UNIT 3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
语篇解读：如果将气候行动比作一场比赛，那么气候变化的速度现在比我们快，我们需要更大的决心来应对这一挑战，因为这是一场我们能够而且必须获胜的比赛。
Climate Change：A Race We Must Win
We face a new era of climate crisis.July 2019 is the hottest month on record, and we are on track for 2015 to 2019 to be the five hottest years in human history.The level of CO2 in the atmosphere is at its highest point in human history; climate-related devastations strike more often than ever, with droughts, hurricanes, heatwaves and landslides regularly attacking our planet, causing huge economic loss to countries and to individuals①， particularly affecting the most vulnerable(脆弱的) in societies.
The clock is ticking.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会)，we need to collectively ensure that the global temperature rise does not go beyond 1.5 degrees.This means we must reduce emissions(排放) by 45 percent by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality(中立) by 2050.
Faced with this reality, it is impossible to ignore② that human development can flourish③ only if the natural world flourishes.This is the premise(前提) of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals that have become more urgent looking forward to the next decade.How can we, the global community, work together as one
As the second largest economy in the world, China has played a critical part in committing④ to the Paris Agreement and its leadership and commitment are crucial in achieving the goals.The country has made remarkable⑤ progress in developing its green economy, with more than 125 billion dollars' investment in renewable energy in 2017.New renewable energy jobs in China now outnumber those created in the oil and gas industries.
As a global challenge that transcends(超越) national borders, climate change is an issue that requires solutions to be coordinated at the international level, with a demand for all developed countries taking up greater responsibilities, and for developing countries moving toward low-carbon economy.In the meantime, as the world's most populous country and one of the largest carbon emitters, China can play an even more vital role in tackling global climate change by maximising its enormous potential for emission reduction and accelerating⑥ the current positive.
Climate change is running faster than we are and we need to have a much more ambitious approach in what we do in order to defeat climate change—as this is a race that we can and must win.
词海拾贝
①individual n．个人 ②ignore v．忽视
③flourish v．繁荣 ④commit v．承诺
⑤remarkable adj.显著的 ⑥accelerate v．加速
美句欣赏
As a global challenge that transcends national borders, climate change is an issue that requires solutions to be coordinated at the international level, with a demand for all developed countries taking up greater responsibilities, and for developing countries moving toward low-carbon economy.
译文：作为一个超越国界的全球性挑战，气候变化这一议题需要在国际层面协调解决方案，要求所有发达国家承担更大的责任，要求发展中国家向低碳经济迈进。
探究思辨
1．What causes huge economic loss to countries and to individuals B
A．The level of CO2.
B．Climate crisis.
C．Tight budget.
D．The most vulnerable in societies.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中“...climate-related devastations strike more often than ever, with droughts, ...causing huge economic loss to countries and to individuals, ...(……与气候变化有关的自然灾害比以往任何时候都更频繁，……给许多国家和个人造成了巨大损失……)”可知，自然危机给国家和个人造成巨大损失。故选B。
2．What do you know about China from Paragraph 4 B
A．China has made great contributions to the world environmental protection.
B．China has made remarkable progress in founding the Paris Agreement.
C．China invested 125 million dollars in renewable energy in 2017.
D．New renewable energy jobs in China now outnumber jobs in any other industry.
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中“As the second largest economy in the world, China has played a critical part in committing to the Paris Agreement and its leadership and commitment are crucial in achieving the goals.(作为世界第二大经济体，中国在履行《巴黎协定》方面发挥了关键作用，中国的领导和承诺对实现这些目标起着决定性作用。)”可知，中国为《巴黎协定》作出了巨大努力。故选B。
3．Which section of newspaper is the passage from C
A．Entertainment. B．Economy.
C．Environment. D．Technology.
解析：推理判断题。根据文章的主旨大意是关于气候的变化。故选C。
1．greenhouse effect温室效应
由于地球大气的作用很像是一个玻璃或塑料温室的屋顶和墙，温室效应因此而得名。地球的大气允许大量阳光通过并加热地面。地球以红外辐射的形式发射热能返回大气中。由于大气中某些气体能吸收它，许多辐射热能不能自由进入太空，它们变得温暖并发射红外辐射返回地球，再次使地表变暖。这些气体被称为“温室气体”，主要包括水汽(water vapor)、二氧化碳(carbon dioxide)、甲烷(methane)等。它们的作用是使地球表面变得更暖，类似于温室截留太阳辐射，并加热温室内空气。
2．Water Ten Plan水十条
全称为《水污染防治行动计划》，最早叫“水计划”，因为要与已经出台的“大气十条”相对应，改为“水十条”。由环保部所属环境保护环境规划院牵头编制，2015年2月中共中央政治局常务委员会会议审议通过，4月16日正式发布。“水十条”旨在通过在污水处理、全面控制污染物排放等多方面进行强力监管和启动严格的问责制，改善全国水环境质量，实现生态系统的良性循环。
3．River Chief System河长制
河长制，即由中国各级党政主要负责人担任“河长”，负责组织领导相应河湖的管理和保护工作。河长制经水利部推广已经在全国许多省市落地。河长制的推行使诸多地区的水环境得到了明显改善，给严峻而复杂的水环境治理带来了曙光。
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
课文预读
Ⅰ.快读文章，把握大意
1．Para.1 A．The two common meanings of“greenhouse effect”．
2．Para.2 B．Evidence of a dramatic change in global climate.
3．Para.3 C．The impact global warming had on Earth's ecology.
4．Para.4 D．Evidence of global warming leading to extreme weather and
disasters.
5．Para.5 E．Both governments and individuals should take measures to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
答案：1.B 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.E
Ⅱ.精读文章，品读细节
1．What directly caused the death of the polar bear？ C
A．Extreme coldness. B．Changeable weather.
C．Lack of food. D．Low sea levels.
2．What does the third paragraph mainly tell us？ A
A．What the“greenhouse effect”means.
B．Why the global temperature rises quickly.
C．How the heat is released back into space.
D．Why the“man-made”greenhouse is important to us.
3．According to scientists, the“natural”greenhouse effect B .
A．is what causes global warming
B．is beneficial to human beings
C．has now become a big problem
D．must be got rid of in the long run
4．What is the purpose of the last paragraph？ D
A．To show us the bad effects of global warming.
B．To explain the meaning of “carbon footprint”．
C．To tell us to prevent disasters from happening.
D．To call on us to do our bit to protect our planet.
Ⅲ.重读文章，激发潜能
There is little doubt that Earth 1.is getting (get) warmer and warmer. The “man-made”greenhouse effect has contributed to the climate change.
There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to 2.an increase in extreme weather and natural 3.disasters (disaster) worldwide，not only causing serious damage，but also costing human lives. Climate scientists have warned that 4.if we do not take appropriate actions, this warming trend will 5.probably (probable) continue and there will be a higher price to pay.
Continued greenhouse gas emissions will result 6.in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate， 7.which requires the attention of people all over the world. Governments need to consider making policies and taking appropriate actions and measures 8.to reduce (reduce) greenhouse gas emissions.
We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint”by 9.restricting (restrict) the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce. It is our 10.responsibility (responsible) to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet.
解析：
1．考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：几乎没有疑问，地球正变得越来越暖和。根据语境可知应该用现在进行时。主语是Earth。故填is getting。
2．考查冠词。句意：有充分而全面的证据表明，气温上升已导致世界范围内极端天气和自然灾害的增加……。此处表泛指，用不定冠词；increase以元音音素开头。故用冠词an。故填an。
3．考查名词复数。disaster表示“灾难”时为可数名词，空前无代词、冠词。故用复数。natural disasters“自然灾害”。故填disasters。
4．考查状语从句。句意：气候科学家警告说，如果我们不采取适当的行动，这种变暖的趋势可能会继续下去，(人们)将付出更高的代价。if引导条件状语从句，表示“如果”。故填if。
5．考查副词。修饰动词continue，应该用副词形式。故填probably。
6．考查介词。句意：持续的温室气体排放将导致进一步变暖和全球气候的持久变化……。result in“导致”。故填in。
7．考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指前边的整件事。故填which。
8．考查非谓语动词。句意：(各国)政府需要考虑制定政策并采取适当的行动和措施来减少温室气体的排放。动词不定式在此处表示目的。故填to reduce。
9．考查非谓语动词。句意：作为个人，我们也可以通过限制我们的生活方式产生的二氧化碳的量来减少我们的“碳足迹”。by doing sth.意思为“通过做某事”。故填restricting。
10．考查名词。句意：我们的责任是抓住每一个机会就全球变暖以及它的原因和影响教育每个人，因为这是影响这个星球上我们所有人的最严重的问题。由形容词性物主代词our可以判断，此空填名词，表示“责任”。故填responsibility。
阅读技巧点拨
对文章的写作目的进行推断 1.细读文章，从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会写作目的。
2.选项里常出现的词是：explain(解释), prove (证明), advise(劝告), comment(评论), praise(赞扬), criticise(批评), demonstrate(举例说明), argue(辩论), tell(讲述), analyze(分析)等。
Ⅰ.词形转换
1． emission n．排放物；散发物；排放→ emit vt.排放，散发(尤指气体、辐射物)；发出(声音或噪音)；发行，发表
2． melt vi.& vt.(使)融化；熔化；软化→ melting adj.令人爱怜的；让人同情的；正在融化→ melted adj.融化了的
3． starve vi.& vt.(使)挨饿；饿死→ starving adj.挨饿的，即将饿死的→ starvation n．饿死；挨饿
4． ecology n．生态；生态学→ ecologist n．生态学者；生态保护论者
5． habitable adj.适合居住的→ habitation n．居住；住所→ habitat n．(动植物的)生活环境，栖息地→ inhabit vt.居住于，栖居在→ inhabitant n．(某地的)居民，栖息动物
6． sustain vt.维持；遭受；承受住→ sustainable adj.可持续的；合理利用的
7． comprehensive adj.全部的；所有的；详尽的→ comprehension n．理解力；领悟力→ comprehend vt.理解，领悟
8． frequently adv.频繁地；经常→ frequent adj.频繁的；时常发生的；惯常的→ frequency n. 重复率；发生率
9． broadcast vt.& vi.播送；广播；传播 n．广播节目；电视节目→过去式 broadcast →过去分词 broadcast
10． restrict vt.限制；限定；束缚→ restriction n．限制规定；限制法规；约束
Ⅱ.高频短语
1． have an impact on 对……有影响
2． take actions 采取行动
3． pay a higher price 付出更高的代价
4． map out 在地图上标出；筹划
5． take responsibility for 对……负责
6．know about 了解
7．along with 连同……一起
8．in order to 为了
9．refer to 参考；涉及；指的是
10．result in 导致，结果是
重 点 单 词
1．starve vi.& vt.(使)挨饿； 饿死；缺乏……的；急需……的
D 典型例句
She's starving herself to try to lose weight.
她正在用节食的方法减轻体重。
These animals will starve to death if not given food soon.
这些动物不赶快喂些食物就会饿死。
She's lonely, and starving for friendship.
她很寂寞，渴望友谊。
S 思维拓展
starve to death 饿死
starve for sth.渴望获得某物；缺乏
starve to do sth.渴望做某事
starving adj.挨饿的，即将饿死的
starvation n．饿死
M 名师点拨
long for sth.渴望某物
long to do sth.渴望做某事
be eager for sth.渴望某物
be eager to do sth.渴望做某事
be dying for sth.渴望某物
be dying to do sth.渴望做某事
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①They'll either die from the cold or starve to death.
②When will the dinner be ready We are starving (starve)．
③He looks forward to the day when no one will die of starvation (starve)．
完成句子
④Those poor children starve for education.
那些贫穷的孩子们渴望教育。
⑤A lot of people starved to death after the earthquake as a result of the delay of the supplies.
很多人在地震之后由于供给品的耽搁而饿死了。
2．release vt.& n．排放；释放；发布
D 典型例句
The contraction of muscles uses energy and releases heat.
肌肉的收缩消耗能量并且排放热量。
They released the prisoners.
他们释放了俘虏。
When is the best moment to release the date of the election to the newspapers
什么时候是向报界透露选举日期的最好时机？
S 思维拓展
release a book 发行书
release a new film 发行新影片
release information 透露消息
release... from... 从……释放……
release...of 解除，使放出
release to... 向……发行
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①The patient asked the doctor to give him something that would release him from his pain.
②The prisoner has served his sentence and will be released (release) tomorrow.
③On the peak, she burst into tears, releasing (release) all her emotions.
3．sustain vt.维持；遭受；承受住
D 典型例句
(2022· 全国乙卷)Here are five ways to sustain long-distance friendships.
以下是维持远距离友谊的五种方法。
The company sustained losses of millions of dollars.
公司遭受了数百万元的巨大损失。
Arches sustain the weight of the roof.
拱形结构承受着屋顶的重量。
S 思维拓展
sustain losses 蒙受损失
sustainable adj.可持续的；合理利用的
sustainable development可持续发展
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2023·全国乙卷)Cycling is the most economical, sustainable (sustain) and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights.
②The problem was how to get enough food to sustain (sustain) life.
4．trend n．趋势；趋向；动向
D 典型例句
The underlying trend of inflation is still upwards.
通货膨胀的潜在趋势仍然是上升的。
The youth like to follow the latest trends in fashion.
年轻人喜好追求最新的流行款式。
The trend at the moment is towards a more natural and less made-up look.
现在的流行趋向于更自然而少化妆的外表。
S 思维拓展
set a/the trend 开风气之先，带领新潮流
follow the trend 赶时髦；跟随潮流；跟风
the trend in... ……的时尚
the trend of... ……的形势/趋向
the trend to...……的倾向
J 即学即练
完成句子
①The event changed the trend of public opinion.
这件事改变了舆论的趋向。
②There is a growing trend to earlier retirement.
提早退休者有增加的趋势。
5．broadcast vt.& vi.播送；广播；传播 n．广播节目；电视节目
D 典型例句
She broadcasts on current affairs.
她发表时事广播演说。
The BBC broadcasts all over the world.
英国广播公司向全世界播送节目。
She listens to the English broadcast at 10∶00 every night.
每晚10∶00她收听英语广播。
S 思维拓展
broadcast news 广播新闻
broadcast programme 广播节目
broadcast... to... 向……传播……，乱传
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①The concert will be broadcast (broadcast) live tomorrow evening.
②We don't want to broadcast (broadcast) our unhappiness to the world.
完成句子
③She broadcast the good news to all her friends.
她向她所有的朋友传播了这个好消息。
6．restrict vt.限制；限定；束缚
D 典型例句
In a move to restrict imports, the government raised custom duties.
政府在限制进口的措施中提高了关税。
Recent laws have tended to restrict the freedom of the press.
新法例有限制新闻自由的趋势。
You are restricted to eight liters of duty-free wine.
携带的免税酒不得超过八升。
S 思维拓展
restrict oneself to doing sth.限制自己做某事
restricted adj.有限的，受限制的
be restricted to局限于；仅限于；被限制在……
restriction n．限制规定；限制法规；约束
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Access to the club is restricted to members only.
②I restrict myself to smoking (smoke) two cigarettes a day.
③The government has agreed to lift restrictions (restrict) on press freedom.
完成句子
④Their policy was to restrict our growth .
他们的政策是限制我们的发展。
⑤The number of students per class is restricted to 40.
每个班的学生人数被限定为40人。
7．seize vt.抓住；夺取；控制
D 典型例句
I decided to seize the opportunity to make success.
我决定抓住这个机会来获得成功。
I can't quite seize your meaning.
我不太理解你的意思。
The enemy seized the town after a violent attack.
敌人猛攻后占领了这个城镇。
S 思维拓展
be seized with an illness 害病
seize sb.by the arm/hand 抓住某人的胳膊/手
seize the chance/opportunity 抓住机会
seize...by surprise 突袭……
seize on/upon 抓住(机会等)；利用(借口等)
The boy seizes his mother by the hand in the rain.
雨中男孩紧紧抓住他妈妈的手。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Only by seizing (seize)every minute can we finish it on time.
②Companies were quick to seize on/upon the chance offered by new technology.
③While crossing the road, he often seizes his father by the arm.
④I seized him by surprise and he had no time to think of an excuse.
重 点 短 语
1．have an impact on...对……有影响
D 典型例句
The move is not expected to have an impact on the company's employees.
预计这一行动对公司职员不会产生什么巨大的影响。
Our regional measures have had a significant impact on unemployment.
我们地区的措施对失业有重大影响。
S 思维拓展
achieve/make an impact on... 对……造成影响
make a difference to... 对……有影响
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made an impact on our lives in many ways.
②What you do will make a difference to society, so behave well.
2．refer to 提到，谈及，说起；查阅；涉及；指的是；参考
D 典型例句
“In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created，”he said.
他说：“事实上，传统也指一直在发展的和仍正在被创造的东西”。
She always referred to Ben as “that nice man”．
她总是称本为“那个大好人”。
What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to
第三段画线词that指的是什么？
The new law doesn't refer to land used for farming.
那条新法律并不涉及农业用地。
S 思维拓展
(1)refer to...as...把……称作……
refer...to...将……送交给……(以求获得帮助等)
(2)reference n．言及；提及；参考；查阅
M 名师点拨
在表示“查阅”之意时，refer to后多接参考资料(字典，书籍等)；look up多接查询的内容。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①While giving the English speech, one is not allowed to refer to the notes.
② You'd better write down the phone number of that restaurant for further reference (refer)．
完成句子
③No one referred to yesterday's quarrel .
谁也没有提昨天吵架的事。
④The scientist referred to the discovery as the most exciting new development in this field.
这位科学家提到这一发现时，说这是这个领域中最令人兴奋的新发展。
3．result in导致；结果是；造成
D 典型例句
The talks resulted in reducing the number of missiles.
谈判结果削减了导弹数量。
The accident resulted in three people being killed.
这一事故导致三人死亡。
D 温馨提示
result in“导致”与lead to“导致”同义，且in与to皆为介词，两短语可互换。
S 思维拓展
result from因……而引起；因……而导致
as a result结果；因此(作状语)
as a/the result of由于……；因为……
without result毫无结果
Q 巧学助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2022· 新高考全国Ⅰ卷)You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media, but it probably won't result in a useful response.
②As we all know, success results from hard work and failure often lies in laziness.
完成句子
③ As a result , he had to leave his homeland.
结果，他不得不离开他的祖国。
④She was late as a result of snow.
她由于下雪而来迟了。
重 点 句 型
1．There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer.
毫无疑问，地球正变得越来越暖和。
J 句式分析
句中There is no/little doubt that...表示“毫无疑问……；无疑……”，后接一个that引导的同位语从句。当doubt前有否定词修饰时，其后常接that引导的同位语从句；当doubt前无否定词修饰时，其后常接whether引导的同位语从句。此外，There is doubt后也可以接介词about/as to引导的短语。
There is no doubt that our team will win the match.
毫无疑问，我们队将赢得比赛。
There is no doubt that he will succeed.
毫无疑问他会成功。
There is some doubt (as to/about) whether Peter will come on time.
彼得是否会按时来还是个问题。
There is little doubt that he will succeed.
他肯定会成功。
S 思维拓展
There is no question...……是没有问题的。
There is no reason...没有理由……
There is no need/hope/possibility that...没有必要/希望/可能……
It's no wonder that...难怪……
It's no good/use doing...做……没有好处/用处。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①There is little doubt that it is vital for us to deal with e-waste properly.
②There is some doubt whether we should direct our attention at the fundamental question.
③He doubted whether/if he would learn anything valuable from Marie.
④(2021·全国甲卷)I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.
⑤If you have any doubt about your health, you'd better consult your doctor at once.
完成句子
⑥ There is little/no doubt that (毫无疑问) this candidate's advantage lies in his ability to communicate with foreigners in English.
⑦ There is some doubt about whether (对是否……有一些疑问) their football team will win the match.
2．Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as methane and carbon dioxide, trap some of the heat, keeping Earth's climate warm and habitable.
大气层中的温室气体，如甲烷和二氧化碳，会吸收一些热量，使地球的气候温暖宜居。
J 句式分析
句中keeping Earth's climate warm and habitable作结果状语。
When he was a little boy, his parents died, leaving him an orphan.
在他很小的时候父母就去世了，他成了孤儿。
It has been raining for several weeks, causing the roads to be destroyed.
大雨下了几周，导致路被毁掉。
D 温馨提示
现在分词作结果状语往往表示必然结果或者顺理成章的结果；而不定式作结果状语往往表示没有想到的结果。
I got to the station, only to be told that the train had left.
我赶到火车站，不料被告知火车已开走了。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①The setting sun was reflected on the river, making (make) everything along the banks look all the more beautiful.
②He kept trying on thing after another, only to fail (fail) each time.
3．Without this process, Earth could not sustain life.
没有这个过程，地球就不能维持生命。
J 句式分析
此句为虚拟语气句，without引起虚拟语气。Without this process＝If there were not this process，是一个与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句。后面的句子使用了could/would do表示与现在事实相反的结果。
Without water, fish wouldn't live.
没有水，鱼不能活。
Without your help, we would have failed.
如果没有你的帮助，我们肯定会失败的。
S 思维拓展
很多情况下表示虚拟的假设并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过上下文，利用but for，or，otherwise等介词(短语)或连词来表示，这就是所谓的含蓄虚拟语气。
But for your help, I would have failed the exam.
要不是你的帮助，我考试一定会不及格的。
J 即学即练
完成句子
①I was not listening to the teacher, or else I would have answered his questions.
我没听老师讲课，不然我就回答他的问题了。
②Without air，there wouldn't be any living things on the earth.
没有空气，地球上就不会有生物。
4．There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives.
有确凿而全面的证据表明，气温上升导致全球极端天气和自然灾害增多，不仅造成严重破坏，而且造成人员伤亡。
J 句式分析
句中that引导一个同位语从句，对名词evidence进一步的解释和说明。not only...but also...用作并列连词，意为“不但……而且……”，连接两个分词短语作状语。
They not only broke into his office but(also) tore up his papers.
他们不仅闯进了他的办公室，而且撕碎了他的文件。
Not only he but also I am responsible for it.
不仅他而且我也有责任。
Not only does he study hard, but also he is clever.
他不仅学习刻苦，而且还很聪明。
S 思维拓展
(1)not only...but also...相当于not just...but also...，其中also可以省略，它连接的往往是平行成分，常用来连接两个主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语或状语等，在含义上强调后者。相同的意思还可用以下词组表达：not merely...but also，not only...but...as well, not only...but...too等。
(2)连接两个主语时，其谓语动词的数必须和就近的主语保持一致。
(3)连接两个分句时，not only放在句首，第一个分句需要部分倒装，第二个分句不倒装。
(4)就近原则：作主语的两个名词或代词由or，either...or, neither...nor, not only...but(also), not...but...等连接时，谓语动词的数通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Not only the USA and Russia but also China has (have)sent up manned satellites to circle the earth.
②Not only does he want to set up a new school，but also he wants to give some money to the poor.
完成句子
③He not only speaks English fluently but also writes English well.
他不但英语说得很流利，而且写得很好。
④ Not only you but also he is tired of having one examination after another.
不但你，而且他也讨厌一次接一次的考试。
难 句 分 析
1．According to the scientists who found its dead body, all that remained of the polar bear was “skin and bones”．
J 句式分析
N 牛刀小试
翻译： 据发现其尸体的科学家称，北极熊仅存的只是“皮包骨头”。 2.Climate scientists often mention a key climate process called the “greenhouse effect”，which has two common meanings: the “natural” greenhouse effect and the “man-made” greenhouse effect.
J 句式分析
N 牛刀小试
翻译： 气候学家经常提到一个关键的气候过程，叫作“温室效应”，它有两个常见的含义：“自然”温室效应和“人为”温室效应。
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．You can't see your sister starve (挨饿)without trying to help her!
2． Release (放开) the dog. He has been chained up for hours.
3．Running costs are coming down because of cheaper fuel (燃料)．
4．Will this light shelf sustain (承受)the weight of all these books
5．The rise in violent crime is a disturbing new trend (趋势)．
6．I listen to the sports news broadcast (广播) on the radio station every day.
7．The long skirt restricted (限制了) her movements.
8．The government must make new policies (政策) to reduce unemployment.
9．We must seize (抓住) all opportunities to accelerate development.
10．Buses run frequently (频繁地) from the city to the airport.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Millions will face starvation (starve) next year as a result of the drought.
2．You can be released from prison early for good behaviour.
3．He broadcast the secret to the whole school.
4．Speed is restricted to 30 mph in towns.
5．He seized Mary by the arm when she wanted to leave.
6．The computer had made a great impact on modern life.
7．The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without referring (refer) to his notes.
8．Scientists have obtained more evidence that plastic is finding its way into the human body.
9．The rainy weather lasted for a couple of days，thus ruining (ruin) our plan for a picnic.
10．Not only you but also he is (be) responsible for it.
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．这次活动不仅拓宽了我们的视野，也加深了我们的思想。(not only...but also...)
The activity not only broadens our horizons, but it also deepens our thoughts .
2．毫无疑问，好事情会来的，当它来的时候，会是一个惊喜。(there is little doubt that)
There is little doubt that the good thing will come , and when it comes，it will be a surprise.
3．在一些地区，乱丢垃圾很常见，对我们的生活和环境造成了负面影响。(现在分词作状语)
In some areas，littering is quite common, causing a negative impact on our life and the environment .
4．他们回顾了植物和动物对气候敏感的证据。(同位语从句)
They reviewed evidence that plants and animals are sensitive to climate .
5．没有那位老师的鼓励，我不可能一直保持斗志。(虚拟语气)
Without the encouragement of the teacher, I couldn't have kept my spirits up .Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
语法探究：将下列教材中的直接引语变为间接引语并体会其变化规律
1．The expert said，“From the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have starved and died.”
The expert said that from the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have starved and died.
2．The reporter asked，“Will polar bears die out because of climate change？”
The reporter asked whether/if polar bears die out because of climate change.
3．The reporter asked，“How can we save polar bears from extinction？”
The reporter asked how we could save polar bears from extinction.
4．“Let's work together to stop climate change，” the expert said.
The expert suggested working together to stop climate change.
归纳总结
1．体会直接引语变成间接引语的时态变化。
2．直接引语变成间接引语的句态变化：直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由 that 引导的宾语从句；直接引语是一般疑问句时，间接引语中用 whether或if 引导；直接引语是特殊疑问句时，间接引语中用 原句中的特殊疑问词 来引导；直接引语是表示建议、提议的祈使句时，采用 suggest＋doing/that从句 。
Ⅰ.词形转换
1． reform vi.& vt.改革；(使)改正；改造 n．改革；变革；改良→ reformation n．革新；改善→ reformer n．改革家；改革运动者；改良者
2． undergo vt.经历；经受(变化、不快等) →过去式 underwent →过去分词 undergone
3． harmonious adj.和谐的→ harmony n．协调；和睦；融洽
4． moderate adj.适度的；中等的；温和的 vi.& vt.缓和；使适中→ moderately adv.适度地；中庸地；有节制地
5． submit vi.& vt.提交；呈递；屈服→ submission n．投降；提交(物)；服从
6． annual adj.每年的；一年的 n．年刊；年鉴→ annually adv.每年；一年一次
7． sensitive adj.敏感的；善解人意的；灵敏的→ sensitively adv.敏感地；易感知地
Ⅱ.高频短语
1． be responsible for 对……负责
2． bring about 引起
3． die out 灭绝；消失
4． on behalf of 代表(或代替)某人
5．in search of 寻找；搜寻
6．as well as 和；也；以及
7．because of 因为
8．rather than 而不是
重 点 单 词
1．reform vi.& vt.改革；(使)改正；改造 n．改革；变革；改良
D 典型例句
They've reformed the education system to fit in with the new situation.
他们改革了教育制度，以适应新的形势。
The reform in teaching methods is warmly welcomed by students.
教学方法的改革受到了学生们的热烈欢迎。
S 思维拓展
reform the healthcare system 改革医疗保健制度
reform oneself 改过自新
education reform 教育改革
a reform in teaching methods 教学方法的改革
reformation n．革新；改善
reformer n．改革家；改革运动者；改良者
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Phone meetings get cancelled or reformed (reform) and camera phones intrude (侵入) on people's privacy.
②He who will reform himself (he) must first reform society.
③We also need to actively advance the reform in the political system.
2．harmonious adj.和谐的
D 典型例句
The sky and the sea make a harmonious picture.
天空和大海构成了一幅和谐的画面。
Relations with our neighbors are very harmonious at the moment.
我们目前同邻居们的关系十分和谐。
Don't let this trifling matter affect our harmonious relations.
别为小事伤了和气。
S 思维拓展
harmony n．协调；和睦；融洽
in harmony 协调一致；和谐地
out of harmony不协调；不和谐
harmony among(between)……之间的协调，……之间的融洽
in harmony with... 与……协调一致；与……和谐相处
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2023·全国甲卷)People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
②After dealing with the art, they have a common sense of harmonious (harmony) music.
完成句子
③This pavilion is harmonious with the surrounding environment.
这亭子同周围环境是协调的。
④Success means to have a harmonious family .
成功意味着拥有和睦的家庭。
3．submit vi.& vt.提交；呈递；屈服
D 典型例句
(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.
他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。
Please fill in and submit the form below.
请填写并递交以下表格。
They refused to submit to the unjust decision.
他们拒绝服从这个不公正的决定。
S 思维拓展
submit an application呈递申请书
submit proposal 提出建议
submit (oneself) to sth.顺从于，屈服于某事
submit to threats向威胁低头
submission n．投降；提交(物)；服从
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2022· 新高考全国Ⅰ卷)All the assignments will be submitted (submit) by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
②I refused to submit myself (me) to his control.
③He is the last man to submit to another's opinion.
4．annual adj.每年的；一年的 n．年刊；年鉴
D 典型例句
(2022· 全国甲卷)With an impressive 2,000-seat concert hall, St David's Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff.
圣大卫音乐厅拥有令人印象深刻的2 000个座位，是一年一度的加的夫威尔士舞会的举办地。
Many universities have our annuals kept in the library.
许多大学图书馆都收藏我们的年刊。
S 思维拓展
annual budget 年度预算
annual event 一年一度的大事
annual income 岁入
annual production 年产量
annual salary 年薪
annually adv.每年；一年一次
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①They celebrate their wedding anniversary annually (annual)．
完成句子
②I'm playing in the annual school concert next Friday.
下周五我将在学校年度音乐会上演出。
③The fashion show is an annual event .
时装表演是一年一度的大事。
5．sensitive adj.敏感的；善解人意的； 灵敏的
D 典型例句
She is very sensitive about her weight.
她对自己的体重非常敏感。
He is a sensitive friend of mine.
他是我的一个善解人意的朋友。
Compared with adults, children are more sensitive to others' feelings.
与成人相比，孩子们对别人的感情更敏感。
S 思维拓展
be sensitive to... 对……敏感
sensitively adv.敏感地；易感知地
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①It is obvious that she is very sensitive to what you said.
②Compared with his sister, Jerry is even more sensitive (sensitive) to emotional and relationship problems.
完成句子
③Donna is sensitive to strong smells.
唐娜对强烈的气味很敏感。
④Some plants are so sensitive to pollution that they can only survive in a perfectly clean environment.
有些植物对污染如此敏感，以至于它们只能在非常干净的环境里生存下去。重 点 短 语
1．in search of寻找；搜寻
D 典型例句
I looked everywhere in search of my glasses.
我到处找我的眼镜。
He went to the south in search of a better job.
他去南方寻找更好的工作。
S 思维拓展
in one's search for 寻找
search for＝look for 寻找(某人/某物)
search...for... 为了找到……而搜查……
search sth./sb. 搜查某物/搜身
W 误区警示
(1)in search of是介词短语，在句中作状语或表语。若名词search前没有任何修饰词，后面的介词用of；有the，one's等词修饰时，后面的介词用for，即in the/one's search for，其后名词均表示“寻找的目标”。
His brother went to America in search of gold.＝His brother went to America in the search for gold.
他的兄弟去美国寻找黄金了。
(2)动词search后接搜查的范围，而search for后接搜寻的目标，相当于look for。
Q 巧学助记
He searched the drawer in search of his friend's telephone number while his friend was searching for his address，too.
他在抽屉里找他朋友的电话号码，而他朋友也正在找他的地址。
J 即学即练
完成句子
①The police are searching the house for (正在搜查……找) more evidence.
②They removed the stones and bricks in search of/to search for (寻找) some survivors in the earthquake.
2．die out灭绝；消失；(火)逐渐熄灭
D 典型例句
Elephants would die out soon if men were allowed to shoot as many as they wish.
如果允许人们随心所欲地射杀大象，那么它们不久就会灭绝。
Many old customs are dying out.
许多古老的风俗正逐渐消失。
The fire died out in the end.
火终于熄灭了。
S 思维拓展
die of因……而死(一般指死于内因，如疾病、饥饿、情感原因等)
die from 因……而死(一般指死于外因，如外伤、车祸、污染等)
die away(声音、风、光等)慢慢变弱；渐渐消失
die down (兴奋、火等)渐弱；渐息；平息
die off (家庭、种族等)相继死亡；(草木)先后枯死
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Many species of animals are in danger of dying out .
②The young driver died from the wounds caused by a road accident.
③She died of a fever, and no one could save her.
3．on behalf of sb.代表某人；代替某人
D 典型例句
Please accept my apology on behalf of the hotel.
请接受我代表酒店向您道歉。
They presented the Queen with a bouquet on behalf of the women students.
她们代表女学生向女王献花。
T 图解助记
On behalf of the whole class, I wish you get well soon.
代表全班同学，我祝您早日康复。
S 思维拓展
on behalf of sb./on sb.'s behalf 代表(或代替)某人；为帮助某人；因为某人；为了某人
in behalf of sb./in sb.'s behalf为帮助某人
Thank you very much for your tireless efforts on our behalf.
非常感谢你为我们所做的不懈努力。
The President signed the treaty on behalf of his government.
总统代表他的政府在条约上签了字。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①I'm glad to put on a performance here on behalf of our school.
②Don't trouble to do it on our (we) behalf.
句型转换
③She taught in the small village in behalf of the children.
→She taught in the small village in the children's behalf .
④The hero's wife accepted the medal on his behalf.
→The hero's wife accepted the medal on behalf of him .
直接引语和间接引语
语法导图
语法精讲
一、定义
直接引语 是将别人的话一字不改地放在引号内
间接引语 是用自己的话对别人的话进行转述，不用加引号
The boy said, “I like playing basketball very much.”(引号内的为直接引语)→
The boy said that he liked playing basketball very much.(that引导的宾语从句为间接引语)
The teacher asked the boy，“Do you like playing basketball？”(引号内的为直接引语)→
The teacher asked the boy whether he liked playing basketball.(whether引导的宾语从句为间接引语)
二、直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则
1．人称变化的三原则。
(1)“第一人称随主”原则：如果直接引语中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰，间接引语中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。
Mary said，“I want to have a computer of my own.”
玛丽说：“我想有一台我自己的电脑。”(直接引语内为第一人称)
→Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.
玛丽说，她想拥有一台自己的电脑。(间接引语中随主语改为第三人称)
(2)“第二人称随宾”原则：如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，间接引语中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。
The customer asked the salesgirl，“Can you show another pair of shoes in a different colour？”(直接引语内主语为第二人称)
顾客问女售货员：“你能否给看一看不同颜色的另一双鞋？”
→The customer asked the salesgirl whether she could show another pair of shoes in a different colour.(间接引语随主句宾语改为第三人称)
顾客问女售货员她能否给看一看不同颜色的另一双鞋。
(3)“第三人称不更新”原则：如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修饰，间接引语中的人称一般不需要变化。
The organizer said，“Jack would come here to help.”(直接引语内为第三人称)
组织者说：“杰克会来这儿帮忙。”
→The organizer said that Jack would go there to help.(间接引语第三人称不改变)
组织者说杰克会去那儿帮忙。
But this time, when they asked me how our team fought back, I tried to give them as little as I could.
但这次，当他们问我，我们的团队是如何反击的，我尽量给了他们尽可能少的信息。
——《神盾局特工》
2．时态的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，间接引语中谓语动词的时态一般按下列规律变化：
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时
一般将来时 过去将来时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 过去完成时
过去完成进行时 过去完成进行时
He said，“I am planning a trip to Dandong.”(直接引语内为现在进行时)
他说：“我正计划去丹东旅行。”
→He said that he was planning a trip to Dandong.(间接引语为过去进行时)
他说他正计划去丹东旅行。
The tourist said，“I have been spellbound by the beautiful scenery.”(直接引语内为现在完成时)
游客说：“我已被美景迷住了”。
→The tourist said that she had been spellbound by the beautiful scenery.(间接引语改为过去完成时)
游客说她已被美景迷住了。
M 名师点津
直接引语变间接引语，时态无变化的情况
(1)直接引语是客观真理、谚语和格言；
My teacher said to us yesterday, “Early birds catch worms.”
昨天老师对我们说：“早起的鸟儿有虫吃。”(直接引语是谚语)
→My teacher told us yesterday that early birds catch worms.
昨天老师告诉我们早起的鸟儿有虫吃。(变成间接引语时态不变)
(2)直接引语中有具体的过去的某年、某月、某日作状语。
The guide said, “The bridge was completed in 1980.”(直接引语含具体的过去时间状语)
导游说：“这座桥完工于1980年。”
→The guide said that the bridge was completed in 1980.(间接引语时态不改变)
导游说这座桥完工于1980年。
3．指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化
词类 直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this that
these those
时间状语 now then
ago before/earlier
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next/following day
the day after tomorrow in two days' time
地点状语 here there
动词 come go
bring take
“Where did you have a picnic yesterday？” asked his friend.(直接引语内为yesterday)
他朋友问：“昨天你去哪里野餐的？”
→His friend asked where he had had a picnic the day before.(间接引语改为the day before)
他的朋友问前一天他去哪儿野餐的。
The famous hostess said, “I will come to host it if a party is held this weekend.”(直接引语内为come; this)
这位著名的女主持人说：“如果这个周末举行宴会的话，我会来主持。”
→The famous hostess said that she would go to host it if a party was held that weekend.(间接引语改为go; that)
这位著名的女主持人说如果那个周末举行宴会的话，她会去主持。
三、直接引语和间接引语的转换中的句式变化
1. 直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中that可以省略。
She said，“I am working in that company now.”(直接引语为陈述句)
她说：“我现在在那家公司工作。”
→She said that she was working in that company then.(间接引语用that引导宾语从句)
她说她那时在那家公司工作。
2. 直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反义疑问句时，间接引语中用whether(...or...或．..or not)或if引导。
His friend asked him，“Are you interested in playing football？”(直接引语为一般疑问句)
朋友问他：“你对踢足球感兴趣吗？”
→His friend asked him whether he was interested in playing football.(间接引语改为whether引导的宾语从句)
朋友问他是否对踢足球感兴趣。
3. 直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
He asked Mary，“How is your sister now？”(直接引语为how提问的特殊疑问句)
他问玛丽：“你姐姐现在怎么样了？”
→He asked Mary how her sister was then.(间接引语改为how引导的宾语从句)
他问玛丽那时她的姐姐怎么样了。
M 名师点津
(1)直接引语为陈述句，变为间接引语时，主句谓语动词said to sb.常改为told sb.。
(2)直接引语为疑问句，主句中谓语动词是said，变为间接引语时将其改为asked。
(3)直接引语为疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述语序。
His father said to him，“You should work hard if you want to go to college.”
他的父亲对他说：“如果你想上大学，你就要努力学习。”(直接引语中主句谓语为said to)
→His father told him that he should work hard if he wanted to go to college.
他的父亲告诉他，如果他想上大学就要努力学习。(改为间接引语时，主句谓语改为told)
Q 巧学助记
三诀巧记“直”变“间”
(1)当直接引语为陈述句时，变成间接引语的口诀：
去掉引号加that，人称变化要灵活，
时态向后退一步，状语变化按规则。
(2)当直接引语为一般疑问句时，变成间接引语的口诀：
去掉引号加if/whether，陈述语序要记住。
时态人称和状语，小心变化别马虎。
(3)当直接引语是特殊疑问句时，变成间接引语的口诀：
直接去引号，陈述莫忘掉，小心助动词，丢它最重要。
4．祈使句的直接引语变间接引语
祈使句的间接引语形式多采用“动词＋宾语＋动词不定式”结构。常见的引述动词有ask, tell, beg, warn, remind, advise, order等。
(1)引述表示命令的祈使句，变间接引语时常采用ask/tell/order sb. to do sth.的形式。
(2)当直接引语为表示建议、提议的祈使句或表示请求、提议、劝告、建议的疑问句时，多采用“suggest＋doing/that从句(如suggest后接that从句时，从句使用虚拟语气should＋动词原形，should也可省略)，offer to do和ask/advise/want sb.＋to do”等结构。
(3)引述表示请求的祈使句，常用ask，beg等词转述。
(4)引述表示警告或提醒的祈使句用remind，warn等词转述。
5．感叹句的直接引语变间接引语
直接引语为感叹句时，间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导。
M 名师点津
有些感叹句的转述要根据原句的意思采用适当的动词变为陈述句。
6．其他需要注意的几个问题
(1)直接引语中的称呼语变为间接引语时，一般把它当作宾语用。
(2)无论是否定祈使句，还是表委婉语气的否定疑问句，在变为间接引语时，要用不定式的否定形式：not/never to do sth.结构。
(3)祈使句直接引语变间接引语时，人称、指示代词、时间、地点状语及直接引语中从句的时态应根据陈述句直接引语变间接引语的方法进行相应的改变。
At first, I admit it.I was only friendly to him because my mom asked me to be nice.But now I would choose to hang out with him.
首先，我承认，我之前对他很友好，只是因为我妈妈要我这样做，但现在是我自己想跟他玩了。
——《奇迹男孩》
J 即学即练
句型转换
①(2022·全国甲卷改编)“I'll miss these old boats，”he said as we parted.
He said he would miss these old boats as we parted .
②(2022·全国甲卷改编)“I just decided I wanted to go，”she says.
She says she just decided she wanted to go .
③(2022·全国乙卷改编)The teacher said to him, “Don't make so much noise.”
The teacher told him not to make so much noise .
④Jenny said, “I have finished my homework.”
Jenny said that she had finished her homework .
⑤He asked me, “How will you get to the party？”
He asked me how I would get to the party .
Ⅰ.变直接引语为间接引语
1．He said，“My brother doesn't want to go there.”
He told me that his brother didn't want to go there.
2．He said to me, “Did you see him last night？”
He asked me whether I had seen him the night before .
3．Mary said to me，“I'll come again tomorrow.”
Mary told me that she would go again the next/following day .
4．“Can you swim, John？” he asked.
He asked John if/whether he could swim.
5．“Will Peter play basketball？”I wanted to know.
I wanted to know whether/if Peter would play basketball.
6．“Who has been to Beijing？” the teacher asked.
The teacher asked who had been to Beijing.
7．“Come here, Tom，” Lucy asked Tom.
Lucy asked Tom to go there .
8．“The earth goes around the sun，” the scientist said.
The scientist said that the earth goes around the sun.
9．The teacher said to me, “Don't be late again.”
The teacher advised me not to be late again .
10．Peter said，“ What a fine day it is！”
Peter said what a fine day it was ./Peter said how fine the day was .
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．I asked him whether he would stay at home or go out for hiking.
2．—Sorry, what did you say just now
—I asked how I could get to the station.
3．The actor said he was (be) born in 1984.
4．She asked me whether/if I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn't.
5．Yesterday he told me that he had met his uncle two years before (ago)．
6．He told us he had attended (attend) a concert three days before (ago)．
7．The teacher said that practice makes (make) perfect.
8．—Who called just now, Sam
—It's Terry. He asked if Alice was (be) in.
9．—What did the teacher say
—He told me not to be (be) late again.
10．The teacher requested us not to make (make) so much noise.Section Ⅲ Using Language
课文预读
Ⅰ.快读文章，把握大意
1．Para.1 A．Presenting some measures.
2．Para.2 B．Describing the water pollution.
3．Para.3 C．Presenting further measures.
4．Para.4 D．Introducing the topic.
答案：1.D 2.B 3.A 4.C
Ⅱ.精读文章，品读细节
1．What caused the Li River to be polluted？ A
A．The growth in tourism.
B．Its surrounding scenery.
C．Its good reputation.
D．The local people.
2．Why was the number of fish species decreasing？ D
A．Because the tourists threw garbage into the river.
B．Because many tour boats produced lots of oil.
C．Because a number of enterprises rose rapidly.
D．Because more chemicals used to increase crop production polluted the water.
3．What's the main idea of the third paragraph？ C
A．The construction of waste water treatment facilities improved the water quality and water conservation.
B．Dozens of polluting enterprises were closed or moved.
C．A variety of measures were taken to solve the problem.
D．The local authorities began to use the media to spread environmental awareness.
4．According to the last paragraph，we can learn B .
A．there is no water pollution in other areas across the country
B．thanks to the initiatives, China's rivers are on the way to a bright future
C．the “Water Ten Plan”is carried out specially to solve the problem of the Li River
D．the “River Chief System” holds some villagers in charge of reducing water pollution
Ⅲ.重读文章，激发潜能
The beautiful Li River attracts millions ofdomestic and foreign visitors each year. However, it suffered serious water pollution with more household and commercial waste 1.ending (end) up in the river. Local officials were 2.concerned (concern) that the pollution was damaging the natural environment. They took a number of measures 3.that/which addressed the issue. The construction of waste water treatment 4.facilities (facility) improved the water quality and water conservation.The collection and transport of household waste 5.was (be) also improved. Dozens of polluting enterprises were closed 6.or moved. The local government set up strict regulations regarding further industrial 7.development (develop). New rules were also introduced regarding tour boat routes and garbage disposal methods.Furthermore, the local authorities began to use the media 8.to spread (spread) environmental awareness and encourage greater use of clean energy. At the same time, they started to carry out inspections 9.regularly (regular) and fine tourist organisations for abuses. 10.With these measures, it is believed that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come.
解析：
1．考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，由于更多的家庭和商业废物最终进入河中，它遭受了严重的水污染。此处名词 waste 与end是主动关系，因此用现在分词形式作with复合结构中的宾补。故填ending。
2．考查形容词。句意：当地官员担心污染正在破坏自然环境。be concerned that...“担心……”。故填concerned。
3．考查定语从句。句意：他们采取了解决这个问题的许多措施。设空处引导定语从句且在从句中作主语，修饰 measures。故填that/which。
4．考查名词复数。句意：污水处理设施的建设改善了水质，节约了水资源。facility是可数名词，其前没有限定词，再根据句意可知应该用复数形式。故填facilities。
5．考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：生活垃圾的收集和运输也得到了改善。由语境可知用一般过去时；句子的主语中心词是The collection and transport，意思是“收集和运输”，看作一个整体，因此谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填was。
6．考查连词。句意：许多污染企业被关闭或搬迁。or表示选择关系，意思是“或者”。故填or。
7．考查名词。句意：当地政府制定了关于进一步发展工业的严格规定。industrial是形容词，所以空格处用名词development，表示“发展”。故填development。
8．考查非谓语动词。句意：此外，地方当局开始利用媒体传播环保意识，并鼓励(人们)更多地使用清洁能源。use sth.to do sth.“用某物做某事”。故填to spread。
9．考查副词。句意：同时，他们开始定期检查……此空修饰动词短语carry out，因此用副词。故填regularly。
10．考查介词。句意：有了这些措施，人们相信漓江的美将会被保存下来，留给未来的世世代代。With在此处意思为“有，拥有”。故填With。
阅读技巧点拨
对文章的语气态度进行推断 1.细读文章，从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会语气态度。
2.选项里常出现的词是：neutral(中立的), subjective(主观的), objective(客观的)，pessimistic(悲观的), optimistic(乐观的), critical(批评的), doubtful(怀疑的), indifferent(冷淡的)等。
Ⅰ.词形转换
1． originate vi.& vt.起源；发源；创立 → origin n．起源，起因；出身，血统→ original adj.起初的，原先的；原作的
2． enterprise n．公司；企业；事业→ entrepreneur n．企业家
3． restore vt.恢复；使复原；修复→ restoration n．恢复
4． conservation n．对(环境、文物等)保护；保持→ conserve vt.保存→ conservative adj.保守的
5． regulation n．章程；规章制度→ regulate vt.调节；规定
6． inspection n．检查；查看；视察→ inspect v．检查；视察；检阅→ inspector n．检查员；巡视员
7． tolerate vt.忍受；包容；容许→ toleration n．宽容；忍受→ tolerant adj.宽容的；容忍的；能耐……的
Ⅱ.高频短语
1． be harmful to 对……有害
2． contribute to 有助于；促成
3． throw...into the river 把……扔进河里
4． end up 结束
5． carry out 执行；实行；贯彻
6．dozens of 许多；很多
7．set up 设立；建立
8．at the same time 同时
9．in addition 另外，此外
10．at that time 在那时
重 点 单 词
1．restore vt.恢复；使复原；修复
D 典型例句
His health was entirely restored.
他已完全康复了。
He feels completely restored in health after a period of intensive care.
经过一段时间的精心护理，他感觉完全恢复了健康。
The old painting was damaged in the flood and had to be painstakingly restored.
那幅古画在洪水中遭到毁坏，必须精心修复。
S 思维拓展
restore one's sight恢复视力
restore one's faith恢复某人的信心
restore to life 苏醒过来
restore to the owners 归还给原主
restoration n．恢复
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①I volunteered to contribute to restoring (restore) wildlife habitats.
②The police have now restored the painting to its rightful owner.
③The restoration (restore) took almost 4,000 man-hours over four years.
完成句子
④His recent success has helped to restore his faith in his own ability.
他最近取得的成功使他恢复了对自己能力的信心。
2.conservation n．对(环境、文物等)保护；保持
D 典型例句
Most people have come to accept the need for conservation of natural resources.
大多数人已经开始接受保护自然资源的必要。
He isn't interested in conservation.
他对环境保护这个问题不关心。
S 思维拓展
environmental conservation 环境保护
forest conservation 森林保护
wildlife conservation 野生动物保护
conservation area(动植物的)保护区
conservation standards保护标准
conserve vt.保存
conservative adj.保守的；守旧的
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①The district is under consideration for designation as a conservation (conserve) area.
②It is no pleasure working with the young people who are sensitive and conservative (conserve).
完成句子
③Many people are concerned about animals and wildlife conservation .
许多人都关心动物及野生动植物的保护工作。
3.inspection n．检查；查看；视察
D 典型例句
He made an inspection of the school.
他视察了这所学校。
We aren't nearly ready for the inspection.
对检查一事，我们还远未准备好。
S 思维拓展
inspect v．检查；视察；检阅
inspector n．检查员；巡视员
Q 巧学助记
It is said that an inspector will come to inspect our school，and he will judge our school according to his inspection.
据说一位检查员将来视察我们学校，并根据他的视察情况来评判我们学校。
J 即学即练
选词填空(inspect/examine/check)
①The doctor examined the patient carefully.
②I want to check with my secretary before I sign the papers.
③The newly-elected president inspected the troops.
④A team of divers was sent down to examine the wreck (沉船)．
4．campaign n．运动，战役 vi.& vt.参加运动；领导运动
D 典型例句
Jody Williams helped found an international campaign to stop the making of landmines.
乔迪·威廉斯帮助组织了一次禁止造地雷的国际运动。
Now Mr. Anderson has set up an online campaign to raise money for Mr. Smith and other homeless people in the area.
现在安德森先生已经发起了一项网上运动为史密斯先生和其他这个地区无家可归的人们筹钱。
People campaigned to show their dissatisfaction with the present situation.
人们发起了一场运动表达了对当前形势的不满。
S 思维拓展
launch/start a campaign to do...发起一项运动，旨在做……
campaign for...参加争取……的运动
campaign against...参加反对……的运动
campaign to do sth.为了做某事而发起运动
T 图解助记
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①We have started a campaign for better nursery and school services.
②Mary is very active in the campaign against illegally hunting.
完成句子
③The company has launched a campaign to improve the training of staff.
这家公司开展了加强员工培训的活动。
5．tolerate vt.忍受；包容；容许
D 典型例句
A tough man can tolerate suffering.
坚强的人能忍受苦难。
We don't tolerate getting close to animals in the zoo.
在动物园里我们不允许接近动物。
For the past 4 years, you've operated with unlimited power and no supervision.That's an arrangement the governments of the world can no longer tolerate.
过去四年中，你们的行动拥有无限权力而且无人监管。世界各国政府对这种情况已不能再容忍。
——《美国队长3：内战》
S 思维拓展
tolerate doing sth.容忍/允许做某事
tolerance n．忍受；宽容；宽恕；忍耐性
tolerant adj.忍受的，容忍的；宽容的
be tolerant of sth.能忍耐某物；容忍某物
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Instead of blaming the child who had broken the vase, she gave him a tolerant (tolerate) smile and let him go.
②Our school won't tolerate cheating (cheat)in exams.If caught, you will get severely punished.
③He was tolerant of different views.
重 点 短 语
1．contribute to 有助于；促成
D 典型例句
Fresh air and exercise contribute to good health.
新鲜空气和锻炼有益于健康。
Does smoking contribute to lung cancer
吸烟会导致肺癌吗？
S 思维拓展
contribute v．捐献；捐助； 投稿
contribute...to...把……贡献给……；捐助
contribution n．贡献；捐赠
make a contribution/contributions to...为……作贡献
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities.
②The Chinese people should make a greater contribution (contribute) to mankind.
完成句子
③As far as I'm concerned, it will contribute to the peace and stability of our country.
依我看，它将有助于我们国家的和平与稳定。
④He has made great contributions to the space development programme.
他对太空发展计划已经做出了很大贡献。
2．set up设立；建立
D 典型例句
For all these years I have been working for others. I'm hoping I'll set up my own business some day.
这些年来我一直为他人工作。我希望有一天可以开创自己的事业。
Upon graduation, Charlotte returned to Montreal and set up a private clinic.
毕业之后，Charlotte回归(故里)蒙特利尔，建立了一所私人诊所。
S 思维拓展
set down 记下；写下
set about 开始；着手
set aside 把……放在一边；省出；留出
set off 出发；动身；使爆炸；引起；激发
set out 出发；动身；摆放；陈列；开始
J 即学即练
用set的短语填空
①(2023·全国乙卷)It was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time.
②We need to set about finding a solution.
③It's much wise to set aside some time to accompany parents or do something more meaningful.
④He was the one who first set down the stories of the Celtic storytellers.
3．carry out执行；实行；贯彻
D 典型例句
He will carry out his plan.
他要执行他的计划。
He hasn't the funds to carry out his design.
他没有资金来施行他的设计。
S 思维拓展
carry on继续；坚持
carry on (with...)把……继续进行下去
carry on doing sth.继续做某事；不停地做某事
carry through帮助……渡过难关；顺利完成
carry off赢得；获得
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①We carried on our daily work not suspecting what was about to happen.
②They promised to carry out their duties faithfully.
4．in addition 另外，此外
D 典型例句
You need time and money. In addition, you need great patience.
你需要时间与金钱。此外，你还得具备极大的耐心。
The man made him work sixteen hours a day and beat him in addition.
那人让他一天工作16个小时，而且还打他。
Y 易混辨析
in addition, in addition to
in addition “另外(＝as well)”，相当于连接副词
in addition to “除……之外(还)(＝as well as)”，用作介词
In addition, the land owner may charge an extra fee.
此外，地主可能还要额外收费。
S 思维拓展
additional adj.附加的，外加的
apart from 除……之外；此外
except for 除……之外；要不是由于……
Apart from his nose, he's quite good-looking.
他除了鼻子以外，哪都好看。
Your article is a good one except for some spelling mistakes.
你的文章不错，除了一些拼写错误。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①In addition to playing (play) basketball, Jimmy takes an interest in painting.
②During the rush hour, the company provides additional (addition) buses.
完成句子
③James is a successful businessman. In addition (另外), he is a professional football player.
④Everything was perfect for the picnic except for (除……之外) the weather.
重 点 句 型
1．Previously, water quality in the Li River had suffered greatly from an increasing volume of tourists, many of whom frequently threw garbage into the river.
此前，随着游客数量的增加，漓江的水质受到很大影响，很多游客经常向漓江扔垃圾。
J 句式分析
本句是一个复合句。many of whom引导的定语从句修饰先行词tourists。这是“名词(代词、数词)＋介词(of)＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。
S 思维拓展
“介词＋关系代词”的用法为历年高考考查的热点。现将其要点归纳如下：
(1)在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，若先行词是人，关系代词用whom；若先行词是物，关系代词用which。
The person to whom you should write is Mr.Smith.
你该给史密斯先生写信。(whom不可用who代替)
The games in which he competed were swimming and shooting.
他参加的竞赛项目是游泳和射击。(which不可换为that)
(2)介词若与从句中的动词(词组)有关，可置于关系代词前，也可置于动词后；若介词与动词为固定词组，则此介词一般不前置。
This is the pen which I'm looking for.
这就是我正在寻找的钢笔。(通常不说：This is the pen for which I'm looking.)
He is a man who/whom you can safely depend on.
他是一个能让你放心依赖的人。
(通常不说：He is a man on whom you can safely depend.)
提示：在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，最难确定的是介词，关于介词的选用大体上可从以下三个方面考虑：
①根据与定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配来考虑。
This is the house in which they used to live.
这就是他们过去住的房子。(介词in的选用是由live in这一常见搭配确定的)
②根据与先行词的习惯搭配来考虑。
The farm on which we worked ten years ago isn't what it used to be.
我们十年前工作过的那个农场现在已不是过去的样子了。(farm常与介词on连用， on the farm表示“在农场”)
③根据句子的具体含义来考虑。
The pen with which he is writing now was bought yesterday.
他现在写字用的那支钢笔是昨天买的。(with在此表示“使用……工具”)
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Raising the retirement age is a subject about/over which all the Chinese have argued for a long time.
②Nelson Mandela devoted his life to fighting for a free society in which all people live together in harmony.
2．Water pollution levels increased, with more household and commercial waste ending up in the river.
水污染程度增加，更多的家庭和商业废物最终流入河流。
J 句式分析
本句是简单句，with复合结构(即“with＋宾语＋宾补”结构)作状语，waste与ending up为主谓关系。
S 思维拓展
(1)with复合结构的构成：
with＋宾语(n./pron.)＋宾补
(2)with复合结构的用法：
作定语
She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides.
她看到一条两岸长着红花和绿草的小溪。
作状语
She left the office with tears in her eyes.
她眼里含着泪，离开了办公室。(表示伴随状况)
With his key lost，he couldn't get into the office.
由于钥匙丢了，他进不了办公室。(表示原因)
The children began to watch TV with the homework done.
孩子们完成作业以后开始看电视。(表示时间)
I'd like to see the new film with time permitting.
如果时间许可，我想看那部新电影。(表示条件)
The battle ended with the enemy defeated.
战斗结束了，敌人被打败了。(表示结果)
Q 巧学助记
with 复合结构用法口诀
with结构并不难，with后面宾语连，
动宾关系用过分，主谓关系用现分，
将来要把不定跟，还有三种形副介。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①China's image is improving steadily, with more countries recognising (recognise) its role in international affairs.
②Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life with your eyes closed (close)．
③With Father's Day drawing (draw) near, I have taken some money out of the bank to buy presents for my dad.
④With a lot of work to do (do), he has to stay late tonight.3.With these measures, it is believed that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come.
有了这些措施，人们相信漓江的美景将世代保存。
J 句式分析
本句为主从复合句。It is believed that...意为“人们相信……”，其中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句。It is believed that...中believed还可换为其他动词，如said, hoped, reported, learned, predicted等。
It is believed that John will help us with some money.
大家都相信约翰会给我们一些金钱上的帮助。
It is hoped that it won't rain on our camping day.
大家都希望露营那天别下雨。
S 思维拓展
It is thought that...大家认为……
It is said that...据说……
It is hoped that...人们希望……
It is reported that...据报道……
It is well known that...众所周知……
It is generally considered that...大家认为……
It is supposed that...据推测……
注意：此结构可转换为：sb.is/are＋过去分词＋to do sth.，但是hope，suggest不可用于此结构。
It is said that he has gone abroad.
→He is said to have gone abroad.
据说他出国了。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①It is reported (report) that a space station will be built on the moon in years to come.
②He is thought to have acted (act) foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.
③Before your trip, it is strongly suggested that he (should) make some preparations.
句型转换
④It is believed that he is fit for the job.
→He is believed to be fit for the job.
⑤He is said to have passed the driving test.
→ It is said that he has passed the driving test.
难 句 分 析
Kitchens on board were using lots of oil, which was often thrown into the water.
J 句式分析
N 牛刀小试
翻译： 船上厨房使用过的大量食用油经常被倒入(江)水中。
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．We were prevented by heavy smog (烟雾) from seeing anything.
2．Please keep the place clean, and throw away any garbage (垃圾)．
3．They are involved in an exciting scientific enterprise (事业)．
4．After an inspection (视察), the inspectors must publish a report.
5．I cannot tolerate (忍受) your bad manners.
6．She became more and more interested in wildlife conservation (保护)．
7．The new manager's job is to restore (恢复) the company to profitability.
8．The company was fined (处罚) $20,000 for breaking safety regulations.
9．The presidential campaign (运动) was in full swing.
10．What's on your agenda (议事日程) for tomorrow
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．The teacher walked around inspecting (inspect) their work.
2．The campaign against drinking and driving will include spot check on drivers.
3．I can't tolerate working (work) with Jane, because she is constantly speaking.
4．Edison made great contributions to the world.
5．She set out to find (find) the truth behind the thing.
6．That tall man carried off the prize.
7．Honesty and hard work contribute to success and happiness.
8．I wish to thank Professor Johnson， without whose help I would never have made such great progress.
9．Henry stood in front of window with his eyes looking (look) outside and one of his hands raised (raise)．
10．It is reported (report) in the newspaper that talks between the two countries are making progress.
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．众所周知，没有水，地球上什么也不能生存。(定语从句；虚拟语气)
As is known to all , without water, nothing could live on earth.
2．我很想买上个月发行的那张CD。(定语从句)
I'm eager to buy the CD which was released last month .
3．当人们聚集在一起分享他们的经验时，艺术便有助于文化的发展。(contribute to; when)
Arts contribute to cultural development when people gather together to share their experience.
4．这里居住着将近1 000人，他们中的许多人都离开了家乡去城市追求更好的生活。(定语从句)
The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of whom left their village homes for a better life in the city.
5．自行车被偷了，他只好步行回家。(with复合结构)
With his bike stolen , he had to walk home.
6．据说他做生意赚了很多钱。(it作形式主语)
It is said that he has made a lot of money by doing business.Section Ⅳ 单元写作
有关环境保护的文章
写作指导
环保类作文的写作，一般要注重描述环境的现状，阐述环境对人类生存的重要性，并讨论加强环境保护的必要性。
具体写作时多运用夹叙夹议式的表达方法。根据题目所提供的信息，确定写作时的人称及时态，并结合现实中的实际情况，阐述环境的现状，就保护环境的必要性及重要性发表见解。
常用表达
1．Nowadays，...has become great concern of...
如今，……已经引起了……的高度关注。
2．Everyone can make a great difference to...
每个人都能对……产生重大影响。
3．There is no doubt that ...do great harm to...
毫无疑问……对……造成巨大损害。
4．..., which will contribute/lead to...
……，这将导致……
5．It's necessary for us to...to fight against pollution.
我们有必要……对抗污染。
6．...live in a safer and more comfortable environment.
……生活在更安全、更舒适的环境中。
7．It is high time that we should take action.
该是我们采取行动的时候了。
精品展示
假定你是某校高二学生李华，你校将举办城市环保宣传活动，请你用英语写一篇演讲稿，内容包括：
1．垃圾的现状；
2．造成的危害；
3．提出倡议。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使文章连贯。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
审题谋篇
第一步 明确要求
1．确定体裁：本次写作是一篇演讲稿，内容涉及环境保护的重要性；
2．确定人称：本文要用第 一、三 人称；
3．确定时态：时态以 一般现在时 为主。
第二步 谋篇布局
首先：提出现象(河上漂浮着垃圾)；
其次：造成的危害(污染河水)；
最后：提出倡议。
第三步 核心词汇
1． make a speech 演讲
2． on behalf of 代表
3． result in 导致
4． be harmful to 对……有害
5． as long as 只要
6． make a contribution to... 对……做出贡献
第四步 句式升级
1．在我们学校后面的河里几乎每天都能看到很多漂浮的垃圾。(被动语态)
Almost every day lots of rubbish can be seen floating on the river behind our school.
2．毫无疑问，垃圾会导致河水污染，这对我们的健康有害。(There is no doubt that; which引导的非限制性定语从句)
There is no doubt that the rubbish results in the polluted water in the river, which is harmful to our health.
3．只要我们能为保护地球做出贡献，我们就能创造一个美丽的环境。(as long as)
As long as we can make a contribution to protecting the earth , we can create a beautiful environment.
参考范文：
Dear friends，
My name is Li Hua. I'm honored to make a speech here on behalf of my class.
Almost every day lots of rubbish such as plastic bags, litter, fruit peels can be seen floating on the river behind our school. There is no doubt that the rubbish results in the polluted water in the river, which is harmful to our health. Besides, it also pollutes our surroundings.
In my view, as long as we can make a contribution to protecting the earth, we can create a beautiful environment.
写作训练
假设你是星光中学的李华，将参加主题为“Let's Ride Bicycles”的英语演讲比赛。请撰写一份80词左右的演讲稿，主要内容包括：
1．目前汽车带来的空气污染和交通堵塞等问题；
2．骑自行车的益处，如节能环保、有利于健康等；
3．号召大家骑自行车，过低碳生活。
参考词汇：节能的energy-saving低碳生活low-carbon life
注意：1.开头已给出，不计入总词数；
2．可适当增加细节，以使文章连贯。
Good morning, everyone. I'm Li Hua from Xingguang Middle School. The topic of my speech is “Let's Ride Bicycles”．
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考范文：
Good morning，everyone.I'm Li Hua from Xingguang Middle School. The topic of my speech is “Let's Ride Bicycles”．
As is known to all, cars have become the most popular means of transport, bringing great convenience to our life. However, they have also caused some problems such as air pollution and traffic jams.
How can we solve these problems then？In my view, riding bicycles is a good solution. Not only are bicycles energy-saving, but they are also environmentally-friendly because they won't give off waste gas.What's more, riding bicycles is a good way for us to exercise and it is beneficial to our health.
Therefore, let's take the responsibility to build up a low-carbon city by riding bicycles.Only in this way can we do it e on and join us.
话题佳句
1．It is human activity that has caused global warming and the extinction of animals and plants.
正是人类活动造成了全球变暖和动植物的灭绝。
2．I am more than shocked that so many animals are undergoing a crisis of dying out.
我非常震惊有如此多的动物正遭受灭绝的危机。
3．As far as I am concerned, I think strict laws should be implemented to protect the habitat of endangered animals.
就我而言，我认为应该实施严格的法律来保护濒危动物的栖息地。
4．In order to dispose of the problem, I think that some natural reserves should be set up so that endangered animals can lead a safe and peaceful life.
为了解决这个问题，我认为应该设立一些自然保护区，这样濒危动物就可以安全和平地生活了。
5．Let's work together and do what we can to protect pandas from becoming extinct.
让我们一起努力，做我们所能做的去保护大熊猫免于灭绝。
6．With the disappearing of their habitat, the animals are forced to escape and brought into conflicts with humans.
随着栖息地的消失，动物们被迫逃离，被带入与人类的冲突中。
7．I have longed to work as a volunteer for animal conservation and undergone relevant training.
我一直想做一名动物保护志愿者，并接受过相关训练。
8．To protect our environment, it is necessary to raise people's awareness of sorting the garbage.
为了保护环境，提高人们垃圾分类的意识是必要的。
9．Green travel should become a new fashion because it can reduce carbon emissions effectively.
绿色出行应该成为一种新的风尚，因为它可以有效地减少碳排放。
10．The responsibility for reducing our “carbon footprint” and being a green tourist should rest on the shoulders of each person.
减少我们的“碳足迹”、成为一名绿色旅行者应该是每一个人的责任。单元整合提升
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．starve vi.& vt.(使)挨饿；饿死→ starving adj.挨饿的，即将饿死的→ starvation n．饿死；挨饿
①渴望获得，迫切需要 starve for/be starving for
②饿死 starve to death
③饿极了的孩子 starving children
④濒临饿死 close to starvation
⑤他们那时的目的之一是减轻世界饥饿。
One of their purposes at that time was to relieve worldwide starvation .
2．release vt.& n．排放；释放；发布
① 发行新影片 release a new film
②透露消息 release information
③从……释放…… release... from
④解除，使放出 release...of
⑤向……发行 release to
3．sustain vt.维持；遭受；承受住→ sustainable adj.可持续的；合理利用的→ sustained adj.持续的；持久的
①可持续发展 sustainable development
②保持丰富多彩的生活方式 sustain a colorful lifestyle
③持续的攻击 a sustained attack
④团体运动是保持健康生活方式的有效方法。
Group exercise is an effective way to sustain a healthy lifestyle .
4．restrict vt.限制，限定；束缚→ restriction n．限制规定；限制法规；约束
①限制某人的自由 restrict one's freedom
②限制自己做某事 restrict oneself to doing sth.
③速度限制 speed restriction
5．seize vt.抓住；夺取；控制
① 抓住机会 seize the chance/opportunity
②突袭…… seize...by surprise
③抓住某人胳膊 seize sb. by the arm
④采用；抓住；利用 seize on/upon
⑤那个小男孩抓住我的胳膊要钱。
The little boy seized me by the arm to beg for some money.
6．submit vi.& vt.提交，呈递；屈服(过去式： submitted ，过去分词： submitted )→ submission n.投降；提交(物)；服从
①呈递申请书/控诉书 submit an application/a complaint
②顺从于；屈服于某事 submit(oneself) to sth.
③向威胁低头 submit to threats
④投降的手势 a gesture of submission
⑤请在最后期限前把报告交给我。
Please submit your reports to me before the deadline .
7． sensitive adj.敏感的；善解人意的；灵敏的←sense vt.& n．感觉
①一个善解人意的年轻人 a sensitive young man
②对批评很敏感 be sensitive to criticism
③体谅他人的感情 be sensitive to other people's feelings.
④她对别人对她的看法很敏感。
She is sensitive to what people think of her .
8．restore vt.恢复；使复原；修复→ restoration n.恢复；使复原；修复
①恢复视力 restore one's sight
②恢复我们的信心 restore our faith
③这个事件发生后，他们对人性的信心恢复了。
Their faith in humanity restored after the incident.
9． conservation n.对(环境、文物等)保护；保持←conserve vt.保存；保护→ conservative adj.保守的；守旧的
①野生生物/森林保护 wildlife/forest conservation
②(动植物的)保护区 conservation area
③生物多样性保护 biodiversity conservation
④保护标准 conservation standards
⑤马克潜到陡峭的暗礁和海草保护区间的分界线。
Mark dived along the boundary between the steep reef and the area of seaweed conservation .
10．campaign n．运动；战役 vi.& vt.参加运动；领导运动
①发起一项运动 launch / start a campaign
②参加争取……的运动 campaign for
③参加反对……的运动 campaign against
④为了做某事而发起运动 campaign to do sth.
11．tolerate vt.忍受；包容；容许→ tolerance n.容忍；宽容→ tolerant adj.宽容的；容忍的
①容忍(做)某事 tolerate (doing) sth.
②不能容忍某事/物 have no tolerance of/for sth.
③忍受、宽容某人/某事 be tolerant of sb./sth.
④我不能容忍他们为自己的所作所为编造任何借口。
I could not tolerate their making up any excuses for what they did.
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．refer to查阅；参考；谈到；提到；指的是
①谈到了他的经历 refer to his experiences/make an reference to his experiences
②参考词典 refer to a dictionary
③脱稿发表演讲 give the speech without referring to notes
④指的是你 refer to you
⑤现如今，当人们提到英格兰时，你会发现威尔士也包括在内。
Now when people refer to England you find Wales included.
2．result in导致；造成；结果是
①由于，由……引起 result from
②结果 as a result
③由于 as a result of
④食物过敏会引发很多不同的症状。
Food allergies can result in an enormous variety of different symptoms.
3．in search of寻找；搜寻
①寻找，搜寻 search for
②在名单上搜寻他的名字 search for his name on the list
③翻遍了抽屉找钱包 search all the drawers for the purse
④在你意识到自己有麻烦的那一刻，你的第一反应可能是开始寻求帮助。
Your first instinct might be to search for help the minute you realize you're in trouble.
4．on behalf of sb.代表(或代替)某人
①代表我的同事们 on behalf of my colleagues
②代表部门 on behalf of the department
③代表某人自己 on one's own behalf
④我想代表那些爱护环境的人，呼吁更多的人来创造一个美丽的环境。
On behalf of those who take good care of the environment , I would like to appeal to more people to create a beautiful environment.
5．contribute to 有助于；促成
①把……贡献给……； 捐助 contribute...to
②为……作贡献 make a contribution / contributions to
③我相信我们每一个人都能够对世界的未来有所贡献。
I believe that each of us can make a contribution / contributions to the future of the world.
6．set up建立；设立
①记下； 写下 set down
②开始做 set about doing
③把……放在一边； 省出； 留出 set aside
④出发； 使爆炸； 引起 set off
⑤出发； 开始 set out
⑥他刚建立起自己的公司，但要站稳脚跟还得花上一段时间。
He has just set up his own business but it will take him a while to get established.
7．carry out 执行；实行；贯彻
①继续；坚持 carry on
②把……继续进行下去 carry on (with...)
③继续做某事；不停地做某事 carry on doing sth.
④帮助……渡过难关；顺利完成 carry through
⑤我本人将坚决执行这个计划。
I myself will firmly carry out this plan .
Ⅲ.重点句式
1．There is little doubt that...
① There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer.
毫无疑问，地球正变得越来越暖和。
句式仿写
② There is no doubt that it was a strange and interesting situation.
毫无疑问，那是一个奇怪而有趣的局面。
③ There is no doubt at all that we did the right thing.
毫无疑问，我们做得对。
2．现在分词作结果状语
①Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere，such as methane and carbon dioxide，trap some of the heat， keeping Earth's climate warm and habitable .
大气层中的温室气体，如甲烷和二氧化碳，会吸收一些热量，使地球的气候温暖且宜居住。
句式仿写
②At the age of three his mother died, leaving him an orphan .
三岁时，他的母亲去世，使他成为孤儿。
③Carbon burns in oxygen or air, forming carbon dioxide .
碳在氧气或空气中燃烧，形成二氧化碳。
3．虚拟语气
① Without this process, Earth could not sustain life.
没有这个过程，地球就不能维持生命。
句式仿写
②Without the telephone, life would be quieter .
要是没有电话，生活就会清静一些了。
③Without your reasonable advice, I wouldn't have finished my paper excellently.
如果没有你的合理建议，我就不会出色地完成我的论文。
4．not only...but also...
①There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide， not only causing serious damage， but also costing human lives.
有确凿而全面的证据表明，气温上升导致全球极端天气和自然灾害增多，不仅造成严重破坏，而且造成人员伤亡。
句式仿写
②Air not only occupies space， but it also has weight.
空气不仅占据空间，而且它还具有重量。
③Shakespeare was not only a writer but also an actor .
莎士比亚不仅是一个作家，还是一个演员。
5．介词＋关系代词引导定语从句
①Previously, water quality in the Li River had suffered greatly from an increasing volume of tourists， many of whom frequently threw garbage into the river.
此前，随着游客数量的增加，漓江的水质受到很大影响，很多游客经常向漓江扔垃圾。
句式仿写
②There was nobody in the dark street, to whom she could turn for help.
在漆黑的街上没有一个她能够寻求帮助的人。
③He wrote many children's books，nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.
他写过很多儿童书籍，将近一半都是在20世纪90年代出版的。
6．with复合结构
①Water pollution levels increased， with more household and commercial waste ending up in the river .
水污染程度增加，更多的家庭和商业废物最终流入河流。
句式仿写
② With spring coming , everything comes to life.
随着春天的到来，万物复苏。
③ With everything settled , he felt rather relaxed.
随着一切尘埃落定，他感到相当放松。
7．it is ＋过去分词＋ that...结构
①With these measures， it is believed that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come.
有了这些措施，人们相信漓江的美景将世代保存。
句式仿写
② It is believed that John will help us with some money.
大家都相信约翰会给我们一些金钱上的帮助。
③ It is said that she has won the first place in the English Contest.
据说她英语竞赛得了第一名。
时文阅读
太阳能树
(原文选自www.)
语篇解读：太阳能树是一种将太阳能技术与树状相结合的功能性发电机。太阳能树是太阳能发电系统或其他清洁能源的补充。它是一种可扩展的产品，应用范围广泛，不仅可以产生足够的能量为单个家庭或整个社区供电，还可以用于商业停车场为电动汽车充电。
A solar tree is a structure resembling a tree that generates solar energy using photovoltaic panels(太阳能光伏板)．It helps solve an urgent global challenge: Replacing greenhouse gas-emitting energy sources like oil and gas with renewable energy.But the power generation potential of solar trees is relatively limited, and their primary purpose is to raise public awareness about renewable energy by getting people to notice and interact(互动) with solar energy in new ways.
Solar trees generally have a firm metal, plastic, or stone base that extends up and out into “branches” on which solar panels are mounted.Beyond this basic structure, there is great diversity in the design of solar tree units.The solar tree's photovoltaic “leaves” absorb sunlight, converting it into electricity that is conducted down through the trunk-like central pillar of the structure to an inside battery.Many designs feature rotating(旋转的) panels that can move throughout the day in order to obtain the greatest amount of sunlight.
Solar trees help power homes, businesses, and public services.They can create shade to help reduce the urban heat island effect and provide shelter in severe weather such as rainstorms and heatwaves, creating greater urban resilience in the face of climate change.They also enhance public spaces, providing charging stations, and powering streetlights.
In comparison to other kinds of ground-mounted solar panel devices, solar trees don't require much land.They make solar energy generation possible in land-scarce areas that can't support vast solar arrays, as well as places that lack sufficient rooftop space for panels.However, solar panels are much cheaper than solar trees at present and have far greater energy generation capacity.Therefore, present solar tree designs often serve as a supplemental source rather than as a primary energy source.
At present, solar trees aren't designed as large-scale solar projects, which limits their ability to contribute to the low-carbon energy transition.Still, their varied designs are appealing.This makes solar trees effective at displaying and thereby educating people about solar energy, and promoting a business or organization's commitment to renewable energy.
1．What is the main purpose of building solar trees B
A．To beautify the urban environment.
B．To draw public attention to solar energy.
C．To replace non-renewable energy resources.
D．To provide charging services in emergencies.
2．What do we know about a solar tree A
A．It stores energy in its own battery.
B．It can adjust its height automatically.
C．It is made of environmentally friendly materials.
D．It transforms sunlight into electricity by its metal base.
3．What does the third paragraph mainly talk about C
A．The design features of solar trees.
B．The ways of saving energy in cities.
C．The benefits of solar trees to humans.
D．The difficulties of promoting solar trees.
4．What advantage do solar trees have over other ground-mounted solar panel devices A
A．They occupy much less land.
B．They are cheaper to manufacture.
C．They are more effective in generating energy.
D．They can work in various weather conditions.
词汇积累
1．gas-emitting adj.排放气体的
2．renewable energy 再生能源
3．solar energy 太阳能
4．solar panels 太阳能板
5．pillar n. 柱子，桥墩(尤指兼作装饰的)
6．urban heat island effect 城市热岛效应
7．throughout the day 整天
8．public services 公共服务
9．severe weather 恶劣天气
10．resilience n. 恢复力；适应力
11．charging stations 充电站
12．in comparison to 与……相比
13．array n. 阵列
14．contribute to 有助于；对……做贡献
知识小百科
urban heat island effect
城市热岛效应是指城市因大量的人工发热、建筑物和道路等高蓄热体及绿地减少等因素，造成城市“高温化”，城市中的气温明显高于外围郊区的现象。在近地面温度图上，郊区气温变化很小，而城区则是一个高温区，就像突出海面的岛屿，由于这种岛屿代表高温的城市区域，所以就被形象地称为城市热岛。
