(共50张PPT)
第六讲 介 词
中考英语专项复习
1. 掌握介词的作用,用法
2. 用法辨析及有关介词的固定搭配
学习目标
一 介词的作用
介词(prep.)是一种虚词,用于表示词与词,词与句之间的关系的一类词。介词在句子中不能单独作句子成分。可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。
介词短语可在句中 作定语,状语,表语和宾语补足语。
My mother will be back in ten minutes. (介词短语作状语)
The man over there is my father. (介词短语作定语)
He is from China. (介词短语作表语)
Help yourself to some chicken. (介词短语作宾语补足语)
二 常见介词及介词短语的用法辨析
1 表时间的介词
(1)at / in / on
at 用于某个时间点或黎明、正午、黄昏、午夜前。
in 用于在一段时间里(如:某个世纪,季节,某年,某月,上午,下午,晚上等)(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后)。
on用于在具体的某一天或者某一天的某一段时间。
文本信息
标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改。文字数字大小颜色参考此模板
【注意】 this, that, last, next, every, yesterday, tomorrow等词用在morning, afternoon, night及星期的单词前一律不能加介词。如:I went to Hangzhou last Sunday.
①at 6:00 at noon at midnight at night
②in summer in 2023 in four days in March in autumn in the morning
③on Monday morning on the morning of June 3rd;
on a hot day on June 21st
(2)since / after / for
since 后加时间点或过去时的句子,表示“自从(过去某时)以来”。
after 后跟具体时刻,表示“在……时刻之后”,常用于将来时;
后跟时间段,多用于过去时。
for 后跟一段时间,表示“(持/延续)……之久”。
He has worked here since 2020.
He said that he would be here after 6:00.
We have lived here for two years.
(3)during / until / before / by的区分
during 表示“在……期间”。
until 表示“直到……为止”,常构成not...unitl...
before 表示“在……之前”。
by 表示“到……为止,不迟于, 在……以前”。
He enjoyed himself during the winter vacation.
I won’t leave until you come back.
Wash your hands before dinner.
I will go there by seven.
(4)before / ago
ago 立足于现在,表示从现在起,若干时间前;ago通常与一般过去时连用,不能与完成时连用。
before 立足过去,表示从过去某一时刻起,若干时间以前,before通常与过去完成时连用。
1.I met him four years ago. (距今)
2.I had met him four years before. (距当时)
2. 表示地点、方位的介词
(1)方位介词 at / in / on 加地点的用法辨析
at 用于较小的地方或用于门牌号码前
in 用于较大的地方或虽然是很小的地方,但人在里面也可用in。商店、学校、机关等,若看作一个地点(point)用at, 若看作一个场所(place)用in。
on 一般指与面或线接触(在某一层楼上), 意为“在……上;在……旁”。
He can wait for you at the station(车站). Tom lives at 108 Taishan Road.
He lives in Shanghai. Tom met her at the post-office.
He is working in the post-office now . The picture was hanging(挂) on the wall.
New York is on the Hudson River.
(2)介词over / above / on / below / under表上下的辨析
over 指的是位置高于某物,在某物的正上方,其反义词是under,over还有“覆盖在……上面”之意。即over对应的是under
above也指的是位置高于某物,但不一定在正上方,其反义词是below,即above对应的是below。
on 指的是两个物体表面接触,一个在另一个的上面。如图所示:
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标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改。文字数字大小颜色参考此模板
例句:
There are two bridges over the river.
The dogs are lying under the chair.
There’s a piece of cloth(布) over the table.
They put some books on the desk.
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(3)in / on / to作为方位名词的辨析
in 表示A地在B地的范围之内。
to 表示A地在B地范围的外面, 即二地之间有距离的间隔。
on 表示A地与B地是接壤、毗邻的关系。如图所示:
例句:.
Shandong is in the north of China.(在中国范围内)
Japan lies(位于) to the east of China. (两国不接壤)
North Korea(朝鲜) is on the east of China. (两国接壤)
(4)介词短语on the left / right of,表左右;介词beside / by表旁边;介词across / aross from表对面。
Tom sits beside/by me, just on my right. Tom坐在我旁边,正好在我右边。
There is a bankl right across the street. 街道对面就有一家银行
There is a school just arcoss from our house.
(5)in front of / in the front of / behind / before 表前后的意思辨析
in front of…“在……前面”,指甲物在乙物之前,两者互不包括, 其反义词是behind(在……的后面)。
in the front of “在……的前部”,即甲物在乙物的内部前面。反义词是at the back of…(在……范围内的后部)。
behind 表示在某个位置之后。
before表示“在……前面”,表示位置、次序或排列。
如图所示:
例句:
There is a trees in front of the house.
There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom.
There’s a flower bed(花坛) in front of the library and a swimming pool behind it.
Your name is before mine on the list.名单上你的名字在我之前
(6)in / inside / into / outside / out of 表里面外面的辨析
in 强调在……内部。
inside在……里面/向……里面(强调以……为界)内部,内侧, 反义词为outside在……外面。
into 到……里面,反义短语为out of。
The pencil is in my pencil box.
We are asked to stay inside the building at work.
Pour some milk into the blender.
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(7)介词between / among 在...之间的辨析
between 在...中间,介于...之间。 用于二者之间,但是如果要表达三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时,也要用between。
among 在...之中, 用于三者或三者以上之间。
I sat down between Joe and Diana.
The village lies between three hills.
He was among the last to leave. 他是最后离开者之一
She is the best among the students.
3. 表方式、手段、工具等介词by / with / in / on的辨析
(1)by表示通过某种方式或手段。后加名词时,不加冠词,即by+名词。后加动词,要加动名词形式,即by +动词ing。
(2)by, in, on表交通方式:用by时,交通工具前不用任何限定词;用on或in时,交通工具前用限定词。
(3)with表示“用”某种工具,身体的某一部位或器官。
(4)in+语言类名词或工具的具体类型,语言、工具前不加冠词。如:
on+网络/电脑/电视/电话/收音机/大米/脚等。意思是“通过/用/以(网络/电脑/电视/电话/收音机等)方式”。
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例句:
The T-shirt must be washed by hand. (手洗 hand前不用加the
Jim goes to school by bike. (注意by bike=on a bike)
He goes to work by car. (注意by car=in a car)
Cut the apple with a knife.
I can spell the words in English
Tom will get the news on the radio.
She often goes to school on foot.
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4. 其它常见介词的辨析
(1)across / through表示“通过,穿过”时的辨析。
across “横过,穿过”,指的是从物体表面的一边到另一边。
through“ 穿过,贯穿,通过”,指从某一物体空间内通过。
Go across the street and you will see a bank.
It is too wide. We can not swim acros
The doctor pushed his way through the crowd (挤过人群)
He ran through the door.
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(2)besides / except / except for / but 表示“除……外”时的用法辨析。
besides “除了……以外,还有……,除....之外(还)”,具有附加性质,还包括在内。
【注意】besides用于否定句中时,与except, but同义,可互换。
如:We have no other books besides / except these.
except “……除外”,具有排它性质,不包括在内。
except for “除了……”,即表示除去整体中的一部分。
but “除了”,与except同义,except强调被排除的部分,
but则强调整句的内容,常修饰否定意义的代词。
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例句
Besides Mr White, we also went to the cinema.(也去了)
We all went to the cinema except Mr White.(没去)
The article is very good except for a few spelling mistakes.
I had no choice but to sign the contract(合同)。
There is nothing but a card in the box.
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(3)near / by / beside / at表示“在……附近”时的用法辨析。
near “在……附近”表示相对的近,实际距离可能还很远。
at “在……旁边”但多表示有目的的行为所处的位置,而by和beside仅表位置关系。
by “在……近旁” 比near表示的距离近。
beside “在……旁边”表示紧挨着。
by 和 beside都表示靠近,实际距离不可能很远,但beside比by更具体地表示出“在……旁边”之意。
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例句:
The students are sitting at the desks listening to the teacher.
Tom was sitting at the table by the window.
He is sitting beside his grandpa.
(4)on / about表示“关于”时的用法辨析
on 学术性、论述性的“关于”。
about 涉猎性的“关于”指泛泛地或非正式地谈论某事,其谈论的内容也较为普通。
It is a book on dogs. 那是一本论述狗的书。(可能是学术著作)
It is a book about dogs. 那是一本关于狗的书。(可能是供小孩看的故事书)
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(5)in the tree / on the tree表示“在树上”时的用法辨析
in the tree 指动物或人在树上。 on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上。
There is a cat in the tree.
There are many apples on the apple tree.
(6)like / as表示“像……一样”时的用法辨析
like意为“像……一样”,用于说明相似关系,实际上不是。如:
She talked to me like my mother. (实际上不是我父亲,但像父亲一样)
as用作连词时,意为“像……一样”, as用作介词时,意为“作为,以……的身份”,后跟表示职业、职务的名词。
She talked to me as a motehr. 以母亲的身份跟我说话。(就是我母亲)
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(7)under / with / in表示“在……下”时的用法辨析
under 在……(管理,运营,影响)下 如 under control
with 在……(帮助下)如 with the help of sb 或with sb’s help
in 在(阳光)下
She has a staff of 19 working under her(有19个员工在她手下工作)
Don’t read in the sun, please.
With her help, I finished my work.
(8)with / without表示伴随时的用法辨析
with 表伴随时 “和……一起” 用作状语,
without 表伴随时 意为“没有” 用作状语。
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(9)in / into 在/到……里面时, on/onto 在/到……上面的用法辨析
in 在……里面 表示状态 into 往/到……里面 表示动作。
on 在……上面 表示状态 onto 往/到……上面 表示动作。
I putta ruler into her pencil box.
The cat jumped onto the horse.
(10)after / behind表示“在……后面”时的用法辨析
after“在……之面”,指时间和顺序, behind“在……后面”,表示位置。
He came to see Tom’s father after three weeks.
He stood behind me.
(11)to / towards / for表示“到/往/朝/去/向……”时的用法辨析
to 到 ,往 强调目的地,多用于come, go, return, move等动词后。
towards 朝,向 表示方向,含有没有到达之意。
for 去,往表示方向,多用于leave, start等动词后。
He moved to Beijing last year.
Tom walked towards his house.
I left for Paris yesterday
(11)of/ to/ for表示“……的”时的用法辨析
of 表示“……的” 表示所属关系。
to 表示“……的” 表示对于、通向。
for 表示“……的”表示用途。
This is a map of China.
Please give me the key to the door.
I want to buy three tickets for the concert.
(12)of sb. / for sb.表示“对于(某人)”时的用法辨析
of sb.“对于(某人)”用于“It is+adj.+of sb. +to do sth.”句型中,
形容词为clever, kind, nice, good, polite, foolish, lazy, careful, careless, right, wrong等描述人物性格、品质特征的词,of后的人物与形容词有主表关系。
for sb.“对于(某人)”用于“It is+adj.+for sb. +to do sth.”句型中,形容词为easy, important, hard, difficult, necessary, dangerous, safe, useful, pleasant, interesting, impossible等描述事物特征的词,for后的人物与形容词没有主表关系。
例句:
1.It’s very kind of you to help me with my math.
2.It’s difficult for me to finish the work by myself.
(13) 使用介词时应注意的问题
时间介词的省略。在this/that/these/those/last/next/a/every/each/one/all等词构成的时间短语前,一般不用at, in, on。
如:Every year visitors come to visit Tai'an.
I want to buy a book tomorrow.
在某些名词词组前,可以省略(也可不省)如:(on) that day, (in)the year
如:He said that he helped an old man cross the street that day.
(14)介词有时会与它的宾语分离,这时候介词的宾语放在了前面,即宾语前置。
①如当宾语是疑问词时。
如:Who are you talking about about的宾语who前置
②当介词的宾语在从句中当连接词时,注意后面的介词短语的完整性。
如:He has a younger sister who (作宾语)he must take good care of.
Do you know who(作宾语) our fatheris talking with over there
③动词不定式作定语且该动词为不及物动词,后面的介词要注意。
如:I finally found a chair to sit on.
三、介词的固定搭配
介词通常会同其他词类组合,形成了固定搭配关系。
1. 介词短语在句子中的位置。
介词短语做状语时,表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾,
表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较,一般放在句尾;
介词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后;
介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。
如:He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year. (状语)
The letters are for you. (表语) // Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs (定语)
例句:
Tom wanted to find a good job in Shandong next year. (地点状语)
I am with you. (作表语)
Have you seen a dog with a white head and four black legs (作定语)
2 动词+介词 结构常见固定搭配
A: agree with同意 arrive in/at 到达 ask for请求;
B: begin with 以……开始 belong to 属于;
C: call on 号召,访问,邀请;
D: deal (do) with 处置,对待 depend on 依赖,依靠 die of (from)死于
do well in在……方面做得好;
F: fill with 充满,装满;
G: get to到达 give up 放弃;
H: hand in上交;hear from 收到……的来信 hear of 听说;
help…with 帮助;
L: laugh at嘲笑;learn from向……学习;leave for出发去某地;listen on 听……;look at (有意识地)看;look after照顾,照看;look for寻找;look like看上去像;look about/around四下看,到处看;
P: pay for (sth.) 付(……)钱,支付(……费用);pass on 传递;point to指着;
put on穿上;prefer…to… 宁愿选择……,
R: regard…as… 把……看作……;
S: send for 派人去叫,叫人去拿;shout at大声叫喊,吼叫;smile at向……微笑;
speak to对……说;
T: take away拿走,带走;take down拿下,取下;take off脱下,起飞;
talk to与……谈话;thanks to 幸亏,由于;think about 考虑;think of考虑,关心;try on试穿(衣服,鞋等);turn...into... 把……变成……;turn on (off)打开(关上);turn up (down) 开大(关小);
W: wait for 等候,等待;write to写信给……
2. 介词+名词 结构常见的固定搭配
A
at all 根本,全然;at home 在家;at dinner 在吃正餐;at first 首先,
at hospital 在医院;at last最后,终于;at least 至少;at night 在晚上;
at noon 在中午;at once 立刻,马上;at school在学校;at sea 在大海上;
at work 在工作;at the age of 在……岁时;at the back of 在……后面;at the end of 在……结尾;at the foot of 在……脚下;at the meeting 在会上;
at the same time 同时,然而;at the table 在桌子旁;
B
by hand用手,手工,亲手;by the end of 到……结束时;
by the time... 到……的时候;by the way顺便说说(问问);
by bus乘公共汽车;by train 乘火车;
D
day by day 日复一日;
I
in a hurry匆忙,急忙;in a low voice小声地;in a minute 一会儿;
in a short while 不久; in a word总而言之,一句话;in bed 卧床;
in English用英语;in fact事实上;in front of在……前面;
in life 一生中;in no time立刻,很快;
in all总共,总计;in line成直线;in order按顺序,整齐,正常;
in order to为了,以便;
in public当众,公开地;in space 在空间;in surprise惊奇地;
in time 及时;in town在城里;in trouble处于困境;
in silence不作声;in this way用这种方法;
in the air 在空中;in the distance 在远处;in the end最后,终于;
in the day在白天;
in the middle of 在中间;in the sun在阳光下;in the tree在树上;
O
on foot 步行;on one’s way to 在某人去……的路上;on time 准时,按时;of course 当然(可以);on display 陈列,展览;on duty 值日;one by one 一个接一个;
on the earth 在地球上;on show 展出;on the left (right) 在左(右)边;
on the radio 通过无线电广播;on top of... 在……顶上;out of breath 上气不接下气;out of sight 消失,看不见;out of work失业;
to this day 直到今天;to one’s surprise (joy) 使某人吃惊(高兴)的是;
with a smile 带着微笑
3. 介词与形容词、过去分词和动词等构成的常见固定搭配
be angry at sth. 为某事生气 be angry with sb. 跟某人生气;
be busy with... 忙于……; be born in ... 出生于……;
be full of... 充满……; be good at… 擅长……;
be interested in 对……感兴趣;
be made of... 由……制成(物理变化)be made from... 由……制成(化学变化);
be pleased with sb. 对某人感到满意;be proud of... 以……为自豪(骄傲);
be satisfied with sth. 对某事感到满意;
be strict with sb. 对某人严格要求; be sure of... 确信……;
be surprised at 对……感到惊奇(诧异);be tired of… 讨厌……,厌烦……;
be used to... 习惯于……;
break into (in)闯入;cath up with跟上,赶上;go to school去上学;
go to bed (sleep)去睡觉;go to the cinema 去看电影;
have nothing to do with… 与……无关;look forward to盼望,期待;
keep out of不让进入;say hello to 向……问好;
take care of照顾,关心,保管;take (catch) hold of 抓住;take part in 参加;
四 实 战 演 练
1. The thief walked the street, jumped a tall wall and ran away.
A. through; across B. across; over C. over; across
2. You can improve your English practising more.
A. by B. with C. of
3. The foreigners arrived Shanghai late night.
A. at; at B. in; at C. in; in
B
A
B
4.(2023·湖北十堰·统考中考真题)—________ my surprise, the restaurant is a actually very nice.
—The service is also great.
A.In B.At C.On D.To
D
5.(2023·江苏无锡·统考中考真题)A new bridge was built ________ the Yellow River last year.
A.around B.across C.against D.along
B
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