(共28张PPT)
考点分类练(十二) 主旨大意题(3)
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(2023江西吉安一模)
Parents and teachers worry about the loss of learning caused by the pandemic and want to catch up immediately.But it’s unrealistic to think that a few months will fully close the gaps.
Educators tend to underestimate the importance of knowledge,as though rote(死记硬背) teaching harms teaching higher-order thinking.But science shows otherwise.The processes that teachers care about most,like critical thinking,are closely interconnected with factual knowledge stored in long-term memory.Yet we continue to romanticize an impossible shortcut:teaching critical thinking as if it were a universally applicable skill.
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Take the subject of reading,which schools see as thinking skills that can be taught directly:I will teach students what an inference is.Actually,students make inferences when they can read fluently and have the vocabulary and background knowledge to name what is unsaid.
Educators also often underestimate memory.Cognitive scientist Paul Kirschner argues that building memory is “the aim of all teaching” and that “if nothing has changed in long-term memory,nothing has been learned”.At the end of a lesson,if students appear to understand an idea,their teacher may think, “Great,they really understand the point.” But if weeks later,the students forget it,learning has not really occurred.
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Finally,we must consider students’ emotional needs.Belonging is one of the most profound human emotions.Consider a classroom in which students are socialized to comment:“I agree with Cassidy and want to provide another example.” That conveys to Cassidy that her comments were meaningful.This would also be achieved if,when Cassidy is speaking,her classmates are looking at her,nodding and sending positive nonverbal social signals that they value her words.Only peers can provide this sense of belonging,but teachers can cultivate the environment.
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All in all,if we want to benefit students,we must ground our teaching in the science that value knowledge and memory,and the role that belonging plays in students’ study.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了疫情后如何科学弥补学生学习缺漏。作者认为只教授思辨性思维等高阶思维技巧是不可行的,强调了基础知识、长期记忆和情感归属感对学生学习的重要性。
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1.What can we know about critical thinking according to the passage
A.It can be taught directly.
B.It is gradually formed.
C.It is deeply rooted in reading.
D.It is universally applicable.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第二段中“The processes that teachers care about most,like critical thinking,are closely interconnected with factual knowledge stored in long-term memory.”及第三段中的举例“Take the subject of reading, which schools see as thinking skills that can be taught directly:I will teach students what an inference is.Actually,students make inferences when they can read fluently and have the vocabulary and background knowledge to name what is unsaid.”可知,思辨性思维是在长期习得的知识的基础上形成的。
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2.According to Paul Kirschner,when does real learning happen
A.When students perform well in class activities.
B.When students understand what has been taught.
C.When students achieve changes in long-term memory.
D.When students start to forget unnecessary information.
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解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Cognitive scientist Paul Kirschner argues that building memory is ‘the aim of all teaching’ and that ‘if nothing has changed in long-term memory,nothing has been learned’.”可知,Paul Kirschner 认为真正的学习发生在学生的长期记忆有所变化时。
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3.What is the main idea of paragraph 5
A.Nonverbal social signals matter in class.
B.Being sociable in the classroom is important.
C.Students should support each other in class discussions.
D.Classrooms are where the feeling of belonging is developed.
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解析 主旨大意题。根据第五段内容可知,第五段阐述了疫情后,课堂中应关注学生的归属感,以及在课堂中哪些情境可以帮助学生培养归属感。老师们可以努力去创设这种教学情境。因此,本段主要讲述课堂是培养学生归属感的地方。
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4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A.To urge schools to teach more knowledge.
B.To show concern about the influence of the pandemic.
C.To promote higher-order thinking like critical thinking.
D.To suggest a scientific way to catch up the loss of learning.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句中的“close the gaps”及最后一段可知,学校应重视学生的基础知识、长期记忆和归属感。因此本文的目的是推荐一种科学的弥补学习缺漏的方法。
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(2023辽宁鞍山二模)
Some people worry about robots taking work away from human beings, but there are a few jobs that even these people admit most of us would not want.One is cleaning up radioactive waste,particularly when it is inside a nuclear power station.
So,send in the robots In 2011 the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station in Japan suffered a series of meltdowns after its safety systems failed following a tsunami.Robots were then sent into it to monitor radiation levels and start cleaning things up.Many got stuck,broke down or had their circuits fried by the intense radiation.
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Stopping such things happening again is part of the work of the National Centre for Nuclear Robotics (NCNR).It is led by Rustam Stolkin of the University of Birmingham,and its purpose is to improve the routine use of robotics in nuclear power stations.One problem with the robots sent into the ruins of Fukushima Daiichi was that they were not particularly clever.Most were operated by someone at a safe distance.Such machines’ arms are tricky to move accurately when viewed via a video screen.Dr.Stolkin believes the answer is to equip them with artificial intelligence (AI),so that they can operate by themselves.
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The nuclear industry,however,is extremely prudent.So,for the moment,AI is needed to assist human operators.For example,instead of relying on a remote human operator to operate all its controls,an AI-equipped robot faced with a pile of different objects to move would use a camera to understand those objects’ shapes and positions relative to one another.It could then plan how best to grasp each object and move it to a properly designed disposal skip.
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Other members of NCNR are examining different aspects of the problem. At the University of Bristol,Tom Scott leads a group working on means for robots to identify materials,including various sorts of plastic.Gerhard Neumann of the University of Lincoln is developing advanced navigation systems.And to ensure robots’ circuits don’t get fried,Klaus McDonald Maier at the University of Essex is developing electronics to fight against the effects of radiation.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了机器人可以应用于清理核废料的工作,介绍了其工作过程以及这一项目其他不同的研究领域。
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5.How did the robots perform at Fukushima Daiichi in 2011
A.They were not capable of the task.
B.They cleaned up the waste in time.
C.They were not affected by radiation.
D.They found it hard to identify materials.
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解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中“One problem with the robots sent into the ruins of Fukushima Daiichi was that they were not particularly clever.Most were operated by someone at a safe distance.Such machines’ arms are tricky to move accurately when viewed via a video screen.”可知,2011年,机器人在福岛第一核电站没有能力完成任务。
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6.What does the underlined word “prudent” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A.Admiring. B.Cautious.
C.Successful. D.Independent.
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解析 词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“So,for the moment,AI is needed to assist human operators...would use a camera to understand those objects’ shapes and positions relative to one another.”可知,核工业不是完全由机器人来操作的,需要人工智能来协助人类操作员,可见非常谨慎。故画线词意思是“谨慎的”。
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7.Which university is trying to help robots find out what objects are made of
A.The University of Birmingham.
B.The University of Lincoln.
C.The University of Bristol.
D.The University of Essex.
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解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“At the University of Bristol,Tom Scott leads a group working on means for robots to identify materials,including various sorts of plastic.”可知,布里斯托尔大学正试图帮助机器人辨识物体的构成。
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8.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Will AI robots threaten more jobs
B.Could robots replace human beings
C.Extreme robotics:cleaning up nuclear waste
D.Nuclear robotics:speeding up the exploration
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解析 主旨大意题。文章主要说明了机器人可以应用于清理核废料的工作,介绍了其工作过程以及这一项目其他不同的研究领域,可知C选项“从事极端工作机器人:清理核废料”最符合文章标题。
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(2023福建福州二模)
In August,Jason M.Allen’s piece “Theatre D’opéra Spatial”—which he created with AI image generator Midjourney—won first place in the emerging artist division’s “digital arts photography” category at the Colorado State Fair Fine Arts Competition.The definition for the category states that digital art refers to works that use “digital technology as part of the creative process”.
Allen’s award-winning image has led to debates about what,exactly,it means to be an artist and whether AI can truly make art.“It felt bad for the exact same reason we don’t let robots participate in the Olympics,” one Twitter user wrote.“This is the literal definition of ‘pressed a few buttons to make a digital art piece’,” another tweeted.
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Yet while Allen didn’t use a paintbrush,there was plenty of work involved, he said.First,he played around with phrasing that led Midjourney to generate images of women in elegant dresses and space helmets,in an attempt to mix Victorian-style costuming with space themes.Over time,with many slight changes to his written prompt(提示符),he created 900 different versions of what led to his final image.Then he improved its resolution through Gigapixel AI and finally had the images printed.
Allen is glad the debate over whether AI can be used to make art is attracting so much attention.“Rather than hating on the technology,we need to recognize that it’s a powerful tool and use it for good so we can all move forward,” Allen said.
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Cal Duran,one of the judges for the competition,said that while Allen’s piece included a mention of AI,he didn’t realize that when judging it.Still,he sticks by his decision to award it first place.“I think the AI technology may give more opportunities to people who may not find themselves artists in the conventional way,” he said.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章呈现了在人工智能帮助下获奖艺术作品的出现引发的辩论。
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9.Why has Jason’s work led to debates
A.It was a copy of a photograph.
B.He challenged the older artists.
C.It was created with the help of AI.
D.He broke the rule of the competition.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Allen’s award-winning image has led to debates about what,exactly,it means to be an artist and whether AI can truly make art.”可推测,人们争论的点是艺术家意味着什么,以及人工智能能否创造艺术,即他的艺术获奖作品是在人工智能的帮助下完成的这件事情导致了争论。
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10.What can best describe Allen’s creating process
A.Cooperative. B.Energy-consuming.
C.Straightforward. D.Imagination-lacking.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第三段中“First,he played around with phrasing that led Midjourney to generate images of women in elegant dresses and space helmets,in an attempt to mix Victorian-style costuming with space themes.”以及最后一句“Then he improved its resolution through Gigapixel AI and finally had the images printed.”可以看出,他的作品是通过他和两种人工智能一起合作而成,即cooperative“合作的,协作的”。
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11.What can we learn about AI from the last paragraph
A.It is a double-edged sword.
B.It attracts conventional artists.
C.It strikes art judges as no surprise.
D.It may open a new world to artists.
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解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Still,he sticks by his decision to award it first place.‘I think the AI technology may give more opportunities to people who may not find themselves artists in the conventional way,’ he said.”可推测,在这位评委看来,人工智能给艺术和艺术家提供了更多机会,换言之,可能打开艺术新世界的大门。
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12.What is the text mainly about
A.A trend to be AI artists.
B.An AI-generated art contest.
C.Responses to a winning AI artwork.
D.Curiosity about an image generator.
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解析 主旨大意题。根据第二段第一句“Allen’s award-winning image has led to debates about what,exactly,it means to be an artist and whether AI can truly make art.”,第四段第一句“Allen is glad the debate over whether AI can be used to make art is attracting so much attention.”以及最后一段中“Still,he sticks by his decision to award it first place.‘I think the AI technology may give more opportunities to people who may not find themselves artists in the conventional way,’ he said.”可知,本文主要呈现的是这幅在人工智能帮助下完成的艺术作品获奖后引起的辩论,即不同人对此不同的回应。
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词汇积累:
1.(Passage 1)catch up赶上
2.(Passage 1)underestimate vt.低估
3.(Passage 1)show otherwise显示并非如此
4.(Passage 1)care about 关心
5.(Passage 1)critical thinking批判性思维
6.(Passage 1)all in all总而言之
7.(Passage 2)equip...with...用……装备……
8.(Passage 2)for the moment暂时
9.(Passage 3)in an attempt to do sth.试图做某事
10.(Passage 3)conventional adj.常规的
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熟词生义:
(Passage 2)monitor vt.监视
长难句分析:
(Passage 1)Take the subject of reading,which schools see as thinking skills that can be taught directly:I will teach students what an inference is.
分析:本句为复合句。which schools see as thinking skills that can be taught directly为which引导的非限制性定语从句,该从句中又含有that引导的定语从句that can be taught directly;what an inference is为what引导的宾语从句。
句意:以阅读为例,学校认为阅读是一种可以直接教授的思维技能:我会教学生什么是推理。(共25张PPT)
文体分类练(一) 应用文
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(2023浙江温州二模)
It’s not easy to find a job.Many jobs have age or experience requirements that you might not meet.On top of that,you need to juggle(应付)schoolwork, extracurriculars,and your social life.Fortunately,there are still some good jobs for you to start gaining working experience.
Tutor
Straight-A student Then a job as a tutor might be the best option for you.Helping younger students with their homework is a great way to put what you’ve studied to good use and make some extra money.One of the easiest ways to show that you’re qualified to teach other students is by listing your GPA(Grade Point Average) on your tutor resume.
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Dog Walker
Love dogs Then a position as a dog walker is the perfect fit for you.Dog walking requires no work experience and has flexible hours.However,you may need to do some shadowing or an interview before people trust you with their pets.
Delivery Driver
If you’re 16+ years old and have a driver’s license,you could try working as a delivery driver.Driving is a great way to gain relevant experience and show future employers that you’re responsible and work well under pressure.
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Call Centre Representative
If you don’t mind talking on the phone,then a job as a call centre worker is a good choice for you.Working as a call centre representative can even teach you some useful customer service skills that will help your career later on.To land a job at a call centre,highlight your customer service and interpersonal skills on your resume.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了几种学生可以从事的工作。
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1.Who are the passage intended for
A.Parents. B.Teachers.
C.Students. D.Employers.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中“On top of that,you need to juggle schoolwork,extracurriculars,and your social life.”可知,这篇文章针对的是学生。
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2.What qualifies you as a tutor
A.Relevant experience.
B.Timely homework completion.
C.Flexible time schedule.
D.Impressive academic performance.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第二段中“One of the easiest ways to show that you’re qualified to teach other students is by listing your GPA(Grade Point Average) on your tutor resume.”可知,拥有家教资格最容易的方式就是出示你的成绩,说明令人印象深刻的学术表现是你有做家教的资格的方式。
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3.Which job requires good social skills
A.Tutor.
B.Dog walker.
C.Delivery driver.
D.Call centre representative.
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解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“To land a job at a call centre,highlight your customer service and interpersonal skills on your resume.”可知,人际交往能力和客户服务能力属于社交技巧,推断出需要良好社交技巧的工作是客服代表。
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(2023河北唐山二模)
Rich life experiences have helped make up everything you are today.So just imagine how many valuable experiences your elders can share with you.When you spend time volunteering with seniors,you’ll benefit just as much as they do!
We’ve put together some ideas for different ways to lend a hand,or a listening ear to seniors.Remember,simply giving your time and conversation can sometimes mean the most.
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Visit an assisted living facility
One of the most meaningful things you can do for someone in an assisted living facility is share some quality time together.Whether you’re going to see a neighbour or loved one,call ahead to plan a time to drop by.Even if your days fill up quickly,just a quick hello can brighten someone’s day.
Reach out locally
Chances are that there are seniors right in your own neighbourhood who could use your help.
●Some seniors’ health prevents them from getting out.Keep them from feeling lonely by going for a visit or bringing over a meal.
●Offer to do many around-the-house chores for the seniors.
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Be a companion
There are plenty of seniors who could use some company!And there are many programs and organizations that can match you up with the perfect senior friend in your area.
●With the Elder Helpers program,you can sign up to help in ways that fit your interests and skills.
●You can join the Senior Corps program to help older seniors with daily tasks.
●You can also volunteer to help aging seniors through organizations such as the National Council on Aging.
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Be a skillful talker
You can learn from your older friends—many of their experiences may surprise you!But it can often be challenging to know just what to ask in order to start a conversation.
●Discover their passion:Does your friend love to cook Ask them to share a favorite family recipe.They’ll welcome the opportunity to chat about it.
●Discover their skills:Ask your friends about their skills and hobbies—sewing,woodworking,writing.Request that they teach you a thing or two.
●Make some artwork:Turn select pages of your memory book into wall art for their room,and so your friend can continuously recall good times.
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[语篇解读]本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了几个招募志愿者的工作,工作与老年人有关,并且志愿者也会有所收获。
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4.What does the author intend to do through the text
A.To explain how to make seniors happy.
B.To introduce the benefits of volunteering.
C.To encourage people to share experiences.
D.To give a guide for volunteering with seniors.
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解析 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“When you spend time volunteering with seniors,you’ll benefit just as much as they do!” 和第二段中“We’ve put together some ideas for different ways to lend a hand,or a listening ear to seniors.”可知,文章是在介绍和老年人有关的志愿者工作的一些想法。故选D项。
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5.How many programs and organizations are mentioned
A.2. B.3.
C.4. D.5.
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解析 细节理解题。根据Be a companion部分“●With the Elder Helpers program,you can sign up to help in ways that fit your interests and skills. ●You can join the Senior Corps program to help older seniors with daily tasks. ●You can also volunteer to help aging seniors through organizations such as the National Council on Aging.”可知,文中提到了三个组织和项目。
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6.What is the “Be a skillful talker” part about
A.How to answer questions.
B.How to make up stories.
C.How to persuade the seniors.
D.How to start a conversation.
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解析 主旨大意题。根据Be a skillful talker部分“You can learn from your older friends—many of their experiences may surprise you!But it can often be challenging to know just what to ask in order to start a conversation.”并结合下面三条具体建议可知,该部分主要介绍如何开始和老年人交谈。
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(2023江苏连云港模拟)
We’re so excited to welcome you back to the Library of Congress.We’ll take precautions to ensure the health of our visitors,staff and volunteers, including requirements that all visitors reserve a timed-entry pass and remain socially distanced from individuals outside of their party during their visit.We encourage you to take a moment to review our Know Before You Go page to prepare for a safe and enjoyable visit.
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Entry and Visiting
Every visitor must reserve timed-entry passes to maintain safe capacity levels in the Thomas Jefferson Building.
Parties of 19 or fewer can reserve a timed entry pass here.
Parties of 20 people or more must request passes by filling out this form.
Pathways
The Library is pleased to share a digital pathway through the Thomas Jefferson Building as a self-guided experience.
Volunteers are available to share information and answer your questions while you are on-site.
Guided tours are not available at this time.
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Concerts,Lectures & Other Events
Check out the Library’s Calendar of Public Events for upcoming program opportunities,both onsite and online.You can stay in touch and learn more about the Library’s resources on Meta and Instagram,and Twitter.
Exhibitions
Visit our Exhibitions page to learn about the collections that will be on display for your visit.On December 16,2022,a brand new exhibition,Join In: Voluntary Associations in America,opens on the Great Hall,Mezzanine Level.
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Reading Rooms
Interested in becoming a researcher at the Library of Congress Learn more about resources available to researchers and registering for a Reader Identification Card.Have a research question We encourage you to contact a Library specialist through our Ask a Librarian portal(门户网站).
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了为确保安全愉快地访问国会图书馆所采取的措施。
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7.What must all the visitors do before visiting the library
A.They must book timed-entry passes.
B.They must show their health codes.
C.They must keep distance from each other.
D.They must visit the Know Before You Go page.
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解析 细节理解题。根据Entry and Visiting中“Every visitor must reserve timed-entry passes to maintain safe capacity levels in the Thomas Jefferson Building.”可知,所有的参观者在参观图书馆之前必须预定定时通行证。
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8.What can visitors enjoy while visiting the library
A.A guided tour.
B.A performing opportunity.
C.Resources for researchers.
D.Exhibitions of a new brand.
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解析 细节理解题。根据Reading Rooms中“Interested in becoming a researcher at the Library of Congress Learn more about resources available to researchers and registering for a Reader Identification Card.”可知,参观者在参观图书馆时可以享受研究人员的资源。
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9.Where is this text probably taken from
A.A website. B.A brochure.
C.A biography. D.A magazine.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“We encourage you to take a moment to review our Know Before You Go page to prepare for a safe and enjoyable visit.”和文章最后一句“We encourage you to contact a Library specialist through our Ask a Librarian portal.”可推知,这篇文章可能来自一个网站。
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词汇积累:
1.(Passage 1)on top of 除……外(还)
2.(Passage 1)put sth.to good use好好使用
3.(Passage 1)trust sb.with sth.把某物托付给某人
4.(Passage 1)relevant adj.相关的
5.(Passage 1)under pressure在压力下
6.(Passage 1)later on后来
7.(Passage 2)put together 汇集
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8.(Passage 2)lend a hand帮忙,拉一把
9.(Passage 2)drop by 拜访
10.(Passage 2)sign up报名参加
11.(Passage 3)reserve vt.预定
12.(Passage 3)maintain vt.维持
13.(Passage 3)stay in touch保持联系
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熟词生义:
(Passage 1)land vt.[口语]得到,赢得,弄到,获得
长难句分析:
(Passage 2)When you spend time volunteering with seniors,you’ll benefit just as much as they do!
分析:本句为复合句。When you spend time volunteering with seniors为when引导的时间状语从句;as...as引导比较状语从句。
句意:当你花时间和老年人一起做志愿者时,你会和他们一样受益!(共25张PPT)
文体分类练(二) 记叙文
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(2023山东淄博一模)
My husband and I always wanted to go to the Caribbean but didn’t know much about the islands or how we were going to afford it.By chance,a friend of ours in Australia mentioned “pet sitting” and that it is something you can do all over the world.
We quickly created an account on a pet sitting website and began searching for options.There were only a couple of sits available in that part of the world,but we tried our luck,sent a request,and to our surprise landed a three-month job in Grenada,so our year was going to be taken up with Caribbean pet sits.
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Inspired by a Canadian couple,we decided to start our own travel blog.We began by writing about The Virgin Islands,highlighting the beautiful beaches. However,for every photo album of a beautiful beach,there were 10 photos of trash.It was hard to ignore the plastic pollution issue,especially on such primitive and remote beaches.So,we began to share photos of the trash we saw and how much we could pick up on our daily dog walks.
The more we looked into plastic pollution,the more we realized the severity of the global plastic pollution.From that point,we used our platform to create awareness and highlight ways to say no to plastic and travel plastic-free. We changed our daily routines,our way of living,and even our diets to accommodate more organic foods and little to no plastic packaging.
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It’s been over three years now and we continue to do what we can.This journey has led us to some amazing places,working with great brands and even organizing a country-wide beach clean-up campaign in Grenada.
Our aim now is to keep on going.We love connecting with like-minded people.It’s been amazing few years that was sparked by a conversation about pet sitting.Who would have guessed
[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者因为一次宠物看护工作,去了一个很美丽的小岛,但是那里却被塑料所污染,所以作者把看到的垃圾分享到博客上,希望唤起人们的环保意识,之后作者一直致力于环境保护工作。
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1.Why did the author do pet sitting
A.To raise fund.
B.To protect the environment.
C.To cover travel expenses.
D.To shoot beautiful beaches.
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解析 细节理解题。根据第一段可知,作者做“照顾宠物”的工作是为了支付自己和丈夫去加勒比的费用。故选C项。
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2.What does the author intend to convey through her story
A.Pet sitting is a new type of occupation.
B.The Caribbean is an ideal travel destination.
C.Travel blog is a superb way to gain popularity.
D.Action should be taken to fight plastic pollution.
√
解析 推理判断题。根据第三段的“However,for every photo album of a beautiful beach...how much we could pick up on our daily dog walks.”和第四段的“The more we looked into plastic pollution,the more we realized the severity of the global plastic pollution.”推知,作者想通过自己的故事告诉读者必须采取措施应对垃圾污染。
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3.How did the author find her experience in the Caribbean
A.Significant. B.Challenging.
C.Adventurous. D.Dreadful.
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解析 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段可知,作者的那次旅行不仅让她意识到了塑料垃圾污染的重要性,还通过自己的行动影响了很多人。由此推知,她认为自己在加勒比的经历是非常重要的。
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4.Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text
A.Changing Lifestyles by Pet Sitting
B.Unexpected Gains from Pet Sitting Travel
C.Dealing with Global Environmental Pollution
D.The Availability of Pet Sitting in the Caribbean
√
解析 主旨大意题。通读全文可知,文章主要讲述了作者因为一次宠物看护工作,去了一个很美丽的小岛,但是那里却被塑料所污染,所以作者把看到的垃圾分享到博客上,希望唤起人们的环保意识,之后作者一直致力于环境保护工作。结合最后一段可知,B项“照顾宠物旅行的意外收获”可以作为本文的最佳标题。
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(2023江苏镇江二模)
Eugene Newman Parker,a leading figure in heliospheric(日球层的) physics for the past half century,passed away peacefully at his home in Chicago on Mar.15.He was 94.
Hailed(誉为) as a visionary in the field of heliophysics,Parker revolutionized our understanding of the sun and its effects on Earth and other bodies within the solar system.NASA even stated that the field of heliophysics exists in large part because of Dr.Eugene Parker.In 2018,Parker became the first living scientist to witness the launch of a spacecraft that was named in his honor.
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Parker is best known for his groundbreaking theory on the existence of a phenomenon called “solar wind”,a continuous stream of charged particles that flow off the sun.It can become violent,causing space weather that impacts Earth.When Parker’s research was published in 1958,his theory was initially met with skepticism(怀疑) and ridicule by the scientific community.The general view at the time was that the space between planets was an absolute vacuum(真空),and was thus completely empty of any matter.But,there were no errors in his study or his calculations,and the theory was later proven to be correct in 1962,when a NASA spacecraft mission to Venus revealed the constant presence of a supersonic wind—exactly as Parker had predicted.
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That experience likely led to the advice Parker often gave young researchers:“If you do something new or innovative,expect trouble.But think critically about it because if you’re wrong,you want to be the first one to know that.” Parker never co-authored a paper with his students,thus urging them to be independent.
Parker was humble,straightforward,and wise.His son Eric said,“My sister Joyce and I didn’t get a real feel for what a ‘big dog’ our dad was in the field.” They got an even better sense when a month after Parker’s death,they traveled to Lund,Sweden,to accept on his behalf the Crafoord Prize in Astronomy.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了太阳物理学的领军人物尤金·纽曼·帕克的贡献以及他对年轻人的影响。
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5.What can we learn from the second paragraph
A.A spacecraft was named in memory of Parker.
B.The sun has less effects on Earth than expected.
C.Parker deserved credit for his great contributions.
D.NASA provided new insights into the lunar effect.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Parker revolutionized our understanding of the sun and its effects on Earth and other bodies within the solar system.”以及“NASA even stated that the field of heliophysics exists in large part because of Dr.Eugene Parker.”可知,帕克对整个太阳物理学领域做出了极大的贡献,他是值得赞扬的。
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6.Why did people view Parker’s theory of “solar wind” skeptically at first
A.It went against the popular opinion at that time.
B.Some mistakes were found in his calculations.
C.The presence of a supersonic wind was proven by NASA.
D.Matter was believed to exist in the space between planets.
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解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中“When Parker’s research was published in 1958,his theory was initially met with skepticism and ridicule by the scientific community.”以及“The general view at the time was that the space between planets was an absolute vacuum,and was thus completely empty of any matter.”可知,人们起初对帕克的“太阳风”理论持怀疑态度,因为它违背了当时的流行观点。
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7.What did Parker suggest young researchers do
A.Seek close cooperation.
B.Avoid high expectations.
C.Learn by trial and error.
D.Compete against others.
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解析 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“That experience likely led to the advice Parker often gave young researchers:‘If you do something new or innovative,expect trouble.But think critically about it because if you’re wrong, you want to be the first one to know that.’”可知,帕克给年轻人的建议是从错误和尝试中学习。
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8.What words can be used to describe Parker according to the passage
A.Straightforward and generous.
B.Responsible and accessible.
C.Intelligent yet conservative.
D.Distinguished yet modest.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Hailed as a visionary in the field of heliophysics,Parker revolutionized our understanding of the sun and its effects on Earth and other bodies within the solar system.”以及最后一段中“Parker was humble,straightforward,and wise.”可知,帕克是杰出但谦逊的。
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(2023浙江嘉兴二模)
Joe Horan,a physical education teacher,has started the program Building Men to create a positive vision of manhood not just for himself,but also for the boys he teaches.Looking back,Mr.Horan says his program developed from a low point in his life.In 2004 as he went through a hard time,he felt society’s definition of manhood was leading him down the wrong path.His life,he says, lacked substance and depth.“A desire became planted in my heart.That is,to find healing from the unhealthy messages I believed about manhood,” he says. Then,his sister recommended a book,Season of Life by Jeffrey Marx,which digs into the discovery of what being a man is all about.Joe took all the clues and started to put life lessons into his class.
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Despite limited resources and funding,Building Men began at one middle school in the district in 2006.It grew on a shoestring budget,expanding school by school,year by year.Today,33 teachers,like Mr.Colabufo,work across 18 schools.Mr.Colabufo has known Mr.Horan for several years,noting many people are aware of the program’s success.“Joe’s a legend in this district,” Mr.Colabufo says.
The program appeals to boys at first because of a basketball component, but its secret is how it dives into off-the-court issues through discussions on character.Building Men helps participants gain insight,work to restore self-worth,and learn to calm emotions.SIR is a central component of lessons, standing for significance,integrity,and relationships.
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At a recent breakfast fundraiser,Shateek Nelson,a senior at Nottingham High School,shared his experience,having participated in Building Men since middle school.He said he learned to see the bigger picture,rather than living in the moment.He also came to realize his actions affect others,and now he factors that into his decisions.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了名叫Joe Horan的体育老师受个人经历启发开办了为男孩们塑造积极男子汉形象的Building Men项目。
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9.What motivated Joe Horan to start the program Building Men
A.An instructional book.
B.His personal experience.
C.His sister’s suggestion.
D.The society’s expectation.
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解析 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Looking back,Mr.Horan says his program developed from a low point in his life.In 2004 as he went through a hard time,he felt society’s definition of manhood was leading him down the wrong path.”及“A desire became planted in my heart.That is,to find healing from the unhealthy messages I believed about manhood”可知,他的个人经历促使他创建了该项目。
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10.What does the underlined word “shoestring” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Flexible. B.Proper.
C.Tight. D.Balanced.
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解析 词义猜测题。根据第二段第一句“Despite limited resources and funding,Building Men began at one middle school in the district in 2006.”可知,最初该项目资金紧张,故而“budget”(预算)也会紧张。故shoestring应表示“紧张的”。
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11.What did Shateek Nelson learn from participating in Building Men
A.One should dream big and then start small.
B.One should live each day as if it were the last day.
C.It is good to gain real-life experience at middle school.
D.It is essential to think more of others in decision-making.
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解析 细节理解题。根据第四段最后两句“He said he learned to see the bigger picture,rather than living in the moment.He also came to realize his actions affect others,and now he factors that into his decisions”可知,Shateek Nelson学到了在做决定时要多考虑他人的福祉。
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12.What is the best title for the text
A.SIR:Core Component of Physical Education
B.Healthy Life:Involving Substance and Depth
C.Building Men:Teaching Boys About Manhood
D.Manhood:Teenagers’ Power of Handling Issues
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解析 主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句“Joe Horan,a physical education teacher,has started the program Building Men to create a positive vision of manhood not just for himself,but also for the boys he teaches.”并结合下文对Joe Horan的经历及该项目的描述可知,文章主要介绍了以塑造积极男子汉形象为目标的Building Men项目。
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词汇积累:
1.(Passage 1)by chance偶然,意外地
2.(Passage 1)search for寻找
3.(Passage 1)try one’s luck碰运气
4.(Passage 1)primitive adj.原始的
5.(Passage 1)highlight vt.突出,强调
6.(Passage 2)pass away去世
7.(Passage 2)in one’s honor向某人表示敬意
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8.(Passage 2)phenomenon n.现象
9.(Passage 2)initially adv.开始,起初
10.(Passage 2)urge sb.to do sth.督促某人做某事
11.(Passage 2)humble adj.谦虚的,谦卑的
12.(Passage 3)definition n.定义
13.(Passage 3)be all about最重要的是;主要的是
14.(Passage 3)appeal to对……有吸引力
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熟词生义:
1.(Passage 1)accommodate vt.适应
2.(Passage 3)factor vt.把……作为因素计入
长难句分析:
(Passage 1)By chance,a friend of ours in Australia mentioned “pet sitting” and that it is something you can do all over the world.
分析:本句为并列复合句。and前第一个分句为简单句;and后第二个分句为复合句,you can do all over the world为定语从句。
句意:一次偶然的机会,我们在澳大利亚的一个朋友提到了“宠物看护”,那是你在世界各地都可以做的事情。(共29张PPT)
文体分类练(三) 说明文之科普知识类
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(2023浙江湖州、衢州、丽水二模)
In countries around the world,women do more unpaid labor—housework, child and elder care,and the mental load of managing a family than men.New research suggests it takes a health toll(代价)on many of them.
An analysis of 19 studies covering 70,310 people globally,which is published this month in The Lancet(柳叶刀)Public Health,found that the more of this labor women do,the worse their mental health.The findings point out women are more often diagnosed with anxiety and depression than men.
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Housework and child care,the research found,have much less of an impact on men’s mental health.That’s probably because they do so much less of it.In the United States,women do an average 4.5 hours of such work a day, compared with 2.8 hours for men,according to data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.In Greece,women do 4.3 hours while men do an hour and a half.Even in the most gender-equal countries,like Sweden,women do 50 minutes more a day than men.
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It’s also because the type of such work men do is generally less time-sensitive.For example,men are more often responsible for outdoor tasks,like mowing the lawn,that are done less often and on their own schedule.Women are more likely to take on daily tasks that need to be done at certain times,like preparing meals or cleaning up.
Social expectations probably also play a role.Studies have shown that women feel pressure to keep their homes clean,for instance,and feel judged if they don’t.Men,on the other hand,are often praised for doing daily tasks like taking a child to an appointment.
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The Lancet researchers said that drawing clear conclusions from the 19 studies was difficult and that more research would be welcome.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了发表在《柳叶刀公共卫生》上的一项对全球70,310人的19项研究的分析发现,女性从事的劳动越多,她们的心理健康状况就越差。
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1.How does the author show the research findings in paragraphs 2 and 3
A.By giving examples. B.By listing figures.
C.By making analysis. D.By telling stories.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第二段中“An analysis of 19 studies covering 70,310 people globally”以及第三段中“In the United States,women do an average 4.5 hours of such work a day,compared with 2.8 hours for men”可知,作者在第二段和第三段是通过列举数字展示研究成果的。
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2.What does the underlined word “time-sensitive” mean in paragraph 4
A.Flexible. B.Valuable.
C.Demanding in timing. D.Challenging in skills.
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解析 词义猜测题。根据下文“For example,men are more often responsible for outdoor tasks,like mowing the lawn,that are done less often and on their own schedule.Women are more likely to take on daily tasks that need to be done at certain times,like preparing meals or cleaning up.”可知,男性负责的任务对时间的要求没有女性高,可推理出第四段中time-sensitive的含义应为对时间要求高的。
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3.What can we learn from paragraph 5
A.Women are generally expected to do more household labor.
B.Women will be punished by judges if they don’t keep their homes clean.
C.Men feel stressed more often when they can’t take their children to the dentist.
D.Men are supposed to take a child to an appointment instead of doing other housework.
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解析 细节理解题。根据第五段中“Studies have shown that women feel pressure to keep their homes clean,for instance,and feel judged if they don’t.”可知,妇女被期望从事更多的家务劳动。
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4.What is the text mainly about
A.Facts that men and women are unequal.
B.Bad effects that housework has on women.
C.Responsibilities that women share in families.
D.Reasons why unpaid labor hurts women more mentally.
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解析 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段以及第三段中“Housework and child care,the research found,have much less of an impact on men’s mental health.”以及第五段中“Social expectations probably also play a role.”可知,本文第一段提出了无偿家务劳动对妇女心理有健康危害这一研究发现,后续段落对这一研究发现进行了原因分析和解释。
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(2023浙江宁波二模)
Humans are not the animal kingdom’s only fashionistas.Tits(山雀) can be fashion followers,too,apparently.A latest study shows that,given the chance, they decorate their nests with this season’s must-have colour.
Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin were following up on a study published in 1934 by Henry Smith Williams,an American naturalist.He noticed that when he put various coloured balls of yarn (纱) out in his garden,almost always one and only one became popular that season for being included into local birds’ nests. But which particular colour was favoured varied from season to season.This suggested that the colour chosen by one of the early birds was spotted and copied by others.
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Williams’s work was,however,forgotten until they came across it while following up on a different study,published by a team at the University of Toulouse,suggesting fashion-following,too.Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin therefore set out to re-run Williams’s experiment,but this time to collect some actual numbers.
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The birds they followed were part of a well-monitored population of blue tits in a wood near the institute.Most birds in this wood carried tracking devices fitted to them after their capture in mist nets.That allowed the institute’s researchers to keep track of a vast number of individuals by recording their arrival at food containers throughout the wood.Instead of food, these containers were loaded with wool of different colours.Interestingly, researchers soon found that most nests of blue tits included only the colour of the wool first chosen by a nestbuilder.
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Tits,then,do seem to be “on trend”,when it comes to nest-building materials.Why that should happen remains obscure.Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin suspect the fashion leaders are older birds,and that evolution favours younger ones copying their elders since those elders have evidently survived what fortune has to throw at a tit.Williams’s original work,though,suggests such initial choices are at random—a bit like those of the leaders of human fashions.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。人类并不是动物界唯一的时尚达人。研究表明,山雀也像人类一样追随潮流,用流行色装点巢穴。
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5.What can we learn from paragraph 2
A.Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin contributed to William’s work.
B.Early birds’ colour preference was copied by their fellows.
C.The yarn was the most popular material to decorate local birds’ nests.
D.The colour of the yarn favoured by local birds was fixed throughout the year.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第二段中“He noticed that when he put various coloured balls of yarn out in his garden...by one of the early birds was spotted and copied by others.”可知,最开始的鸟类的颜色偏好被它们的同伴模仿了。
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6.How did Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin improve Williams’s experiment
A.They observed the blue tits.
B.They studied the habits of blue tits.
C.They adopted the data-collecting method.
D.They fitted tracking devices to food containers.
√
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin therefore set out to re-run Williams’s experiment,but this time to collect some actual numbers.”可知,Wild博士和Aplin博士采用了数据收集的方法来改进Williams的实验。
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7.What does the underlined word “obscure” in paragraph 5 mean
A.Hidden. B.Evident.
C.Complicated. D.Shallow.
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解析 词义猜测题。根据第五段中“Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin suspect the fashion leaders are older birds,and that evolution favours younger ones copying their elders since those elders have evidently survived what fortune has to throw at a tit.”中的suspect可推知,为什么会发生这种情况还不清楚。obscure意为“不清楚的;隐蔽的”。
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8.What is the main idea of the text
A.Birds favour certain colours in decoration.
B.Young birds follow their elders in fashion.
C.Young birds are just as intelligent as people.
D.Birds are just as fashion-conscious as people.
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解析 主旨大意题。根据第一段可知,本文主要讲的是鸟类像人类一样追随潮流。D项“Birds are just as fashion-conscious as people.”最能概括本文大意。
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(2023福建厦门二模)
In a new study,Iowa Psychologist Ed Wasserman gave the pigeons complex categorization tests that high-level thinking would not aid in solving. Instead,the pigeons,by trial and error,eventually were able to memorize enough situations in the test.This basic process of making associations—considered a lower-level thinking technique—is the same between the test-taking pigeons and the latest AI advances.
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The researchers sought to figure out two types of learning:one declarative learning,is based on exercising reason according to a set of rules or strategies—a so-called higher level of learning owned mostly by people.The other,associative learning,centers on recognizing and making connections between objects or patterns,such as “sky-blue” and “water-wet”.
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Wasserman’s team designed a difficult test to find out whether the pigeons use declarative or associative learning.Each test pigeon was shown a stimulus (刺激)and had to decide,by pecking(啄) a button on the right or on the left,to which category that stimulus belonged.What made the test so demanding was that no rules or logic would help finish the task.They have to memorize the individual stimuli or regions from where the stimuli occur.Over hundreds of tests,the four test pigeons eventually upped their score from 50% to an average of 68% right.
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“The pigeons are like AI masters,” Wasserman says.“Both of them employ associative learning,and yet that base-level thinking is what allowed the pigeons to ultimately score successfully.” If people were to take the same test,they’d score poorly and would probably give up because they rely so heavily on rules or strategies.Those rules would get in the way of learning.The pigeon doesn’t have that high-level thinking process.But it doesn’t get in the way of their learning.In fact,in some ways it facilitates it.
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“People are stunned by AI doing amazing things using a learning algorithm (算法) much like the pigeon,” Wasserman says,“yet when people talk about associative learning in humans and animals,it is discounted as inflexible and uncomplicated.”
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。心理学家通过实验证明鸽子和最新的人工智能使用了同样的学习方法:联想学习。
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9.Which of the following is a typical example of associative learning
A.Tom refuses to put hands on hot stoves after burns.
B.Dolphins detect obstacles using sound waves.
C.Chimpanzees use physical gesture strategies.
D.Emily figures out math problems with logic.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第二段中“The other,associative learning,centers on recognizing and making connections between objects or patterns,such as ‘sky-blue’ and ‘water-wet’.”可知,联想学习的本质是建立联系。在“汤姆烫伤后不愿把手放在热炉子上”这一现象中,汤姆把烫伤和热炉子联系了起来,这属于联想学习。
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10.How did the pigeons improve their performance in the test
A.By pecking the stimuli.
B.By finding rules or logic.
C.By competing with each other.
D.By making numerous attempts.
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解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Over hundreds of tests,the four test pigeons eventually upped their score from 50% to an average of 68% right.”可知,鸽子在测试中通过多次尝试提高它们的表现。
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11.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A.AI and man use the same learning pattern.
B.Associative learning is underestimated.
C.People think highly of declarative learning.
D.Pigeons finish tasks with AI algorithms.
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解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,人们认为联想学习法对人类和动物来说不灵活且简单,但人工智能却用这种学习法做出惊人的事情,由此推知,联想学习被低估了。
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12.Which can be a suitable title of the text
A.Pigeon’s Peck Can Mirror High Tech
B.AI Contributes to a New Learning Pattern
C.AI Can Enrich Human Learning Experience
D.Pigeon’s Learning Largely Extends High Tech
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解析 主旨大意题。通读全文,结合第一段和第三段中“Each test pigeon was shown a stimulus and had to decide,by pecking a button on the right or on the left,to which category that stimulus belonged.”可知,心理学家通过实验证明鸽子和最新的人工智能使用了同样的建立联系的学习过程,同时实验中的鸽子需要通过啄按钮来完成任务。结合选项可推知,A项(鸽子啄按钮与高科技有共通之处)是最佳标题。
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词汇积累:
1.(Passage 1)analysis n.分析
2.(Passage 1)point out指出
3.(Passage 1)depression n.抑郁
4.(Passage 1)take on承担
5.(Passage 1)on the other hand在另一方面
6.(Passage 2)apparently显然地
7.(Passage 2)come across偶遇,无意中发现
8.(Passage 3)aid in doing sth.帮助做某事
9.(Passage 3)by trial and error反复试验,不断摸索
10.(Passage 3)association n.联想
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熟词生义:
(Passage 2)spot vt.发现
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长难句分析:
(Passage 1)An analysis of 19 studies covering 70,310 people globally,which is published this month in The Lancet(柳叶刀)Public Health,found that the more of this labor women do,the worse their mental health.
分析:本句为复合句。covering 70,310 people globally为现在分词短语作后置定语;which is published this month in The Lancet(柳叶刀)Public Health为which引导的非限制性定语从句;that the more of this labor women do,the worse their mental health为that引导的宾语从句。
句意:本月发表在《柳叶刀公共卫生》(The Lancet Public Health)杂志上的一项对全球70,310个人的19项研究的分析发现,女性做的家务活越多,她们的心理健康状况就越差。(共28张PPT)
文体分类练(四) 说明文之发明创新类
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(2023福建福州二模)
Someday,you may no longer need to brush your teeth by hand.Instead,a group of billions of nanoparticles (纳米粒子) could automatically do all that work for you.It would be especially life-changing for people who find it difficult or impossible to hold and move a toothbrush.
Steager,an engineer at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) in Philadelphia and Hyun Koo,an inventor and dental researcher there,found a way to form the nanoparticles into long,skinny bristles (刷毛),a lot like the ones on a toothbrush.But these bristles shape-shift to fit whatever surface they encounter.
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The tooth-cleaning robot works thanks to two magnets (磁铁).One goes each side of the teeth.The nanoparticles sit in a liquid between the magnets. When the magnets are turned off,the nanoparticles move randomly in the liquid.As soon as one magnet gets turned on,the nanoparticles gather together near its center.When the researchers turn on the other magnet and turn off the first one,the nanoparticles extend outward in long,skinny bristles.When there’s a tooth in the way,these bristles can’t stretch out as far as they want.So they push against the tooth’s surface.If there’s a gap between teeth,they push into the gap.Moving the magnets makes the bristles move against and between teeth.All that motion cleans the teeth.As a bonus,the nanoparticles also have strong power to kill viruses.
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The new device is just a proof of concept.The researchers still need to turn it into a product that people will want to use.“There’s a lot of engineering to get from here to there,but every good idea needs to have a start,” says Steager.
[语篇解读]本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了一款纳米材料的机器人洁牙器。
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1.What is special about the tooth cleaner
A.It’s water-proof.
B.It’s transformable.
C.It looks like a toothbrush.
D.It contains skinny bristles.
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解析 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“But these bristles shape-shift to fit whatever surface they encounter.”可知,这个洁牙产品能根据口腔内状况而变形。故选B项。
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2.What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A.The working principle.
B.The magnets’ motion.
C.The virus-killing process.
D.The bristles’ formation.
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解析 主旨大意题。根据第三段可知,第三段陈述的是这款清洁牙齿的机器人的工作原理。
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3.How does Steager feel about the future of the device
A.Uncertain. B.Confident.
C.Concerned. D.Surprised.
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解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,Steager认为这个清洁牙齿的设备从概念到产品,还需要很多工程,但是不失为一个好的想法,故Steager对这款产品很自信。
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4.Which of the following would be the best title
A.A Tooth-Cleaner Fighting Bacteria
B.A Breakthrough in Medicine
C.A Shape-Shifting Robotic Tooth-Cleaner
D.A New Concept for a New Start
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解析 主旨大意题。通读全文,尤其是第一段以及第二段最后一句“But these bristles shape-shift to fit whatever surface they encounter.”可知,文章主要介绍了一款纳米材料的洁牙器,在口腔中会根据具体状况变化形状。C项“A Shape-Shifting Robotic Tooth-Cleaner (一种可以变形的机器人洁牙器)”作标题比较贴切。
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(2023山东济南一模)
There is nothing quite like enjoying the sights,sounds and culture of a city while tasting a cup of coffee outdoors.But it is not that enjoyable when heat waves sweep the city.An outdoor cooling system produced by Kinonko,an Israeli (以色列的) company,began to be tested in Tel Aviv.The sweltering city is a perfect place to try the new technology.
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With global warming heating up the temperature,it will soon be too hot to sit outside in cafes.While outdoor cooling systems have existed for a while, most of them use some sort of water or misting system to cool the air around them,consuming too much water and power.After two years of development, the perfect solution to the problem was found.“We have invented a new generation of air conditioner,” Kinonko CEO Leizer said.
As Leizer introduced,the energy is from the pressure created between liquid nitrogen (氮) and gas nitrogen.When liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees turns into gas,it produces a very strong pressure and the pressure is used to run a mechanical engine.It is that mechanical engine that slowly releases freezing nitrogen gas to cool down the air around it.
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The technology is unique and amazing.Beyond the coolness of the concept,it also has other advantages.The work unit doesn’t need to be power-driven,and doesn’t blow out harmful warm air as it works.As for the potential price,it will probably be no more expensive than any other air conditioner.In addition,the liquid nitrogen container will need to be replaced every seven to ten days,depending on usage.This makes it an affordable option for all sorts of businesses.The cooling system is expected to be on the market in 2024.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了开始进入测试阶段的一种室外冷却系统,这项新技术有望在2024年投入市场,使人们在炎热的天气下,能够重享在室外喝咖啡的快乐。
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5.What does the underlined word “sweltering” mean in paragraph 1
A.Warm. B.Dry.
C.Hot. D.Freezing.
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解析 词义猜测题。根据第一段中“But it is not that enjoyable when heat waves sweep the city.”可知,这座城市是非常闷热的。由此可知,“The sweltering city”指的是这座闷热的城市,画线词sweltering意为“闷热的”。
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6.What problem does the existing outdoor cooling systems have
A.They are wasteful.
B.They overheat easily.
C.They often break down.
D.They are slow to cool the air.
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解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中“While outdoor cooling systems have existed for a while,most of them use some sort of water or misting system to cool the air around them,consuming too much water and power.”可知,现在的室外冷却系统消耗过多的水和电力,是比较浪费的。
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7.What does paragraph 3 mainly explain
A.What powers the engine.
B.What turns liquid into gas.
C.How the pressure is formed.
D.How the new system works.
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解析 主旨大意题。根据第三段中“When liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees turns into gas,it produces a very strong pressure and the pressure is used to run a mechanical engine.It is that mechanical engine that slowly releases freezing nitrogen gas to cool down the air around it.”可知,该段主要描述了这种新的冷却系统是如何工作的。
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8.What is the purpose of this text
A.To promote a company.
B.To settle an energy crisis.
C.To introduce a technology.
D.To market a misting system.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中“An outdoor cooling system produced by Kinonko,an Israeli company,began to be tested in Tel Aviv.”和最后一段中“The technology is unique and amazing.”及“The cooling system is expected to be on the market in 2024.”可推知,本文的主要目的是向人们介绍一种新的室外冷却技术。
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(2023安徽马鞍山二模)
To give grasshoppers(蚱蜢) some credit—jumping across yards and between branches takes a lot more expertise than it might appear.There are incredibly tiny factors to consider,such as the resistance in launch surface,as well as desired distance,speed,and landing.
Most jumping robots can’t compete with the insect,as their jumps are limited to starting atop extremely rigid surfaces.But a new bouncing robot developed by researchers in Carnegie Mellon’s College of Engineering is crossing those barriers,and showing promise for how autonomous devices could operate in the future.
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A team of scientists led by professor of mechanical engineering Sarah Bergbreiter recently optimized a robot’s latch mechanisms (弹簧机制) used to boost it upward.Previously,these latches were primarily thought of as simple on/off switches that enabled the release of stored energy.However,Bergbreiter and her team employed mathematical modeling to illustrate that these latches both were capable of controlling energy output,as well as controlling the transfer (传递) of energy between the jumper and the launch surface.
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To test their work,the team positioned a small jumping robot atop a tree branch and recorded the precise energy transfers in its jumps’ first moments. “We found that the latch can not only mediate(调节) energy output but can also mediate energy transfer between the jumper and the environment that it is jumping from,” said Bergbreiter.
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Now that researchers better understand the interactions at play in the opening moments of jumping,they can now begin working on ways to integrate this into future robotic designs.“It has been nearly impossible to design controlled insect-sized robots because they are launched in just milliseconds,”explained Bergbreiter.“Now,we have more control over whether our robots are jumping up one foot or three.It’s really fascinating that the latch—something that we already need in our robots—can be used to control outputs that we couldn’t have controlled before.”
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科研团队通过优化机器人的弹簧机制,使机器人的弹跳能力获得极大的改良。
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9.What does the author want to show about the new robot by mentioning grasshoppers
A.It comes with technical difficulties.
B.It can beat the insect easily.
C.It is the first one designed for jumping.
D.It is shaped like the tiny creature.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中“There are incredibly tiny factors to consider,such as the resistance in launch surface,as well as desired distance, speed,and landing.”及第二段可知,大多数弹跳机器人在弹跳能力上都无法与蚱蜢匹敌,但新型弹跳机器人正在克服这些障碍,提高弹跳能力,故作者提及蚱蜢卓越的弹跳力是为了展示新型弹跳机器人想要获得类似的弹跳能力需要克服重重技术难关。
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10.What advantage do latches designed by Bergbreiter have over the traditional ones
A.They are better positioned in robots.
B.They help release more energy at a time.
C.They work in extreme environments.
D.They have more than a single function.
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解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Previously,these latches were primarily thought of as simple on/off switches that enabled the release of stored energy.However,Bergbreiter and her team employed mathematical modeling to illustrate that these latches both were capable of controlling energy output,as well as controlling the transfer of energy between the jumper and the launch surface.”可知,和之前的弹簧机制比较,Bergbreiter的团队设计的弹簧功能更多。
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11.What does Bergbreiter think of their work
A.It has changed their research direction.
B.It inspires new applications of robots.
C.It brings them a sense of achievement.
D.It will make robots smaller and lighter.
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解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Now,we have more control over whether our robots are jumping up one foot or three.It’s really fascinating that the latch—something that we already need in our robots—can be used to control outputs that we couldn’t have controlled before.”可知,Bergbreiter认为他们的工作取得了重大的突破,给他们带来了成就感。
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12.What is the text mainly about
A.A new model for future robots.
B.A step forward in robot design.
C.Jumping robots inspired by grasshoppers.
D.Efforts to develop insect-sized robots.
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解析 主旨大意题。根据第二段中“But a new bouncing robot developed by researchers in Carnegie Mellon’s College of Engineering is crossing those barriers,and showing promise for how autonomous devices could operate in the future.”及第三段中“A team of scientists led by professor of mechanical engineering Sarah Bergbreiter recently optimized a robot’s latch mechanisms used to boost it upward.”并结合下文弹簧机制优化后的成效可知,本文主要介绍了通过优化机器人的弹簧机制,机器人设计向前迈进了一步。
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词汇积累:
1.(Passage 1)automatically adv.自动地
2.(Passage 1)extend v.延伸
3.(Passage 1)stretch out伸展
4.(Passage 2)sweep vt.席卷
5.(Passage 2)consume vt.消耗
6.(Passage 2)advantage n.优势
7.(Passage 2)option n.选择
8.(Passage 2)as for关于,置于
9.(Passage 3)boost vt.推动
10.(Passage 3)be capable of有能力
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熟词生义:
1.(Passage 2)run vt.操作;使运转
2.(Passage 3)position vt.放置
长难句分析:
(Passage 1)When there’s a tooth in the way,these bristles can’t stretch out as far as they want.
分析:本句为复合句。When there’s a tooth in the way为when引导的时间状语从句,as far as they want为比较状语从句。
句意:当有一颗牙齿挡道时,这些刷毛就不能像它们想要的那样伸展。(共30张PPT)
文体分类练(五) 说明文之生态环保类
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(2023河北邯郸一模)
Bee protection is a big issue these days in America,with people planting native pollinator gardens,setting up bee houses,and taking part in scientific activities to monitor local bee populations.And this is for good reason—in North America,a quarter of native bee species are at risk of extinction.Bees pollinate 35 percent of our global food supply and many of the wild plants our ecosystems depend on.
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No Mow May,a movement that began in the UK,is now rapidly spreading throughout the US.Its popularity lies in its being simple:Just give bees a help during the crucial springtime by removing a chore from your list and letting your lawn grow for the month of May.This lets “lawn flowers” such as dandelions grow at a time when bee food is rare.
Dandelions,despite being pretty and useful,are non-native.Then why do we promote a movement that encourages their growth Here’s the basic answer—don’t let “perfect” be the enemy of “good”.Sure,it’d be great to turn your entire neighborhood into a bee kingdom of native plants,but that can take lots of time and money.
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While dandelions have become the poster child for No Mow May,other plants—including native species—may also appear in your lawn.“Besides dandelions,there are many other plants that are going to be there,” says Dr.Claudio Gratton at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
In Massachusetts,scientists found 63 species of plants in lawns,30 percent of which were native to the state.Most of the Americans probably loved dandelions as children but have tended to hate them as adults because of American lawn culture,which allows no flowers.“No Mow May forces us to think about our relationship with nature.We should reflect on the way we have made nature suit our needs,and realize flowers play really important roles,” says Dr.Claudio Gratton.
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[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。“No Mow May”运动起源于英国,并在北美迅速扩展开来。通过这项活动,人们可以为草坪留下自由生长的花,以此让蜜蜂授粉。这一活动不仅有利于生态环境,而且可以让人反思自己与自然的关系。
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1.What is the background to No Mow May in the US
A.Native bee species are increasing.
B.There is a tendency to protect bees.
C.Bees mainly depend on garden plants.
D.More people have no time to cut lawns.
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解析 细节理解题。根据第一段可知,No Mow May在美国的背景是有一种保护蜜蜂的趋势。
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2.What do we know about the No Mow May
A.It needs almost no cost.
B.Few Americans support it.
C.It is aimed at growing dandelions.
D.It appeals for careful attention to the lawns.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第二段可推知,这项运动几乎不用任何费用。
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3.What does the underlined part “poster child” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A.Slight element. B.Rare exception.
C.Typical example. D.Difficult problem.
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解析 词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“other plants—including native species—may also appear in your lawn”可知,蒲公英是“No Mow May”运动扩展后常见的花,而这项运动也会让草坪上长出其他种类的花。即蒲公英是“No Mow May”运动的典型例子。故可推断,画线部分意为“典型例子”。
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4.Which of the following agrees with American lawn culture
A.A bee-friendly lawn.
B.A regularly cut lawn.
C.A lawn growing naturally.
D.A lawn with native flowers.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Its popularity lies in its being simple:Just give bees a help during the crucial springtime by removing a chore from your list and letting your lawn grow for the month of May.”及最后一段中“Most of the Americans probably loved dandelions as children but have tended to hate them as adults because of American lawn culture,which allows no flowers.”可知,一块定期修剪的草坪才是符合美国草坪文化的。
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(2023安徽安庆二模)
Interactive software that “reads” and analyses footprints left by black rhinos (犀牛)can be used to monitor the movements of the animals in the wild, giving conservationists a new way to keep watch on the endangered species and help keep it safe from poachers (偷猎者),according to a Duke University-led study.
The software,called the Footprint Identification Technique (FIT),uses advanced technology to analyze more than 100 measurements of a rhino’s footprint.Because each rhino’s footprint is as special as a human fingerprint, the analyzed images can be collected electronically in a global database of previously collected footprint images for matching.
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“If you find a match,you can identify the individual animal who left the mark and,by plotting the locations of all the other places where marks have been seen,track its movements without disturbing it or coming into close enough contact with it,” said Zoe Jewell,a professor at Duke University’s Nicholas School of the Environment,who co-led the study and is co-creator of FIT.
“It’s a cost-effective approach that not only protects the health of the rhino and the human,but also brings a centuries-old tracking skill into the 21st Century,” she said.Jewell and her colleagues are now working with Namibia’s Ministry of Environment,Forestry and Tourism to train wildlife conservationists,land managers and local guides how to use FIT.
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Namibia is home to an estimated 2,000 black rhinos,or about 90% of the species’ total population worldwide.Though legally owned by the government, the animals are distributed geographically on private lands across the country.
The FIT software can also do a survey of footprints throughout the protected area and take measurements from each footprint to estimate the number of rhinos in that area.This can be useful information for calculation resource needs to monitor the animals effectively.This creates an interactive library that anti-poaching patrols(反偷猎巡逻)can use to search for animals at the highest risk,including those whose footprints haven’t been showing up in recent years.
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[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一款新的软件,这款名为FIT的软件可以用来监控野生动物的活动,同时帮助保护主义者来监视濒危物种,并保护这些濒危物种免受偷猎者的伤害。
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5.What is the purpose of the software
A.To promote the development of technology.
B.To protect black rhinos from being hunted.
C.To analyze the footprints of illegal poachers.
D.To save endangered species across the world.
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解析 细节理解题。根据第一段“Interactive software that ‘reads’ and analyses footprints left by black rhinos can be used to monitor the movements of the animals in the wild,giving conservationists a new way to keep watch on the endangered species and help keep it safe from poachers,according to a Duke University-led study.”可知,交互式软件可以用来监控野生动物的活动,同时给保护主义者提供了一种新的方法来监视濒危物种,并帮助保护它们免受偷猎者的伤害。
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6.What’s the advantage of the software
A.It owns various functions.
B.It goes to the market.
C.It is perfectly practical.
D.It is more than popular.
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解析 细节理解题。根据第二段“The software,called the Footprint Identification Technique (FIT),uses advanced technology to analyze more than 100 measurements of a rhino’s footprint.Because each rhino’s footprint is as special as a human fingerprint,the analyzed images can be collected electronically in a global database of previously collected footprint images for matching.”可知,这款软件可以通过采集犀牛的足迹,然后会和先前收集的足迹图像的全球数据库进行匹配。可推知,这款软件是非常实用的。
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7.What does Zoe Jewell say about the approach
A.It brings the best advantage for the lowest cost.
B.It helps increase the population of black rhinos.
C.It raises people’s awareness of the environment.
D.It strengthens the tie between humans and nature.
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解析 推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“‘It’s a cost-effective approach that not only protects the health of the rhino and the human,but also brings a centuries-old tracking skill into the 21st Century,’ she said.”可知,Zoe Jewell认为它以最低的成本带来最大的优势。
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8.Which of the following best describes the future of rhinos
A.Optimistic. B.Hopeless.
C.Worrying. D.Uncertain.
√
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段和最后一段可知,FIT 软件可以用来监控野生动物的活动,同时帮助保护主义者来监视濒危物种,并保护这些濒危物种免受偷猎者的伤害。FIT可以对整个保护区的足迹进行调查,并对每个足迹进行测量,以估计该区域的犀牛数量,因而未来犀牛的数量应该是朝着人们期望的方向发展。
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(2023广东广州一模)
Beavers(海狸),like humans,change their surroundings to fit their needs. Known as nature’s engineers,they tear trees down to build homes to live in and dam to raise water levels for protection from enemies.Dams also slow water’s flow while blocking sediment(沉积物)that would otherwise flow downstream. The resulting wetlands often attract wildlife diversity where none had existed. There are challenges,though.Beaver dams sometimes cause flooding,and most people prefer trees alive and upright.
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Communities face a delicate balancing act,learning to coexist with beavers.Last winter,many people enjoying Winston Path became beaver fans as one furry family transformed Swallow Pond into an oasis for birds,frogs, turtles and deer.
Yet such activity caused concern.As beavers worked,they raised water levels about five feet.The increased depth allows beavers to survive underwater if the pond ices over.But county officials were concerned about how higher water would affect the soil bank supporting Winston Path.
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To find a good balance between protecting the path and the beavers,the county introduced a“beaver baffle”—a pond leveler.Beavers often rush to fill holes in their dams.Baffles stabilize water levels by creating a hidden exit for high water to escape through the dam,unnoticed by the beavers.
People love the beavers but they also love the mature trees.Recently, Catherine Jones,18,organized a tree-caging event—putting wire cloth around large tree trunks to discourage beavers from biting them.It also protects people from injury due to random trees falling.“We cover the trees we don’t want them to eat,while planting periodically others they like,”said Jones.“We need to learn to give up a little of our wants to share the Earth’s resources.”
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Swallow Pond’s 2023 project would restore proper water depth and improve wildlife habitat without creating problems for the path.The balancing act continues.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了海狸的活动对其栖息地产生的正向和负向的两种影响,以及人们为人与海狸和谐共存所做的努力。
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9.What is the first paragraph mainly about
A.Where beavers’ favorite surroundings are.
B.What effects beavers have on their habitat.
C.Why beavers are called nature’s engineers.
D.How beavers help attract wildlife diversity.
√
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解析 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Beavers,like humans,change their surroundings to fit their needs.Known as nature’s engineers,they tear trees down to build homes to live in and dam to raise water levels for protection from enemies.Dams also slow water’s flow while blocking sediment that would otherwise flow downstream.The resulting wetlands often attract wildlife diversity where none had existed.”可知,第一段主要讲海狸对它们的栖息地有什么影响。
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10.Why did the beaver family’s activity cause concern
A.Swallow Pond would flood often.
B.Sediment would flow downstream.
C.The popular path might be damaged.
D.Beavers might have to live underwater.
√
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But county officials were concerned about how higher water would affect the soil bank supporting Winston Path.”可知,海狸家族的活动之所以会引起关注是因为温斯顿小径的土岸坡可能会受影响。
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11.What do the underlined words “beaver baffle” in paragraph 4 refer to
A.A block to keep beavers away.
B.A tool to fix holes in the dams.
C.A device to maintain water level.
D.A material to protect the soil bank.
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解析 词义猜测题。根据第四段最后一句“Baffles stabilize water levels by creating a hidden exit for high water to escape through the dam,unnoticed by the beavers.”可推知,画线短语“beaver baffle”应该指的是一个维持水位的装置。
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12.Which can be the theme of Swallow Pond’s 2023 project
A.Biological diversity.
B.Harmonious coexistence.
C.Prevention of natural disasters.
D.Preservation of wildlife habitat.
√
解析 推断判断题。根据最后一段“Swallow Pond’s 2023 project would restore proper water depth and improve wildlife habitat without creating problems for the path.”可知,燕子塘2023年项目的主题可以是和谐共存。故选B项。
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词汇积累:
1.(Passage 1)at risk of冒着……危险
2.(Passage 1)popularity n.受欢迎
3.(Passage 1)be native to原产于,源于……的
4.(Passage 1)reflect on仔细考虑,思考
5.(Passage 2)keep watch on监视
6.(Passage 2)show up出现
7.(Passage 3)fit vt.适应
8.(Passage 3)tear down砍倒,拆毁,拆除
9.(Passage 3)delicate adj.微妙的
10.(Passage 3)coexist with与……共存
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熟词生义:
(Passage 2)plot vt.(在地图上)画出
长难句分析:
(Passage 2)This creates an interactive library that anti-poaching patrols(反偷猎巡逻)can use to search for animals at the highest risk,including those whose footprints haven’t been showing up in recent years.
分析:本句为复合句。that anti-poaching patrols(反偷猎巡逻)can use to search for animals at the highest risk为that引导的定语从句;whose footprints haven’t been showing up in recent years为whose引导的定语从句。
句意:这创建了一个交互式库,反偷猎巡逻队可以使用它来搜索风险最高的动物,包括那些近年来没有出现脚印的动物。(共27张PPT)
文体分类练(六) 议论文
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(2023山东聊城一模)
An important life lesson that I’ve drawn from running is to run at my own pace.It has guided me in many ways.In particular,it made me challenge the fixed expectations of retirement and aging.
Running is a metaphor (隐喻) for life.I realized this while training for a marathon to celebrate my 60th birthday.All the other runners being faster than me made me embarrassed.But my coach shared some valuable advice:run at your own best pace.Setting a goal or target time could be a limitation.He was right.Over time,I ran more easily and faster.I also enjoyed the experience much more.
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I have applied this principle to other areas of my life.Finding a rhythm is not about efficiency or how many things I can get done in a day.It has more to do with what I decide to do at this stage in my life.
Running carries its own set of expectations,including what it means to be a strong runner.But expectations also extend to other areas of life,including what people at certain life stages should be doing or not doing.Expectations at my age can center on how leisure time is spent,decisions about employment, and even the role of a grandmother.
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I used to think it was young people who bore peer pressure,but it’s easy to view retirement as another occupation with benchmarks (基准) to be met. We often make what someone else does the reference point.It’s a comparison trap.
Forget what others are doing.Their pace is not necessarily the pace you should run at.Run in your own way.It’s not better or worse—only different.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了作者认为每个人的人生应该有自己的节奏,而不是按照别人的期望生活。
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1.What does the author intend to tell in paragraph 2
A.The origin of a life principle.
B.Her misunderstanding of running.
C.The importance of life expectations.
D.Her unpleasant training experience.
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解析 主旨大意题。根据第二段内容可知,作者在第二段想说生命原理的起源。
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2.What does the author think about life expectations
A.They are vital for retired people.
B.They vary at different life stages.
C.They cover every decision in life.
D.They are usually too high to fulfill.
√
解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“But expectations also extend to other areas of life,including what people at certain life stages should be doing or not doing.Expectations at my age can center on how leisure time is spent,decisions about employment,and even the role of a grandmother.”可知,作者认为生活期望在不同的人生阶段有所不同。
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3.What can we infer from paragraph 5
A.Young people often compete with old people.
B.Retired people take up bad occupations.
C.Retired people are also under peer pressure.
D.A comparison trap makes young people stronger.
√
解析 推理判断题。根据第五段“I used to think it was young people who bore peer pressure,but it’s easy to view retirement as another occupation with benchmarks to be met.”可推知,退休人员也面临同辈压力。
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4.What message does the author mainly want to convey
A.Retirement can’t stop old people’s dreams.
B.People should live life to the fullest.
C.People should live at their own speed.
D.Running at a fixed pace is beneficial to retired people.
√
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Forget what others are doing.Their pace is not necessarily the pace you should run at.Run in your own way.It’s not better or worse—only different.”可推知,作者主要想传达的信息是人们应该按照自己的节奏生活。
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(2023河北保定一模)
The two terms nature and nurture have been subjects of comparison since the 16th century.The argument is centered on the question as to whether it is nature or nurture that makes us who we are.
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Nature provides the starting point for an organism that will interact with nurture,the environment,during the organism’s life.Nature does not just affect an organism during its lifetime,but it also can directly affect the expression of genes in offspring (后代).For the geneticists,they believe that our lives are entirely determined by genetics,which is nature.An opposing view is that there is no indication that genes (基因) determine one’s personality,rather there is growing evidence that nurture serves as the determining factor in personality development.
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Nurture refers to the conditions under which living things grow and develop after birth.When applied to human beings,it means how the person is raised,which includes nutrition,education,care,as well as the kind of surroundings,such as cultural influence,family and friends.
The argument of nature and nurture as to which is more important is necessitated by an attempt to differentiate how much effect genetics has on a person’s development against how easily humans are influenced by one’s environment.
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While nurture undeniably plays its part on the growth and development of one’s personality,nature dramatically outweighs nurture,for nature can be likened to a foundation.The impact of nurture on the development of persons cannot be totally denied.However,nature is regarded as being of most importance because of the fact that it affords an opportunity and creates a foundation and the basis for the question of nurture to arise at the very first instance.Even without nurture,the nature impact can still stand independently without necessarily causing destruction.More so,even when the nurture impact is successfully effected,it does not remove the genetic characteristics of a person.It therefore stands correctly that nature is that which determines the substance of a person.
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[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。先天和后天这两个术语自16世纪以来一直是被比较的主题。文章论述了究竟是先天还是后天造就了我们。
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5.What can we learn from paragraph 2
A.Nature’s role is supported by additional evidence.
B.Personality development is determined by nurture.
C.Nature impacts gene expression in later generation.
D.Environment shapes personality more than genetics.
√
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Nature provides the starting point for an organism that will interact with nurture,the environment,during the organism’s life.Nature does not just affect an organism during its lifetime,but it also can directly affect the expression of genes in offspring.”可知,先天影响后代的基因表达。
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6.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A.What nurture means to human beings.
B.How living things develop after birth.
C.How nurture shapes human development.
D.How surroundings influence human beings.
√
解析 主旨大意题。根据第三段“Nurture refers to the conditions under which living things grow and develop after birth.When applied to human beings,it means how the person is raised,which includes nutrition,education, care,as well as the kind of surroundings,such as cultural influence,family and friends.”可知,第三段主要讨论了后天对人类意味着什么。
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7.How does the author stress the greater importance of nature
A.By giving examples.
B.By making contrast.
C.By conducting experiments.
D.By citing research data.
√
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解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“While nurture undeniably plays its part on the growth and development of one’s personality,nature dramatically outweighs nurture,for nature can be likened to a foundation.The impact of nurture on the development of persons cannot be totally denied.However, nature is regarded as being of most importance because of the fact that it affords an opportunity and creates a foundation and the basis for the question of nurture to arise at the very first instance.”可推知,作者通过对比强调了先天的重要性。
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8.What is the best title for the text
A.A Long Story of Nature and Nurture
B.A New Research on Nature and Nurture
C.Who Can Tell What Makes Who We Are
D.Which Is More Important,Nature or Nurture
√
解析 主旨大意题。根据第一段“The two terms nature and nurture have been subjects of comparison since the 16th century.The argument is centered on the question as to whether it is nature or nurture that makes us who we are.”及下文论述可知,文章主要论述了究竟是先天还是后天造就了我们。由此可知, Which Is More Important,Nature or Nurture 适合作文章最佳标题。
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(2023福建漳州三模)
This month,the Internet was flooded with wonderful digital art portraits, thanks to the work of the latest artificial intelligence-assisted application to go viral:Lensa.Users uploaded their photographs to the App and then—for a small fee—it used AI to transform their profile pictures into,say,a magical warrior princess version of themselves,in no time at all.
This year has seen a breakthrough for AI-driven image generators,which are now better than ever in quality,speed and affordability.If that sounds great to you,you might not be one of the millions of humans whose livelihoods depend on being able to exchange those skills for money.
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Some artists predicted that a computer would recreate the aura of a masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci in the near future.As long as there are enough data for the AI to train itself,it can copy numerous masterpieces just in several minutes.It seems unavoidable that a large number of artists would lose their jobs.
“I see it less as a threat and more of an opportunity,” the UK-based illustrator Michelle Thompson said,adding,“Like everything else,there will always be artists who can use the tools better.”
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These tools are only as good as the data sets they are trained on.Human imagination,on the other hand,has no limit.For Dryhurst,an artist from Germany,AI models “could attempt to make a pale version of something we did years ago”,but that “doesn’t account for what we might do next”.
The kind of artificial intelligence we might imagine replacing artists—an entirely autonomous creative robot—does not yet exist,but it is coming.And as AI becomes more universal,artists,illustrators and designers will ultimately be set apart not by if,but by how,they use the technology.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章就未来人工智能是否会取代艺术家展开讨论。
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9.Why does the author mention Lensa in paragraph 1
A.To recommend the new App.
B.To inform latest news.
C.To lead in the AI topic.
D.To introduce its new function.
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解析 推理判断题。根据文章第一段内容和第二段中的“This year has seen a breakthrough for AI-driven image generators,which are now better than ever in quality,speed and affordability.”可知,作者在第一段提到Lensa是为了引起人工智能这个话题。
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10.What is Michelle Thompson’s attitude towards AI
A.Concerned. B.Favorable.
C.Unclear. D.Critical.
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解析 推理判断题。根据文章第四段内容可知,Michelle Thompson认为这是一种机会。由此可推知,他对人工智能持支持的态度。
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11.What might be a weakness of AI in creating art works
A.Accuracy. B.Diversity.
C.Creativity. D.Efficiency.
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解析 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“These tools are only as good as the data sets they are trained on.Human imagination,on the other hand,has no limit.”可推知,创造力可能是人工智能在创作艺术作品时的弱点。
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12.Which can be the best title for the text
A.Is AI coming into our daily life
B.Can AI copy masterpieces of great artists
C.Shall we welcome new AI technology
D.Will AI replace artists in the future
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解析 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“The kind of artificial intelligence we might imagine replacing artists—an entirely autonomous creative robot—does not yet exist,but it is coming.”可知,文章主要就未来人工智能是否会取代艺术家展开讨论。
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词汇积累:
1.(Passage 1)pace n.步速;节奏
2.(Passage 1)center on集中于
3.(Passage 1)view...as...把……看作……
4.(Passage 1)comparison n.比较
5.(Passage 1)trap n.陷阱
6.(Passage 2)as to置于,关于,就……而论
7.(Passage 2)arise vi.出现
8.(Passage 3)be flooded with充斥着
9.(Passage 3)threat n.威胁
10.(Passage 3)account for对……做出解释,说明……的原因
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熟词生义:
(Passage 1)draw vt.获得,得到
长难句分析:
(Passage 3)If that sounds great to you,you might not be one of the millions of humans whose livelihoods depend on being able to exchange those skills for money.
分析:本句为复合句。If that sounds great to you为if引导的条件状语从句; whose livelihoods depend on being able to exchange those skills for money为whose引导的定语从句。
句意:如果(你感觉)这听起来很棒,那么你可能不是数百万人中的一员,他们的生计依赖于能够用这些技能换取金钱。(共28张PPT)
文体分类练(七) 新闻报道
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(2023湖南岳阳二模)
Deveza’s mother was on the waiting list for a kidney transplant(肾移植).Deveza wanted to donate one of her own kidneys—but she was turned down because she might develop the same health problems as her mother in later life.
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Deveza came up with a different plan.In 2017,she started the world’s first paired exchange of different organs between living donors,exchanging half her liver(肝) for someone else’s kidney.A case study of the organ exchange has now been published,and the surgeons who were involved are calling for more exchanges like this.“You can imagine the enormous impact for mixed organ extended chains,” says John Roberts,a surgeon at University of California,San Francisco.
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Most organ transplants come from people who have died,but there are never enough organs.As most people can manage with just one of their kidneys,people with kidney failure are increasingly receiving donated organs from relatives or friends.If someone wants to donate but their immune system is unsuited,doctors may be able to find pairs of would-be donors who can each give a kidney to the other’s relative.
When Deveza was looking into such chains,she came across research describing the idea of trading a kidney with the only other organ generally taken from a living donor—the liver.She suggested the idea to many hospitals before she finally contacted Roberts,who saw the idea’s potential.
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Deveza was assessed to be in good enough health to donate part of her liver.It then took 18 months to find Annie Simmons,in Idaho,whose liver was unsuitable to use as a transplant for her sister with severe liver disease.They drew up a plan:Simmons would donate a kidney to Deveza’s mother,and in return,Deveza would give half her liver to Simmons’ sister.The hospital gave the go-ahead and the four operations took place on the same day successfully.
The team hopes that the ground-breaking case will inspire more people to consider doing the same.Roberts says that direct exchanges involving two donors could enable up to thirty extra living-donor liver transplants a year—a ten percent increase.
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[语篇解读]本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了Deveza用自己的一半肝脏交换别人的肾脏给自己的妈妈,并取得了成功。这一成功的案例具有积极的影响。
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1.What did Deveza do to save her mother
A.Carrying out a case study.
B.Calling for kidney donations.
C.Launching a medical experiment.
D.Trading half her liver for a kidney.
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解析 细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容“Deveza came up with a different plan.In 2017,she started the world’s first paired exchange of different organs between living donors,exchanging half her liver for someone else’s kidney.”可知,Deveza为了帮助妈妈移植合适的肾脏,用自己的一半肝脏作为交换。
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2.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A.Patients’ desperation to survive.
B.Several sources of organ donation.
C.Current situation of organ transplants.
D.Doctors’ efforts to improve organ transplants.
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解析 主旨大意题。结合第三段的“...there are never enough organs” “people with kidney failure are increasingly receiving donated organs from relatives or friends”和“doctors may be able to find pairs of would-be donors who can each give a kidney to the other’s relative”可知,该段主要讲述了器官移植的现状。
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3.What can be inferred about the organ exchange between Deveza and Simmons
A.It discouraged organ donation.
B.It brought two families together.
C.It met with widespread approval.
D.It produced a desirable outcome.
√
解析 推理判断题。根据文章尾段内容可知,她们两个的“器官互换”的成功可以对其他人产生激励作用,从而使直接交换器官的案例增加。由此可推知,这产生了令人满意的结果。
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4.What is the best title for the text
A.My Liver,Your Kidney
B.Mother’s Love,Our Happiness
C.Organ Transplant:Blessing for Patients
D.Organ Exchange:Major Medical Advances
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解析 主旨大意题。通过阅读文章可知,文章第二段中的“In 2017,she started the world’s first paired exchange of different organs between living donors,exchanging half her liver for someone else’s kidney.”为核心话题——文章主要讲述了Deveza用自己的一半肝脏交换别人的肾脏给自己的妈妈,并取得了成功,下文则以此为延伸讲述了其可能产生的积极影响。因此,选项A“My Liver,Your Kidney”不仅贴合主旨,且作为标题更具有吸引力。
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(2023山东青岛一模)
A six-year-old longing to keep a unicorn in her backyard figured she’d get the hard part out of the way first.
Last November,Madeline wrote a letter to the Los Angeles County Department of Animal Care and Control with a straightforward request.“Dear LA County,I would like your approval if I can have a unicorn in my backyard if I can find one.Please send me a letter in response.”
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Director Mayeda replied two weeks later.The department does in fact license unicorns,she said,under certain conditions.Those include polishing the unicorn’s horn at least once a month with a soft cloth,feeding it watermelon at least once a week,covering it with only nontoxic and biodegradable sparkles and giving it regular access to sunlight,moonbeams and rainbows.And,because unicorns are indeed very rare to find,the department is also giving Madeline a toy unicorn to keep her company during her search,as a token of appreciation.
“It is always rewarding to hear from young people who thoughtfully consider the requirements of providing a loving home for animals,” Mayeda wrote in the letter.“I like your sense of responsible pet ownership to seek permission in advance to keep a unicorn in Los Angeles County.”
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Mayeda told The Washington Post that this is the first time the department has received a request for a license for a unicorn or any mythical creature.They were impressed with the first-grader for wanting to ask permission in the first place,and doing her research to work out how to go about that.She and her colleagues deal with a lot of “life-and-death” issues on the job,whether that’s seeing cases of animal abuse or animals hurting people or making decisions about having to put down dangerous or sick animals.So Madeline’s letter has considerably brightened their spirits,and she is due to visit the department this week to discuss her unicorn license application.Safe to say,she’s in for a magical surprise.
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[语篇解读]本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了六岁的孩子Madeline写信给洛杉矶县动物保护与控制部门,希望获得许可养一只独角兽。
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5.Why did Madeline write the letter
A.To apply to visit a unicorn.
B.To learn to provide animal care.
C.To ask permission to keep a pet.
D.To figure out how to find a unicorn.
√
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段可知,Madeline写这封信是为了请求允许养宠物。
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6.What can we learn from paragraph 3
A.Her application was disapproved.
B.Requirements should be met for the license.
C.She was presented with a live unicorn.
D.Guidance was given for her search.
√
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中所列举的饲养独角兽的条件可知,要获得许可应满足一些要求。
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7.Which of the following best describes Mayeda
A.Imaginative. B.Sensitive.
C.Flexible. D.Convincing.
√
解析 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中Mayeda的回信内容可推知,Mayeda很体贴。
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8.Why does the department think the letter “has brightened their spirits”
A.Because it is the first application letter for a pet.
B.Because animal protection is a life-and-death issue.
C.Because they are worn out with their daily work.
D.Because they are touched with the girl’s deeds.
√
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,Mayeda与同事平时要处理许多“生死问题”,他们认为这封信“振奋了他们的精神”,因为他们被女孩认真的行为感动了。
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(2023广东茂名二模)
Holding the large and heavy “brick” cellphone he’s credited with inventing 50 years ago,Martin Cooper talks about the future.
Little did he know when he made the first call on a New York City street from a heavy Motorola prototype(原型)that our world would come to be encapsulated on a sleek glass sheath where we search,connect,like and buy.
Cooper says he is an optimist.He believes that advances in mobile technology will continue to transform lives but he is worried about risks smartphones pose to privacy and young people.
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“My most negative opinion is that we don’t have any privacy anymore because everything about us is now recorded someplace and accessible to somebody who has enough intense desire to get it,” the 94-year-old said in an interview in Barcelona at MWC,the Mobile World Congress,the world’s biggest wireless trade show,where he was getting a lifetime award.
Cooper sees a dark side to the advances,including the risk to children.One idea,he said,is to have“various Internets intended for different audiences”.
Cooper made the first public call from a handheld portable telephone on a Manhattan street on April 3,1973,using a prototype device his team at Motorola had started designing just five months earlier.
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Cooper used the DynaTAC phone to famously call his opponent at Bell Labs,owned by AT&T.It was literally the world’s first brick phone,weighing 2.5 pounds and measuring 11 inches.Cooper spent the best part of the next decade working to bring a commercial version of the device to market.
The call helped kick-start the cellphone revolution.
Cooper said he’s “not crazy” about the shape of modern smartphones.He thinks they will develop so that they’ll be “distributed on your body”,possibly as sensors “measuring your health at all times”.
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Batteries,he said,might be replaced by human energy.The body makes energy from food,he argues,so it could possibly also power a phone.Instead of holding the phone in the hand,for example,the device could be placed under the skin.
[语篇解读]本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了“手机之父”马丁·库珀在接受采访时谈了自己对目前智能手机的一些看法以及他对智能手机未来的一些构想。
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9.What does the underlined part “a sleek glass sheath” in paragraph 2 refer to
A.A smartphone. B.A Motorola prototype.
C.A “brick” cellphone. D.An original cellphone.
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解析 词义猜测题。根据画线词组后的定语从句“where we search,connect, like and buy”可知,该物品能同时让人们搜索、连接网络、点赞以及上网购物,因此画线词组指的是“智能手机”。
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10.What is Cooper’s attitude about the future of the mobile phone
A.Most negative.
B.Very subjective.
C.Doubtful and disapproving.
D.Optimistic but also concerned.
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解析 推理判断题。根据文章第三段可知,库珀对智能手机的未来持有乐观的态度,但是不乏抱有担忧。
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11.What can be inferred about children from paragraph 5
A.They should be provided with a different Internet from adults.
B.They should have easy access to various Internets.
C.They should be introduced to different audiences.
D.They should use various Internets for learning materials.
√
解析 推理判断题。根据文章第五段可知,马丁·库珀认为不同的受众应该被提供不同的互联网,也就是说应该给孩子提供不同的互联网。
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12.According to Cooper,how might smartphones be powered in the future
A.By body sensors. B.By human body.
C.By solar energy. D.By advanced batteries.
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解析 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段可知,他认为未来的手机有可能从人体获得能量。
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词汇积累:
1.(Passage 1)turn down拒绝
2.(Passage 1)exchange...for...用……来换取……
3.(Passage 1)call for要求
4.(Passage 1)draw up草拟
5.(Passage 2)long to do sth.渴望做某事
6.(Passage 2)approval n.批准
7.(Passage 2)in response作为回应
8.(Passage 3)be credited with doing sth.做某事是……的功劳
9.(Passage 3)literally adv.真正地,确实
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熟词生义:
(Passage 1)failure n.衰竭
长难句分析:
(Passage 1)If someone wants to donate but their immune system is unsuited, doctors may be able to find pairs of would-be donors who can each give a kidney to the other’s relative.
分析:本句为复合句。If someone wants to donate but their immune system is unsuited为if引导的条件状语从句;who can each give a kidney to the other’s relative为who引导的定语从句。
句意:如果有人想捐献肾脏,但他们的免疫系统不适合,医生可能会找到一对潜在的捐赠者,他们可以将肾脏捐给对方的亲属。
