UNIT 4 ADVERSITY AND COURAGE
语篇解读：“探险”，既是人类对未知的挑战，也是人类对自身的挑战。探险过程中的任何艰难险阻，都阻挡不了人类探索未知世界的激情，阻挡不了人类迈向全新领域的脚步。欧内斯特·亨利·沙克尔顿把自己的一生奉献给了南极探险。
Ernest Henry Shackleton
Ernest Henry Shackleton was born on February 15th 1874 in Ireland.As the second of ten children, he was brought up in London, attending Dulwich College before joining the Merchant Navy aged 16.
Shackleton was certified① as a Master Mariner in 1898 and was accepted in 1901 on the Discovery expedition to Antarctica led by Robert Scott.He was chosen to accompany② Scott on the most southern march towards the South Pole for research purposes, returning home due to ill health.
On January 1st 1908 he led a crew on the Nimrod expedition, sailing to Antarctica again.Trekking towards the South Pole in the quest to be first, they reached the closest ever achieved before turning back or facing certain death.It was a race against starvation③ but they made it back to the ship just in time to return to England.
On his return he was greeted as a hero by King Edward Ⅶ.After the South Pole was reached by Roald Amundsen in 1912, he decided to plan for the last great Antarctic expedition, to cross the continent.
On August 8th 1914 he set sail from Plymouth.Encountering④ awful weather, the Endurance became stuck in the ice before sinking in November 1915.With no chance of rescue or raising the alarm, Shackleton planned a daring and dangerous rescue to sail in a lifeboat to South Georgia and reach a whaling station.
With four other crew they launched the James Caird into the seas of the Antarctica and against all the odds they reached South Georgia.Then having to go across mountain ranges to the other side of the island, they finally reached help on May 20th 1916 before rescuing the rest of the crew on August 30th.
In September 1921 Shackleton embarked on another expedition to Antarctica on the ship Quest.While in South Georgia Shackleton suffered a fatal⑤ heart attack and died on January 5th 1922.He was buried in the Grytviken cemetery in South Georgia.
Sir Ernest Shackleton remains one of the greatest leaders and inspirational⑥ explorers in history.
词海拾贝
①certify vt.授予(专业合格证书)
②accompany vt.陪伴
③starvation n．饥饿
④encounter vt.遇到
⑤fatal adj.致命的；灾难性的；导致失败的
⑥inspirational adj.鼓舞人心的
美句欣赏
After the South Pole was reached by Roald Amundsen in 1912, he decided to plan for the last great Antarctic expedition, to cross the continent.
译文：在1912年罗阿尔德·阿蒙森到达南极后，他决定为最后一次伟大的南极探险做计划，穿越大陆。
探究思辨
1．What do we know about Shackleton？ B
A．He joined the Merchant Navy in 1898.
B．He was appointed to keep Scott company on the most southern march.
C．In 1908, sailing to Antarctica, he led a crew and achieved the destination.
D．The Endurance was stuck in the ice due to the lack of fuel.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中“...attending Dulwich College before joining the Merchant Navy aged 16.”可知，Shackleton加入商船队是16岁，根据第一句他出生于1874年，故A项中1898错误。根据第二段中“He was chosen to accompany Scott on the most southern march...(他被选中陪同斯科特向最南部进军……)”可知，B项正确。根据第三段中“...they reached the closest ever achieved...(他们达到了有史以来最接近的成绩)”可知C项错误。根据第五段中“Encountering awful weather, the Endurance became stuck in the ice...(遭遇恶劣的天气，‘耐力号’陷在了冰里)”可知D项中due to the lack of fuel(燃料短缺)错误。 故选B。
2．What does the underlined word mean？ C
A．End up. B．Dream of.
C．Set out. D．Make up.
解析：词义猜测题。根据宾语搭配on another expedition和后文“While in South Georgia Shackleton suffered...”说明Shackleton已经开始又一次远征，A.end up (结束)B.dream of(梦想；梦见)C.set out(出发；开始)D.make up(组成；补足；化妆；编造)。故选C。
3．Which of the following can best describe Shackleton A
A．Brave and persistent.
B．Humorous and considerate.
C．Ambitious and creative.
D．Enthusiastic and energetic.
解析：推理判断题。本文记叙了欧内斯特·亨利·沙克尔顿南极探险中遭遇艰难险阻，但都没有阻挡住他的激情。brave and persistent(勇敢执着)正确。B.humorous and considerate(幽默体贴)C.ambitious and creative(雄心勃勃，富有创造力)D.enthusiastic and energetic (热情而有活力)。故选A。
Perce Blackborow珀西·布莱克博罗(1896—1949)，威尔士水手。他因在“坚忍”号船上的服务表现获得了“青铜极地勋章”(Bronze Polar Medal)。
Ernest Shackleton欧内斯特·沙克尔顿(1874—1922)，英国极地探险家，曾带领英国探险队三次前往南极洲，是南极探险英雄时代的主要人物之一。课文内容描述的就是他第三次带领探险队赴南极探险(1914—1917)的故事，虽然最终没有达到原定的目标，但是沙克尔顿与“坚忍”号船员们在极地700多天的求生经历，创造了20世纪一次伟大的生还奇迹。这一真实的探险故事，不仅催生出不少相关的文学作品，还被拍摄成纪录片和电影。同时，沙克尔顿作为领导者的智慧和才能，常被各类经营管理类课程与书籍列为经典案例。
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
课文预读
Ⅰ.快读文章，把握大意
Find out the main idea of the three parts of Blackborow's diary.
1．Part 1 A．How they lived on the Elephant Island.
2．Part 2 B．How he joined the expedition.
3．Part 3 C．Their ship was stuck in the ice.
答案：1.B 2.C 3.A
Ⅱ.精读文章，品读细节
1．Why was the author turned down by Shackleton？ D
A．He was not well prepared.
B．He was not fit enough.
C．He was not full of vigour.
D．He wasn't old enough and qualified.
2．What can we know about the author？ A
A．He went on aboard the ship without permission.
B．He wanted to serve as a cook on the ship.
C．He came out of his hiding place 3 days later.
D．He was caught by Shackleton on the ship.
3．How did Shackleton feel when they had to abandon the ship？ B
A．He became worried. B．He remained calm.
C．He felt frightened. D．He grew anxious.
4．Which of the following best describes Shackleton as an explorer？ A
A．Adventurous and responsible.
B．Generous and helpful.
C．Strict but warm-hearted.
D．Courageous but careless.
Ⅲ.重读文章，激发潜能
As a young man full of both passion and endurance, Perce Blackborow had long been 1.dreaming (dream) of decent adventure, so he didn't give up when Sir Ernest Shackleton turned down his request to join the expedition. Perce 2.secretly (secret) hid himself in a cupboard，only 3.to be found (find) three days after they set off.He felt fortunate and happy when he was assigned as a steward instead of being sent back home.
It turned 4.out to be a tough journey. The ship got 5.stuck (stick) in the ice as they approached Antarctica and they had to abandon the ship. 6.Under the guidance of Sir Ernest, they 7.threw (throw) away nearly everything except necessities and a banjo, 8.which kept their spirits up during the journey. Survival was not easy and things went from bad to worse. Finally Sir Ernest left for South Georgia Island in order to find help. The desperate situation made young Perce Blackborow feel down and become bad-tempered. It was the genuine 9.encouragement (encourage)and concern from Bless Frank Wild that cheered him up. Frank and Ernest's resolve and perseverance filled him with hope. Realizing that he shouldn't become selfish just because of 10.the adversity they were faced with, he learned to be optimistic and determined.
解析：
1．考查动词的时态。此处表示Perce Blackborow一直梦想着有一次像样的历险，应用过去完成进行时。故填dreaming。
2．考查副词。此处修饰动词hid，所以要用副词形式secretly，secretly意为“偷偷地”。故填secretly。
3．考查非谓语动词。此处包含短语only to do...，意为“结果做……”，find与其逻辑主语Perce是被动关系，所以用不定式的被动形式。故填to be found。
4．考查固定短语。句意：结果证明这是一次艰难的旅程。turn out“结果是，原来是”。故填out。
5．考查非谓语动词。get/become/be stuck 意为“被卡住，陷入”，此处指船被冻结在冰里，不能动。故填stuck。
6．考查介词。under the guidance of...“在……的指导下”。首字母需大写。故填Under。
7．考查动词的时态。故事发生在过去，且由句中的kept可知应该使用一般过去时。故填threw。
8．考查定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为banjo，意为“班卓琴”，关系词在定语从句中作主语。非限制性定语从句不能用that引导。故填which。
9．考查名词。句意：是Bless Frank Wild真诚的鼓励和关心使他振奋起来。本句是强调句，强调主语部分 the genuine 9 and concern from Bless Frank Wild，设空处和其后的名词concern 为并列成分，所以填名词encouragement。故填encouragement。
10．考查冠词。由语境可知此处表示“他们面对的逆境”，表示特指，故填定冠词the。
阅读技巧点拨
通过构词法猜词 1.根据前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词知识判断生词词义。
2.掌握一些常见的前缀，后缀，如：anti-，tri-，multi-，-able，-ible等。
Ⅰ.词性转换
1． bitter adj.严寒的；激烈而不愉快的；味苦的→ bitterly adv.苦涩地；悲痛地；强烈地→ bitterness n．苦味；苦难；怨恨
2． endure vi.& vt.忍受，忍耐→ endurance n．忍耐力；耐久力
3． vigour n．精力；力量；活力→ vigorous adj.充满活力的，精力充沛的
4． qualify v．取得资格，有资格→ qualified adj.符合资格；具备……的知识(或技能、学历等)→ qualification n．资格，资历
5． enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的→ enthusiasm n．热心；热忱；热情
6． aboard adv.& prep.上(船、飞机、公共汽车等)→ board n．板，告示牌；董事会；膳食 vt.登上(火车、轮船或飞机)；寄宿
7． assign vt.分派；布置；分配→ assignment n．分配；任务；作业
8． envy n．& vt.羡慕；妒忌→ envious adj.羡慕的，忌妒的
9． sink vi.沉没；下沉；下降 vt.使下沉；使沉没→过去式 sank/sunk →过去分词 sunk
10． abandon vt.舍弃；抛弃；放弃→ abandoned adj.被抛弃的；(房屋，车辆)被废弃的
11． belong vi.属于→ belongings n．[pl.]财物；动产
12． voyage n．& vi.航海；航行→ voyager n．航海者；航行者；远航者
13． decent adj.相当不错的；正派的；得体的→ decently adv.合适地；正派地
14． genuine adj.真正的；真诚的；可信赖的→ genuinely adv.真诚地；诚实地
15． persevere vi.坚持；孜孜以求→ perseverance n．毅力；韧性；不屈不挠的精神
16． resolve vi.& vt.决定；决心；解决(问题或困难)
n．决心；坚定的信念→ resolved adj.下定决心的，坚决的→ resolution n．决议；解决；坚定
Ⅱ.高频短语
1． dream of 梦想
2． turn sb. down 拒绝某人
3． set off 出发；引起；动身；使爆炸
4． become stuck in 被困在
5． keep up 保持；继续
6． from bad to worse 每况愈下；越来越糟
7．be ready for 为……做准备
8．go along with sb. 和某人一起走
9．throw away 扔掉，丢弃
10．to one's surprise 令某人感到吃惊的是
11．hold on 固定；停住；坚持住；(电话用语)别挂断
12．after all 毕竟；终究
重 点 单 词
1．enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的
D 典型例句
His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious.
他的朋友们很热情，鼓励他把想法公之于世，但哥白尼却小心谨慎。
Moore is enthusiastic about the candy she created, and she's also positive about what the future might bring.
摩尔对她创造的糖果充满热情，她对未来也很乐观。
S 思维拓展
be enthusiastic about sth.对某事很热衷；热爱
be crazy/nuts about sb./sth.对某人很迷恋；对某事很热衷，很狂热
enthusiasm n．热心；热情；狂热
enthusiast n．热衷于……的人；爱好者
enthusiastically adv.热情地；热烈地
He's always been enthusiastic about sports.
他一直对运动很热衷。
He's crazy/nuts about basketball.
他热爱篮球。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①I am less enthusiastic about the idea of attending the expert's lecture on Sunday.
② The audience cheered him enthusiastically (enthusiastic)．
③The boy has a real enthusiasm (enthusiastic) for classical music.
2．aboard adv.& prep.上(船、飞机、公共汽车等)
D 典型例句
They were all aboard the ship last night.
昨天夜里他们都在船上。
Last call for Chicago！All aboard!
前往芝加哥乘客请上车！
It's time to go aboard.
上船的时间到了。
The plane crashed, killing all 180 people aboard.
飞机坠毁了，机上180人全部遇难。
S 思维拓展
go aboard (a ship/plane/train)上(船、飞机或火车)
aboard the ship/plane/train在船、飞机或火车上
all aboard 该上船(或飞机、火车、公共汽车等)了；全部上船
welcome aboard 欢迎乘坐
on board 在船(车、飞机等)上
board vt.& vi.上船(车、飞机等) n．木板；板子
Q 巧学助记
J 即学即练
完成句子
①All the people aboard the plane (在飞机上) were worried and they would like to know what had happened.
②People without an ID card are not permitted to go aboard the plane (上飞机)．
选词填空(aboard/abroad)
③Don't bank on going abroad this summer. We may not have enough money.
④The president went aboard the plane under the protection of several security guards.
3．assign vt.分派；布置；分配
D 典型例句
All the students are assigned to suitable jobs.
所有的学生都分到了合适的工作。
For example, you might assign each order a unique order number.
例如，可能会为每个订单分配一个唯一的订单号。
I was assigned to collect tickets at the door.
我被安排在门口收票。
S 思维拓展
assign sb. sth.＝assign sth. to sb. 给某人分配某事/某物
assign sb. to do sth. 安排某人做某事
be assigned to sth.被分派，被分配(工作、任务等)
assignment n．分配；任务；作业
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①They assigned a very difficult mission to us.
②What did the teacher assigned us to do (do) at home
③(2022· 新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (assign) during the course.
4．envy n．& vt.羡慕；妒忌
D 典型例句
I envy you your success.
我羡慕你的成功。
I envy you having such a happy family.
我羡慕你有一个这么幸福的家庭。
His attitudes toward him were out of envy.
他对他的态度是出于忌妒。
S 思维拓展
envy sb.忌妒或羡慕某人
envy at/of sth.忌妒或羡慕某事
the envy of sb.令某人忌妒或羡慕的事物
out of envy出于忌妒
with envy出于忌妒
envious adj.羡慕的；忌妒的
be envious of sb./sth.满怀忌妒的，表现出或表示忌妒或羡慕的
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Treat the flowers with care and your garden will be the envy of the neighborhood.
②We all envy him being admitted (admit)to Peking University.
③I watched with envy as the certificate was awarded to Anna.
一句多译
他买了辆新车，这让朋友们很羡慕。
④He bought a new car，which was the envy of his friends.(envy n．)
⑤He bought a new car，which was envied by his friends.(envy v．)
5．sink vi.沉没；下沉；下降 vt.使下沉；使沉没
D 典型例句
The sun was sinking in the west.
太阳西下。
The ship sank to the bottom of the sea.
船沉入海底。
The ship was sunk by an enemy torpedo.
这艘船被敌人的鱼雷击沉了。
S 思维拓展
sink to the bottom of沉到……的底部
sink behind落到……后面
sink in (信息、消息等)逐渐地被理解
sink down 沉落；下沉
sink into 陷入；沉入
the sinking sun落日
Q 巧学助记
J 即学即练
用sink的适当短语填空
①Her head sank down , tears in her eyes.
②At last the child sank into a deep sleep.
③Your warning didn't sink in . You may have to talk to him again.
6．abandon vt.舍弃；抛弃；放弃；沉迷
D 典型例句
Parents who abandon their babies should be punished.
抛弃孩子的父母应该受罚。
The men abandoned themselves to drinking alcohol when they were in sorrow.
男人们悲伤的时候，他们就沉湎于饮酒。
S 思维拓展
abandon oneself to...沉溺于/纵情于……
abandon one's hope/plan/idea放弃希望/计划/主意
abandon doing sth.放弃做某事
with abandon放任地；放纵地；纵情地
abandoned adj.无约束的；放任的；被遗弃的
He abandoned himself to despair for some reason.
他因某种原因陷入了绝望。
They abandoned their lands to the invading forces.
他们放弃土地，让侵略者占领。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2022· 全国乙卷)The one in the new environment should be sympathetic to the fact that your friend may feel abandoned (abandon)．
②People were shouting and cheering with abandon.
③We show great sympathy for the abandoned (abandon) child.
④After her mother died，she abandoned herself to grief.
完成句子
⑤Those who abandon themselves to despair can't succeed.
那些自暴自弃的人无法成功。
⑥He signed cheques with abandon .
他无所顾忌地乱开支票。
7．resolve vi.& vt.决定；决心；解决(问题或困难) n．决心；坚定的信念
D 典型例句
He resolved not to tell her the truth.
他决定不告诉她真相。
Both sides met in order to try to resolve their differences.
双方会晤以努力解决分歧。
The difficulties in her way merely strengthened her resolve.
她所遇到的困难只是让她更加坚定。
S 思维拓展
resolve(not) to do sth. 决定(不)做某事
resolve on sth./on doing sth.决定某事/做某事
resolve that...决定……
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①He resolved to do (do) better work in the future.
②He resolved on going abroad to study.
重 点 短 语
1．turn sb.down拒绝(某人)
D 典型例句
Linda, turn down the record player. I'm trying to read.
琳达， 把电唱机关小声点。 我想看书。
Before this I'd have smiled and turned her down.
在这之前，我本该笑着拒绝她。
S 思维拓展
turn around转向；回转；转身
turn up开大；调大；出现
turn in上交；交还
turn out结果是；证明；生产；出现；在场
turn to求助于；翻到(某页)；致力于
turn away把……打发走
turn over翻过来；翻转
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Don't worry. I'm sure your missing glasses will turn up sooner or later.
②Tom had to turn down the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy.
③Though she was out of work, she was unwilling to turn to her friend for help.
④He said he was a doctor, but later he turned out to be a cheat.
2．set off 出发；引起；动身；使爆炸
D 典型例句
I set off for the company earlier in order to avoid the heavy traffic.
我早一点动身去公司是为了避开拥挤的交通。
The village members set off firecrackers to celebrate the successful completion of the reservoir.
村民们放鞭炮是为了庆祝水库的胜利建成。
The sparks in the engine set off a series of explosions.
引擎中的火花引起了一连串的爆炸。
S 思维拓展
set about (doing...)开始；着手(做……)
set aside把……放置一旁，不理会；留出
set out (to do...)着手；开始(做……)
set up创造；建立；创办
set an example to sb.＝set sb.an example为某人树立榜样
No matter how busy Mary's father is, he will always set aside one hour a day to play with her.
不管玛丽的父亲多么忙，他每天都会留出一个小时来陪她玩。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme，one of whose purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
②The burning gas was easy to set off an explosion.
③We set about doing (do) our task at once with great enthusiasm.
④We set out to do (do) our task at once with great enthusiasm.
3．keep up坚持；维持；使不低落；继续；持续；沿袭(风俗、传统等)；保持
D 典型例句
The good news keeps our spirits up.
好消息使我们情绪高涨。
Nobody knows how long the drought will keep up.
没有人知道干旱将持续多长时间。
Keep up your courage!
鼓足勇气！
People there still keep up the old customs.
那儿的人们仍然沿袭古老的风俗。
S 思维拓展
keep up the old customs沿袭古老的风俗；保持旧的传统
keep up your courage保持/鼓足勇气
keep up one's spirits打起精神；使某人情绪高涨
keep up with跟上，不落后
keep it up保持优异成绩；继续干下去
keep to sth.遵守；信守
keep away from避开；远离
keep off勿踩；勿踏
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①In order to keep up with the quick pace of their life and work, they eat a lot of fast food.
②We are very anxious to keep up the reputation of the firm.
③They can't keep away from their regular work for long.
④He told the boys playing football to keep off the grass.
4．hold on 固定；停住；坚持住；(电话用语)别挂断
D 典型例句
To hold on winter mornings, when the snow is new.
当雪花初降时，让冬天的早晨停住。
The flower was held on by a tiny pin.
那朵花被一支小别针固定住了。
They didn't know if they would be able to hold on until help arrived.
他们不知道自己能否坚持到救援的到来。
“Please hold on，” the secretary said to the caller.
秘书对打电话的人说：“请稍等。”
T 图解助记
S 思维拓展
hold on to...抓紧，不放开；不送(或)不卖某物
hold back 阻止；隐瞒；控制
hold out 维持，伸出手
hold up 举起，推迟，(使)耽搁
You should hold on to your oil shares.
你应该继续保留住你的石油股份。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①I don't think I can hold on much longer.
②She couldn't hold back her tears any longer and cried aloud.
③Hold up your hands if you have any question.
5．after all 毕竟；终究
D 典型例句
You should be charitable with him; he is a child after all.
你应该对他宽容些，毕竟他还是个孩子。
They decided to go by the overland route after all.
他们终究还是决定从陆路走。
S 思维拓展
above all最重要的是；首先
all in all 整体说来；总而言之
in all 全部；合计
(not) at all (否定句)一点(也不)；(疑问句)到底；究竟
first of all 首先
Q 巧学助记
You shouldn't have scolded the boy at all; he is a child after all；above all, he made only two mistakes in all.
你根本不该责备那男孩；他毕竟还是个孩子；更重要的是，他总共才出了两处错。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①All in all, every road leads to Rome, but I do believe hard work pays off.
②First of all, let me tell you the news.
完成句子
③You should forgive him for his forgetfulness; after all , he is over seventy.
你应该原谅他的健忘症，毕竟他已经七十多岁了。
④I hate him, above all , his way to people.
我讨厌他，尤其是他待人接物的方式。
重 点 句 型
1． Below are some of Blackborow's diary entries.
以下是布莱克博罗的一些日记。
J 句式分析
本句是倒装句式，并且是全部倒装。句子的主语是some of Blackborow's diary entries，谓语是are below。正常语序应是“Some of Blackborow's diary entries are below.”。
S 思维拓展
以下是对完全倒装的常见用法小结：
(1)当表示地点的介词短语放句首，且主语是名词，谓语为be, lie, sit, stand, come, walk等不及物动词时，句子的主谓要完全倒装。
On her left stood her husband.
她丈夫站在她的左边。
(2)地点副词(here，there)，方位副词(out，in，up，down, below)及时间副词(now, then)等位于句首，且主语是名词，谓语动词为be, go, come等不及物动词时，句子的主谓要完全倒装。
Here is the book you want.
你要的书在这儿。
Down jumped the naughty boy.
那个调皮的男孩跳了下来。
(3)一些表示祝愿的句子里主谓也要完全倒装。
Long live the Communist Party of China!
中国共产党万岁！
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①All of a sudden the door opened and in came (come) a troop of children in all sorts of fancy dress.
②There lies (lie)a large field of rice in front of our village.
完成句子
③The door opened and out rushed a man about forty.
门开了，跑出来一个大约四十岁的男人。
④Away he went without saying a single word.
他什么都没说就走了出去。
⑤Here comes Miss Li ，with her charming smile.
李老师走了过来，脸上带着迷人的微笑。
2．We saw the ship get crushed by the ice.
我们看到船被冰压碎了。
J 句式分析
本句中含有see sb./sth. do sth.结构，表示“看见某人/某物做了某事”， 强调看到动作的全过程；若用see sb./sth. doing sth.则表示“看见某人/某物正在做某事”，强调看到时动作正在进行，以上两结构中的宾语sb./sth.与宾补do/doing, 表示主动；若用see sth. done则表示“看见某事被做”，此结构中的宾语sth.与宾补done，表示被动。
I saw a man enter the house secretly.
我看见一个人偷偷地进入了这栋房子。
I saw a man entering the house secretly.
我看见一个人正偷偷地进入这栋房子。
When we saw the road blocked with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.
当我们看到道路被大雪堵住的时候，我们决定在家度假。
M 名师点津
在英语中，有些及物动词可接复合宾语，即“宾语＋宾语补足语”(do/doing/done)结构。可以接宾补do的及物动词或短语动词有：(一感)feel；(二听)hear，listen to；(三让)make，let，have；(五看)look at，see，notice，observe，watch。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①The missing boy was last seen playing (play) near the East Lake.
②Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Tom was very happy to see his mother taken (take) good care of at home.
③I often hear my neighbor listen (listen)to the radio at night.
3．...the voyage was too dangerous and difficult for all of us to make it in our small boats.
……这次航行对我们所有人来说都太危险和困难了，靠坐我们的小船是没法成功的。
J 句式分析
句中too...to...结构在大多数情况下表示否定意义，通常译为“太……而不能……”“太……而无法……”。
He walks too slowly to get there on time.
他走得太慢，不能按时到达那儿。
The man is too stubborn to be persuaded to give up smoking.
这个人太顽固，不能说服他戒烟。
S 思维拓展
too...to...在下列情况下动词不定式表示肯定意义：
(1)too后面跟表示心理变化的形容词，如anxious, eager, glad, pleased, thankful, delighted或描述性形容词easy, good, kind等时。尤其在这些形容词之前加上only, but, all, simply或just修饰时，动词不定式无否定意义。
He was too anxious to do this job.
他非常想做这份工作。
I'm only too delighted to accept your invitation.
我非常高兴接受你的邀请。
(2)too...to...结构中的too前有否定词时。not/never too... to...意为“做某事还不/决不太……”。
It's never too old to learn.
活到老，学到老。/对学习而言，时间永远不算太晚。
M 名师点津
can/could not...too/enough结构常出现在情景对话中，表示“无论怎样也不过分，无论怎么都不够”。
You can't be too careful when crossing the road.
过马路时，你再怎么小心也不为过。
I can't thank you enough.
我对你感激不尽。
J 即学即练
完成句子
①I do all the cooking for my family, but recently I have been too busy to do it (太忙而没有时间做)．
②That's the new machine whose parts are too small to be seen (太小而不能被看到)．
③—Must I turn off the gas after cooking
—Of course. You can never be too careful (再怎么细心都不为过) with that.
难 句 分 析
1．However, when I applied to join the expedition, Shackleton turned me down because he thought I was too young and wasn't qualified.
J 句式分析
N 牛刀小试
翻译： 然而，当我申请加入探险队时，沙克尔顿拒绝了我，因为他认为我太年轻，不合格。
2. How everyone will envy me when I come back and tell them about the amazing places I have been to!
J 句式分析
N 牛刀小试
翻译： 当我回来告诉他们我去过的那些神奇的地方时，每个人都会羡慕我！
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Her greeting was less than enthusiastic (热情的)．
2．The north wind was bitter (严寒的)and deadly cold.
3．The teacher assigned (布置) each of the children a different task.
4．We must find a way to resolve (解决)these problems before it's too late.
5．He cracked his head painfully against the cupboard (壁橱)．
6．She felt a pang of envy (忌妒)at the thought of his success.
7．The wheels sank (下沉) deeper into the mire.
8．He claimed that his parents had abandoned (抛弃) him.
9．I went to Brooks Brothers and bought myself a decent (体面的) shirt.
10．A genuine (真正的) friend will not desert you in time of adversity.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．She was even less enthusiastic about going to Spain.
2．They assigned the new task to me.
3．Fred entered without knocking and，very out of breath，sank into a chair.
4．We shouldn't abandon ourselves (our)to pleasures.
5．He resolved that nothing should hold back.
6．If you turn over , you might find it easier to get to sleep.
7．Traditionally, college students hold a graduation ceremony to encourage themselves before they set off on their life journey.
8．She asked Ann if she could keep an eye on the dog.
9．After hearing the shocking news that a baby was murdered in a washing machine, I couldn't hold back my tears.
10．When I visited him, I saw him repairing (repair) his car.
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．碰巧他们的童年是在同一个村子度过的。(it作形式主语)
It happened that they spent their childhood in the same village.
2．没有水，地球上就没有生命。(虚拟语气)
Without water, there would be no life on earth .
3．当我经过她的房间时，我看见她正在打扫房间。(see＋宾语＋宾补)
When I passed her room, I saw her cleaning her room .
4．这个男孩太小不能上学。(too...to...)
The boy is too young to go to school .
5．墙上挂着一张世界地图。(半倒装)
On the wall hangs a map of the world .Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
语法探究：完成下列教材中的句子并体会其语法特征
1．An expedition to the South Pole with the great Sir Ernest Shackleton—this is the adventure that I have been dreaming (dream) of.
2．We are now camped on the ice and we have been managing (manage) to survive, but spring is coming, and the ice will soon begin to melt.
3．We have been struggling (struggle) for days, but things on Elephant Island are going from bad to worse.
归纳总结
句中设空处的时态为： 现在完成进行时 。构成： have/has been doing 。第 一 句该时态表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在，将来还可能延续下去。第 二 句和第 三 句中该时态表示从过去某时开始到现在这一段时间内动作一再重复发生。
Ⅰ.词性转换
1． cruel adj.残酷的；残忍的；冷酷的→ cruelly adv.残酷地→ cruelty n．残酷；残忍；残酷的行为
2． thorough adj.深入的；彻底的；细致的→ thoroughly adv.非常；极其；仔细，缜密；彻底
3． furnish vt.提供；供应；装备→ furniture n．家具
4． fortune n．财富；好运 → misfortune n．厄运，不幸→ fortunate adj.幸运的→ unfortunate adj.不幸的→ fortunately adv.幸运地→ unfortunately adv.不幸地；遗憾地
5． recreate vi.娱乐；消遣→ recreation n．娱乐；消遣；游戏
6． guide vt.引导；带领；操纵→ guidance n．指导；引导；导航
7． advertise vt.& vi.公布；宣传；做广告→ advertising n．广告活动；广告业→ advertisement n．广告
8． corporate adj.公司的；法人的；社团的→ corporation n．公司；法人(团体)；社团
Ⅱ.高频短语
1． live a．..life 过着……的生活
2． in all directions 向四面八方
3． be proud of 为……感到自豪
4． under one's guidance 在某人的指导下
5． more than 超过，多于
重 点 单 词
1．cruel adj.残酷的；残忍的；冷酷的
D 典型例句
He was criticized for his cruel acts.
他因行为残忍而受到了批评。
The cruel war caused great disasters to the people.
残酷的战争给人民带来了巨大的灾难。
S 思维拓展
be cruel to sb. 对某人残酷
cruelly adv.残酷地
cruelty n．残酷；残忍；残酷的行为
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①It was cruel of him to say that.
②They were very cruel to their prisoners of war.
③The king's cruelty (cruel)excited the people to rise against him.
2．furniture n．家具
D 典型例句
We will buy some furniture for our new house.
我们得给我们的新房子买些家具。
This old table is a valuable piece of furniture.
这张旧桌子是一件很珍贵的家具。
The antique furniture was made in 1700.
这件古老的家具是1700年制造的。
S 思维拓展
a piece of furniture 一件家具
a set of furniture 一套家具
furnish vt.提供；供应；装备
furnish sb./sth. with sth. 向某人/某事物供应/提供某物
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①The factory was built for the manufacture of furniture (furnish)．
②She furnished him with the facts surrounding the case.
3．fortunately adv.幸运地
D 典型例句
Fortunately, he survived the traffic accident.
他很幸运地在车祸之后还能活着。
Fortunately, the storm only did minimal damage.
很幸运，暴风雨造成的破坏不大。
I was late in getting to the station, but fortunately for me, the train was late too.
我到达火车站时已经迟了，但是幸好火车也误了点。
S 思维拓展
unfortunately adv.不幸地；遗憾地
fortunate adj.幸运的；侥幸的；带来幸运的
be fortunate to do 很幸运做
It's fortunate that... 幸运的是……
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① Fortunately (fortunate), we boarded the last high-speed train to Beijing.
②She was fortunate to find (find) a rare book she needed.
③ Unfortunately (unfortunate), his father died, leaving the whole family even poorer.
完成句子
④ I was fortunate enough to have found a job that I love.
我足够幸运找到了一份我喜欢的工作。
⑤ It was fortunate for him that his parents managed to send him to school though badly off.
他很幸运，尽管很穷，他的父母还是设法送他去上学。
4．advertise vt.& vi.公布；宣传；做广告
D 典型例句
Now you are asked to make a poster to advertise a sporting event.
现在要求你制作一张海报为一项体育赛事做广告。
We've advertised for someone to look after the garden.
我们已登广告雇一个人来照看花园。
S 思维拓展
advertise sth.为某事做广告；为某事登广告
advertise for...登广告征求……
advertise for sb.to do sth. 登广告招聘/雇用某人做某事
advertising n．广告活动；广告业
advertisement n．广告
put an advertisement in a newspaper在报纸上发布广告
The nursing home is advertising for a volunteer to help look after the patients.
这家疗养院正在登广告招聘一名志愿者帮助照顾病人。
If you are in search of your missing pet, you'd better put an advertisement in the newspaper.
如果你在寻找丢失的宠物，你最好在报纸上登个广告。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①They advertised for a young girl to look after the children.
②The organization is advertising for a teacher to teach (teach) the children whose parents work outside all year.
③In order to look for their missing child, they have put an advertisement (advertise) in any possible media.
完成句子
④We can advertise on the Internet .
我们可以在网络上刊登广告。
⑤We advertised for a second-hand car.
我们刊登了广告求购一辆二手车。
重 点 短 语
1．live a...life 过着……的生活
D 典型例句
Though he is disabled, he lives an active life.
尽管他身体残疾，但是他过着积极的生活。
S 思维拓展
have/live a．..life过……的生活
dream a．..dream做一个……的梦
smile a．..smile露出……微笑
M 名师点津
常接同源宾语的词
live a(n)．..life中的life和live为同根词，life为live的同源宾语。常见的能接同源宾语的动词有：live, die, smile, laugh, dream, breathe, sing, sigh, sleep等。
J 即学即练
完成句子
①Meanwhile, with her parents' help, Moore is generally able to live a normal teenage life .
同时，在父母的帮助下，摩尔基本上能够过上正常的青少年生活。
②The boy can sing a beautiful song .
那个男孩会唱一首悦耳的歌曲。
2．be proud of... 为……感到自豪
D 典型例句
I am proud of my son's success.
我以儿子的成功为荣。
He was proud of what he had done.
他因自己所做的事感到自豪。
S 思维拓展
be proud to do 很自豪地去做
pride n．骄傲；自豪
take pride in... 以……自豪
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2023· 全国甲卷)It took weeks and is was backbreaking work, but I know he was proud of my skills.
②I feel very proud to be (be)a part of the team.
③She was proud that her daughter had so much talent.
3．more than 超过，多于
D 典型例句
(2023· 全国乙卷)It is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout.
它有着3 000多年的辉煌历史，甚至连它的布局都是如此。
This city has a population of more than 1,000,000.
这个城市人口超过一百万。
S 思维拓展
(1)more than后接名词时，意为“不仅仅，不只是”，表示超过该名词所指。
He is more than a big size.
他不仅仅是个大块头。
(2)more than后接形容词，表示加强语气，意为“非常，极其”。
They were more than glad to help us.
他们非常愿意帮助我们。
(3)“more than＋从句”意为“超过……”。
The cold was more than the children could bear.
寒冷超出了孩子们的承受能力。
Y 易混辨析
more than, no more than, not more than, more... than...
(1)more than表示“超过，不只是”；在数量上进行比较时，相当于over。
(2)no more than表示“和……一样不”；在数量上进行比较时，表示“仅仅，只有”，相当于only。
(3)not more than在数量上进行比较时，意为“至多，不超过”，相当于at most。
(4)more... than...表示“与其说……倒不如说……，”肯定前者，否定后者。
As a teacher, he is no more than 22 years old, but he is more than a teacher for his students, that is, he is more a close friend than a teacher.
作为一名教师，他只有22岁，但是对于他的学生来说，他不仅仅是一名教师，也就是说，与其说他是老师，倒不如说他是亲密的朋友。
J 即学即练
写出句子中more than的含义
①I'm more than pleased to give you a hand. 非常；很
②His report is more than a survey. 不只是
③It's more than 5 minutes' walk from my home to the school. 超过
现在完成进行时
语法导图
语法精析
一、现在完成进行时的结构：
主语＋have/has＋been＋v.-ing
二、现在完成进行时的用法
1．延续：表示开始于过去的活动持续到现在，并且活动往往还没有结束，将继续持续下去。
I have been living in Hawaii for ten years.
我在夏威夷已经生活了十年。
She has been burning the midnight oil to prepare for GRE.
她最近在熬夜准备GRE考试。
Tom has been playing the online games for more than twenty hours.
汤姆玩网游已经超过二十个小时了。
What happened to you？Have you been crying
你怎么了？你是不是一直在哭？
2．重复：到目前为止的一段时间内重复发生的活动。
He has been going to Seattle for half a year.
他在半年间经常去西雅图。
I have been telling you not to make trouble.
我一直劝你不要找麻烦。
The old man has been repairing cars for thirty years.
老人修车修了三十年了。
Jack has been practising Tai Chi for more than a year.
杰克练太极一年多了。
三、现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
1．现在完成时强调完成和影响，现在完成进行时强调未完成和动作。
He has painted the room.
他已经粉刷过房间了。(影响：墙壁是干净的)
He has been painting the room.
他一直在粉刷房间。(还未粉刷完)
I have thought it over.
我已经考虑过了。(影响：现在可以给出回复)
I have been thinking it over.
我一直在考虑这件事。(还未考虑清楚)
2．现在完成时经常表单个事件，现在完成进行时可表重复事件。
Amy has gone to the library.
埃米去图书馆了。
Amy has been going to the library for a year.
埃米在一年间经常去图书馆。
Tom has met the girl in the library again.
汤姆在图书馆再次遇到那个女孩。
Tom has been meeting the girl in the library lately.
汤姆近来经常在图书馆遇到那个女孩。
3．现在完成时陈述事实，现在完成进行时表感彩。
What have you done
你做什么了？(仅是问问)
I've been waiting more than 30 years to say this：“Dad, I always told you I'd come back and get my degree.”
我已经等了30多年才得以说这句话：“老爸，我一直都在告诉你，我会回来拿到学位的。”(难以抑制的兴奋之情)
Where have you been？I have been waiting for you in the rain for two hours.
你去哪了？我在雨中等了你两个小时。(不满)
4．表重复时：现在完成时强调结果，讲次数；现在完成进行时强调持续，不讲次数。
I have sent thirty e-mails this morning.
我今天上午发了三十封电子邮件。
I have been sending e-mails this morning.
我今天上午一直在发电子邮件。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①The Chinese have been making (make) paper for more than two thousand years.
②Tom's hands are very dirty. He has been repairing (repair) the car.
③It has been raining (rain) every day this week.
④I have drunk (drink) five cups of coffee this afternoon.
⑤He is the most creative man that I have met (meet)．
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Companies have been testing (test) their vehicles in cities across the country.
2．I have read (read) half of the English novel, and I'll try to finish it at the weekend.
3．Dashan, who has been learning (learn) crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
4．—Where is Peter I can't find him anywhere.
—He went to the library after breakfast and has been writing (write) his essay there ever since.
5．He hurried in, came (come) up to me, and then told me all that had happened.
6．Great changes have taken (take) place in Shanghai in the last few years.
7.Look at the time table. Hurry up! Flight MU315 takes (take) off at 18∶30.
8．The reporter said that the car was travelling (travel) east to west when he saw it.
9．The more you practice, the better you will master (master) the language.
Ⅱ.单句写作(用现在完成时或现在完成进行时)
1．自从上周以来一直下雨。
It has been raining since last week.
2．我累坏了。我一直工作了一下午。
I am tired out. I have been working the whole afternoon.
3．他已写了一部小说。
He has written a novel .
4．你最近见过他吗？
Have you met him recently
5．他们结婚将近15年了。
They have been married for almost 15 years .
6．这本书我已经读了两个小时了，但是我还没有读完。
I have been reading the book for two hours , but I haven't finished it.Section Ⅲ Using Language
课文预读
Ⅰ.快读文章，把握大意
1．Part Ⅰ (Para.1) A．We were finally rescued.
2．Part Ⅱ (Paras.2～4) B．Shackelton left us to find help.
3．Part Ⅲ (Para.5) C．Our discipline and team spirit kept us optimistic.
4．Part Ⅳ (Para.6) D．The challenges and difficulties we met.
答案：1.B 2.D 3.C 4.A
Ⅱ.精读文章，品读细节
1．What did the crew use to make fire on the island？ C
A．Tree branches. B．Oil.
C．Animal fat. D．Fuel.
2．What did the crew depend on to live on？ A
A．Sea creatures. B．Vegetables.
C．Fruits. D．Steaks.
3．Why was it dangerous to wear too many clothes？ A
A．The changing temperature could make them ill.
B．The clothes were all damp.
C．The clothes damaged their eyes and burnt their lungs.
D．The temperature on the island was too high.
4．In the author's opinion, what helped them survive？ D
A．Animal fat. B．Cosy clothes.
C．Melting ice. D．Discipline and team spirit.
Ⅲ.重读文章，激发潜能
Shackleton's departure to find help let the crew feel down and even a little desperate, but soon 1.the banjo worked to cheer them up. They took advantage of 2.whatever/what they could find in order to stay alive. There 3.being (be)no water in the 4.extremely (extreme) cold weather, the crew melted ice from the ocean for daily use. Without any fuel, they burned animal fat to make fire though the oily, black smoke caused damage to their eyes and burned their 5.lungs (lung). No vegetables or fruit could be found on the island, and they managed to feed 6.on sea animals. Young Perce, now a competent chef and teammate, 7.tried (try) his best to vary the meals in whatever way he could.
Another challenge lying ahead of them is to stay 8.healthy (health), because a slight cold or fever might become a disaster on Antarctica. Because of the changing temperatures，they took care of themselves neither 9.to become (become) too hot from wearing too many clothes nor become too cold from wearing too few.
Their discipline, perseverance and team spirit carried them through. It was four months 10.before they were finally rescued.
解析：
1．考查冠词。此处特指那把班卓琴，所以用定冠词the。故填the。
2．考查名词性从句。句意：为了能活下来，他们利用他们能找到的任何东西。此处whatever意为“任何东西”，what意为“……的东西”，引导名词性从句，作took advantage of 的宾语。故填whatever/what。
3．考查非谓语动词。句意：在极其寒冷的天气里没有水，这些船员就融化从海洋里取来的冰供日常使用。逗号前后没有连词，这是一个简单句，句中已有谓语动词 melted，所以此空要用非谓语动词。There being...是There be句式的独立主格形式，在句中作原因状语。being是现在分词形式，表示与谓语动词同时发生。故填being。
4．考查副词。extremely 是副词，修饰形容词cold，作程度状语。故填extremely。
5．考查名词复数。lung意为“肺”，根据常识可知人的肺有两片，所以应该用复数形式。故填lungs。
6．考查介词。feed on意为“以……为食”。故填on。
7．考查动词的时态。空前的Young Perce是主语，now a competent chef and teammate是主语的同位语，设空处作谓语，动作发生在过去，所以应该用一般过去时。故填tried。
8．考查形容词。空前的stay意为“保持”，所以要用形容词作表语。故填healthy。
9．考查非谓语动词。句意：因为变化的气温，他们照顾他们自己以使自己不因穿的衣服太多而太热，也不因穿的衣服太少而太冷。此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to become。
10．考查连词。句意：四个月过去之后他们最终获救。before意为“在……之前”，此处指在他们最终获救之前。故填before。
阅读技巧点拨
通过解释或下定义来推测词意 1.在文章中，会对生词以定语(从句)、表语甚至用逗号、冒号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释。
2.常用to be defined as, to be called, that is to say, to mean, to refer to, to be known as 等对生词作出解释说明。
Ⅰ.词性转换
1． rough adj.汹涌的；粗糙的；粗略的→ roughly adv.汹涌地；粗糙地；粗略地
2． loyal adj.忠诚的；忠实的→ loyalty n．忠诚，忠贞
3． motor n．发动机；马达 adj.有引擎的；机动车的→ motorist n.汽车驾驶员
4． commit vi.忠于(某个人、机构等) vt.承诺→ commitment n．承诺；保证；奉献
5． motive n．动机；原因；目的→ motivate v．刺激；使有动机
6． Confucian adj.孔子的，儒家的；儒家学说的 n．儒家，儒家学者；孔子的门徒→ Confucianism n．孔子学说；儒家(学说)
Ⅱ.高频短语
1． ahead of... 在……之前；超过；提前
2． cheer up 感到高兴；感到振奋；(使)高兴起来
3． make fire 生火
4． give off 放出(热、光、气味或气体)
5． pay back 偿还；报复；报答
重 点 单 词
1．motor n．发动机；马达 adj.有引擎的；机动车的
D 典型例句
(2022· 新高考全国Ⅰ卷)My husband stopped fishing to start the motor.
我丈夫停止钓鱼来启动马达。
If the battery is dead, the motor won't turn over.
电池要是用完了，马达就转不起来了。
Last year was really bad for the motor industry in Europe.
去年，欧洲的机动车市场很不景气。
S 思维拓展
start a motor 开动发动机
turn off a motor 关掉发动机
motor inn 汽车旅馆
motorist n．汽车驾驶员
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①The motorist (motor)was charged with failing to stop at a red light.
②This lawn mower is driven by a small electric motor.
完成句子
③We turned off the motor and started to drift along.
我们关闭发动机开始滑行。
2．commitment n．承诺；保证；奉献
D 典型例句
If you are serious about our relationship, you should make a commitment.
如果你对我们的关系很认真，你就应该给个承诺。
The government will continue to honour its commitment to pensioners.
政府将一如既往地向领取养老金的人兑现承诺。
T 图解助记
S 思维拓展
(1)commitment to...对……的拥护
honour/fulfill/meet a/one's commitment兑现承诺
make a commitment (to do sth.)做出承诺(做某事)
(2)commit vt.使同意；使承诺 vi.同意，承诺
commit a crime犯罪
commit suicide自杀
commit to (doing) sth.承诺(做)某事，答应(做)某事
commit sb./oneself to (doing) sth.使某人承诺做某事，使某人答应(做)某事
I felt I did not have to make such a commitment to them.
我觉得我没有必要对他们做出那样的承诺。
I do not want to commit to any particular date.
我不想定下具体的日期。
She tried to commit suicide, but we saved her life by chance.
她试图自杀，但我们碰巧救了她。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①I was impressed by the energy and commitment (commit) shown by the players.
②Since last year, he has committed himself to raising (raise) money for people with disabilities.
③We made a commitment to keep (keep) working together.
3．motive n．动机；原因；目的
D 典型例句
There seemed to be no motive for the murder.
这起谋杀案看不出有什么动机。
I'm suspicious of his motives.
我怀疑他的动机。
The police have excluded robbery as a motive for the murder.
警方已排除该谋杀案中有抢劫的动机。
S 思维拓展
social motive 社会动机
motive power 动力
motivate v．刺激，使有动机
motivate one's pupils 激励学生
be motivated by fear 受恐惧的驱使
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①It is still unclear what the motive for her coming was.
②The crime appears to have been motivated (motivate) by hatred.
完成句子
③ Her prime motive was personal ambition.
她的主要动机是为了实现个人的志向。
④I don't understand what his motive is .
我不知道他的动机是什么。
重 点 短 语
1. ahead of 在……之前；超过；提前
D 典型例句
Let's cut through the woods and get ahead of them.
咱们穿过树林抄近路赶到他们前面去。
By doing extra homework, he soon got ahead of his classmates.
他靠做额外的家庭作业，很快在班上名列前茅。
T 图解助记
Tom is running ahead of me.
汤姆跑在我前面。
Jack is running behind me.
杰克跑在我后面。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①(2022· 全国乙卷)They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously.
完成句子
②Damaged but not defeated, he was still ahead of me .
虽然受伤但未被击败，他仍然超过了我。
2．cheer up感到高兴；感到振奋；(使)高兴起来
D 典型例句
So we went over to the flower seller and asked her if we could buy a flower for the lady to cheer her up.
因此，我们走到卖花者面前，问她我们能否为这位女士买朵花让她高兴。
Give Mary a call；she needs cheering up.
给玛丽打个电话，她需要安慰。
S 思维拓展
cheer...on为……鼓气，为……喝彩/加油
cheer n．欢呼声 vt.欢呼；喝彩
cheerful adj.快乐的；高兴的；兴高采烈的
cheerfully adv.高兴地
cheers(用于祝酒)干杯；再见
①A thousand supporters packed into the stadium to cheer them on.
1 000名支持者挤进体育场里为他们加油。
②They are both very cheerful in spite of their colds.
他们俩虽然感冒了，可都兴高采烈。
Q 巧学助记
感到高兴的cheer
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Cheer up ！Our troubles will soon be over.
②Cathy didn't expect any award but was still there to cheer her friends on .
③The actress performed so well that the audience cheered (cheer)and clapped excitedly.
3．give off 放出(热、光、气味或气体)
D 典型例句
The flowers give off a heady scent at night.
这些花晚上散发出醉人的芳香。
The moon, for example, does not give off any light of its own.
举月亮为例， 它自身并不发光。
S 思维拓展
give away 赠送；分发；放弃(机会)；泄露(秘密)
give in 屈服；交上
give up放弃；停止，中止；投降，认输
give out分发；公布；耗尽；发出
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①The apples gave off a sweet smell.
②I need to give away some of these old baby clothes.
③But finally, he was forced to give in .
④The doctor advised him to give up smoking.
⑤The teacher gave out the exam papers.
4．pay back偿还；偿付；报复；报答
D 典型例句
I'll work my fingers to the bone till I pay back all my debts.
我要拼命地工作直到把借款还清。
I am sure that he will pay back every cent he owes you.
我敢肯定他会分文不差地把欠款还给你。
Some day I'll pay you back for this!
总有一天我会为此报复你。
S 思维拓展
pay for...买……；为……付款；为……付出代价
pay money for sth.付钱买某物
pay off 付清； (某行动)取得成功； 带来好结果
pay out 付出大笔款项；放松
pay up 付清欠款
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Can you lend me some money I'll pay you back on Friday.
②If you go for a long ride in a friend's car, it's the custom to offer to pay for some of the expenses.
③Her years of hard training paid off when she finally won the Olympic gold medal.
重 点 句 型
1．What if they were delayed
如果他们被耽搁了会怎么样呢？
J 句式分析
本句是一个省略句，省略了主句的部分内容。What if...？(＝What would happen if...？)意为“要是……会怎么样呢？”
What if the train is late
火车要是晚点会怎样呢？
What if they talked a long time about a painting you weren't that interested in
他们谈论很长时间你根本不感兴趣的一幅画怎么样呢？
S 思维拓展
(1)How come 怎么会呢？/怎么回事？(表示惊讶)
—I didn't even eat lunch today.
我今天连午饭都没吃。
—Really How come
真的？怎么回事？
(2)How about...？(＝What about...？)……怎么样？(用来询问情况或征求意见)
How about going for a walk after supper
晚饭后去散散步好吗？
(3)What for？为何目的？为什么？
—I need to see a doctor.
我得去看医生。
—What for
看什么病？
(4)So what？那又怎样？(认为某事无关紧要，不负责时)
—He is only a child of ten!
他只是一个10岁的孩子。
—So what
那又怎么样？
J 即学即练
选词填空what if/so what/how come/what for/how about
① What if we move the picture over there Do you think it will look better
② How about going swimming this afternoon
③—Linda didn't invite us to the party.
— So what I don't care.
④ —Please go and fetch me a piece of paper, Mary.
— What for
⑤(天津高考改编)—Michael was late for Mr. Smith's chemistry class this morning.
— How come As far as I know, he never came late to class.
2．Staying alive took all our time and energy.
活下去耗费了我们所有的时间和精力。
J 句式分析
句中Staying alive是v.-ing短语，在句中作主语。动名词作主语往往表示一种概念、习惯或经验。
Traveling along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.
沿古丝绸之路旅行是一个有趣而有回报的经历。
Learning to think critically is an important skill today's children will need for the future.
学会批判性思考是当今孩子未来需要的一项重要技能。
It is so cold that sleeping outdoors can mean death.
天如此冷以至于睡在户外就意味着死亡。
S 思维拓展
动名词作主语与不定式作主语
动名词与不定式都可以作主语，一般而言，在表示比较抽象笼统的一般行为时多用动名词；在表示具体某次动作特别是将来的动作时，多用动词不定式。
Smoking is not allowed here.
此处禁止吸烟。
It isn't good for you to smoke so much.
你抽这么多烟不好。
M 名师点津
(1)动名词与不定式有对称使用的特点。
Teaching is learning.＝To teach is to learn.
教学相长。
(2)在一些固定句型中，动名词作主语可以用形式主语it。
It is no use/good doing sth.
It's a waste of time doing sth.
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①Tom's never willing to change any of his opinions. It's no use arguing (argue) with him.
② Learning (learn) English all by yourself is not so easy.
完成句子
③ Walking after supper is a good habit for the old.
晚饭后散步对老年人来说是一个好习惯。
3．Food was also a problem, as we did not find any vegetables or fruit on the island.
食物也是一个问题，因为我们在岛上没有发现任何蔬菜或水果。
J 句式分析
句中的as we did not find any vegetables or fruit是原因状语从句，连接词as的意思是“因为，由于”，它还可译为“当……的时候”“随着”等意思引导状语从句。
Joan came in as we were watching TV.
当我们正在看电视的时候，琼进来了。
As one grows older, one becomes more experienced.
人越大，经验就越丰富。
Y 易混辨析
when/while/as
(1)when作“当……的时候”解，可以指较短的时间，也可以指一段时间。
When he was at college，he could speak several foreign languages.
当他上大学时，他会说几门外语。
When the clock struck twelve, all the lights in the street went out.
钟声敲响十二点时，所有的街灯都熄灭了。
(2)while常表示一段较长的时间或一个过程，强调主句谓语动作与从句谓语动作同时发生，或主句谓语动作发生在从句谓语动作的过程中。
Work while you work; play while you play.
工作时就工作；玩儿时就玩儿。
(3)但在下列情形中，只用as，而不用when或while。
①用于表示同一个人的两种动作交替进行，意为“一边……一边……”。
The girl dances as she sings on the stage.
这个女孩在舞台上一边唱歌一边跳舞。
②表示两个同步发展的动作或行为，译为“随着……”。
As children get older，they become more and more interested in the things around them.
随着孩子们的长大，他们对周围的事情越来越感兴趣了。
③表示两个短促行为或事件几乎同时发生。
I thought of it just as I opened my mouth.
正当我张嘴说话时我想到了它。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
① As this question is of great importance, we will discuss it once again.
②Mary made coffee while her guests were finishing their meal.
③You will grow wiser as you grow older.
④It was the middle of the night when my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.4.If it weren't for sea animals, we would all starve.
如果不是海洋动物，我们都会饿死。
J 句式分析
本句是虚拟条件句，表示与现在事实相反的假设。从句谓语用一般过去时(be一般为were)，主句谓语用“should/would/could/might＋动词原形”。如：
If I were you I would stay here.
如果我是你，我就待在这儿。
S 思维拓展
分类 从句 主句
与现在事实相反 一般过去时/were(be一般用were) would/should/could/might＋动词原形
与过去事实相反 过去完成时 would/should/could/might＋have done
与将来事实相反 一般过去时/were to＋动词原形/should＋动词原形 would/should/could/might＋动词原形
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①If I were (be) a millionaire，I would travel around the world.
②If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded (succeed)．
③Sorry，I am too busy now. If I had (have) time，I would certainly go on an outing with you.
④If you had taken (take)my advice, you would not have failed in the exams.
5.Our discipline and team spirit kept us optimistic and helped us deal with our fears in a positive and successful way.
我们的纪律和团队精神使我们保持乐观，帮助我们以积极和成功的方式处理恐惧。
J 句式分析
该句是一个简单句。句中第二个and连接两个并列谓语。其中kept us optimistic 是“keep＋宾语＋宾补”结构，keep意为“使……处于某种状态”。
S 思维拓展
该结构的常见形式有：
(1)keep＋sb./sth.＋形容词/副词
I was too tired to keep my eyes open.
我累得眼睛都睁不开了。
In our daily life，we must keep ourselves away from danger.
日常生活中，我们必须使自己远离危险。
(2)keep＋sb./sth.＋介宾短语
You should keep your hands behind your backs.
你们要把手放在背后。
(3)keep＋sb./sth.＋现在分词(表示主动或状态的持续)
I'm sorry. I have kept you waiting outside for so long.
对不起，我让你在外面等了那么久。
(4)keep＋sb./sth.＋过去分词(表示被动或状态的持续)
Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.
少说话，多观察。
J 即学即练
单句语法填空
①It is well known to us all that a nap is helpful to keep us healthy (health)．
②When I work on the farmland in the daytime, I always keep my sheep tied (tie)to a tree on the riverbank.
③(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)We can't keep him waiting (wait)outside our home.
难 句 分 析
1．There were no trees growing on Antarctica and no oil, so the only fuel we could use was animal fat.
J 句式分析
N 牛刀小试
翻译： 南极洲没有树木生长，也没有石油，所以我们唯一能使用的燃料就是动物脂肪。
2. When we were finally rescued, we felt such relief and joy that many of us could not hide our tears.
J 句式分析
N 牛刀小试
翻译： 当我们最终获救时，我们感到如释重负，许多人都喜极而泣。
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．He worked as a motor (机动车的)mechanic.
2．They knocked together a rough (粗糙的) box with wooden boards.
3．I may say in all sincerity that you have been my most loyal (忠实的) friend.
4．There are three candidates (候选人) for the vacancy.
5．That's an episode (一段经历) in my life I'd rather forget!
6．I am very tired because I have taken on so many commitments (承诺)．
7．The police could not find a motive (动机)for the murder.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．I ran out of petrol, but a passing motorist (motor)saved the situation.
2．He made a commitment to pay (pay) the rent on time.
3．He is cheerful (cheer) in spite of his illness.
4．I finished several days ahead of the deadline.
5．Don't mention that at the beginning of the story, or it may give away the shocking ending.
6．He burst into tears, begging her to forgive him and swearing to pay back everything he had stolen.
7．It was snowing when he arrived at the construction site.
8． Learning (learn)Chinese is very difficult for the foreigners.
9．What if he doesn't agree
10．They might have found a better hotel if they had driven (drive)a few more kilometers.
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．假如下起雨来，我们没法按时到校怎么办？(what if)
What if it rains when we can't get to school on time
2．我很早就上床睡觉了，因为我已经筋疲力尽了。(as引导原因状语从句)
I went to bed early, as I was exhausted .
3．假如没有植物，也就不会有动物，人也就没有肉吃了。(虚拟语气)
If there were no plants , we would have no animals and no meat.
4．收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。(动名词作主语)
Collecting information about children's health is his job.
5．我希望你能使我了解你的工作进展如何。(keep＋宾语＋宾补)
I hope you will keep me informed of how you are getting on with your work.Section Ⅳ 单元写作
有关逆境与勇气概括评论
写作指导
概括故事内容并发表评论，需要用自己的话概述故事的情节，必要时点出主题和主旨。概括情节时不要遗漏要点，但要略去不必要的细节，然后针对故事人物、情节等发表自己的观点。
故事的主题和主旨有时隐藏在情节中，写作时学生要找到关键词和主题句，用自己的话归纳段落大意和文章主旨。同时应注意要点之间的衔接，注意使用衔接词。写作时常采用如下步骤：
(1)先概括。仔细阅读所给的材料，概述主要内容，即who, what, where, when, why和how等信息。
(2)后评论。针对所读内容表达自己的看法并说明原因。
常用表达
1．In this process, they...
在这个过程中，他们……
2．As far as I'm concerned...
就我而言……
3．When it comes to...
当提到……；就……而论
4．It seems to me that...
对我来说，……
精品展示
阅读下面短文，概述文章主要内容，并发表自己的看法。词数80左右。
The first father and daughter on Mount
Gagarmatha (also as Qomolangma)
When she was young, Chhamji Sherpa lived in the Himalayas of Nepal, where the climate is cold and there are many mountains covered with snow. While her father, Dendi, and other mountaineers had been exploring Gagarmatha, Chhamji's interest and curiosity were growing. They looked closely at her ability to cope with harsh natural conditions. Of course, her father had expected that Chhamji would encounter many difficulties in climbing the mountain. Due to the sudden rise of altitude and the sharp change of pressure, generally speaking, novice climbers will have altitude response.
It took two months for the father and daughter to get used to the weather, climb ice and rocks, and get familiar with climbing equipment. Strong winds and thin air make it extremely difficult to breathe. However, they did not fear, and continued to climb. On their way from base camp to No.1 camp, they encountered the most exciting journey, including the deadly Khumbu Glacier.
No one ever thought that such an ordinary girl, in the later days, successfully broke two Guinness World Record titles: the world's youngest woman and the first father and daughter on Mount Gagarmatha.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
审题谋篇
第一步 明确要求
1．确定体裁：本次写作是概括一个故事并发表评论；
2．确定人称：本文要用第 三 人称；
3．确定时态：时态以 一般过去时 为主。
第二步 谋篇布局
本文属于记叙文，可以从以下两个方面入手：
首先：概括故事主要内容；
其次： 对故事发表评论。
第三步 核心词汇
1． have successes in doing sth. 成功做成某事
2． under the influence of sb. 在某人的影响下
3． make a lot of preparations 做了许多准备
4． overcome various difficulties 克服了各种困难
5． pay off 取得回报
第四步 句式升级
1．Chhamji的父亲曾多次成功攀登Gagarmatha山，在父亲的影响下，Chhamji对登山产生了浓厚的兴趣，并在父亲的陪同下开始爬山。(定语从句；过去分词短语作状语)
Under the influence of her father who had several successes in climbing Mount Gagarmatha, Chhamji had a strong interest in mountaineering and started climbing the mountain accompanied by her father .
2．是女孩的勇气和对Mount Gagarmatha 的兴趣使她坚持下来并继续前进。(强调句型)
It was the girl's courage as well as interest in the Mount Gagarmatha that made her persevere and move on.
3．尽管过程很艰难，但她决心克服困难。(as引导倒装句)
Hard as the process was , she was determined and overcame the difficulties.
参考范文：
This article introduces the story of a young girl, Chhamji.Under the influence of her father who had several successes in climbing Mount Gagarmatha, Chhamji had a strong interest in mountaineering and started climbing the mountain accompanied by her father.Before that, they made a lot of preparations to survey the terrain and overcome various difficulties.All of these have paid off after their successful ascent.
In my opinion, it was the girl's courage as well as interest in the Mount Gagarmatha that made her persevere and move on.Hard as the process was, she was determined and overcame the difficulties.
写作训练
假定你是李华，你们学校英语网站邀请你撰写一篇介绍著名探险家欧内斯特·沙克尔顿的文章刊登在网站上。要点如下：
姓名 欧内斯特·沙克尔顿 出生日期 1874.2.15
评价 著名探险家
主要经历 (1)10岁时随家人搬到伦敦；(2)1901年加入南极探险，因病被遣送回家；(3)他带领船队(“坚忍”号)横跨南极远征，途中船沉，被困冰面数月后获救；(4)1922年1月5日，因心脏病在另一次南极探险途中去世
注意：
1．词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：跨南极远征the Trans-Antarctic Expedition
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考范文：
Ernest Shackleton
Born on February 15, 1874 in Ireland, Ernest Shackleton was raised in London, where his family moved when Shackleton was 10.He joined an expedition to the Antarctica in 1901, but was sent home due to his illness.Devoted to exploring the Antarctica, he led the Trans-Antarctic Expedition.Disaster struck when his ship, the Endurance, was crushed by ice.He and his crew reached Elephant Island after drifting on sheets of ice for months.On January 5, 1922, Shackleton suffered a heart attack and died on another Antarctic expedition.He was regarded as one of the most famous explorers in the world.
话题佳句
1．It was their perseverance and endurance in the face of adversity that helped them succeed in the end.
正是他们在面对逆境时的坚持和忍耐力帮助他们最终获得成功。
2．No difficulty cannot be overcome as long as we have faith in ourselves.
只要我们自己有信念，没有什么困难克服不了。
3．We are convinced that, where there is a will, there is a way.
我们相信，有志者事竟成。
4．Once we have made the decision, we are supposed to spare no effort to achieve it.
一旦我们做出决定，我们应该不遗余力地去实现它。
5．The secret of success is to stick to your goals and beliefs.
成功的秘诀在于坚持自己的目标和信念。
6．Whatever adversity may lie ahead, as long as I persevere, nothing can stop me from going ahead.
无论前方有什么困难，只要我坚持下去，没有什么可以阻止我前行。
7．The story depicts an old man who never abandons his hope and fights with great endurance and perseverance.
这个故事讲述了一位绝不放弃希望，用极大的忍耐力和毅力斗争的老人。
8．When faced with difficulty, I managed to find a way out instead of giving up.
当面对困难的时候，我设法去找到解决办法而不是放弃。
9．Failure is the mother of success.
失败是成功之母。
10．Each person has the potential to overcome adversity.
每个人都有克服逆境的潜力。单元整合提升
Ⅰ.重点单词
1．enthusiasm n．热情；热忱→enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的→enthusiastically adv.热情地
①对(做)某事感兴趣，对(做)某事热心 be/become enthusiastic about(doing) sth.
②热心的支持者 an enthusiastic supporter
③热烈欢迎 an enthusiastic welcome
④(非常)热情地 with (great) enthusiasm
⑤充满热情 full of enthusiasm
⑥Simon is enthusiastic about science (热心于科学) and dreams of becoming a scientist all the time.
2．aboard adv.& prep.上(船、飞机、公共汽车等)
①上船/飞机/火车/公共汽车 go aboard
②在飞机/船上 aboard the plane/ship
③欢迎乘坐！ Welcome aboard！
④请大家上船/火车/公共汽车！ All aboard！
⑤出国 go abroad
⑥国内外 at home and abroad
3．assign vt.分派；布置；分配→assignment n．(分派的)工作，任务
①给某人分派某任务 assign sth. to sb./assign sb.sth.
②指派某人担任某工作/职务 assign sb.to/as sth.
③她已被派去担任新职务了。
She has been assigned to a new job.
④Never will the journalist forget his first assignment (assign)at the office of a popular English newspaper.
4．envy n．& vt.羡慕；妒忌
①某人羡慕/妒忌的对象 the envy of sb.
②出于嫉妒 out of envy
③羡慕，妒忌 with envy
④羡慕某人某事 envy sb.sth.
⑤因……羡慕某人 envy sb. for sth.
5．sink vi.(sank or sunk，sunk)沉没；下沉；下降 vt.使下沉；使沉没
①沉到……的底部 sink to the bottom of
②落到……后面 sink behind
③落日 the sinking sun
④(一屁股)坐在椅子上 sink into a chair
⑤沉落 sink down
⑥陷入贫困中 sink into poverty
6．abandon vt.舍弃；抛弃；放弃→abandoned adj.被遗弃的，被抛弃的
①放弃做某事 abandon doing sth.
②沉溺于…… abandon oneself to...
③The game had to be abandoned (abandon) due to bad weather.
④He owned a farm, which looked almost abandoned (abandon)．
⑤Some middle school students abandon themselves to computers (沉溺于电脑)，which makes their parents worried.
7．resolve vi.& vt.决定；决心；解决(问题或困难) n．决心；坚定的信念→resolution n．决议；解决；坚定
①通过一项决议 pass/adopt/carry a resolution
②决心做某事 make a resolution to do sth.
③新年计划 New Year's resolutions
④他决定不告诉她真相。
He resolved not to tell her the truth.
8．furniture n．家具←furnish vt.为……配备家具；提供→furnished adj.配备家具的
①一件家具 a piece/an item of furniture
②配备着…… be furnished with...
③配备齐全的房间 a fully furnished room
④向某人/某物提供…… furnish sb./sth. with sth.
9．unfortunate adj.不幸的；遗憾的→unfortunately adv.不幸地；遗憾地←fortunately adv.幸运地←fortunate adj.幸运的
①对某人来说不幸的是(作状语) unfortunately for sb.
②做某事很不幸 be unfortunate to do sth.
③很遗憾…… It is unfortunate (that)．..
④幸运地做某事 be fortunate to do sth.
⑤做某事很幸运 be/feel fortunate in doing sth.
⑥(对某人来说)……是幸运的。 It is fortunate (for sb.) that...
⑦海风极其有益，所以应当推荐那些住在海边的幸运儿沿着海滨散步。
The sea breezes are highly beneficial, so a walk along the seashore is recommendable to those who are so fortunate as to live by the sea.
10．advertise vt.& vi.公布；宣传；做广告→advertisement n．广告→advertising n．广告活动；广告业
①为某事做广告 advertise sth.
②登广告求…… advertise for...
③登广告招聘某人做某事 advertise for sb.to do sth.
④I shall advertise for someone to go (go) with me.
⑤Put an advertisement (advertise) in the local paper to sell your car.
11．commit v．犯(罪或错等)；承诺；保证→commitment n．承诺；保证；奉献
①对……作出承诺 make a commitment to...
②犯错 commit an error
③如果你想投身新闻行业，你一定会成为一名成功的记者。
If you are to be committed to the journalism field , you are bound to become a successful journalist.
Ⅱ.重点短语
1．turn sb. down拒绝(某人)
①出现；到场；开大；调高音量 turn up
②转身 turn around/round
③证明是；结果是 turn out
④转向；求助于；查阅 turn to
⑤我害怕我老板会拒绝我。
I am afraid our boss will turn me down .
2．set off 出发；引起；动身；使爆炸
①开始；着手(做……) set about (doing...)
②把……放置一旁；不理会； 留出 set aside
③动身；出发；着手；开始(做……) set out (to do...)
④创造；建立；创办 set up
⑤她一收到母亲的来信就马上动身回家。
She will set off for home at once as soon as she hears from her mother.
3．keep up 坚持；维持；持续；沿袭
①跟上；不落后 keep up with
②保持优异成绩， 继续干下去 keep it up
③遵守；信守 keep to sth.
④避开；远离 keep away from
⑤勿踩；勿踏 keep off
⑥我并非所有的变化都能跟得上。
I can't keep up with all the changes.
4．hold on稍等；挺住；坚持住；(打电话)别挂断
①抓紧；不放开；保留；坚持 hold on to
②阻挡；阻拦；隐瞒；控制 hold back
③(在困境中)坚持；伸出；提供 hold out
④举起；延迟；阻碍 hold up
⑤等一会儿，我得化妆一下。
Hold on for a minute .I've just got to put on my make-up.
5．after all 毕竟；终究
①最重要的是；首先 above all
②整体说来；总而言之 all in all
③全部；合计 in all
④首先 first of all
⑤毕竟，锻炼15分钟比不锻炼好。
After all , 15 minutes of exercise is better than nothing.
6．give off 放出 (热、光、气味或气体)
①屈服；交上 give in
②放弃；停止；中止；投降 give up
③分发；公布；耗尽；发出 give out
④赠送；分发；放弃(机会)；泄露(秘密) give away
⑤要是塑料和橡胶被焚，就会放出有毒的气体。
If plastic and rubber are burnt, they'll give off poisonous gases .
7．pay back 偿还； 报复； 报答
① 买……； 为……付出代价 pay for...
②付钱买某物 pay money for sth.
③付清； 取得成功 pay off
④(不情愿地)付清欠款 pay up
⑤她知道他们家无法偿还任何债务。
She knows that the family would not be able to pay back any debt .
Ⅲ.重点句式
1．全部倒装
① Below are some of Blackborow's diary entries.
以下是布莱克博罗的一些日记。
句式仿写
② Then came another question.
然后又一个问题提出来了。
③ Here comes our headmaster.
我们的校长来了。
2．too...to...结构
①...the voyage was too dangerous and difficult for all of us to make it in our small boats.
……这次航行太危险了，很难让我们所有人都坐上小船。
句式仿写
②The maths problem is too difficult for me to work out.
这道数学题太难我解不出来。
③Sometimes the oil may be too thick to pour at all.
有时，油可能稠得一点也倒不出来。
3．What if... 省略句
① What if they were delayed
如果他们被耽搁了会怎么样呢？
句式仿写
② What if there was no water on Earth
如果地球上没有水怎么办？
③ What if the train is late
火车要是晚点会怎么样呢？
4．虚拟条件句
①If it weren't for sea animals, we would all starve.
如果不是海洋动物，我们都会饿死。
句式仿写
②If it were not for the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy life today.
要是没有党的领导，今天我们就不会过上幸福的生活。
③If it had not been for your help, we would not have achieved so much in our work.
要不是你的帮助，我们就不会在工作中取得这么多成绩。
5．“keep＋宾语＋宾补”结构
①Our discipline and team spirit kept us optimistic and helped us deal with our fears in a positive and successful way.
我们的纪律和团队精神使我们保持乐观，帮助我们以积极和成功的方式处理恐惧。
句式仿写
②Please keep the door and window open .
请把门窗开着。
③I kept her waiting for 2 hours.
我让她等了两个小时。
时文阅读
世界最长客运列车诞生
(原文选自edition.cnn.com、www.)
语篇解读：据报道，瑞士雷蒂亚铁路公司开发出了一列由100节车厢组成、长约两千米的超长火车。经吉尼斯世界纪录认证，这是全球最长的窄轨客运列车。这列火车从海拔1 749米的普雷达出发，一路开到贝尔金，完成了其首次的正式旅程。长长的红色列车与沿途风景相得益彰，吸引了不少火车迷和观光客乘车体验。
High in the Swiss Alps, St Moritz made its name as a place for pushing the boundaries of winter sports.Recently, the region continued its long tradition of expanding the limits of what is possible with a world record attempt—not on snow or ice, but on rails.To mark the 175th anniversary of Switzerland's first railway, a railway company created the world's longest passenger train—100 cars, 2,990 tonnes and almost two kilometers long.
Formed of 25 new electric trains, the record-breaking 1,906-meter train took almost an hour to cover around 25 kilometers over the impressive UNESCO World Heritage Albula Line, which is famous for its endless swooping curves and steep inclines(斜坡)．The mountain railways are regarded as great feats of engineering.The 62-kilometer line between Thusis and St Moritz, a world-renowned masterpiece of civil engineering, took just five years to build despite requiring 55 bridges and 39 tunnels.
Unlike most Swiss and European railways, which use the standard gauge(标准轨距) between the rails of 1.435 meters, the rails, known as Rhaetische Bahn rails, are just one meter apart.“In order to complete the train's journey successfully, everything has to be perfect.We need to be 100% synchronized(同步的), every second.Everyone has to keep their speed and other systems under control at all times，” lead driver Andreas Kramer said.“We need to know the Albula Line very well, every change of gradient, and every incline.”
The mountainous Swiss landscape has encouraged creative transportation solutions for generations, resulting in one of the most train-reliant nations in the world.On average, Swiss citizens travel about 2,450 kilometers by train annually—an estimated quarter of their total transportation system.In 2021, Swiss Federal Railways operated 11,260 trains carrying 880,000 passengers and 185,000 tonnes of goods per day on a 3,265 kilometer-long network with 804 stations.Therefore, the successful record attempt will be great for the local area and for the country as a whole.
1．What is the world's longest passenger train created for A
A．Celebrating the 175th year of Swiss first railway.
B．Satisfying people's increasing demand for transportation.
C．Encouraging people to pay attention to Swiss winter sports.
D．Attracting more visitors to appreciate the beauty of St Moritz.
2．What does the underlined word “feats” in Paragraph 2 probably mean C
A．Dreams. B．Burdens.
C．Achievements. D．Competitions.
3．What does Andreas Kramer think of the drivers' work D
A．It is boring. B．It is well-paid.
C．It is dangerous. D．It is demanding.
4．Why does the author mention the figures in the last paragraph B
A．To show the popularity of tourism among Swiss citizens.
B．To prove the significance of the successful record attempt.
C．To stress the difficulty of constructing the world's longest train.
D．To present the trend of developing green transportation in Switzerland.
词汇积累
1．gradient n．梯度；坡度
2．train-reliant adj.依赖火车的
3．swooping curves 俯冲曲线
4．civil engineering 土木工程
5．on average 通常；平均
知识小百科
1．Alps
阿尔卑斯山脉位于欧洲中南部，覆盖了意大利北部、法国东南部、瑞士、列支敦士登、奥地利、德国南部及斯洛文尼亚。阿尔卑斯山脉自亚热带地中海海岸法国的尼斯附近向北延伸至日内瓦湖，然后再向东北伸展至多瑙河上的维也纳。
2．Albula Line
阿尔布拉铁路是一条位于瑞士境内的单线米轨铁路，连接了瑞士南部格劳宾登州的图西斯和圣莫里茨。这条铁路于1898年开工建设，1904年完工，全长67公里，铁路沿线景色秀丽。2008年，阿尔布拉铁路因其在铁路工程上的造诣和人文价值而入选世界文化遗产。
