升级表达
几天前 a few days ago the other day
大家公认 people think that... it’s acknowledged/accepted/believed that...
实际上 actually as a matter of fact
谈及 talk of/about,mention refer to,speak of,when it comes to
显然 clearly apparently,obviously
应该 should be supposed to
关于 about with regard to,in terms of,as for, regarding,concerning
汉语意义 普通表达 升级表达
通常 usually more often than not
有时 sometimes occasionally,once in a while
不得不做 have to do have no choice but to do
仅仅 only no more than,merely
只要 as long as on condition that
在我看来 in my opinion as far as I’m concerned,personally speaking
引起人们 关注 attract people’s attention arouse/draw people’s concern
汉语意义 普通表达 升级表达
越来越多的 more and more an increasing number of,a growing number of
我担心…… I’m worried that... what makes me worried is that...
很重要 be very important be of great/vital importance
应采取有效 措施解决 这个问题 should take effective measures to solve the problem effective measures ought to be taken to deal/cope with the problem
汉语意义 普通表达 升级表达
受欢迎 be popular with enjoy wide popularity among/with
忽视 ignore fail to take...into account,turn a blind eye to
因为 because(of) on account of,in that,since,seeing that,as,on the grounds that...
与……有关的 be related to be associated/connected with
课堂应用
用高级词汇替换下列句中的加黑词语
1.Surrounded by green trees,the farm is at the foot of the hill near our school.
→Surrounded by green trees,the farm the foot of the hill near our school.
2.Therefore,I sincerely call on all of the students to learn calligraphy and explore the legacy of traditional Chinese culture.
→Therefore,I all of the students to learn calligraphy and explore the legacy of traditional Chinese culture.
is located at
make a sincere appeal to
3.Since I have planned my career,I would try my best to study all the related courses well.I’m sure I will succeed!
→Since I have planned my career,I would to study all the related courses well.I’m sure I will !
4.Whatever form you take,do remember that your work should focus on the beauty of nature.
→Whatever form you take,do that your work should focus on the beauty of nature.
spare no effort
make it
keep in mind
5.All kinds of activities have been held,the purpose of which was to raise our awareness of campus safety.
→ activities have been held, was to raise our awareness of campus safety.
6.If you work hard,you will realize your college dream.I believe a bright future is waiting for you.
→ you work hard,you will realize your college dream.
I a bright future is waiting for you.
Various/A variety of
whose purpose
As long as
hold the firm belief that
策略3 句式丰富,彰显能力
若书面表达中的句子都采用简单句,肯定不能得高分,合理使用精彩句式会使文章读起来抑扬顿挫。因此应多使用一些高级句式和复合句,让句子“高人一筹”,亮点纷呈,彰显考生的写作能力。
技法1 活用非谓语结构,精简表达
1.运用非谓语动词(短语)整合简单句,提升表达
It’s widely acknowledged that China boasts abundant and unique cultures.They range from calligraphy to folk dances and local operas.
→It’s widely acknowledged that China boasts abundant and unique cultures,ranging from calligraphy to folk dances and local operas.
2.运用非谓语动词(短语)简化复合句,精炼语言
在表达复杂含义的时候,常常用到复合句,句子有时会较长,考生可以利用非谓语动词(短语)对复合句进行简化,使语言更精练。
When I saw a car running towards her,I reached my hand out and pulled her back.
→Seeing a car running towards her,I reached my hand out and pulled her back.
技法2 巧用三大从句,写出文采
1.运用定语从句,让表述更丰满
Chengdu successfully held the 31st FISU Summer World University Games,which is certain to strengthen the culture bridge between East and West again.(定语从句)
成都成功举办了第31届世界大学生夏季运动会,这肯定会再次加固东西方文化交流的桥梁。
(2022全国乙卷)As is shown by the figures of the chart,thanks to modern technology,a wide range of ways are available for students to polish their English.(定语从句)
正如图表中的数据所示,得益于现代技术,学生有很多方法来提高他们的英语水平。
2.运用名词性从句,让表述更加具体
(2022浙江1月卷)What impressed me most was the Culture Night,where people from both countries presented their well-prepared art performances.(主语从句)
让我印象最深刻的是“文化之夜”,两国人民展示了他们精心准备的艺术表演。
I do hope that you will have a bright future and that our friendship will last forever!(宾语从句)
我十分希望你有一个光明的未来,我们的友谊地久天长!
Deeply touched by what we did,people there expressed sincere gratitude for our commitment.(宾语从句)
当地人民深受感动,对我们的努力表示由衷的感谢。
3.运用状语从句,让逻辑更清晰
(2022全国乙卷)As long as we devote ourselves to English learning,we would make great improvement.(条件状语从句)
只要我们致力于英语学习,我们就会取得很大的进步。
技法3 活用特殊句式,升级表达
1.运用强调句,突出重点
(2022全国乙卷)From my perspective,whatever method we choose,it is our inner interest and enthusiasm that allow us to make brilliant progress in English.
从我的角度来看,无论我们选择什么方法,是我们内在的兴趣和热情让我们在英语上取得辉煌的进步。
(2022全国乙卷)As far as I’m concerned,it is not how we learn English but our determination to learn English that actually matters.
在我看来,真正重要的不是我们如何学习英语,而是我们学习英语的决心。
(2022全国甲卷)I do believe that only with joint efforts can we have a better tomorrow.我相信,只有大家共同努力,我们才能拥有更美好的明天。
2.运用倒装句,以示强调
(2022全国甲卷)It is my firm belief that only with joint efforts can we have a better tomorrow.
我坚信,只有大家共同努力,我们才能拥有更美好的明天。
(2021全国乙卷)Convenient as online learning is,staring at the screen for a long time is harmful to our eyes.
虽然网络学习很方便,但长时间看屏幕对我们的眼睛有害。
(2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷)So patiently did their father instruct them that the twins made the breakfast fast and well.
父亲耐心地指导他们,因此双胞胎把早餐做得又快又好。
3.运用虚拟语气,表达看法
Had it not been for your selfless assistance,I couldn’t have made such great progress in English.
如果没有你无私的帮助,我不可能在英语上取得如此大的进步。
4.运用省略句式,避免累赘
When preparing for the competition,you need to have much knowledge about Chinese stories.在准备比赛时,你需要了解很多有关中国故事的知识。
5.适时感叹,传递情感
(2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷)How delicious the breakfast was!
多么美味的早餐啊!
(2020全国Ⅱ卷)What a wonderful time we had picking apples on the farm!
我们在农场摘苹果的时光多么美好啊!
课堂应用
单句写作
1.I felt so lucky to have been selected as a volunteer for the Beijing Winter Olympic Games, .
我很幸运能被选为北京冬奥会的志愿者,为来自世界各地的运动员服务。
2.(2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷)The radio program was founded in 2016,
_________________________________________________________________________________________________to share their school life.
这个电台节目成立于2016年,旨在为同学们提供一个分享校园生活的良好平台。
serving the athletes from all over the globe
the purpose of which is to provide a good platform for the students/aiming to provide a good platform for the students
3.It was my twelfth birthday,and .
那天是我十二岁的生日,我最想要的是一辆新自行车。
4. ,but it also made me proud of myself for playing a part in the Games.
志愿者工作不仅开阔了我的视野,也让我为自己能在奥运会上发挥作用而感到自豪。
5. so hard-working are you that
.
我相信,你那么努力工作,你会很容易成功的。
6. we went back to school under the guidance of our teachers.
直到中午我们才在老师的指引下回到学校。
what I really wanted most was a new bicycle
Not only did the volunteer work broaden my horizons
I do believe that
it will be easy for you to make it
It was not until noon that
策略4 过渡巧妙,完美文章
过渡词语和短语就像纽带一样把文章紧紧连接起来,又像润滑剂一样使文章衔接流畅。
衔接过渡词可以分为“启、承、转、合”四类。
1.用于“启”的过渡词语有as you know,as is shown in the...,first of all,for one thing,above all,on the one hand,in a sense,to start with等。
(2021浙江卷)As far as I know,this exhibition will last for half a month in the school art gallery.
据我所知,这个展览将在学校美术馆持续半个月。
(2022全国甲卷)First of all,what we can do is place importance on our daily actions.首先,我们能做的就是重视我们的日常行为。
2.用于“承”的过渡词语有secondly,also,in addition,for another thing,for this purpose,furthermore,what is more,for example,in other words,in fact,at the same time,as a result,therefore等。
(2021全国甲卷)What’s more,if I want to decorate my website with some Chinese elements,what should I do
更重要的是,如果我想用一些中国元素来装饰我的网站,我应该怎么做
(2020江苏卷)For another,China enjoys a long history and rich culture.
另一方面,中国有着悠久的历史和丰富的文化。
(2019天津卷)Meanwhile,I’m also interested to learn some folk dances from you in your lecture,which will help me improve my dancing.
同时,我也有兴趣在您的课上学习一些民间舞,这将有助于我提高我的舞蹈水平。
3.用于“转”的过渡词语有after all,but,however,on the contrary,in contrast, otherwise,while,though,despite,in spite of,all the same,as a matter of fact等。
(2022全国乙卷)However,those choosing reading English books and visiting English learning websites only account for 18% and 12%.
然而,选择阅读英语书籍和访问英语学习网站的只占18%和12%。
(2020新高考全国Ⅰ卷)On the way,although some students fell behind,they kept running until the finishing line.
在路上,虽然有些学生落后了,但他们一直跑到了终点线。
4.用于“合”的过渡词语有in a word,generally speaking,at last,in short,in the end,in conclusion,on the whole,in summary,to sum up等。
(2022全国甲卷)All in all,it is high time that we devoted ourselves to protecting the ocean.To protect the ocean is to protect ourselves.
总而言之,现在是我们致力于保护海洋的时候了。保护海洋就是保护我们自己。
(2019全国Ⅱ卷)To sum up,I wish you could live up to the expectations of our school.
总之,我希望你能不辜负我们学校的期望。
课堂应用
用适当的过渡词汇填空
Li Jiang and Su Hua are discussing what to wear when receiving the British students next month.Li recommends the traditional Chinese dress
1. Su prefers the school uniforms.
while
2. ,I would be happy to wear the traditional Chinese dress at the welcome ceremony.3. ,this is precisely what the British visitors are expecting.They come to learn about Chinese culture with their own eyes.4. ,their Chinese peers in the typical Chinese dress would be highly impressive.The school uniforms are fine;5. ,they are not special enough to give a unique Chinese flavour.6. ,the inconvenience is not a problem if our purpose is to share Chinese culture.It is just the so-called inconvenience that displays the richness,delicacy and great fascination of Chinese culture with a history of thousands of years.
7. ,the traditional Chinese dress will make the occasion attractive to the British guests.
As for me/In my opinion
For one thing/First of all
Therefore
however
For another/Secondly/Besides
In conclusion/All in all/In short/In brief(共153张PPT)
专题五 应用文写作
NO.2 题型微技法 分类提升应用文写作技能
类型一
类型二
目 录 索 引
01
02
类型一 书信与电子邮件
第一组 建议信、感谢信、推荐信、道歉信、祝贺信
一、建议信
建议信是生活中常见的一种文体,是写信人向收信人对某事提出的建议或忠告。建议信要写得简明扼要、目的明确,具有合理性和说服力。
[万能模板]
Dear (对象),
You have asked me for my advice with regard to
(需要提建议的具体事项),and I will try to make some conducive suggestions here.
In my opinion,you would be wise to take the following actions:
(建议的具体内容).
I hope you will find these proposals useful,and I will be ready to discuss this matter with you in further details.
(祝愿).
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
[满分表达]
(一)引人注目的开头句(表明写信目的)
1.I’m sorry to hear that you have trouble in doing...at the moment.Here are some tips for you.
听说此刻你遇到……麻烦我深感遗憾。这有一些给你的建议。
2.You have asked me for my advice regarding/with regard to...and I think the following tips will help you.
你向我征求关于……的建议,我认为以下建议可能会帮到你。
3.I’m delighted to learn that you’re particularly keen on...Here are some practical advice.
我很高兴了解到你特别喜欢……,这里有些实用的建议。
(二)丰富精彩的篇中句(提出建议)
1.When it comes to such a situation,I would like to suggest that...For one thing,...For another,...What’s more,...
说到这种情况,我想建议……一方面,……另一方面,……此外,……
2.In my opinion/From my point of view,doing something is a perfect approach to achieving...Additionally,it’s strongly advisable that...Last but not least,it would also be a wise choice if you could...
在我看来,做……是一个实现……的完美方式。此外,我强烈建议……最后但同样重要的是,如果你能……这也是一个明智的选择。
3.Only in this way can you.../You may/might as well do...
只有这样你才能……/你不妨做……
4.I think it would be more beneficial if you could...
我认为如果你能……会更有益。
(三)恰到好处的结尾句(望采纳建议,表达祝愿或期待)
1.I hope you will find these proposals/suggestions helpful/useful/practical./I hope my suggestions will be of benefit to you.
我希望你会认为这些建议有帮助/有用/可行。/我希望我的建议将对你有益。
2.Personally,it would be beneficial if you stick to...
我认为,如果你坚持……的话会有益处的。
3.I will be happy if you can take my advice/ideas into consideration.
如果你能考虑我的建议/看法,我会很开心。
二、感谢信
感谢信是重要的礼仪文书,是向帮助、关心和支持过自己的集体或个人表示感谢的书信,有感谢和表扬的双重意思。
[万能模板]
Dear (对象),
I am writing to express my sincere thanks/appreciation/gratitude for
(感谢的原因).
If it had not been for your assistance in (对方给你的具体帮助),I fear that I would have been (没有对方帮助会产生的后果).Everyone agrees that it was you who (给出细节).
Again,I would like to express my sincere thanks to you./Please accept my sincere thanks for your help.I do hope (美好的祝愿或希望).
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
[满分表达]
(一)引人注目的开头句(表达感谢之情并说明原因)
1.With the deepest gratitude,I’m writing to you to express my sincere thanks for your timely assistance and support when I was traveling in...
我怀着最深的感激给您写信,真诚感谢我在……旅行时您对我的及时帮助和支持。
2.Many thanks for all the things you have done in helping us to...
非常感谢你为帮助我们……所做的一切。
(二)丰富精彩的篇中句(具体描述对方对自己的帮助)
1.There’s no denying that it is difficult for me to...without your help.
不可否认,对我来说,没有你的帮助,……是非常困难的。
2.Thanks for your generous/selfless help,without which I wouldn’t have made such unbelievable progress and ranked first in the recent English speaking contest.
感谢您慷慨/无私的帮助,没有您的帮助,我不会取得如此惊人的进步,并在最近的英语演讲比赛中获得第一名。
3.During my travel in...,you showed me around...and I had a great time there. Thanks for your considerate and enthusiastic treatment.
在我去……旅行的时候,你带我参观了……,我在那里玩得很开心。谢谢你周到、热情的招待。
(三)恰到好处的结尾句(再次致谢)
1.My gratitude is beyond description/words.
我的感激之情无以言表。
2.It is very kind of you to do this for me,and I appreciate it more than I can say.
你为我做这件事真是太好了,我无法用言语来表达我的感激。
三、推荐信
推荐信是向别人介绍人、事物或地方的信件。介绍时,语气要肯定,并对所推荐或介绍的人、事物或地方给予正面评价。写作时一般用第二人称或第三人称,时态以一般现在时为主。
[万能模板]
Dear (对象),
Learning that (对方感兴趣的内容),I’d like to recommend (推荐的人或事物) to you.
The reason why I recommend (推荐的人或事物) is that (推荐的主要原因).Firstly, (推荐人或物的优势一).Besides, (推荐人或物的优势二).
I would appreciate it if you could take my recommendation into consideration./I’ll be extremely pleased if you can consider my recommendation./I hope you will find my recommendation of help.
Wish you (表达祝愿).
Yours,
Li Hua
[满分表达]
(一)引人注目的开头句(指明推荐/宣传的对象)
1.Knowing that you are interested in/crazy about/an enthusiast of...,I’m writing to recommend...to you.
知道你对……感兴趣/痴迷于……/是……爱好者,我写信是想向你推荐……
2.I’m very pleased to learn that you are going to...I’m writing to offer my recommendation.
得知你将……我很高兴。我写信是为了提供建议。
3.With reference to your demands,I shall recommend...to you.
关于你的要求,我将向你推荐……
(二)丰富精彩的篇中句(简述推荐理由)
1.The reasons why I recommend...to you are as follows.First of all,
...Besides,...Last but not least,...
我向你推荐……的原因如下。首先,……。另外,……。最后但同样重要的是,……
2.There are several reasons why I think...is a good choice.Firstly,he/she possesses a/an...attitude.Additionally,he/she is equipped with extraordinary ability to...Plus,relevant experience of...makes him/her...
我认为……是个不错的选择有几个原因。首先,他/她具有……的态度。另外。他/她……能力超强。而且,他/她有……的相关经验,使他/她能够……
(三)恰到好处的结尾句(表达期望与祝愿)
1.I do hope that you can find my recommendation beneficial.Looking forward to your early/prompt reply.
我真希望我的建议对你有所帮助。期待你的早日/及时回复。
2.Hope my recommendation will be of help.Wish you a good time/journey.
希望我的推荐有用。祝你过得/旅途愉快。
3.Whenever you need help,please don’t hesitate to let me know.
无论你何时需要帮助,请尽管告诉我。
4.I’m confident/convinced that it will meet your requirements.
我确信它能满足你的要求。
四、道歉信
道歉信是陈述自己不当行为给对方造成不利影响的歉意,或者无法答应对方不违常理所托的原因的信件。
[万能模板]
Dear (对象),
I’m writing this letter to make an apology to you for (道歉的原因).The reason is that (介绍事由).
(进一步阐述理由).I hope you’ll forgive me for causing you so much trouble/for my not keeping a promise.Can we make it another time when it’s convenient for both of us How about (具体时间、地点)
Once again,sorry for any inconvenience caused by me.I sincerely hope you will kindly accept my apologies.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
[满分表达]
(一)引人注目的开头句(开篇表示歉意)
1.I’m honored to be invited to your celebration party.However,much to my regret,I have to decline your invitation.Here I express/convey/extend my sincere apologies for my absence.
我很荣幸被邀请参加你们的庆祝聚会。然而,令我非常遗憾的是,我不得不拒绝你的邀请。在此我对我的缺席表示诚挚的歉意。
2.I’m writing to make an apology to you for.../express my deep regret and sincerely expect your forgiveness.
因……我写信向你道歉/表达我深深的歉意并真诚期待你的原谅。
(二)丰富精彩的篇中句(说明具体原因)
1.I can’t make it for the reason that I am occupied in...
我不能赴约是因为我忙于……
2.The reason why I failed to...was that...
我未能……的原因是……
3.The...you lent me is really impressive/lovable.Unfortunately,yesterday when I came back to my room,it was nowhere to be found.
你借给我的……真的非常讨人喜欢。不幸的是,昨天当我回到屋里,却到处找不到它。
提出补救措施:
1.You know I have no intention to break our appointment,so shall we make it next Sunday if you’re available
您知道我并非有意爽约,如果您有空的话,我们下周日再约如何
2.Considering that you need someone to act as...,I strongly recommend my friend Li Ming.He has been...since he was a child and has a good knowledge of...
考虑到你需要某人来担当……我强烈推荐我的朋友李明。他从孩提时起就一直……并且他精通……
(三)恰到好处的结尾句(再次抱歉并祝福)
1.Sorry again for any inconvenience caused by my absence and all the best wishes to you.
再次为我缺席给您带来的任何不便表示歉意,并向你致以最美好的祝愿。
2.I’m in the sincere hope that you can think in my situation and accept my apology.
我真诚地希望你能理解我的处境并且接受我的道歉。
五、祝贺信
祝贺信是向对方表示祝贺的信件,一般用于对方有什么喜事或取得了什么成绩,以及节日寿宴等。祝贺信是人们情感交流的一种方式,写祝贺信加强与亲戚、朋友、同事之间的联系,增进了解,彼此关心。
[万能模板]
Dear ,
I have learned with delight that you (祝贺事由).I would like to extend to you my utmost congratulations.You must be
(此刻的心情).And I feel very happy for you.
(对方所取得的成绩) is quite exciting news!I know this is surely owing to (对方过去的努力).It is a reward you richly deserve for your (对方的优点).
Kindly let me know when you (咨询对方何时有空).I hope
(表达自己的愿望).My best wishes for your further success.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
[满分表达]
(一)引人注目的开头句(说明祝贺事由)
1.I want to congratulate you with all my heart/from the bottom of my heart.
我想向你致以诚挚的/衷心的祝贺。
2.I’m much delighted to learn/hear of your success/achievements in...I would like to extend my warmest congratulations to you.
得知你在……方面的成功/成就,我非常高兴。我想向你致以最热烈的祝贺。
(二)丰富精彩的篇中句(陈述对方获得成功的原因)
1.I know how talented you are and how hard you’ve worked to attain the goal.You are bound to be successful sooner or later in my eyes.
我知道你多么有才华以及你为达到这个目标工作有多努力。在我看来,你迟早会成功的。
2.You would not have achieved this without diligence and perseverance.
没有勤奋和毅力,你是不可能做到这一点的。
3.As far as I am concerned/Personally,it is your utmost efforts to...that lead to your brilliant achievements.
就我个人而言,正是你对……付出的最大努力给你带来巨大的成就。
(三)恰到好处的结尾句(再次表示祝贺)
1.All my best wishes for an even more prosperous future/successful career!
祝你前程似锦/事业有成!
2.I’m sure a talented person like you will make greater achievements and live a more fulfilling life.
我相信像你这样有才华的人将会取得更大的成就,过上更令人满意的生活。
典例印证
(2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
假定你是李华,外教Ryan准备将学生随机分为两人一组,让大家课后练习口语,你认为这样分组存在问题。请你给外教写一封邮件,内容包括:
1.说明问题;
2.提出建议。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80左右;
2.请在相应位置作答。
Dear Ryan,
I’m Li Hua from Class 3._________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
[文思梳理]
本题要求给外教写封建议信,表达对外教分组安排的意见和建议,时态以一般现在时为主。根据题干和写作要点,文章可分为三部分来写:
第一段,写信背景和目的;
第二段,提出建议;
第三段,希望建议被采纳。
[满分范文]
Dear Ryan,
I’m Li Hua from Class 3.We’re overwhelmed with excitement at the news that an oral English class will be arranged for us.But learning that we’ll be randomly paired to do the oral practice,I feel an urge to express my different voice,hoping that this wouldn’t offend you.[写信背景和目的]
To begin with,it couldn’t be better if students with mixed levels of English could be grouped together deliberately rather than at random,so that we can help each other during our practice.Additionally,to ensure that our oral practice goes smoothly,I suggest that you put three to four students together, with one as the group leader,in which case we can communicate with each other at a great depth.[提出建议]
Should it be possible,I truly hope you can take my suggestions into consideration.[希望建议被采纳]
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
[多样表达]
要点:建议有意将不同水平的学生混合编组
1.To begin with,we’d feel privileged if you could match us according to our oral English levels,rather than pair us randomly.
2.To begin with,it would be a wise decision to pair a top student with one who is weak in English.
课堂应用
1.道歉信
(2023安徽皖南八校三模)
假定你是李华,上周你班外教Mr.Green布置了一份作业,截止时间是本周五,但是你因故不能如期提交。请你给Mr.Green写一封邮件,内容包括:1.表示歉意;2.解释原因;3.请求延期提交作业。
注意:
1.词数80左右;
2.请在相应位置作答。
Dear Mr.Green,
I’m writing to apologize for being unable to submit the homework given by you last week,which is due this Friday.
Owing to the infection of a bad cold,I have been feeling unwell these days.Aching all over with a persistent high fever,I have to be confined to bed all day long.Consequently,it would be difficult for me to finish the assignment on time.I wonder if you can allow me to postpone the submission time until next Friday.
I would appreciate it very much if you could take my request into consideration.Looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
2.推荐信
(2023福建厦门二模)
假定你是李华,你的英国笔友Ross在邮件中提到他对中国电影很感兴趣。请推荐一部你最喜爱的影片,内容包括:
1.你的推荐;
2.你的理由。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80左右;
2.请在相应位置作答。
Dear Ross,
Knowing that you are interested in Chinese films,I am more than excited because I am fairly a film lover myself.
I recommend a well-known Chinese film titled Monkey King to you, which tells the fairy tale of Sun Wukong,the Monkey King.It tells the story of Sun Wukong,who is not afraid of power,fighting against the dragon palace and the heaven,and bravely fighting with the heaven soldiers and the heaven generals.
Watching this film,you will be deeply moved by the courage and spirit of the main character Sun Wukong.That’s why I make this recommendation.I am looking forward to your view of this film.
Yours,
Li Hua
3.祝贺信
(2023广东湛江一模)
假定你是学生会主席李华,你校运动会于今日结束,交换生Jack在运动会上获得长跑比赛第一名,请你给他写一封邮件。内容包括:
1.向他表达祝贺;
2.通知他领奖品。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80左右;
2.请在相应位置作答。
Dear Jack,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
Dear Jack,
Congratulations on your winning the first place in the long-distance running race at the school’s sports meeting!You’re the first exchange student to win this honor.We really appreciate your wonderful performance.
Following the successful conclusion of the sports meeting is the excitement of collecting prizes.All winners of the event are expected to claim their awards at the Students’ Union.Yours,I am happy to say,is a smart watch, which I believe you’ll like.
Please come to the Students’ Union before this weekend.Congratulations again!
Yours,
Li Hua
4.感谢信
假定你是李华,经常帮助你学习英语的朋友Alex即将返回自己的国家。请给他写一封邮件,内容包括:
1.表示感谢;
2.回顾 Alex 对你的帮助;
3.临别祝愿。
注意:
1.词数80左右;
2.请在相应位置作答。
Dear Alex,
It’s really hard to say goodbye to you.I even can’t find words to express my appreciation,for you have done so much for me.
It goes without saying that I have made great progress in English with your help.First and foremost,you encouraged me to write and speak more. After all,practice makes perfect.Additionally,the wonderful songs and movies which you recommended to me really made me fall in love with English.
Had it not been for your assistance,my English couldn’t have been improved a lot in such a short time.Thank you again for your kind help.
Yours,
Li Hua
第二组 邀请信、告知信、求助信、询问信、申请信
一、邀请信
邀请信是邀请收信人参加某项活动的书信,在写作时,语气要热情真挚,不要强人所难。
[万能模板]
Dear (对象),
A (具体活动名称) will be held at/in
(地点) on (时间).I sincerely invite you to join us.
The activity will start at (具体时间与详细地址).Present at
the activity are (其他人员介绍).The details include (具体细节).It will be followed by
(进一步的安排).
We hope you will accept our invitation if it is convenient for you.Looking forward to your earliest reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
[满分表达]
(一)引人注目的开头句(开篇表意)
1.I’m very pleased/more than delighted to invite you to join in...to be held from...to...in...
我很高兴邀请你参加从……到……(时间)在……(地点)举行的……(活动)
2.I am sincerely inviting you to participate in...on behalf of...
我代表……真挚地邀请您参加……
3.It is my pleasure/a great honor for me to invite you to participate in/attend...
能邀请您参加……是我莫大的荣幸。
(二)丰富精彩的篇中句(活动安排)
1.Here are arrangements for this activity./The following are arrangements for this activity./Arrangements for this activity are as follows.
活动安排如下。
2.To begin with,we will...Besides,there will be varieties of activities such as...,which will...
首先,我们将……此外,将会有很多活动,例如……,这将……
3.This will be followed by...At around ten,we will hold a small party,at which...
随后会有……十点左右我们会举行一个小型派对,派对上……
4.The activity is scheduled to last approximately...,from...to...
活动预计持续约……,从……到……(时间)。
(三)恰到好处的结尾句(望应邀,盼回复)
1.Would you please drop me a line to let me know whether you can come to...
请写信告诉我你是否能来……,好吗
2.An early/favorable/timely reply will be highly appreciated.
我会非常感激你的早日/肯定/及时答复。
3.If you are interested,please let me know and I’ll send you more relevant/detailed information.
如果你感兴趣,请告诉我,我将给你发送更多的相关/细节信息。
4.Hopefully,you will accept our invitation.My family and I would feel much honored if you could come.
希望你能接受我们的邀请。如果你能来,我和我的家人将会感到非常荣幸。
5.We would appreciate it if you could confirm your participation at your earliest convenience.
如果你能在你方便时尽早确认参加,我们将不胜感激。
6.I sincerely hope you can accept our invitation/join us and I have the confidence that...
我真诚地希望你能接受我们的邀请/加入我们,我有信心……
二、告知信
告知信通常分为两类,一种是告知某人某事即将发生,另一种是回复某人关于某事的询问。
[万能模板]
Dear (对象),
I am writing to inform you of some relevant details about
(告知的具体内容).
As scheduled,the (活动或项目)will take place at
(地点) on (时间).You are expected to (具体要求或期望).Besides,attentions should be paid to (进一步的要求或期望).Hopefully you will be well prepared for it and enjoy yourself/have a good time.
If you have any further questions,please don’t hesitate to ask me.
Yours,
Li Hua
[满分表达]
(一)引人注目的开头句(开篇问候,表明目的)
1.How are you doing I am writing to share with you some details/tell you some relevant information.
你最近好吗 我写信想和你分享一些细节/告诉你一些相关信息。
2.Here is a piece of exciting news!/I have good news to tell you!
这儿有一条振奋人心的消息!/我有个好消息要告诉你!
3.Learning that you are enthusiastic about...,I’m writing to tell you that...
得知你对……很感兴趣,我写信是想告诉你……
4.I’m very glad/delighted/more than pleased to receive your email/letter,in which you expressed great interest in...I’m quite/perfectly willing to share with you some information about it.
我很高兴收到你的电子邮件/信,在电子邮件/信中你表示对……很感兴趣。我很乐意和你分享一些有关它的信息。
(二)丰富精彩的篇中句(告知内容)
1.Some details regarding/concerning...are as follows.
一些关于……的细节如下。
2.This match will take place between...and...,so we’d better...
这场比赛将在……和……之间进行,所以我们最好……
3.A wide range of meaningful activities will be held in the lecture hall,including...,which are bound to appeal to enthusiasts like you.
报告厅内将举办多种多样包括……在内的有意义的活动,这些活动一定会吸引像你一样的爱好者。
4.The course is arranged to start from...which will last one month with one lecture each day from...to...
课程安排从……开始,为期一个月,每天从……到……都有一节课。
(三)恰到好处的结尾句(结尾点题,表示期待)
1.Hope you won’t miss...希望你不要错过……
2....was so wonderful that I am looking forward to the next time.
……非常精彩,我期待着下一次。
3.Your timely reply will be highly appreciated.
如能及时回复,我将不胜感激。
三、求助信
求助信是针对自己目前遇到的困难写信请求对方给予帮助的信件类型,因此语气要委婉、真诚,并要向收信人表示感谢。文章应用一般现在时,当描述自己得到帮助后的进步时应用一般将来时。
[万能模板]
Dear (对象),
I am writing to formally request to (求助的内容).The reason is that (给出原因).I ,so I (给出细节).I would also like to request (提出进一步的求助).I am sorry for any inconvenience I have caused.Thank you for your attention to these requests.
I am looking forward to a favorable reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
[满分表达]
(一)引人注目的开头句(说明目的)
1.I’m writing to ask you for some help/to do me a favor/to give me a hand.
我写信是想向你求助。
2.I am writing in the hope that you can give me some advice on...
我写信是希望你能给我一些关于……的建议。
3.I’m sorry to bother you,but I meet with some difficulties with...I have no choice but to turn to you for help.
很抱歉打扰你,但是我在……方面遇到一些困难,我别无选择,只能向你求助。
4.Would you please give me a hand with the following problems
你能帮我解决下列问题吗
5.I wonder if you could take the trouble to help me with...
我想知道能否麻烦你帮我……
(二)丰富精彩的篇中句(描述问题)
1.I’ve finished...but I still feel it far from satisfactory,which bothers/troubles/upsets me a lot.
已经完成了……,但我仍然觉得它远不能令人满意,这让我很苦恼。
2.I find it challenging to...I also have trouble expressing my ideas accurately due to my limit vocabulary.
我发现……很有挑战性,另外,因为我的词汇量有限,所以我很难准确表达我的想法。
3.I often feel left out in this school,but I don’t know how it has come about.
在这所学校我经常感觉受冷落,却不知道这是怎么回事。
4.Some problems trouble me a lot.First,...What’s worse,...What bothers me most is...
有些问题让我很烦恼。首先,……。更糟糕的是……。最让我烦恼的是……
(三)恰到好处的结尾句(表达期望)
1.Faced with/Facing so many difficulties,I am anxious/eager to get your timely help.
面对如此多的难题,我非常希望得到你的及时帮助。
2.I will be very grateful if you can spare time to give me a hand.
如果你能抽出时间帮助我,我将很感激。
3.I would appreciate it if you could be so kind as to give me some useful/practical suggestions.
如果你能给我提供一些有用的/实用的建议,我将不胜感激。
4.Thanks for considering my request.Your early reply is well appreciated./Thanks for your attention.
多谢考虑我的要求。十分感谢您的早日答复。/感谢您的关注。
四、询问信
询问信,又称咨询信,是写信人对不理解、不熟悉的事情或对某方面的信息感兴趣,希望了解详细信息的信件。
[万能模板]
Dear (对象),
I’m the president of the Students’ Union of our school.Delighted that your group will come for a visit,I’d like to (询问的内容).
To begin with,I would appreciate it if you could (告知行程),in which case we could get prepared for it accordingly.What’s more, we would like to (进一步询问具体的事情).Last but not least, (是否有其他特殊要求).
Your early reply to the letter will be highly appreciated.
Yours,
Li Hua
[满分表达]
(一)引人注目的开头句(自我介绍并表明写作目的)
1.I’m writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information on/regarding/concerning...
我写信是看您能否给我提供关于……的信息。
2.I’m Li Hua,a student planning to.../interested in...I’m writing to inquire/ask for some information/details about...
我是李华,一个计划……/对……感兴趣的学生。我写信是为了咨询一些关于……的信息/细节。
(二)丰富精彩的篇中句(说明咨询事由)
1.First,I wonder if...Another point I am not certain about is...
首先,我想知道是否……。我不确定的另外一点是……
2.To begin with/To start with/In the first place,I would appreciate it if you could tell me the requirements for the applicants.
首先,如果您能告诉我对申请人的要求,我会很感激。
3.Since it is the first time for most of us to...,we’d like to know the details about...Besides,is it possible for you to... /Additionally,I would appreciate it if...
由于这是我们大多数人第一次……,我们想知道关于……的细节。另外,你有可能……吗 /另外,如果……,我将不胜感激。
4.I’d be grateful if you could let me know whether there are any special requirements for...
如果您能告诉我对……是否有特殊要求,我将不胜感激。
(三)恰到好处的结尾句(表感谢,盼回复)
1.Thank you for your kindness,and your prompt attention/early reply to this letter will be highly appreciated.
感谢你的善意,我将非常感激你对这封信的及时关注/早日回复。
2.May I have your reply by...,if possible
如果可能的话,我能在……之前收到您的答复吗
五、申请信
申请信有很多种,比如求职申请、加入某组织或活动的申请等。由于此类题目常有较多的文字提示,写作时应注意审题全面,不能遗漏要点。
[万能模板]
Dear Sir or Madam,
I’m (简单自我介绍).I’m writing to apply for the position (申请的具体职位).
I really want to obtain this precious opportunity because
(说明为什么想得到这次宝贵的机会).Besides,
(分层次说明自己的优势).
I am sure that I can perfectly live up to your expectations.I will be grateful if you could give me a kind consideration.
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
[满分表达]
(一)引人注目的开头句(提出申请)
1.I’m writing to apply for your recently advertised position of...
我写信是想申请贵公司最近刊登的……职位。
2.Having learnt from the newspaper that you are in need of...I’m writing to express my interest in it.
从报纸上得知你们需要……,我写信是想表达我对此非常感兴趣。
3.Perfectly fit/suitable/qualified for...,I’m writing in reply to your notice for...
完全符合……我写信回复你……的启事。
(二)丰富精彩的篇中句(阐述优势)
1.总述:I am competent to meet the requirements you’ve listed.
我有能力满足你列出的要求。
2.资格:①I am confident that I’m suitable for.../qualified to do.../equal to doing...
我确信我适合……/有资格做……/能胜任做……
②I once worked as...,which makes me experienced in...
我曾经做过……,这使我在……方面有经验。
3.性格:①Meanwhile,it is my independence that makes it easy for me to adapt to a new environment.
同时,正是我的独立使我很容易适应新环境。
②For my being outgoing and enthusiastic,it’s relatively easy to get along with me.
由于我外向热情,和我相处相对容易。
4.交流:①As a graduate majoring in English,I have no difficulty in communicating with others in English.
作为英语专业的毕业生,我用英语和别人交流起来毫不费力。
②To be honest,I have a gift for communicating with others.
说实话,我有与别人沟通的天赋。
5.经验:Furthermore,I have participated in community activities for years on end,which makes me cope with various emergencies promptly and efficiently/more qualified for the position.
此外,我已经连续多年参加社区活动,这使我能够迅速有效地应对各种紧急情况/更加胜任这个职位。
(三)恰到好处的结尾句(表达感谢、期望或决心)
1.Should you favor me with the position,I am convinced that I would live up to your expectations.
如果你选择我任职,我坚信我一定不会辜负你的期望。
2.I would appreciate it if I’m offered the chance.I will spare no effort to offer my best service.
如果你能给我这个机会,我将不胜感激。我将会不遗余力提供我的最佳服务。
典例印证
(2023河南名校联考)假定你是李华,你的加拿大朋友Kevin对中国的劳动教育课程很感兴趣,他给你发来邮件询问相关信息。
请你给他回复一封邮件,内容包括:1.介绍该课程的具体情况;2.你对该课程的看法。
注意:1.词数80左右;
2.请在相应位置作答。
Dear Kevin,
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
[文思梳理]
本篇写作要求写一封邮件告知对方劳动教育课程的相关情况,时态应以一般现在时为主。文章可由三段组成:
第一段:陈述写信的背景和写信目的,即很高兴得知Kevin对劳动教育课程感兴趣,表示愿意介绍相关情况;
第二段:详细陈述写作要求中的要点内容,具体介绍劳动教育课程的情况,陈述个人对此课程的看法;
第三段:表示如果Kevin 想知道更多信息可再次联系。
[满分范文]
Dear Kevin,
Learning that you are interested in the labour education curriculum in China,I’m very glad to tell you some relevant information.[表明写作目的]
The labour classes have officially been part of the curriculum in primary and secondary schools since this September,which require students to grasp the skills of item arrangement and storage,and household cleaning.Primary school students are supposed to master the basics of home cooking.Besides cooking,middle school students are also encouraged to learn traditional handicrafts.[介绍课程情况]These will be lifelong skills for students,helping them develop into well-rounded individuals,not just ones who do well in exams.[个人看法]
If you want to know more detailed information,please don’t hesitate to contact me.[期盼再次联系]
Yours,
Li Hua
[多样表达]
要点:对劳动教育课程的看法
1.Personally,it is of great significance to master these skills,which will benefit us a lot.
2.We students should actively participate in the labour classes,thus developing in individuals to contribute to our country.
课堂应用
1.邀请信
(2023安徽蚌埠三模)
假定你是李华,下周日你校将举办一个机器人展览,请你给交换生Chris写封邮件邀请他参观展览。内容包括:
1.提出邀请;
2.给出理由。
注意:
1.词数80左右,开头、结尾已给出,不计入总词数;
2.请在相应位置作答。
Dear Chris,
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
Dear Chris,
Our school is scheduled to hold a robot exhibition next Sunday.I am writing to invite you to attend it.
I know you are always interested in robots and machines.At the robot exhibition,you will see some intelligent robots created by students from our school.In addition,it is extremely important that you should use this platform to make more friends who have a lot in common with you.
I am looking forward to seeing you at the exhibition.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
2.咨询信
(2023广东茂名二模)
假定你是李华,你对最近美国OpenAI公司发布的人工智能模型(AI model)——ChatGPT 很感兴趣,请给你的美国朋友Peter写一封电子邮件,咨询有关信息。内容包括:
1.ChatGPT的最大亮点是什么;
2.ChatGPT对学习有没有帮助;
3.使用ChatGPT时要注意什么。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80左右;
2.请在相应位置作答。
Dear Peter,
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
Dear Peter,
Knowing that recently OpenAI has successfully released its latest powerful AI model called ChatGPT,I am writing to know more about it.
First of all,please tell me its highlight that makes it so well-received.Besides,is there a possibility that it helps us study better If so,can I get its help while doing my homework Finally,what should I pay attention to if I have a try on it
I would appreciate it if you could give me an early reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
3.求助信
(2023吉林白山二模)
假定你是李华,你对学英语很感兴趣,但是考试成绩却不理想。请给你的英国笔友Bruce写一封电子邮件,向他寻求建议,内容包括:
1.描述问题;
2.寻求建议。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80左右;
2.请在相应位置作答。
Dear Bruce,
How is everything going
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
Dear Bruce,
How is everything going I’m writing to ask for your help with my English study.
As you know,I’ve been studying English since primary school.What’s more,I find it interesting to learn English and I’m devoted to English a lot. However,my test score is always low,which makes me very disappointed.I think the reason why I don’t do well in English is that I have difficulty in understanding English grammar.Would you be so kind as to give me some advice on how to improve it I’d appreciate it if you could do me a favor.
I’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
4.申请信
假定你是李华,第33届夏季奥运会即将在巴黎举办,你得知正在招募一批英语较好的志愿者,请用英语给组委会写一封申请信,内容包括:
1.写信目的;
2.个人优势。
注意:
1.写作词数 80左右;
2.请在相应位置作答。
Dear Sir or Madam,
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am Li Hua,a high school student.I’m writing this letter to apply to be a volunteer for the 33rd Olympic Games to be held in Paris.
First of all,I have a good command of English so that I communicate fluently with foreigners.Also,I am easy-going and always ready to help others. Most importantly,my experience as a volunteer qualifies me for the position.
I would appreciate it very much if you could accept me.Thank you for reading this letter.Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
类型二 人物介绍、征文投稿、新闻报道、通知、
演讲稿/发言稿、倡议书
一、人物介绍
人物介绍属于记叙文的写作范畴,写作时要围绕人物组织材料。首先写人物简介,对人物的外貌、性格、工作性质等基本信息进行描述;然后再写此人受人尊敬的原因,可以举实例,切忌大而空;最后再总结。要做到主题鲜明,内容清楚,并注意结构的完整性。
[万能模板]
(具体事件),among whom
(点明介绍的人物) is my favorite.
began to learn at the age of (具体介绍).To our delight, .Besides, (取得的成就).
It is (人物品质)that I admire greatly.I will
(表达愿望).
[满分表达]
(一)引人注目的开头句(点明要介绍的人物)
1.There are many famous athletes in China,among whom I like...best.
中国有很多有名的运动员,其中我最喜欢……。
2.The person I respect/love/admire most is...
我最尊敬/最爱/最钦佩的人是……
(二)丰富精彩的篇中句(人物特点、生平和功绩)
1.He does well in physics,and once won first prize in a physics competition for middle school students.
他物理好,曾经获得过中学物理竞赛一等奖。
2.He has had a strong passion for swimming since he took it up at the age of five.
自从5岁开始学游泳,他就对游泳有着强烈的热爱。
3.He devoted himself to scientific research and made great contributions to the country.
他致力于科研工作,为国家做出了巨大贡献。
4.Considered to be one of the greatest writers in the world,he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
他被认为是世界上最伟大的作家之一,被授予了诺贝尔文学奖。
5.Every time I am faced with difficulties,she/he will come to my assistance.
每次我遇到困难,她/他都会来帮助我。
6.He is not only friendly and helpful,but also very inspiring.
他不仅为人友善,乐于助人,而且十分励志。
(三)恰到好处的结尾句(对人物的评价和感受)
1.He made such great contributions to the development of science and technology that we should learn from him.
他为科学技术的发展做出了如此巨大的贡献,我们应该向他学习。
2.He is a role model.Thanks to him,I determined to take up a job in the field of maths.
他是一位楷模。多亏了他,我才决定从事数学领域的工作。
3.It seems that he never feels tired of doing whatever he can to help others,which may be what makes him so popular among all of us.
他力所能及地帮助他人,似乎从不感到厌倦,这或许是他在我们所有人之中如此受欢迎的原因。
二、征文投稿
征文投稿类文章一般都是就某个特定主题进行论述和描写,说明文和记叙文居多。
[万能模板]
Recently ,what amazes us most is .It is true that (问题或现象).
There are many reasons for .What is a result (原因及结果).
Considering all there,one thing ,for another .
(得出结论).
[满分表达]
(一)引人注目的开头句(总体阐述)
Beijing successfully held the 2022 Winter Olympics,which is bound to strengthen the east and west culture bridge again.
北京成功举办了2022年冬奥会,这肯定会再次加强东西方文化的桥梁。
(二)丰富精彩的篇中句(具体论述)
1.The dreamlike colors,the eye-catching high-tech and the warm atmosphere demonstrated in the National Stadium thrilled my heart,which is something I will never forget.
国家体育馆梦幻般的色彩、抢眼的高科技和温暖的氛围让我心醉神迷,这是我永远不会忘记的。
2.In the last decade,China has made great achievements in space programs.
在过去的十年里,中国在太空项目上取得了巨大的成就。
3.In my spare time,I often read the newspaper which covers not only classic stories but also current affairs.
在业余时间,我经常读这份不仅包括经典故事,还报道时事的报纸。
(三)恰到好处的结尾句(结论与体会)
1.I believe,with innovative ideas and perseverance,we human beings will be able to fly further and further not only from the Earth to the Moon,but to the Mars and beyond.
我相信,只要有创新的思想和坚持不懈的精神,我们人类一定能够飞得越来越远,不仅能从地球飞到月球,还能飞到火星甚至更远的地方。
2.In conclusion,to realize a dream is not that easy,so we must study hard to fulfill our dreams.
总之,实现梦想不是那么容易的,所以我们必须努力学习来实现我们的梦想。
三、新闻报道
新闻报道是记叙文的一种,其特点是以事实为依据,对人的经历或事实给予明确的、实事求是的报道。写作过程中要保持事件的真实性、准确性,语言要准确、简练、通俗易懂,不必追求过分花哨的词汇和过于复杂的句型。
[万能模板]
In order to (目的), (举办方) organized/held a/an
(活动).
(人物)participated in/took part in (活动)
(时间、地点).Activities include (具体内容一),
(具体内容二),and (具体内容三).
The activity will provide an opportunity for you to (活动意义). (注意事项).
[满分表达]
(一)引人注目的开头句(简要概括事件)
1.To help...build...the Students’ Union of our school organized a volunteer activity last week.
为了帮助……建设……,我们学校的学生会上周组织了一次志愿者活动。
2.In order to provide the students with a colorful school life,our school held...last week.
为了给学生们提供丰富多彩的学校生活,我们学校上周举办了……
3.In an attempt to mourn sb./mark sth.,our school held an activity on...,which received great attention.
为了悼念某人/纪念某事,我们学校在……(时间)举行了一次活动,受到了极大的关注。
4.Recently the issue/problem of...has been brought into focus/brought to public attention.
近来……的问题成为焦点/引起公众注意。
(二)丰富精彩的篇中句(事件过程)
1.At the beginning,a lecture related to...was arranged,after which our school teachers showed us how to...
开始时,我们安排了一场关于……的讲座,之后我们学校的老师向我们展示了如何……
2.It was a nice day.At 8:00 a.m.,we gathered at...and set out for...in high spirits.
天气很好。早上8点,我们在……集合,兴高采烈地动身去……
3.At the beginning of the activity,a short film was shown,helping us students know...
活动开始时,放映了一部短片,帮助我们学生了解……
4.The opening ceremony started at 9:00 a.m.,and the schoolmaster delivered a speech about...
开幕式上午9点开始,校长发表了关于……的演讲。
5.The activity was so fascinating that more than 500 students signed up for it.
活动如此具有吸引力以至于有 500 多名学生报名参加。
6.All the volunteers were divided into several groups and then they went to the nearby communities where they helped the residents do...
所有志愿者被分成几个小组,然后他们去附近的社区,在那里帮助居民做……
7.About 2 hours later,we all reached...Bathed in sunshine,we cheered with joy.
大约两小时后,我们都到了……沐浴在阳光下,我们高兴地欢呼起来。
(三)恰到好处的结尾句(对事件的评价和感受)
1.Through the activity,not only did we master some basic and practical skills,but also our awareness of safety was raised.
通过这次活动,我们不仅掌握了一些基本的实用技能,还增强了我们的安全意识。
2.There is no denying that the activity benefits us a lot.It not only provides us with a chance to...but allows us to...as well.
不可否认,这次活动使我们受益匪浅。它不仅给我们提供了……的机会,而且让我们可以……
3.The activity was thought highly of.Not only can...be passed down continuously,but also more importance was attached to...
此次活动受到高度评价。不仅……可以一直流传下去,而且……受到了更多的重视。
四、通知
通知是上级对下级、组织对成员布置工作、传达情况或告诉公众某件事情等情况时使用的一种应用文体,通常分为口头通知和书面通知两种。
[万能模板]
Notice
In order to (目的), (活动)will be held
(地点和时间).
The activity is (详细信息),which will be very interesting/meaningful/significant.At the end of the activity, (人物)will (具体事件).What’s more,you’re supposed to
(要求).
All the students of our class are expected to be present on time.Whoever wants to join us is warmly welcome!
(日期) (单位)
[满分表达]
(一)引人注目的开头句(介绍缘由)
1.In celebration of...a meeting/party is to be held at...(time)on...(date)in /at...(place).
为了庆祝……,在……(时间、地点)将举行一次会议/聚会。
2.In order to enrich our after-school life,we are going to hold...
为了丰富我们的课余生活,我们将举办……
3.With the intention of fostering/cultivating/promoting/raising people’s awareness of.../interest in...,a campaign called/named/entitled...is scheduled to be held on...(time),at/in...(place).
为了培养/提高人们……的意识/对……的兴趣,一个名为……的活动计划于……(时间)在……(地方)举办。
(二)丰富精彩的篇中句(具体事项)
1.时间、地点:
①As scheduled,it is supposed to be launched at 2:30 this Wednesday afternoon in the school lecture hall.
按计划,它将在本周三下午2:30在学校讲堂举行。
②The meeting will be held in the library/stadium/auditorium at...(time).
会议将于……(时间)在图书馆/体育场/礼堂举行。
③The...will begin at...(time)/on...(date),lasting 3 hours/15 days.
……将于……(时间)/……(日期)开始,持续3小时/15天。
2.参加人员:
①Students from...are expected to take part.
来自……的学生预计会参加。
②Those who have interest in...are welcome to participate.
欢迎对……感兴趣的人参加。
3.活动安排:
①During...,a variety of activities will be presented,ranging from...to...I bet there is bound to be one that can appeal to/strike you.
在……期间,多种活动将会呈现,包括……与……我相信一定会有一个能够吸引你。
②By then,there will be many activities you are surely to be interested in,including...
到那时,会有很多你一定会感兴趣的活动,包括……
4.准备工作:
①Come here on time and bring a pen and a notebook with you.
请准时到这儿,并随身携带笔和本。
②Additionally,it is recommended that you should prepare...
另外,建议你准备……
③All the participants are required/expected to carry...in view of...
考虑到……,所有的参与者需要/应该携带……
5.特殊要求:
①No asking for leave without special reasons.
没有特殊原因不准请假。
②Please be there on time and don’t be late.
请按时到达,不要迟到。
③Those who want to involve themselves in the activity please sign up at...before October 10th.
想参加该活动的人请于10月10日前到……报名。
(三)恰到好处的结尾句(表示欢迎或期待)
1.Your participation/contribution will surely/certainly make much difference/make the event a huge success.
你的参与/贡献一定会有很大的影响/使这次活动取得巨大成功。
2.We are expecting your attendance/participation.
我们期待您的出席/参与。
3.Your presence will be requested.
敬请出席。
五、演讲稿/发言稿
演讲稿的语言通常要有吸引力,还要明确演讲的对象。演讲稿一般也是议论文,在语言使用上一定要准确简明、通俗易懂、层次清楚、条理分明。
[万能模板]
Good morning/afternoon,ladies and gentlemen/ fellow students/distinguished guests/honorable judges!
My name is ,from (自我介绍).It is my great honor to have the opportunity to make this presentation.My topic today is
(演讲主题).
Everybody knows that (意义).Unfortunately,most people
(反面)because it’s easy to (原因分析).For example,
(事实或现象列举),in which (后果).Besides,
(进一步阐述理由).So let’s (再次点题).The significance of (主题) can’t be emphasized too much.
That’s all.Thank you for your listening/attention.
[满分表达]
(一)引人注目的开头句(引出主题)
1.Good morning,everyone!I’m Li Hua.I’m honored to have the opportunity to make a speech on...
大家上午好!我是李华。很荣幸有机会做有关……的演讲。
2.It’s my great honor to be here/to have the opportunity to say something about...
我很荣幸能在这里/能有机会谈论一下……
3.I’m very glad and honored to run for/be a candidate for...
我很高兴也很荣幸能参加……的竞选/成为……的候选人。
4.I really appreciate your making time in your tight schedule to attend the meeting.We are here to talk about...
我非常感谢你们在百忙之中抽出时间来参加会议。我们在这儿要谈论……
(二)丰富精彩的篇中句(陈述内容)
1.Many people believe/hold the view/think that...
许多人认为……
2.What I want to stress is that...For one thing,...For another,...Besides,...In a word,...
我想强调的是……一方面,……另一方面,……此外,……总之,……
3.The first thing we can do is...As we all know,...What we can do next is...For example,...What’s more,...
我们能做的第一件事是……众所周知,……我们下一步能做的是……例如,……而且,……
(三)恰到好处的结尾句(提出希望并表示感谢或进行总结)
1.Thank you from the bottom of my heart for giving me this chance to speak to you today.
我从心底感谢你们今天给了我这个机会与你们讲话。
2.I’d like to wish...a success and I hope...can perform at your best!
我祝愿……获得成功,希望……能表现出自己最好的状态!
3.I sincerely hope what’s mentioned above might be helpful to you.Thanks for your listening/attention!
我真诚地希望以上所说的对你有帮助。感谢您的倾听/关注!
六、倡议书
倡议书属于应用文的一种,是为倡议或发起某项活动而写的号召性的公开提议性的专用文体。倡议书一般由标题、称呼、正文、结尾、落款五部分组成。
[万能模板]
(对象),
Currently, (存在的现象),not only because ,but also because (原因).Therefore,it’s strongly advocated that we should (倡议的内容).
Firstly, .Secondly, .Thirdly, (话题或现象列举).What I want to stress is that (重申主题).In a word, (总结).
I appeal to every one of you to (具体行动)./It is high time that we started from ourselves and (具体行动)./Let’s participate actively in it./Your small act can make a difference.
[满分表达]
(一)引人注目的开头句(说明倡议的原因)
1.With the approaching of...,I’d like to call on everyone to...
随着……临近,我想号召大家……
2.It goes without saying that...is of great benefit to...However,in my opinion,the present situation is...
不用说,……对……有很大好处。然而,在我看来,目前的情况是……
(二)丰富精彩的篇中句(陈述倡议内容或实施方案)
1.With the aim of...,we are supposed to carry out a series of measures.For one thing,...For another,...
为了……,我们应该采取一系列措施。一方面,……另一方面,……
2.I think it necessary to lay stress on.../We should follow the advice below.First of all/To begin with,...Besides,...What’s more,...
我认为有必要强调的是……/我们应该遵循以下建议。首先,……其次,……更重要的是,……
3.Effective measures should be adopted before things get worse.
在事态恶化之前,应该采取有效措施。
4.Only if we take effective measures to deal with this problem now,can we...
只有我们现在采取有效措施来解决这个问题,我们才能……
(三)恰到好处的结尾句(呼吁/号召行动)
1.Let’s join our hands and take action immediately.
让我们携起手来,立即采取行动。
2.All in all,it is high time that we devoted ourselves to...
总之,是时候我们致力于……
典例印证
(2023全国甲卷改编)
你们学校正举办主题为“用英文讲中国故事”的征文活动。请你以一位中国历史人物为题写一篇短文投稿。内容包括:
1.人物简介及事迹;
2.意义或启示。
注意:
1.词数80左右;
2.题目已为你写好。
A Historical Figure in China
_______________________________________________________________
[文思梳理]
本题要求用英文讲述中国历史人物故事,属于人物介绍,为半开放式的短文投稿。
写作时需要注意:第三人称与第一人称交替使用;一般现在时与一般过去时穿插使用。写作时可以分为三部分:引出话题(历史人物是谁、生活的时期、身份等);介绍人物事迹(最为突出的事迹、重大的社会影响);意义或启示(产生的影响或带给自己的启示)
[满分范文]
A Historical Figure in China
Among the Chinese historical figures that are widely acknowledged,Fan Zhongyan is the most influential in my opinion.Here are the reasons.
Known as a Chinese writer and politician in the Song Dynasty,Fan Zhongyan was highly appreciated because he made great contributions to society.He spared no effort to carry out a series of reforms to make his country prosperous.Besides,he proposed the establishment of a national school system, which had a far-reaching influence on the Chinese educational system.
What impresses me most is his famous philosophy of life:“Be the first to worry about the troubles across the land,the last to enjoy universal happiness.” Fan Zhongyan is such a role model that he always encourages me to be a man of noble character.
[多样表达]
要点1 引入话题
①There are countless historical figures in China,but according to me,Fan Zhongyan stands out among them.
②Many historical figures have had a far-reaching influence,but the one who impresses me most is Fan Zhongyan.
要点2 意义或影响
①I’m impressed by his famous philosophy of life,which is “Be the first to worry about the troubles across the land,the last to enjoy universal happiness.”
②It is his famous philosophy of life that impresses me most:“Be the first to worry about the troubles across the land,the last to enjoy universal happiness.”
课堂应用
1.短文投稿
(2023全国乙卷改编)
学校英文报组织同学们分享自己在假期中学到的新技能,请你以此为主题写一篇短文投稿。内容包括:
1.简要描述;
2.体验和感受。
注意:
1.词数80左右;
2.题目已为你写好。
Learning a New Skill
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Learning a New Skill
It is important for us to master some basic living skills to prepare us for our future life.That is why I learned how to cook during the May Day holiday.
Since my mother is skilled at cooking,I decided to learn from her.Early in the morning we bought some ingredients,including some vegetables,meat and a fish in the local market.Once we got back home,I began to wash and cut them carefully.Under the guidance of my mother,I turned on the gas cooker.I first stir-fried two vegetables.Then I cooked meat with potatoes.The most difficult task to do was cook fish with tomatoes.However,I finally did it.
The moment I put the dishes on the table,my parents gave me the thumbs-up.I felt so proud that I shared housework with my parents,which also showed I had grown up.
2.新闻报道
假定你是李华,上周日你校举办了 5公里越野赛跑活动。请你为校英文报写一篇报道,内容包括:
1.参加人员;
2.跑步路线:从校门口到南山脚下;
3.活动反响。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80左右;
2.题目已为你写好。
A Cross-Country Running Race
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A Cross-Country Running Race
Aimed at enriching school life and building up our body,a 5-kilometer-long cross-country running race was launched by the Students’ Union last Sunday.200 students,selected from each grade,participated in the activity.
As scheduled,the participants set out from the school gate at 8:00 a.m. Challenging as the whole course was,none of the participants gave up halfway. When some fell behind,others would come and cheer them on immediately. Finally,all the runners made it to the finishing line at the foot of South Hill.
In this activity,the athletes’ spirits not only won consistent recognition from the passers-by,but also inspired students’ enthusiasm for sports.
3.通知
(2023浙江金华十校二模)
假定你是某国际学校的学生会主席李华,你校即将组织急救演练,请你用英文写一则通知,内容包括:
1.时间、地点及参与人员;
2.具体内容;
3.注意事项。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80左右;
2.请在相应位置作答。
Announcement for Medical Emergency Drill
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Students’ Union
Announcement for Medical Emergency Drill
Aimed at preparing students for medical emergencies that may arise,a medical emergency drill is scheduled to be conducted on the school playground this Friday from 3 p.m.to 4 p.m.All students and staff members are required to participate.
During the drill,a medical emergency situation will be simulated,where the participants will act either as first aiders or victims.The focus will be on providing basic first aid for victims before emergency services arrive,such as CPR and Heimlich maneuver,which can mean the difference between life and death.
Please note that all the participants must follow the instructions of the emergency personnel.Thank you for your cooperation.
The Students’ Union
4.发言稿
(2023河北邯郸一模)
假定你是校英语俱乐部的负责人李华。近期俱乐部将召开纳新大会,请根据提示写一份发言稿,内容包括:
1.俱乐部的宗旨;
2.往昔活动;
3.寄语。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80左右;
2.请在相应位置作答。
Good morning,everyone,
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
That’s all.Thanks.
Good morning,everyone,
Let me extend a warm welcome to all the new members on behalf of the club.Our club is aimed at developing students’ interest in learning English and enriching our school life.
In the past years since the club was founded,we have organized a variety of activities,such as English speech contest,English essay collection and communication with international students.I hope all the new club members will actively participate in the activities organized by the club,which will deepen our understanding and friendship.As long as everyone plays team spirit well,our club will be better and better.
That’s all.Thanks.
5.倡议书
(2023山东济南一模)
假定你是校学生会主席李华,时值春暖花开,万物复苏,请你围绕“走进春天,锻炼身体”这一主题,在校英文报上发一封倡议书,要点如下:
1.倡议的目的;
2.具体内容。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80左右;
2.请在相应位置作答。
Dear friends,
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Students’ Union
Dear friends,
Spring has come!Flowers are blossoming and everything is coming back to life.It is high time that we embraced the bright spring and built up our body. So it is strongly advocated that we go outdoors and take exercise regularly.
First,we are supposed to do more sports daily,which is definitely beneficial to our immune system.We can play ball games,jog or take a walk after school.Besides,at weekends,it is a good choice to go hiking with our friends or family.
Let’s act together now to strengthen our physical health and create a better life.
The Students’ Union
