英语句子成分分析
根据其功能和作用，可以把句子成分的种类分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补语、定语、同位语、状语和独立成分等。实词一般都能作句子成分，虚词在句子中只能起辅助或连接等作用，不作句子成分。 主要句子成分：主语(subject)---s； 谓语(predicate)---v 次要句子成分：宾语(object)---o； 定语(attribute)---attr； 状语(adverbial)---adv； 补语(complement)-c; 表语(predicative)---p； 同位语(Appositive) 一、主语 概念主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。句中位置陈述句中放在句首或谓语之前，但在there be结构、主语不是疑问词的疑问句和倒装句中，位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。表现形式名词(短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、the＋形容词以及从句。典型例句During the 1990s，American_country_music has become more and more popular.(名词) We often speak English in class.(代词) One third of the students in this class are girls.(数词) To_swim_in_the_river is a great pleasure.(不定式) Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. （动名词短语）(2022新课标全国II卷) The_rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词) What benefits most to their study is reading English books. (主语从句) It’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）(2022年乙卷书面表达）
二、谓语 概念谓语说明主语的动作，特征或状态等。一般由动词担任，其人称和数必须与主语一致，有时态、语态和语气变化。句中位置一般在主语后(疑问句、倒装句除外)。表现形式动词(短语)、情态动词＋动词原形、某些动词＋不定式(如happen，would like，seem等)、系动词＋表语。典型例句He has_caught a cold.(动词) By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways.（情态动词+实义动词）（2022 全国乙卷 ） I would_like_to_invite all my friends here.(其他动词＋不定式) Food became easier to chew at this point. (系动词)（2022年新高考I卷）
三、表语 基本概念与系动词连用，一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的性质、特征、身份、类别、状态等。句中位置一般位于系动词之后 （1）五感：look , sound , smell , taste , feel （2）五变：grow , turn , get go , become , come , fall （3）三保持：keep , stay , remain （4）一是：be ( am , is , are , was , were ) （5）一像：seem 表现形式名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、分词、介词短语、从句。典型例句Our teacher of English is an_American.(名词) Is it yours？(代词) The weather has turned cold.(形容词) I felt frightened(frighten) as I waited for the mysterious man. .(分词) Three times seven is twenty_one？(数词) His job is to_teach_English.(不定式) His hobby(爱好)is playing_football.(动名词) The machine must be out_of_order.(介词短语) Time is up.The class is over.(副词) The truth is that_has_never_been_abroad.(表语从句)
四、宾语 基本 概念表示动作、行为的对象或承受者，包括单宾语、双宾语(间接宾语＋直接宾语)和复合宾语等形式。句中 位置一般在及物动词或介词后；间接宾语通常放在直接宾语前，也可在其后，但此时前面须加介词to或for表现 形式名词、代词、数词、the＋形容词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句典型 例句Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasons to ...”（名词）（2022年新高考I卷） He gave me some good advice.(代词，名词) Please take them to the waiting room.(代词) They only bought three.(数词) He's always helping the_poor.(the＋形容词) He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. （动名词短语）（2022 全国乙卷 ） I don't know if_the_plane_will_arrive_on_time.(从句)
【特别提示】 ①双宾语由间接宾语加直接宾语构成，间接宾语表示动作的方向或目的，常指人且须与直接宾语并存； ②复合宾语由宾语加宾语补足语构成，补足语是对宾语的补充说明，宾语与补足语间有逻辑上的主谓关系。 五、补语 基本概念补充说明宾语或主语的意义、状态等，分别叫做宾语补足语和主语补足语。句中位置宾语补足语通常置于宾语之后，主语补足语通常置于主语和谓语之后。 在主动语态的句子中，一些及物动词的宾语需要在其后加上一个补足语，对其作进一步补充说明，这样意思才能够完整和明确，该补足语叫做宾语补足语，宾语及其补足语一起构成复合宾语，二者之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。在被动语态中补充说明主语的成分叫做主语补足语。能够充当补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词等。表现形式名词(短语)、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)典型 例句We made him our_monitor.(宾补，名词) I found it difficult to learn maths.(宾补，形容词) We showed him around.(宾补，副词) The machine was found in_a_bad_state.(主补，介词短语) The factory was ordered to_be_closed.(主补，不定式短语) He was seen opening_the_window.(主补，现在分词短语) He has just had his hair_cut.(宾补，过去分词)
六、定语 基本概念定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的句子成分，它说明人或物的状态、品质、数量及所属关系等。句中位置单个的词常放在被修饰的名词前，短语和从句放在所修饰的名词之后；副词常放在被修饰的名词后；不定代词的定语常放在其后。表现形式名词、形容词、代词、数词、副词、名词所有格、不定式(短语)、动名词、分词(短语)、介词短语、从句典型例句His surprised look suggested that he knew nothing about it.(形容词) China is a developing country；America is a developed country.(分词) There are thirty_women teachers in our school.(数词、名词) Women there were living a terrible life.(副词) Our monitor is always the first to_enter_the_classroom.(代词、不定式短语) The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(动名词) Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK.(介词短语) Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.(从句) With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.（非谓语，代词，非谓语分词作定语）
七、同位语 基本概念对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位。句中位置常常置于被说明的词之后。表现形式名词、代词、数词、从句典型例句Mr.Smith，our_new_teacher，is very kind to us.(名词) Have you ever been to Beijing，capital_of_China？(名词) They both went to the cinema.(代词) Is this room for us two？(数词) I heard the news that_our_team_had_won.(从句) I have no idea when_he_will_be_back.(从句) ...we humans are.
【特别提示】 （学生无） that引导的同位语从句与that引导的定语从句的区别： 引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成分，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。版权所有 The news that I have passed the exam is true.我通过了考试这一消息是真的。 (同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。) The news that he told me just now is true.他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。 (定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。) 八、状语 基本概 念修饰动词、形容词、副词以及句子，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等。状语分类时间、原因、地点、目的、让步、程度、条件、结果、方式、比较、伴随状语等。句中位 置修饰整个句子时放于句首;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后，放于实义动词之前表现形 式副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)、形容词(短语)、名词(短语)、独立结构、从句等典型例句The old man sat in the chair，motionless_and_speechless.(形容词，方式) The meeting lasted an_hour.(名词，时间) Dinner_being_ready，mother called us to the table.(独立结构，时间) There are many kinds of living things in_the_sea.(介词短语，地点) The old buildings were pulled down because a new road will be built here.(从句，原因) He went to Australia in_order_to_find_a_better_job.(不定式短语，目的) He spoke so fast that_I_couldn't_follow_him.(从句，结果) If_it_rains，we will not go hiking.(从句，条件) In_spite_of_my_great_efforts，I failed.(介词短语，让步) He was deeply moved.(副词，程度) Additionally from time to time I will assign group work to be completed.副词 She went upstairs，singing_and_smiling.(分词，伴随) The weather was worse than_I_had_expected.(从句，比较)
【特别提示】 ①一些表示频度的副词，如always，usually，often，sometimes，seldom等除特别强调放在句首外，通常置于句中；【版权所有：21教育】 ②同一句中如果有多个状语出现，一般方式状语在前，然后依次是地点、时间、原因、结果、目的状语等。同一状语有多个出现时，一般小的在前，大的在后。 He was doing his homework attentively_at_home_from_7：00～9：00_yesterday_evening. 九、独立成分 基本概念与句子的其他成分只有意义上的联系而没有语法关系的词、短语或从句。句中位置可放句首、句中或句末表现形式感叹语、呼语、答语、插入语典型例句Oh！Please don't ask me any more.(感叹语) My_goodness！How could you work so fast？(感叹语) Be quiet，children.(呼语) —Are you a teacher？—Yes，I am.(答语) He may not come，I_am_afraid.(插入语)
【特别提示】 插入语还有：I guess，I think，I hope，I believe，I suppose，I wonder，you see，you know，don't you think，don't you know，I tell you，it seems，it seems to me，it is said，it is suggested，do you think，do you suppose等。在这种句子中，如果我们把插入语移到句首，它就变成主要成分，而原来的句子则变成一个从句。21cnjy.com My friend, Mary, bought a beautiful dress in the department last weekend. ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 主语 同位语 谓语 定语 宾语 地点状语 时间状语 1．The days get_longer_and_longer when summer comes. 2．The leaves have turned yellow. 3．There will be a_meeting at the library this afternoon. 4．To_do_today's_homework_without_the_teacher's_help is very difficult. 5．We had_better_send for a doctor. 6．We should help the_old_and_the_poor. 7．He gave it_to_me yesterday. ___________________________________________________________________ 8．Give the_poor_man_some_money. 9．We will make them_happy. 10．I'll have my bike repaired. 11．She was found singing_in_the_next_room. 12．Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher. 13．He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 14．The man over_there is my old friend. 15．The woman with_a_baby_in_her_arms is my sister. 16．We each have a cellphone now. 17．They two wanted to go with us，too. 18．She works very hard though_she_is_old. 19．He was so tired that_he_fell_asleep_immediately. 20．Light travels most_quickly. 21．He has lived in_the_city_for_ten_years. 22．He is in the room making_a_model_plane. 18．You may come here earlier tomorrow，I_think. 19．Xiao_Wang，what's the matter with you
句子种类
按用途： 陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句
按结构：简单句，并列句，复合句
简单句基本句型：
谓语由不及物动词或动词短语充当，句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，不带宾语，可有状语
S+V(主+谓)
You must not yell in the library.
Class activities will vary from day to day.
The sun rises.
谓语动词都具有实义, 都是主语产生的动作, 但不能表达完整的意思, 必须后接一个宾语, 即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
S+V+O(主+谓+宾)
They have carried out the plan successfully.
They will receive their awards at a ceremony.
有些谓语动词必须后接两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者, 另一个是动作的间接承受者。这种句型中, 作间接宾语的常常是“人”, 作直接宾语的常常是“物”
S+V+O+O(主+谓+宾+宾) （间接宾语）+（直接宾语）
He gave us good advice on the work.
He showed us some of his family pictures.
He told us why we should love our country.
这种句型可以转化为其他两种句型: 动词+宾语+for sb. ; 动词+宾语+to sb.
He cooked us a delicious meal.
=He cooked a delicious meal for us.
有些及物动词, 如果只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语, 这样才能使意思完整，常用于这种句型的动词有: appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make(使、让), name等
S+V+O+C(主+谓+宾+补)
Without knowledge, we can never make our country richer and stronger.
I hear someone knocking on the door.
The manager wants the programme finished by July 1st.
表示主语是什么、有什么特征、会变成什么、处于什么状态等
S+V+P主系表结构
All the tourists are out of danger.
With winter coming on, it is getting colder and colder day by day.
The tree leaves turn yellow in autumn.
The question is who can really repair the machines.
Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class, lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. 英语句子成分分析
根据功能和作用，可以把句子成分的种类分为 等。实词一般都能作句子成分，虚词在句子中只能起辅助或连接等作用，不作句子成分。 一、主语 概念句中位置陈述句中放在 ，但在there be结构、主语不是疑问词的疑问句和倒装句中，位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。表现形式 ，the＋形容词以及从句典型例句During the 1990s，American_country_music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. One third of the students in this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. (2022新课标全国II卷七选五) The rich should help the poor. What benefits most to their study is reading English books. （2022 全国乙卷满分作文 ） It’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline(2022年乙卷书面表达）
二、谓语 概念谓语说明主语的 ，特征或状态等。一般由 担任，其人称和数必须与主语一致，有 、 和语气变化。句中位置 (疑问句、倒装句除外)。表现形式 、 、某些动词＋不定式(如happen，would like，seem等)、系动词＋表语。典型例句He has caught a cold. By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways. I would like to invite all my friends here. Food became easier to chew at this point.
三、表语 基本概念与 连用，一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的性质、特征、身份、类别、状态等。句中位置 表现形式 、动名词(短语)、分词、介词短语、从句。典型例句Our teacher of English is an American. Is it yours？ The weather has turned cold. I felt frightened as I waited for the mysterious man. Three times seven is twenty one？ His job is to teach English. His hobby(爱好)is playing football. The machine must be out of order. Time is up.The class is over. The truth is that has never been abroad.
四、宾语 基本 概念表示 ，包括单宾语、双宾语(间接宾语＋直接宾语)和复合宾语等形式。句中 位置 ；间接宾语通常放在直接宾语前，也可在其后，但此时前面须加介词to或for表现 形式 典型 例句Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasons to ...”（2022年新高考I卷） He gave me some good advice. Please take them to the waiting room. They only bought three. He's always helping the poor. He pretended not to see me. drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. （2022 全国乙卷 ） I don't know if the plane will arrive on time.
五、补语 基本概念补充说明宾语或主语的意义、状态等，分别叫做 和 。句中位置宾语补足语通常置于 ，主语补足语通常置于主语和谓语之后。表现形式、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)典型 例句We made him our_monitor. I found it difficult to learn maths. We showed him around. The machine was found in_a_bad_state. The factory was ordered to_be_closed. He was seen opening_the_window. He has just had his hair_cut.
六、定语 基本 概念定语是对 起 作用的句子成分，它说明人或物的状态、品质、数量及所属关系等。句中 位置单个的词常放在被修饰的名词前，短语和从句放在所修饰的名词之后；副词常放在被修饰的名词后；不定代词的定语常放在其后。表现 形式 、 、代词、 、副词、 、不定式(短语)、动名词、分词(短语)、介词短语、从句典型 例句His surprised look suggested that he knew nothing about it. China is a developing country；America is a developed country. There are thirty women teachers in our school. Women there were living a terrible life. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
七、同位语 基本概念对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位。句中位置常常置于被说明的词之后。表现 形式 典型 例句Mr.Smith，our_new_teacher，is very kind to us. Have you ever been to Beijing，capital_of_China？ They both went to the cinema. Is this room for us two？ I heard the news that our team_had_won. I have no idea when he will be back.
八、状语 基本概念修饰 以及句子，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等。状语分类时间、原因、地点、目的、让步、程度、条件、结果、方式、比较、伴随状语等。句中位置修饰整个句子时放于句首;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后，放于实义动词之前表现形式 、 、 (短语)、分词(短语)、形容词(短语)、名词(短语)、独立结构、从句等典型 例句The old man sat in the chair，motionless_and_speechless. The meeting lasted an hour. Dinner being ready，mother called us to the table. There are many kinds of living things in the sea. The old buildings were pulled down because a new road will be built here. He went to Australia in order to find a better job. He spoke so fast that I couldn't follow him. If it rains，we will not go hiking. In spite of my great efforts，I failed. Additionally from time to time I will assign group work to be completed She went upstairs，singing and smiling. The weather was worse than I had expected.
【特别提示】 ①一些表示频度的副词，如always，usually，often，sometimes，seldom等除特别强调放在句首外，通常置于句中；【版权所有：21教育】 ②同一句中如果有多个状语出现，一般方式状语在前，然后依次是地点、时间、原因、结果、目的状语等。同一状语有多个出现时，一般小的在前，大的在后。 He was doing his homework attentively_at_home_from_7：00～9：00_yesterday_evening. 九、独立成分 基本概念与句子的其他成分只有意义上的联系而没有语法关系的词、短语或从句。句中位置可放句首、句中或句末表现形式感叹语、呼语、答语、插入语典型例句Oh！Please don't ask me any more.(感叹语) My_goodness！How could you work so fast？(感叹语) Be quiet，children.(呼语) —Are you a teacher？—Yes，I am.(答语) He may not come，I_am_afraid.(插入语)
【特别提示】 插入语还有：I guess，I think，I hope，I believe，I suppose，I wonder，you see，you know，don't you think，don't you know，I tell you，it seems，it seems to me，it is said，it is suggested，do you think，do you suppose等。在这种句子中，如果我们把插入语移到句首，它就变成主要成分，而原来的句子则变成一个从句。21cnjy.com
简单句基本句型：
谓语由不及物动词或动词短语充当，句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，不带宾语，可有状语
You must not yell in the library.
谓语动词都具有实义, 都是主语产生的动作, 但不能表达完整的意思, 必须后接一个宾语, 即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
They have carried out the plan successfully.
有些谓语动词必须后接两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者, 另一个是动作的间接承受者。这种句型中, 作间接宾语的常常是“人”, 作直接宾语的常常是“物”
He gave us good advice on the work.
有些及物动词, 如果只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语, 这样才能使意思完整，常用于这种句型的动词有: appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make(使、让), name等
Without knowledge, we can never make our country richer and stronger.
表示主语是什么、有什么特征、会变成什么、处于什么状态等
All the tourists are out of danger.
