2024届高考英语阅读理解试题文本改编及命题技巧（兼谈命题工具的运用）课件(共152张PPT)
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| 名称 | 2024届高考英语阅读理解试题文本改编及命题技巧（兼谈命题工具的运用）课件(共152张PPT) |  | |
| 格式 | pptx | ||
| 文件大小 | 37.1MB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2023-12-18 18:04:56 | ||
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文档简介
(共152张PPT)
高2023
基于学科核心素养的英语阅读理解试题命制
—— 以高考英语全国卷为例
内容要点
01
02
03
04
题项编写技巧
命题工具介绍
阅读命题流程
文本改编方法
阅读命题流程
Part
01
刘润清
武尊民
曾用强
邹申
（李筱菊，2001）
阅读理解命题流程
选材
改编
找考点
写题干
写答案
编干扰项
1. 选材：选什么？
英语试题的设计要充分考虑英语语言在现实生活中的使用情况。在选择语言素材的时候，要尽量使用真实、地道、典型的当代英语素材。可以根据考试的目的和学生的实际语言水平，对真实的语言材料就行适当的删减和改写。语言材料的题材和体裁要丰富多样（教育部，2017）。
试题所选择的语言素材和所创设的语言运用情景要充分考虑到高中学生的生活经验和所处的社会环境。试题内容和载体的选择以及题型的设计要与学生的认知水平相适应。要避免因学生的生活经历的明显差异而影响试题的公正性和合理性。另外，试题的设计尽量使学生能够结合亲身经历或体验来答题（教育部，2017）。
命题流程: 选材 （What / Where)
1. 选材：选什么？
1. 真实性：语料真实、地道、当代（时效性）
2. 多样性：题材、体裁多样
3. 长度要合适：中等以上测试300字左右最理想
4. 难度要合适：生词率3%；复杂句子控制
5. 内容有新意：忌讳老生常谈
6. 信息点充分：信息密度不高，可能凑题目
7. 内容要健康：避免引起政治、民族、宗教、 地区、性别等争议纠纷（价值导向）。
（刘润清，韩宝成，2000）
1. 文段体裁：多样
2. 文段题材：适应考生年龄特点和生活经历
3. 文段长度：高中200~300，高考略长
4. 文段考点：不低于3个
5. 文段数量：多个文段，考点分布不集中
6. 文段难度：与考生语言能力相当
7. 文段中数字信息：特定文段数字题不宜多
8. 文段简化：确保语言内容结构完整和信息 连贯和逻辑性；可不改编加低于3%汉语注释。
（武尊民，2008）(Heaton, 1988)
命题流程: 选材
“5.0社会”
材料特点：立德树人
2016. 命题选材丰富多样，落实立德树人任务
2017. 落实立德树人根本任务，凸显高考思想性和育人功能
2018. 落实立德树人根本任务，强化高考育人功能和价值导向
2019. 立足全面发展育人方向，加强德智体美劳全面考查
2020. 体现立德树人时代特性，促进德智体美劳全面发展
2021. 落实立德树人，引导德智体美劳全面发展
2022. 落实立德树人，发挥学科育人功能
2023. 坚持立德树人，引导学生全面发展
1. 选材：选什么？
篇目 体裁 题材 主题语境 育人价值
A 应用文 名人介绍：古今历史上女性名医 人与社会 勇敢坚毅，舍己为人
B 记叙文 摄影经历：寻找最佳拍摄点获取独特景色 人与自我 了解不同职业的艰辛；
树立积极乐观人生态度
C 说明文 饮食节目：对英国人饮食习惯的影响 人与社会 拓展视野，了解异域文化
D 议论文 人类文明：文献和文物相结合才有可能还原更加真实的历史 人与社会 批判性思维
全面客观地看待事物
7选5 说明文 自然生态：种植室内植物有益于提高人们的生活质量 人与自然 关注自然及周围环境
养成健康的生活方式
2023年 全国 乙卷
材料特点：立德树人
1. 选材：选什么？
篇目 体裁 题材 主题语境 育人价值
A 应用文 绿色出行：自行车租赁服务 人与社会 绿色出行；环保/健康意识
B 记叙文 环境保护：利用微生物治理污水 人与自然 与自然和谐共处；
观察自然，实践创新
C 说明文 健康生活：数字极简主义 人与自我 健康的生活方式
D 说明文 群体智慧：小组讨论，集体决策可以消 除个体偏见，提高估计的准确性 人与社会 科学精神
前沿新知
7选5 说明文 自我原谅：学会适度自我原谅，罗列优点和做过的好事增强自信 人与自我 自尊自爱自信的心理素质
积极乐观看待自己
2023年 全国 I卷
材料特点：立德树人
1. 选材：选什么？
篇目 体裁 题材 主题语境 育人价值
A 应用文 旅游休闲：罗马四个旅社介绍 人与社会 渗透中外文化
B 记叙文 音乐经历：钢琴家的翻乐谱助手 人与自我 终身学习，刻苦练习
C 说明文 动物保护：联邦鸭票-北美水禽保护历史 人与自然 倡导人与自然和谐共处
D 说明文 社会现象：大众对情商的误解，情商的 本质，对情商未来研究的期望 人与社会 鼓励关注未来，
关注前沿新知
7选5 记叙文 夹叙夹议 旅游休闲：巴黎一周游的经历 人与社会 体验文化差异，
培养思辨意识
2022年 全国 I卷
材料特点：立德树人
1. 选材：选什么？
中华优秀文明（优秀传统文化，中华文化）
人类命运共同体/人与自然和谐共处
时代发展(科学知识/科技发展)
和谐人际关系
体美劳教育
材料特点：立德树人
1. 选材：选什么？
材料特点：立德树人 (中华文化)
2021.09.09
2023 新高考I卷 饮食特点：小笼包
2023 新高考I卷 独特动物：柏林动物园教英语 熊猫
2023 新高考乙卷：历史遗迹：北京新旧共存
1. 选材：选什么？
材料特点：立德树人 (人类命运共同体/人与自然和谐共处)
材料特点：立德树人(时代发展)
2022.08.24
2017 I 科学实验 如何在野外自制便携式太阳能蒸馏器获取饮用水
2017 II 科学技术 国外飞行汽车的最新进展
2017 III 科学技术 帮助老人独立自主生活的辅助驾驶系统
材料特点：立德树人 (和谐人际关系)
材料特点：立德树人 (体美劳教育)
材料特点：立德树人 (体美劳教育)
2. 选材：哪儿选？
书
报
杂志
网站
2. 选材：哪儿选？
报纸上找：外刊报纸
外刊上找：外刊杂志 电子版或网站
网站上搜：关键词搜索；固定网址
材料改编：国内他人外刊命题文章或者国内英语学习报文章
1. The Los Angeles Times 《洛杉矶时报》 www.
2. The New York Times 《纽约时报》 www.
3. Washington Post 《华盛顿邮报》 www.
4. The Wall Street Journal 《华尔街日报》 www.wsj.com
5. Daily mail 《每日邮报》 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ushome/index.html
6. The Christian Science Monitor 《基督教科学箴言报》 http://www.
常用命题材料 报纸
1. 《时代周刊》(TIME) ：www.
2.《新闻周刊》(NEWS WEEK)： www.
3.《美国新闻与世界报道》(U.S. NEWS &WORLD REPORT)： www.
4.《读者文摘》(READER’S DIGEST) ：www.
5.《商业周刊》(Business Week) ：www.
6.《财富》(Fortune)： www.
7. 《经济学家》(The Economist)： www.
8. 《发现》(Discovery) ：www.discovery.com
9. 《自然》(Nature) www.
中国地区自然杂志网址：www./ch/gta/
10. 《科学通讯》(Science News)： www.sciencenews.org
11. 《科学美国人》（Scientific American）https://www.scientificamerican.com/
常用命题材料 外刊杂志
1. 美国国家公共电台 NPR http://www.npr.org/
2. 澳大利亚网站 nowtolove https://www..au/
4. 关于美国人生活 http://www.kindspring.org/
5. 校园生活类 www.campustimes.org
6. 心灵鸡汤类 http://www./
7. 科技 www.pacificsciencecenter.org
8. 科技 https://phys.org/
8. 新闻 www.newsday.com
9. 环保 www.
10. HowStuffWorks http://www./
11. WIKIHOW https://www./Main-Page
常用命题材料网站
“中文期刊 外刊话题文章介绍”
文本改编方法
Part
02
2. 改编：怎么改？
2. 改编：怎么改？
1.段落：删除、合并、拆分
2.句子：删除、改述、合并
3.词汇：删除、替换、注释
2. 改编：怎么改？
改编理据 1：了解文本的语篇结构
记叙文？
说明文？
不同体裁文本的信息核心（语篇结构）
应用文 记叙文 说明文 议论文
信息核心 （篇章结构） ·所需信息 （紧扣说明对象 根据阅读目的 抓住所需信息） ·记事文 （5W1H） ·人物传记 （身世、事迹、对他的情感态度） ·说明的事物 ·说明的道理 ·论点
·论证
（正反分析；
逻辑推理；
列举事实）
·结论
（刘松，2003）
2021.12.19
记叙文 语篇结构 1/2
（李秀萍，2022）
（杨文彬，2022）
记叙文 语篇结构 2/2
（杨文彬，2022）
说明文 语篇结构 1/2
1. 问题—解决模 式（Problem-Solution Pattern） SPRE
提问—回答模式 （Question- Answer Pattern） SQA
一般—特殊模式 （General-Particular Pattern） GSG
（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）（McCarthy&Carter,1993; Michael Hoey, 2001）
Language as Discourse; Discource Interaction
说明文 语篇结构 2/2
1. 问题—解决模 式（Problem-Solution Pattern） SPRE
提问—回答模式 （Question- Answer Pattern） SQA
一般—特殊模式 （General-Particular Pattern） GSG
（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）（McCarthy&Carter,1993; Micheal Hoey, 2001）
Language as Discourse; Discource Interaction
2019，全国I
说明文 语篇结构 2/2
问题—解决模 式（Problem-Solution Pattern） SPRE
2. 提问—回答模式 （Question- Answer Pattern） SQA
一般—特殊模式 （General-Particular Pattern） GSG
（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）
2019，天津
生态系统的运行机制？物种数量分布差异的原因？
科学家建立食物网的数据模型
说明文 语篇结构 2/2
问题—解决模 式（Problem-Solution Pattern） SPRE
提问—回答模式 （Question- Answer Pattern） SQA
3. 一般—特殊模式 （General-Particular Pattern） GSG
（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）
说明文 语篇结构 2/2
问题—解决模 式（Problem-Solution Pattern） SPRE
提问—回答模式 （Question- Answer Pattern） SQA
3. 一般—特殊模式 （General-Particular Pattern） GSG
（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）
2020，全国I
Mainly about:
The classification of the popular.
说明文 语篇结构 2/2
议论文 语篇结构 （Hypothetical-real）
段落改编：怎么改？
改编理据 2： 文本解读，确定考点(主要信息)
对于文本太长的语篇，可以选取其中信息内容完整、逻辑清晰的文本片段，用以考查学生。如：2018全国卷I-C “人类发展导致语言的减少”；2018全国卷III-D “Live more with less”。
对于主要信息单一集中的文本，进行适当的删减。在进行段落删除前，需要确定素材的主要信息和次要信息，再删除不影响文章内容完整性的次要信息及补充说明信息的段落。这样才能使文本在简化的同时，不影响后期文本考点的设置。“一篇文章必然有一个主信息。阅读测试，就是要攻主信息，攻主信息核心，是必要考点”（李筱菊,2001)。
1. 段落删除 2023QGI-B
背景
实验过程
原理分析
应用
尝试
应用1
应用2
应用3
未来
计划
1. 段落删除 2023QGII-B
现象
背景
内容
好处
2. 句子删改
在删除含次要信息的段落，初步简化文本后，文本的长度变短，接下来的工作就是对段落内的句子进行删改简化。Allen (2009)提出了句子简化过程的三种方式，即：减少信息、增加信息、结构简化和详述。
就2023年全国卷而言，句子的改编涉及到删除信息和句子重组。
2. 句子删改
The nonprofit, which Jaramillo and another teacher launched in 2004, aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. It’s one of a growing number of such programs across the country; California recently went so far as to allocate $15 million for grants to support school gardens. （2023QGII-D）
2.1 删除信息（次要/补充/并列/重复的信息）
2. 句子删改
Some students get so hooked on gardening that they bring home seeds, potted plants, or worm bins for composting. （2023QGII-D）
John Todd was one of those kids who didn't like school. But he did like nature—and he liked inventing things. （2023QGI-B）
As a child, growing up in Canada, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems...
2.1 删除信息（次要/补充/并列/重复的信息）
interested in
When John Todd was
2. 句子删改
源文：Last year, after shootings near one of the middle schools, students seemed calmed by their work in the garden, as though it had a therapeutic benefit. This is especially apparent with Jaramillo’s special education students. （2023QGII-D）
改编：Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students.
2.2 句子重组（简化句子）
2. 句子删改
源文：On March 7, 1907 — almost 111 years ago to the day — the English statistician Francis Galton published a peculiar observation.
At a county fair held in Plymouth, 800 visitors had participated in a competition to guess the weight of an ox. While most people's estimates were too high or too low — falling an average of 37 lbs. away from the true weight of 1,198 lbs. — the median of everyone's guess was off by only 9 lbs., or less than 1 percent of the true weight of the ox.
This example illustrates what has come to be known as the "wisdom of crowds" effect. In some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates can be quite accurate, even when the estimators have no special expertise. （2023QGI-D）
2.3 句子重组（简化句子; 增加连贯）
paper
, which
could
The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that
2. 句子删改
2.3 句子重组（简化句子; 增加连贯）
“There's instructions on the page from the composer about loud and soft and quick and slow and so on,” Mr Titterton explained.
"There’s a lot of skills involved; you’ve got to be able to turn the page and that's harder than it sounds.
“You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once, make sure you don't tip it into her lap, make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot.” （2022QGI-B）
“A lot of skills are needed for the job.
3. 词汇删改注
3.1 词汇删除
由于真实语料源文本的目标读者非我们的高中学生，在遣词上会使用一些我们超出了我们的考纲3500词的生词。我们需要对该部分超纲词汇用同义词进行替换；无法找到合适的替换词汇时，可以考虑添加中文注释、或在不影响句子主干意思的前提下将其删除（吕平，2018）。
在2023年全国卷阅读文本中，部分词汇被替换、加注或删除。
3. 词汇删改注
3.1 词汇删除 (超纲；简洁)
After studying agriculture, tropical medicine, fisheries, and oceanography in college, John went back to observing nature directly and asking all kinds of questions. （2023QGI-B）
Did they go with the answers of those who were most confident about their estimates （2023QGI-D）
3. 词汇删改注
3.2 词汇替换 (超纲)
“The kids literally come to school with bags of hot Cheetos and 32-ounce bottles of Coke,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are gross, dirt is gross, worms are gross.” . （2023QGII-B）
snacks
large
soft drinks
awful
awful
insects
awful
3. 词汇删改注
3.2 词汇加注 (超纲)
加注的词数每篇文章不超过3个。2023年全国I,II卷加注词汇如下：
全国I：brake(刹车), gears(排挡); bacteria(细菌), sludge(污泥), sewage(污水);
cultivate(培养), solitude(独处); twist(转折); err (犯错), cliche(陈词滥调)
全国II：trail(小径), canyon(峡谷); ; portray(描绘), intellect(才智); coding(编码);
sketchbook(素描本), feedback(反馈)
超纲词：“标注、考点、不标注”（刘庆思，2008）
合成/派生：详见 指难针 分析
题项编写技巧
Part
03
研高考方向，做细处文章
细节理解：事实细节，词汇猜测，细节推理，观点态度
主旨大意：基本结构，主旨大意
3. 考点怎么定？
“一篇文章必然有一个主信息。阅读测试，就是要攻主信息，攻主信息核心，是必要考点”（李筱菊,2001)。
3. 考点怎么定？ (2023 QGI-A)
Bike Rental & Guided Tours
Welcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see ...
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. .... we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, ...
Prices
...
Guided City Tours
The 2.5-hour tour covers.... The tour departs from Dam Square...,.... buy your ticket...
21. What is an advantage of MacBike
22. How much do you pay for renting a bike with...
23. Where does the guided city tour start
3. 考点怎么定？ (2023 QGI-B)
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods ... When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to ...
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why... Which kinds of fish... ... He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge. First, he constructed ... tanks... Then he brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested...
背景
过程
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
3. 考点怎么定？ (2023 QGI-B)
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
应用
原理
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
27. What is the basis for John’s work
3. 考点怎么定？ (2023 QGI-C)
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including ... and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right...
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with ...
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to ...
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so,...
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle ... You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle
目的
Part I
Part II
28. What is the book aimed at
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in...mean
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices
offered in paragraph two
3. 考点怎么定？ (2023 QGI-D)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated ... the “wisdom of crowds” effect...
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people ... When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out...
But a new study ... offered an interesting twist on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups... have a discussion, the averages ... were more accurate ... The discussion groups ... more accurate than ...from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study ..., the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion ... Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, ... resulted in a global reduction in error. ...limitations ...potential implications...
发现
原理
新发现
原理
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ___ .
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
4. 题干怎么编？
高考英语阅读理解题干表述的 “指向性” 如何？ 2022-05-01 23:55
标题和出处
单个的名词短语
同义转述的名词短语
多个名词短语
关键词的重心位于动词短语
状语从句
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-A)
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-A)
21. What is an advantage of MacBike
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-A)
22. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-A)
23. Where does the guided city tour start
Guided City Tours
The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
... He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
26. What is the basis for John’s work
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
28. What is the book aimed at
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances..
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-A)
21. What is an advantage of MacBike
B. It offers many types of bikes.
出处：We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake , bikes with hand brake and gears, bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.
同义转述
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-A)
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
B. He had an inquiring mind.
出处：When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. ...When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals ...
推理提炼
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
D. To test the eco-machine.
出处：... He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge . First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results...
推理提炼
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
B. To show an application of John’s idea.
出处：Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
推理提炼
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
27. What is the basis for John’s work
A. Nature can repair itself.
出处：“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
同义转述
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
27. What is the basis for John’s work
A. Nature can repair itself.
出处：“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
同义转述
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
27. What is the basis for John’s work
A. Nature can repair itself.
出处：“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
同义转述
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
28. What is the book aimed at
B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
出处：The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.”
同义转述
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
C. Practical examples.
出处：In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
推理提炼
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed.
出处：Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
同义转述
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-D)
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
B. The underlying logic of the effect.
出处：This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down..
推理提炼
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-D)
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
D. estimates were not fully independent.
出处：But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
同义转述
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-D)
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
C. The discussion process.
出处：In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow ...
同义转述
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-A)
21. What is an advantage of MacBike
A. It gives children a discount.
B. It offers many types of bikes.
C. It organizes free cycle tours.
D. It has over 2,500 rental shops.
错误联想，信息杂糅
... including ... and children’s bikes.
Guided City Tours
With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A. He was fond of traveling.
B. He enjoyed being alone.
C. He had an inquiring mind.
D. He longed to be a doctor.
错误联想
... he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems.
Why can...harmful bacteria Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A. To feed the animals.
C. To protect the plants.
B. To build an ecosystem.
D. To test the eco-machine.
错误联想
Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals..
Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to ... and formed their own ecosystem.
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John’s research plans.
B. To show an application of John’s idea.
C. To compare John’s different jobs.
D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.
错误联想
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
27. What is the basis for John’s work
A. Nature can repair itself.
B. Organisms need water to survive.
C. Life on Earth is diverse.
D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.
错误联想
You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening.
Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor...
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
28. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.
B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems.
D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
错误联想
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models.
B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples.
D. Historical analyses.
错误联想
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed.
B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects.
D. Identify the ideas behind them.
错误联想；无中生有
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation.
B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors.
D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
错误联想
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small
B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate
D. estimates were not fully independent
错误联想；信息杂糅；无中生有
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups.
B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process.
D. The individual estimates.
错误联想；信息杂糅
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear.
B. Dismissive.
C. Doubtful.
D. Approving.
错误联想/答非所问
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
轻蔑的
干扰项编写方法1：2022-06-07 17:12
阅读理解命题流程
选材
改编
找考点
写题干
写答案
编干扰项
打磨
命题流程7：打磨
1. 规范
2. 材料
3. 考点
4. 题干
5. 选项
命题工具介绍
Part
04
语料库
文本难度检测工具
ChatGPT
1. 语料库
高考英语真题语料库
Linggle
COCA / BNC
1. 语料库： 高考英语真题语料库
1. 语料库： 高考英语真题语料库
1.1 确定考点
1. 语料库： 高考英语真题语料库
1.2 编写题干
1. 语料库： 高考英语真题语料库
1.3 设置选项
1. 语料库： 高考英语真题语料库
AntConc
35. Which statement will the author probably agree with
1. 语料库： 高考英语真题语料库
AntConc
47.Where is the passage/text most probably taken from
1. 语料库： 高考英语真题语料库
AntConc
26. What does the author think of himself
1. 语料库： Linggle
Linggle
https:///
1. 语料库： Linggle
Linggle
2.1 判断地道表达
When thick black smoke billowed from the other car, a bystander shouted, “It’s about to blow up! Get out!”
1. 语料库： Linggle
Linggle
2.2 确定习惯搭配
1. 语料库： Linggle
Linggle
2.2 确定习惯搭配
In just a few days, 90-year-old Joyce Defauw will finally graduate from Northern Illinois University. It’s a journey that 41 in 1951. “I went to college for 3 years, and I quit,” Joyce said.
41. A. continued B. mattered
C. finished D. began
1. 语料库： COCA/BNC
COCA
2.2 确定习惯搭配
2. 文本难度检测工具
易读度（弗莱士-金凯德（Flesch-Kincaid）可读性测试 ）
指难针 （英语文本指难针）
Coh-Metrix
蓝思分级阅读测评体系（Lexile Scores）
TextEvaluator文本难度分析器
2. 文本难度检测工具:易读度
易读度
易读度是指文字材料易于阅读和理解的程度。Flesch易读度公式是目前常用的易读度测量方法,它把阅读材料的词长和句长作为主要考虑因素,力求从语言形式上对阅读材料的易读度进行量化处理。该公式为: 易读度= 206.84 -0.85wl -1.02sl 。其中, wl 为每100 个单词的音节数, sl 为每个句子的平均单词数。
2023年新高考全国卷I 阅读A-D文本易读度
计算时请务必去除文本中的汉字注释，否则数据不准！
A
B
C
D
WORD：审阅---拼写和语法
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
指难针 (https://www./tester/)
“英语文本指难针” 是一项基于数据驱动的在线文本难度调控工具（Jin and Lu，2018），旨在帮助外语教师基于数据进行文本改编。“英语文本指难针”基于我国大规模英语考试真题阅读文本语料库（中考，高考，全国大学英语四、六级考试，研究生入学考试），可实现难度定级、难度设定、例句查询、词表生成、难词注释、结果反馈以及结果导出这7项功能。
：
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
2023 QGI - B
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
2023 QGI - C
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
2023 QGI - D
2. 文本难度检测工具: Coh-Metrix
Coh-Metrix是美国孟菲斯大学的McNamera等人开发出的文本处理工具，基于描述性统计量、文本易读性主成分得分、指称连贯性、潜在语义分析、词汇多样性、连词使用、情景模式、句法复杂性、句法组构密度、词汇和文本可读性等11大类、总计108项指标来调控文本难度（Graesser et al. 2011）。
该工具融合了计算语言学和语料库语言学的多种技术，能够对文本的表层和深层特征进行自动量化，目前已被广泛应用于自动测量文本的衔接性、判断文本的语体和体裁，以及探讨写作语言的特点及其对作文质量的预测力等（江进林，2016）。
2. 文本难度检测工具: Coh-Metrix （http:///）
Coh-Metrix基于多种自动分析技术，改进了以往单一的可读性公式，研制出Coh-Metrix二语可读性指标（Coh-Metrix L2 Readability, RDL2），该指标尤其适用于二语阅读者，因为它反映了二语学习者在词汇、句子和语篇衔接方面遇到的困难。
网络版Coh-Metrix可以计算出200多项指标，自动处理15000词以内的单个文本，但是免费使用版本只报告其中的60项指标，包括6项识别信息和54项文本语言特征量化指标（杜慧颖，蔡金亭，2013）。
2. 文本难度检测工具:蓝思分级阅读测评体系（Lexile Scores）
蓝思阅读测评体系由美国Metametircs教育公司研发。该测评体系可以匹配读者的阅读能力和读物的难度等级，从而辅助教师、家长为孩子选择适合的读物，另外对教材的选编、试卷的编制和教学大纲的修订等都具有极大的意义。
蓝思阅读测评体系从读物难度和读者阅读能力两个方面进行衡量，使用的是同一个度量标尺，分为两个维度，即语义难度（semantic difficulty）和句法难度（syntactic complexity），使用数字加字母“蓝思/L” （Lexile，简称L）作为衡量难度的度量标尺，难度范围为0L至1700L之间，数字越小表示读物难度越低或读者阅读能力越低，反之则表示读物难度越高或读者阅读能力越高。 （https://www./analyzer/）
2. 文本难度检测工具: TextEvaluator文本难度分析器
TextEvaluator文本难度分析器是由美国教育考试服务中心（ETS）专家Sheehan开发的基于网络的文本难度分析工具，其设计的初衷是帮助美国教师和专家挑选符合美国“共同核心州立标准”（Common Core State Standards，CCSS）的阅读材料。
TextEvaluator文本难度分析器对文本难度差异判断的准确程度可以达到 60%以上，从8个层面多维度综合地检验文本的难度，即学术词汇比例（academic word list ratio）、句法复杂度（syntactic complexity）、词汇具体度（concreteness）、词汇陌生度（word unfamiliarity）、互动/会话风格（interactivity/conversational style）、叙事性（narrativity）、连贯度（cohesion）、论证 （argumentation） （Sheehan et al. 2014）。
（https://textevaluator.ets.org/TextEvaluator/）
3. ChatGPT
获取途径
用途：改编
用途：命题
3. ChatGPT 获取途径：微信群
3. ChatGPT获取途径：Visual Studio Code---ChatMoss
3. ChatGPT用途：改编
3. ChatGPT用途：改编
3. ChatGPT 用途：命题
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
原文：In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
3. ChatGPT 用途：命题
3. ChatGPT 用途：命题
30. What is the purpose of the experiment mentioned in the final chapter of part one
A. To guide readers in performing a digital declutter.
B. To share participants' success stories.
C. To explore the challenges of digital decluttering.
D. To introduce the philosophy behind digital minimalism.
3. ChatGPT 用途：命题
Correct answer: A. To guide readers in performing a digital declutter
Distractor options:
B. To share participants' success stories - While the experiment may include participants' stories, the purpose is not primarily to share their success stories.
C. To explore the challenges of digital decluttering - Although the experiment may discuss the challenges encountered by participants, it is not the primary purpose of the experiment mentioned.
D. To introduce the philosophy behind digital minimalism - The experiment mentioned focuses on practical guidance rather than introducing the philosophy behind digital minimalism.
3. ChatGPT 用途：命题
30. What is the main objective of the digital declutter experiment mentioned in the final chapter of part one
A. To analyze the experiences of participants during the digital declutter.
B. To evaluate the effectiveness of digital minimalism philosophy.
C. To provide strategies for overcoming digital traps and challenges .
D. To encourage readers to adopt a digital minimalist lifestyle.
3. ChatGPT 用途：命题
内容要点
01
02
03
04
题项编写技巧
命题工具介绍
阅读命题流程
文本改编方法
高2023
基于学科核心素养的英语阅读理解试题命制
—— 以高考英语全国卷为例
内容要点
01
02
03
04
题项编写技巧
命题工具介绍
阅读命题流程
文本改编方法
阅读命题流程
Part
01
刘润清
武尊民
曾用强
邹申
（李筱菊，2001）
阅读理解命题流程
选材
改编
找考点
写题干
写答案
编干扰项
1. 选材：选什么？
英语试题的设计要充分考虑英语语言在现实生活中的使用情况。在选择语言素材的时候，要尽量使用真实、地道、典型的当代英语素材。可以根据考试的目的和学生的实际语言水平，对真实的语言材料就行适当的删减和改写。语言材料的题材和体裁要丰富多样（教育部，2017）。
试题所选择的语言素材和所创设的语言运用情景要充分考虑到高中学生的生活经验和所处的社会环境。试题内容和载体的选择以及题型的设计要与学生的认知水平相适应。要避免因学生的生活经历的明显差异而影响试题的公正性和合理性。另外，试题的设计尽量使学生能够结合亲身经历或体验来答题（教育部，2017）。
命题流程: 选材 （What / Where)
1. 选材：选什么？
1. 真实性：语料真实、地道、当代（时效性）
2. 多样性：题材、体裁多样
3. 长度要合适：中等以上测试300字左右最理想
4. 难度要合适：生词率3%；复杂句子控制
5. 内容有新意：忌讳老生常谈
6. 信息点充分：信息密度不高，可能凑题目
7. 内容要健康：避免引起政治、民族、宗教、 地区、性别等争议纠纷（价值导向）。
（刘润清，韩宝成，2000）
1. 文段体裁：多样
2. 文段题材：适应考生年龄特点和生活经历
3. 文段长度：高中200~300，高考略长
4. 文段考点：不低于3个
5. 文段数量：多个文段，考点分布不集中
6. 文段难度：与考生语言能力相当
7. 文段中数字信息：特定文段数字题不宜多
8. 文段简化：确保语言内容结构完整和信息 连贯和逻辑性；可不改编加低于3%汉语注释。
（武尊民，2008）(Heaton, 1988)
命题流程: 选材
“5.0社会”
材料特点：立德树人
2016. 命题选材丰富多样，落实立德树人任务
2017. 落实立德树人根本任务，凸显高考思想性和育人功能
2018. 落实立德树人根本任务，强化高考育人功能和价值导向
2019. 立足全面发展育人方向，加强德智体美劳全面考查
2020. 体现立德树人时代特性，促进德智体美劳全面发展
2021. 落实立德树人，引导德智体美劳全面发展
2022. 落实立德树人，发挥学科育人功能
2023. 坚持立德树人，引导学生全面发展
1. 选材：选什么？
篇目 体裁 题材 主题语境 育人价值
A 应用文 名人介绍：古今历史上女性名医 人与社会 勇敢坚毅，舍己为人
B 记叙文 摄影经历：寻找最佳拍摄点获取独特景色 人与自我 了解不同职业的艰辛；
树立积极乐观人生态度
C 说明文 饮食节目：对英国人饮食习惯的影响 人与社会 拓展视野，了解异域文化
D 议论文 人类文明：文献和文物相结合才有可能还原更加真实的历史 人与社会 批判性思维
全面客观地看待事物
7选5 说明文 自然生态：种植室内植物有益于提高人们的生活质量 人与自然 关注自然及周围环境
养成健康的生活方式
2023年 全国 乙卷
材料特点：立德树人
1. 选材：选什么？
篇目 体裁 题材 主题语境 育人价值
A 应用文 绿色出行：自行车租赁服务 人与社会 绿色出行；环保/健康意识
B 记叙文 环境保护：利用微生物治理污水 人与自然 与自然和谐共处；
观察自然，实践创新
C 说明文 健康生活：数字极简主义 人与自我 健康的生活方式
D 说明文 群体智慧：小组讨论，集体决策可以消 除个体偏见，提高估计的准确性 人与社会 科学精神
前沿新知
7选5 说明文 自我原谅：学会适度自我原谅，罗列优点和做过的好事增强自信 人与自我 自尊自爱自信的心理素质
积极乐观看待自己
2023年 全国 I卷
材料特点：立德树人
1. 选材：选什么？
篇目 体裁 题材 主题语境 育人价值
A 应用文 旅游休闲：罗马四个旅社介绍 人与社会 渗透中外文化
B 记叙文 音乐经历：钢琴家的翻乐谱助手 人与自我 终身学习，刻苦练习
C 说明文 动物保护：联邦鸭票-北美水禽保护历史 人与自然 倡导人与自然和谐共处
D 说明文 社会现象：大众对情商的误解，情商的 本质，对情商未来研究的期望 人与社会 鼓励关注未来，
关注前沿新知
7选5 记叙文 夹叙夹议 旅游休闲：巴黎一周游的经历 人与社会 体验文化差异，
培养思辨意识
2022年 全国 I卷
材料特点：立德树人
1. 选材：选什么？
中华优秀文明（优秀传统文化，中华文化）
人类命运共同体/人与自然和谐共处
时代发展(科学知识/科技发展)
和谐人际关系
体美劳教育
材料特点：立德树人
1. 选材：选什么？
材料特点：立德树人 (中华文化)
2021.09.09
2023 新高考I卷 饮食特点：小笼包
2023 新高考I卷 独特动物：柏林动物园教英语 熊猫
2023 新高考乙卷：历史遗迹：北京新旧共存
1. 选材：选什么？
材料特点：立德树人 (人类命运共同体/人与自然和谐共处)
材料特点：立德树人(时代发展)
2022.08.24
2017 I 科学实验 如何在野外自制便携式太阳能蒸馏器获取饮用水
2017 II 科学技术 国外飞行汽车的最新进展
2017 III 科学技术 帮助老人独立自主生活的辅助驾驶系统
材料特点：立德树人 (和谐人际关系)
材料特点：立德树人 (体美劳教育)
材料特点：立德树人 (体美劳教育)
2. 选材：哪儿选？
书
报
杂志
网站
2. 选材：哪儿选？
报纸上找：外刊报纸
外刊上找：外刊杂志 电子版或网站
网站上搜：关键词搜索；固定网址
材料改编：国内他人外刊命题文章或者国内英语学习报文章
1. The Los Angeles Times 《洛杉矶时报》 www.
2. The New York Times 《纽约时报》 www.
3. Washington Post 《华盛顿邮报》 www.
4. The Wall Street Journal 《华尔街日报》 www.wsj.com
5. Daily mail 《每日邮报》 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ushome/index.html
6. The Christian Science Monitor 《基督教科学箴言报》 http://www.
常用命题材料 报纸
1. 《时代周刊》(TIME) ：www.
2.《新闻周刊》(NEWS WEEK)： www.
3.《美国新闻与世界报道》(U.S. NEWS &WORLD REPORT)： www.
4.《读者文摘》(READER’S DIGEST) ：www.
5.《商业周刊》(Business Week) ：www.
6.《财富》(Fortune)： www.
7. 《经济学家》(The Economist)： www.
8. 《发现》(Discovery) ：www.discovery.com
9. 《自然》(Nature) www.
中国地区自然杂志网址：www./ch/gta/
10. 《科学通讯》(Science News)： www.sciencenews.org
11. 《科学美国人》（Scientific American）https://www.scientificamerican.com/
常用命题材料 外刊杂志
1. 美国国家公共电台 NPR http://www.npr.org/
2. 澳大利亚网站 nowtolove https://www..au/
4. 关于美国人生活 http://www.kindspring.org/
5. 校园生活类 www.campustimes.org
6. 心灵鸡汤类 http://www./
7. 科技 www.pacificsciencecenter.org
8. 科技 https://phys.org/
8. 新闻 www.newsday.com
9. 环保 www.
10. HowStuffWorks http://www./
11. WIKIHOW https://www./Main-Page
常用命题材料网站
“中文期刊 外刊话题文章介绍”
文本改编方法
Part
02
2. 改编：怎么改？
2. 改编：怎么改？
1.段落：删除、合并、拆分
2.句子：删除、改述、合并
3.词汇：删除、替换、注释
2. 改编：怎么改？
改编理据 1：了解文本的语篇结构
记叙文？
说明文？
不同体裁文本的信息核心（语篇结构）
应用文 记叙文 说明文 议论文
信息核心 （篇章结构） ·所需信息 （紧扣说明对象 根据阅读目的 抓住所需信息） ·记事文 （5W1H） ·人物传记 （身世、事迹、对他的情感态度） ·说明的事物 ·说明的道理 ·论点
·论证
（正反分析；
逻辑推理；
列举事实）
·结论
（刘松，2003）
2021.12.19
记叙文 语篇结构 1/2
（李秀萍，2022）
（杨文彬，2022）
记叙文 语篇结构 2/2
（杨文彬，2022）
说明文 语篇结构 1/2
1. 问题—解决模 式（Problem-Solution Pattern） SPRE
提问—回答模式 （Question- Answer Pattern） SQA
一般—特殊模式 （General-Particular Pattern） GSG
（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）（McCarthy&Carter,1993; Michael Hoey, 2001）
Language as Discourse; Discource Interaction
说明文 语篇结构 2/2
1. 问题—解决模 式（Problem-Solution Pattern） SPRE
提问—回答模式 （Question- Answer Pattern） SQA
一般—特殊模式 （General-Particular Pattern） GSG
（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）（McCarthy&Carter,1993; Micheal Hoey, 2001）
Language as Discourse; Discource Interaction
2019，全国I
说明文 语篇结构 2/2
问题—解决模 式（Problem-Solution Pattern） SPRE
2. 提问—回答模式 （Question- Answer Pattern） SQA
一般—特殊模式 （General-Particular Pattern） GSG
（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）
2019，天津
生态系统的运行机制？物种数量分布差异的原因？
科学家建立食物网的数据模型
说明文 语篇结构 2/2
问题—解决模 式（Problem-Solution Pattern） SPRE
提问—回答模式 （Question- Answer Pattern） SQA
3. 一般—特殊模式 （General-Particular Pattern） GSG
（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）
说明文 语篇结构 2/2
问题—解决模 式（Problem-Solution Pattern） SPRE
提问—回答模式 （Question- Answer Pattern） SQA
3. 一般—特殊模式 （General-Particular Pattern） GSG
（林晓研，2022；李秀萍，2022；张兵，2019）
2020，全国I
Mainly about:
The classification of the popular.
说明文 语篇结构 2/2
议论文 语篇结构 （Hypothetical-real）
段落改编：怎么改？
改编理据 2： 文本解读，确定考点(主要信息)
对于文本太长的语篇，可以选取其中信息内容完整、逻辑清晰的文本片段，用以考查学生。如：2018全国卷I-C “人类发展导致语言的减少”；2018全国卷III-D “Live more with less”。
对于主要信息单一集中的文本，进行适当的删减。在进行段落删除前，需要确定素材的主要信息和次要信息，再删除不影响文章内容完整性的次要信息及补充说明信息的段落。这样才能使文本在简化的同时，不影响后期文本考点的设置。“一篇文章必然有一个主信息。阅读测试，就是要攻主信息，攻主信息核心，是必要考点”（李筱菊,2001)。
1. 段落删除 2023QGI-B
背景
实验过程
原理分析
应用
尝试
应用1
应用2
应用3
未来
计划
1. 段落删除 2023QGII-B
现象
背景
内容
好处
2. 句子删改
在删除含次要信息的段落，初步简化文本后，文本的长度变短，接下来的工作就是对段落内的句子进行删改简化。Allen (2009)提出了句子简化过程的三种方式，即：减少信息、增加信息、结构简化和详述。
就2023年全国卷而言，句子的改编涉及到删除信息和句子重组。
2. 句子删改
The nonprofit, which Jaramillo and another teacher launched in 2004, aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. It’s one of a growing number of such programs across the country; California recently went so far as to allocate $15 million for grants to support school gardens. （2023QGII-D）
2.1 删除信息（次要/补充/并列/重复的信息）
2. 句子删改
Some students get so hooked on gardening that they bring home seeds, potted plants, or worm bins for composting. （2023QGII-D）
John Todd was one of those kids who didn't like school. But he did like nature—and he liked inventing things. （2023QGI-B）
As a child, growing up in Canada, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems...
2.1 删除信息（次要/补充/并列/重复的信息）
interested in
When John Todd was
2. 句子删改
源文：Last year, after shootings near one of the middle schools, students seemed calmed by their work in the garden, as though it had a therapeutic benefit. This is especially apparent with Jaramillo’s special education students. （2023QGII-D）
改编：Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students.
2.2 句子重组（简化句子）
2. 句子删改
源文：On March 7, 1907 — almost 111 years ago to the day — the English statistician Francis Galton published a peculiar observation.
At a county fair held in Plymouth, 800 visitors had participated in a competition to guess the weight of an ox. While most people's estimates were too high or too low — falling an average of 37 lbs. away from the true weight of 1,198 lbs. — the median of everyone's guess was off by only 9 lbs., or less than 1 percent of the true weight of the ox.
This example illustrates what has come to be known as the "wisdom of crowds" effect. In some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates can be quite accurate, even when the estimators have no special expertise. （2023QGI-D）
2.3 句子重组（简化句子; 增加连贯）
paper
, which
could
The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that
2. 句子删改
2.3 句子重组（简化句子; 增加连贯）
“There's instructions on the page from the composer about loud and soft and quick and slow and so on,” Mr Titterton explained.
"There’s a lot of skills involved; you’ve got to be able to turn the page and that's harder than it sounds.
“You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once, make sure you don't tip it into her lap, make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot.” （2022QGI-B）
“A lot of skills are needed for the job.
3. 词汇删改注
3.1 词汇删除
由于真实语料源文本的目标读者非我们的高中学生，在遣词上会使用一些我们超出了我们的考纲3500词的生词。我们需要对该部分超纲词汇用同义词进行替换；无法找到合适的替换词汇时，可以考虑添加中文注释、或在不影响句子主干意思的前提下将其删除（吕平，2018）。
在2023年全国卷阅读文本中，部分词汇被替换、加注或删除。
3. 词汇删改注
3.1 词汇删除 (超纲；简洁)
After studying agriculture, tropical medicine, fisheries, and oceanography in college, John went back to observing nature directly and asking all kinds of questions. （2023QGI-B）
Did they go with the answers of those who were most confident about their estimates （2023QGI-D）
3. 词汇删改注
3.2 词汇替换 (超纲)
“The kids literally come to school with bags of hot Cheetos and 32-ounce bottles of Coke,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are gross, dirt is gross, worms are gross.” . （2023QGII-B）
snacks
large
soft drinks
awful
awful
insects
awful
3. 词汇删改注
3.2 词汇加注 (超纲)
加注的词数每篇文章不超过3个。2023年全国I,II卷加注词汇如下：
全国I：brake(刹车), gears(排挡); bacteria(细菌), sludge(污泥), sewage(污水);
cultivate(培养), solitude(独处); twist(转折); err (犯错), cliche(陈词滥调)
全国II：trail(小径), canyon(峡谷); ; portray(描绘), intellect(才智); coding(编码);
sketchbook(素描本), feedback(反馈)
超纲词：“标注、考点、不标注”（刘庆思，2008）
合成/派生：详见 指难针 分析
题项编写技巧
Part
03
研高考方向，做细处文章
细节理解：事实细节，词汇猜测，细节推理，观点态度
主旨大意：基本结构，主旨大意
3. 考点怎么定？
“一篇文章必然有一个主信息。阅读测试，就是要攻主信息，攻主信息核心，是必要考点”（李筱菊,2001)。
3. 考点怎么定？ (2023 QGI-A)
Bike Rental & Guided Tours
Welcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see ...
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. .... we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, ...
Prices
...
Guided City Tours
The 2.5-hour tour covers.... The tour departs from Dam Square...,.... buy your ticket...
21. What is an advantage of MacBike
22. How much do you pay for renting a bike with...
23. Where does the guided city tour start
3. 考点怎么定？ (2023 QGI-B)
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods ... When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to ...
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why... Which kinds of fish... ... He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge. First, he constructed ... tanks... Then he brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested...
背景
过程
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
3. 考点怎么定？ (2023 QGI-B)
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
应用
原理
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
27. What is the basis for John’s work
3. 考点怎么定？ (2023 QGI-C)
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including ... and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right...
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with ...
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to ...
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so,...
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle ... You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle
目的
Part I
Part II
28. What is the book aimed at
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in...mean
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices
offered in paragraph two
3. 考点怎么定？ (2023 QGI-D)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated ... the “wisdom of crowds” effect...
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people ... When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out...
But a new study ... offered an interesting twist on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups... have a discussion, the averages ... were more accurate ... The discussion groups ... more accurate than ...from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study ..., the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion ... Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, ... resulted in a global reduction in error. ...limitations ...potential implications...
发现
原理
新发现
原理
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ___ .
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
4. 题干怎么编？
高考英语阅读理解题干表述的 “指向性” 如何？ 2022-05-01 23:55
标题和出处
单个的名词短语
同义转述的名词短语
多个名词短语
关键词的重心位于动词短语
状语从句
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-A)
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-A)
21. What is an advantage of MacBike
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-A)
22. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-A)
23. Where does the guided city tour start
Guided City Tours
The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
... He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
26. What is the basis for John’s work
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
28. What is the book aimed at
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances..
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
4. 题干怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-A)
21. What is an advantage of MacBike
B. It offers many types of bikes.
出处：We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake , bikes with hand brake and gears, bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.
同义转述
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-A)
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
B. He had an inquiring mind.
出处：When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. ...When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals ...
推理提炼
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
D. To test the eco-machine.
出处：... He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge . First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results...
推理提炼
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
B. To show an application of John’s idea.
出处：Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
推理提炼
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
27. What is the basis for John’s work
A. Nature can repair itself.
出处：“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
同义转述
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
27. What is the basis for John’s work
A. Nature can repair itself.
出处：“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
同义转述
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
27. What is the basis for John’s work
A. Nature can repair itself.
出处：“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
同义转述
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
28. What is the book aimed at
B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
出处：The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.”
同义转述
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
C. Practical examples.
出处：In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
推理提炼
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed.
出处：Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
同义转述
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-D)
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
B. The underlying logic of the effect.
出处：This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down..
推理提炼
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-D)
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
D. estimates were not fully independent.
出处：But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
同义转述
5. 答案怎么编？ (2023 QGI-D)
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
C. The discussion process.
出处：In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow ...
同义转述
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-A)
21. What is an advantage of MacBike
A. It gives children a discount.
B. It offers many types of bikes.
C. It organizes free cycle tours.
D. It has over 2,500 rental shops.
错误联想，信息杂糅
... including ... and children’s bikes.
Guided City Tours
With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A. He was fond of traveling.
B. He enjoyed being alone.
C. He had an inquiring mind.
D. He longed to be a doctor.
错误联想
... he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems.
Why can...harmful bacteria Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A. To feed the animals.
C. To protect the plants.
B. To build an ecosystem.
D. To test the eco-machine.
错误联想
Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals..
Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to ... and formed their own ecosystem.
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-B)
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John’s research plans.
B. To show an application of John’s idea.
C. To compare John’s different jobs.
D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.
错误联想
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
27. What is the basis for John’s work
A. Nature can repair itself.
B. Organisms need water to survive.
C. Life on Earth is diverse.
D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.
错误联想
You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening.
Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor...
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
28. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.
B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems.
D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
错误联想
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models.
B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples.
D. Historical analyses.
错误联想
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed.
B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects.
D. Identify the ideas behind them.
错误联想；无中生有
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation.
B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors.
D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
错误联想
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small
B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate
D. estimates were not fully independent
错误联想；信息杂糅；无中生有
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups.
B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process.
D. The individual estimates.
错误联想；信息杂糅
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
6. 干扰项怎么编？ (2023 QGI-C)
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear.
B. Dismissive.
C. Doubtful.
D. Approving.
错误联想/答非所问
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
轻蔑的
干扰项编写方法1：2022-06-07 17:12
阅读理解命题流程
选材
改编
找考点
写题干
写答案
编干扰项
打磨
命题流程7：打磨
1. 规范
2. 材料
3. 考点
4. 题干
5. 选项
命题工具介绍
Part
04
语料库
文本难度检测工具
ChatGPT
1. 语料库
高考英语真题语料库
Linggle
COCA / BNC
1. 语料库： 高考英语真题语料库
1. 语料库： 高考英语真题语料库
1.1 确定考点
1. 语料库： 高考英语真题语料库
1.2 编写题干
1. 语料库： 高考英语真题语料库
1.3 设置选项
1. 语料库： 高考英语真题语料库
AntConc
35. Which statement will the author probably agree with
1. 语料库： 高考英语真题语料库
AntConc
47.Where is the passage/text most probably taken from
1. 语料库： 高考英语真题语料库
AntConc
26. What does the author think of himself
1. 语料库： Linggle
Linggle
https:///
1. 语料库： Linggle
Linggle
2.1 判断地道表达
When thick black smoke billowed from the other car, a bystander shouted, “It’s about to blow up! Get out!”
1. 语料库： Linggle
Linggle
2.2 确定习惯搭配
1. 语料库： Linggle
Linggle
2.2 确定习惯搭配
In just a few days, 90-year-old Joyce Defauw will finally graduate from Northern Illinois University. It’s a journey that 41 in 1951. “I went to college for 3 years, and I quit,” Joyce said.
41. A. continued B. mattered
C. finished D. began
1. 语料库： COCA/BNC
COCA
2.2 确定习惯搭配
2. 文本难度检测工具
易读度（弗莱士-金凯德（Flesch-Kincaid）可读性测试 ）
指难针 （英语文本指难针）
Coh-Metrix
蓝思分级阅读测评体系（Lexile Scores）
TextEvaluator文本难度分析器
2. 文本难度检测工具:易读度
易读度
易读度是指文字材料易于阅读和理解的程度。Flesch易读度公式是目前常用的易读度测量方法,它把阅读材料的词长和句长作为主要考虑因素,力求从语言形式上对阅读材料的易读度进行量化处理。该公式为: 易读度= 206.84 -0.85wl -1.02sl 。其中, wl 为每100 个单词的音节数, sl 为每个句子的平均单词数。
2023年新高考全国卷I 阅读A-D文本易读度
计算时请务必去除文本中的汉字注释，否则数据不准！
A
B
C
D
WORD：审阅---拼写和语法
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
指难针 (https://www./tester/)
“英语文本指难针” 是一项基于数据驱动的在线文本难度调控工具（Jin and Lu，2018），旨在帮助外语教师基于数据进行文本改编。“英语文本指难针”基于我国大规模英语考试真题阅读文本语料库（中考，高考，全国大学英语四、六级考试，研究生入学考试），可实现难度定级、难度设定、例句查询、词表生成、难词注释、结果反馈以及结果导出这7项功能。
：
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
2023 QGI - B
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
2023 QGI - C
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
2. 文本难度检测工具:指难针
2023 QGI - D
2. 文本难度检测工具: Coh-Metrix
Coh-Metrix是美国孟菲斯大学的McNamera等人开发出的文本处理工具，基于描述性统计量、文本易读性主成分得分、指称连贯性、潜在语义分析、词汇多样性、连词使用、情景模式、句法复杂性、句法组构密度、词汇和文本可读性等11大类、总计108项指标来调控文本难度（Graesser et al. 2011）。
该工具融合了计算语言学和语料库语言学的多种技术，能够对文本的表层和深层特征进行自动量化，目前已被广泛应用于自动测量文本的衔接性、判断文本的语体和体裁，以及探讨写作语言的特点及其对作文质量的预测力等（江进林，2016）。
2. 文本难度检测工具: Coh-Metrix （http:///）
Coh-Metrix基于多种自动分析技术，改进了以往单一的可读性公式，研制出Coh-Metrix二语可读性指标（Coh-Metrix L2 Readability, RDL2），该指标尤其适用于二语阅读者，因为它反映了二语学习者在词汇、句子和语篇衔接方面遇到的困难。
网络版Coh-Metrix可以计算出200多项指标，自动处理15000词以内的单个文本，但是免费使用版本只报告其中的60项指标，包括6项识别信息和54项文本语言特征量化指标（杜慧颖，蔡金亭，2013）。
2. 文本难度检测工具:蓝思分级阅读测评体系（Lexile Scores）
蓝思阅读测评体系由美国Metametircs教育公司研发。该测评体系可以匹配读者的阅读能力和读物的难度等级，从而辅助教师、家长为孩子选择适合的读物，另外对教材的选编、试卷的编制和教学大纲的修订等都具有极大的意义。
蓝思阅读测评体系从读物难度和读者阅读能力两个方面进行衡量，使用的是同一个度量标尺，分为两个维度，即语义难度（semantic difficulty）和句法难度（syntactic complexity），使用数字加字母“蓝思/L” （Lexile，简称L）作为衡量难度的度量标尺，难度范围为0L至1700L之间，数字越小表示读物难度越低或读者阅读能力越低，反之则表示读物难度越高或读者阅读能力越高。 （https://www./analyzer/）
2. 文本难度检测工具: TextEvaluator文本难度分析器
TextEvaluator文本难度分析器是由美国教育考试服务中心（ETS）专家Sheehan开发的基于网络的文本难度分析工具，其设计的初衷是帮助美国教师和专家挑选符合美国“共同核心州立标准”（Common Core State Standards，CCSS）的阅读材料。
TextEvaluator文本难度分析器对文本难度差异判断的准确程度可以达到 60%以上，从8个层面多维度综合地检验文本的难度，即学术词汇比例（academic word list ratio）、句法复杂度（syntactic complexity）、词汇具体度（concreteness）、词汇陌生度（word unfamiliarity）、互动/会话风格（interactivity/conversational style）、叙事性（narrativity）、连贯度（cohesion）、论证 （argumentation） （Sheehan et al. 2014）。
（https://textevaluator.ets.org/TextEvaluator/）
3. ChatGPT
获取途径
用途：改编
用途：命题
3. ChatGPT 获取途径：微信群
3. ChatGPT获取途径：Visual Studio Code---ChatMoss
3. ChatGPT用途：改编
3. ChatGPT用途：改编
3. ChatGPT 用途：命题
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
原文：In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
3. ChatGPT 用途：命题
3. ChatGPT 用途：命题
30. What is the purpose of the experiment mentioned in the final chapter of part one
A. To guide readers in performing a digital declutter.
B. To share participants' success stories.
C. To explore the challenges of digital decluttering.
D. To introduce the philosophy behind digital minimalism.
3. ChatGPT 用途：命题
Correct answer: A. To guide readers in performing a digital declutter
Distractor options:
B. To share participants' success stories - While the experiment may include participants' stories, the purpose is not primarily to share their success stories.
C. To explore the challenges of digital decluttering - Although the experiment may discuss the challenges encountered by participants, it is not the primary purpose of the experiment mentioned.
D. To introduce the philosophy behind digital minimalism - The experiment mentioned focuses on practical guidance rather than introducing the philosophy behind digital minimalism.
3. ChatGPT 用途：命题
30. What is the main objective of the digital declutter experiment mentioned in the final chapter of part one
A. To analyze the experiences of participants during the digital declutter.
B. To evaluate the effectiveness of digital minimalism philosophy.
C. To provide strategies for overcoming digital traps and challenges .
D. To encourage readers to adopt a digital minimalist lifestyle.
3. ChatGPT 用途：命题
内容要点
01
02
03
04
题项编写技巧
命题工具介绍
阅读命题流程
文本改编方法