中考英语专项复习句子成分和简单句基本句型课件(共29张PPT)

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名称 中考英语专项复习句子成分和简单句基本句型课件(共29张PPT)
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(共29张PPT)
句子成分和简单句基本句型
中考英语专项复习
一 句 子 成 分
组成句子的各个部分叫作句中成分。
句子成分包括主语,谓语,表语,宾语,同位语,定语,状语和补足语等。
主语和谓语是句子的主体部分,
表语,宾语,定语,状语,补足语和同位语等是句子的次要部分。
1 主 语
主语说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词或词组来充当。
名词(短语),代词,数词,名词化的形容词,不定式(短语),动名词(短语)和从句等都可作主语,
American country music has become more and more popular. (名词作主语)
Nobody can help you except yourself.(代词作主语)
Two-thirds of them can play more than two musical instruments(数词作主语)
The rich are not always happier than the poor.(名词化的形容词)
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式作主语)
Traveing abroad is popular these years(动名词作主语)
Whenever you come will be fine(从句作主语)
2 谓 语
谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。有人称,数和时态的变化。
(1)简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成的谓语
He practices running every morning.
The bird died yesterday.
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(2)复合谓语
①由连系动词加表语构成,连系动词不能单独做谓语,要和表语一起做谓语,
连系动词包括:
be动词类: am、 is 、are 及其各种变形
持续系动词:用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,表达"保持 "之意,主要有keep, stay, remain
感官系动词:主要有feel, smell, sound, taste,look
变化系动词表示主语变成什么样,表达"变得 "之意,主要有become, grow, turn, get, go, 等
表像系动词:用来表示“看起来像”这一概念,主要有seem, appear(看起来,似乎)
终止系动词:表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达"结果是;证明是 "之意。
Your idea sounds great.
②情态动词+实义动词 构成的复合谓语:
You may keep the book for two weeks.
The old man must be sent to hospital at once.
③助动词+实义动词 构成复合谓语
助动词帮助实义动词构成复合谓语,也帮助构成时态或者语态,也可构成疑问句和否定句,构成否定句时与否定副词not连用。
最常用的助动词有:be 动词,have/has/had, do/does/did等
I have tried this way three times
The room was cleaned yesterday.
She doesn't like this coat.
3 表语
表语与前面的连系动词一起构成复合谓语,用来说明主语的特征,类属,状态,身份等。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、现在分词、过去分词,数词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、介词短语、副词及从句担任。
Our English teacher is an American.(名词作表语)
Is it yours (代词作表语)
Two plus two is four (数词作表语)
The weather has turned cold.(形容词作表语)
I am quite surprised to see you here.(过去分词式的形容词作表语)
It is surprising that you haven‘t met(现在分词式的形容词作表语)
My hobby is growing flowers(动名词短语作表语)
My wish is to become a doctor(不定式短语作表语 )
Class is over at last (副词作表语)
They are at work now (介词短语作表语)
The fact is that she never knew the secret.(从句作表语)
4 宾语
宾语表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词(构成动宾结构)或介词后面(构成介宾结构)。
(1)宾语的形式
宾语可以有名词(短语),代词,数词,名词化的形容词,不定式(短语),动名词(短语),从句等
May I see you ticket?(名词作宾语)
Why did you buy it?(代词作宾语)
If you put 5 and 7 together, you will get 12.(数词作宾语)
We shold help the poor(名词化的形容词作宾语)
I want to go home.(不定式短作宾语)
I enjoy listening to popular music.(动名词短语作宾语)
I think(that)he is fit for his office.(从句作宾语)
(2)宾语的种类
可分为单宾语,双宾语(分为直接宾语和间接宾语),复合宾语等
①单宾语,即一个宾语,
We love peace.
He accepted her advice.
②双宾语,部分动词可跟双宾语,即两个宾语,一般一个指人,一个指物。指人的为间接宾语,指物的为直接宾语
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标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改。文字数字大小颜色参考此模板
Peter gave me a toy car(me 间接宾语,a toy car 为直接宾语)
可改成:Peter gave a toy car to me.
(give sb sth 改成give sth to sb.)
She bought me a nice gift( me为间接宾语,a nice gift 为直接宾语)
可改成:She bought a nice gife for me.
(buy sb sth 改成buy sth for sb.)
类似的要跟双宾语的动词:
加介词 to 的动词一般表示“给予’,表示动作的方向,如 give 给予、tell 告诉、sell 卖、lend 借、show 出示、teach 教、 send 寄、 write 写、 hand 交给、 bring 带来、 return 交还、 pass 递给、 leave 留给、 offer 提供等
加介词 for 的动词一般表示“为了”,表示动作的受益者,包括: get 得到、 choose 选择、 make 制作、 buy 买、 order 订购、 do 做、 sing 唱歌、 play 演奏,cook做饭等
He played us some light music(us为间接宾语,some light music为直接宾语)
可改成:He played some light music for us.
【注意】如果直接宾语是人称代词,则必须把直接宾语放在间接宾语之前,且需要加介词 to 或 for
如:I will pass it to you. 我将把它传给你 (因为直接宾语是代词 it,所以必须把直接宾语放在前面)
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Ask the children in (the children为宾语,in 副词作宾语补足语)
I found Mary in a red dress today(Mary为宾语,in a red dress 为介词短语作宾语补足语
5 同位语
对句子中某一成分作进一步的解释,说明,与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分na叫作同位语。
同位语通常位于被说明的词之后,可以作同位语的有名词,代词数词和从句等
We have two foreign teachers, a Canadian and an American .(名词作同位语)
They each can get a chance to travel by air.(代词作同位语)
Are you three to start out(出发)?(数词作同位语)
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is true(从句作同位语)
6 定语
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用“......的”表示。
定语可分为前置定语和后置定语。
(1)前置定语
可以充当前置定语的有形容词,代词,数词,名词,名词所有格,动词的ing形式和动词ed形式。
You are a beautiful girl.(形容词作前置定语)
Open your mouth.(代词作前置定语)
She cut the cakes into three pieces(数词作前置定语)
There are many apple trees .(名词作前置定语0
We should follow the doctor’s advice(名词所有格作前置定语)
Put the child in the sleeping bag(动名词作前置定语)
You should adapt to(适应)the changing situation(现在分词作前置定语)
I want a written report(过去分词作前置定语)
(2)后置定语
可以充当后置定语的有形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式(短语)动词的ing形式,动词-ed形式,从句等
I have something important to tell you.(形容词作后置定语)
The building around were badly damaged(副词作后置定语)
The girl with long hair is my friend.(介词短语作后置定语)
I have a secret to share with you(不定式作后置定语)
A boy called Tom is waiting for you(过去分词作后置定语)
There is a gilr asking to see you(现在分词多后置定语)
He lost his new pen that was bought last week(从句作后置定语,即定语从句)
7 状语
状语是用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或者句子的成分。它可以表示时间,地点,方式,比较,程度,原因,目的,结果,条件和让步等。充当状语的有副词,介词短语,不定式,动词ing形式和动词的ed形式,形容词和名词等。
Tom speaks English very fast.(副词作状语)
Don’t step on the grass (介词短语作状语)
To get a good view,he climbed to the top of hill(不定式作状语)
Hearing the news,they all jumped for joy》(现在分词作状语)
Give more time and money,we would have done the work better(过去分词作状语)
The poor old man lay under the bridge,dead.(形容词作状语)
Unfortunately, he lost all of his money.(副词作状语,修饰整个句子)
I worked for a foreign company when I was in Shanghai(从句作状语)
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8 补足语
补语用来说明主语或宾语的动作,性质,状态等的一种句子成分。
可分为主语补足语和宾语补足语。
名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,现在分词,过去分词,不定式等可作补足语。
含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动句时,宾语补足语变为主语补足主语。
We all find him funny.(形容词作宾语补足语)
He was elected(选举)chairman of the company(名词作主语补足语)
The mother didn’t allow her daughter to go out alone at night(不定式作宾语补足语)
He was found dead by someone. (形容词作主语补足语)
Someone found him dead (形容词作宾语补足语)
9 独立成分
与句子没有关系或关系不密切,独立于句子之外的成分称为独立成分。感叹词,称呼语,插入语是常见的三种独立成分。
(1)感叹词
感叹词作独立成分多放于句首。
Oh,no. I never thought it would be so bad.
(2)称呼语
称呼语作独立成分可置于句首,句中或句尾。
Hi,everyone!Allow me to introduce myself.
Look out,John! There is a snake.
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(3)插入语
Who can fit for the job,do you think?
I can’t make it,I ’m afraid.
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二 简单句基本句型
按照结构,英语中的句子可分为简单句,并列句和复合句。
简单句通过不同的连接词就成为了不同的句子,通过并列词成了并列句,通过从属连词成了复合句。
1 并列句:简单句+并列词+简单句
并列词一般有:and / or / but / so /while / yet / for / however
表示并列:and, not only...but also... , neither...nor...
Her father is a doctor and her mother is a teacher .
表示选择:or, or else, otherwise, either...or...
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Hurry or you won't make the train.
表示对比、转折: but, while , yet , however , never ,
I like tea while she likes coffee .
表示原因:for
I am thirsty , for it is hot .
2 复合句:简单句+从属连词+简单句
从属连词有:that / wether/ if,when 等
复合句其实就是我们常说的三大从句:名词性从句,定语从句和状语从句
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初中阶段重点掌握宾语从句,定语从句和状语从句,后面后详细讲解。
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3 简单句五种最基本句型
汉 语 名 称 英 语 名 称 英 文 简 称
主语+谓语 Subject+Verb S+V
主语+谓语+宾语 Subject+Verb+Object S+V+O
主语+连系动词+表语 Subject+Link Verb+Predicative S+V+P
主语+谓语+间接宾语+ 直接宾语 Subject+Verb+Indirect Object+Direct Object S+V+Oi+Od
主语+谓语+宾语+ 宾语补足语 Subject+Verb+Object+Complement S+V+O+C
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(1) 主语+谓语(不及物动词)
这类句式中的动词为不及物动词。即主语+不及物动词
英语中的大多数动词既可以是及物动词,也可是不及物动词,只作不及物动词的很少。
常见的不及物动词:arrive,come,die,disppear,happen等
The fire happened during night.
She never lies .
(2 )主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语
英语中绝大数及物动词都是只带一个宾语的动词。只跟一个宾语的动词叫单宾语动词。即主语+及物动词+宾语.
He has accepted our invitation.
He studies English.
(3)主语+连系动词+表语
这种句型结构指谓语动词为连系动词的情况。
常见连系动词:be动词,feel, smell, sound, taste, keep,, remain, stay, seem (to be), appear (to be), look, become, grow, get, come, turn, fall (asleep, ill,), go,, prove, turn out等也可以用作系动词。
The bike is new.
The hat looks nice on you.
The mild went sour
All my hair turns grey(头发变白)
(4)主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语
此时的谓语为及物动词,后跟双宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物。直接宾语是指物的名词或代词,表示动作给予的对象,间接宾语是指人的名词或代词,表示动作的接受对象。一般情况下,间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后。若要把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后,间接宾语前需加介词。
Please pass me a cup of tea.= Please pass a cup of tea to me.
My parents bought me a nice dress= My parents bought a nice dress for me
把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后,间接宾前有时加介词to,有时加介词for,这主要取决于谓语动词。
在动词give, tell, sell, lend, show,pass,hand等之后加to,此时介词to表示动作的方向,意为朝着,向着,对着(某人)。
在动词buy, make, choose,get,cook等之后加for,此时介词for侧重指动作的收益者,意思是为(某人),替(某人)
(5)主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语
可做宾语补足语的有名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动词ing形式和动词ed形式等。
His words made his parents angry.(形容词作宾补)
We all call the baby Sara(名词作宾补)
Will you ask Mary to help us?(带to的不定式作宾补)
Will you have Mary call me back (不带to的不定式作宾补)
I can hear someone playing the volin next door.(现在分词作宾补)
I have all my clothes washed this afternoon(过去分词作宾补)
The guide showed the vistors in(副词作宾补)