(共49张PPT)
非谓语动词
1. The plan will extend protection to a significant number of
areas that were previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected
areas for giant pandas under one authority ___________(increase)effectiveness
and reduce inconsistencies in management.
to increase
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。设空处在句中作目的状语,故填to increase。
2. A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步)
40 days to Xi’an, as a first step __________(journey) the Belt and Road route
(路线) by foot.
to journey
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。此处journey为动词,表示“旅行”,step前面有序数词,应用不定式作后置定语。
3. But that’s how nature is—always leaving us __________
(astonish).
astonished
[解析] 句意:但是大自然就是这样——总是让我们感到吃惊。此处说明us的状态,意为“感到吃惊的”,故填astonished。
4. It is possible ________(walk) or bike the entire 14
kilometers.
to walk
[解析] 此处为“It is+adj.+动词不定式”结构,表示“做某事是……的”。
5. After_________(spend) some time looking at all the
defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and
what better than to ride on a piece of history!
spending
[解析] After在此处是介词,后跟v.-ing形式,故填spending。
〔必备知识〕
非谓语动词包括动名词、不定式、现在分词和过去分词。在语法填空题中,针对非谓语动词的考查主要集中在非谓语动词作主语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语等。其基本结构与句法功能如下:
非谓语动词 主动语态 被动语态 意义
不定式 一般式 to do to be done 不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动
作同时发生或在其后发生
进行式 to be doing 不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动
作同时发生
完成式 to have done to havebeen done 不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词
的动作之前
非谓语动词 主动语态 被动语态 意义
现在分 词/动名 词 一般式 doing being done 其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动
作同时发生或基本上同时发生
完成式 having done having been done 其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的
动作发生
过去分词 done 与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系,
表完成
续表
考点一 非谓语动词作状语
非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。
1.不定式作状语
(1)作目的状语,可用so as to/in order to替换,意为“为了;以便”,但 so as to一般不可置于句首。
To enjoy the convenience of digital payment, many seniors started to use smart phones. 为了享受数字支付的便利,很多老年人开始使用智能手机。
(2)作结果状语,常用于下列结构中:only to do(表示意想不到的结果)、enough to do...(足够做……)、too... to do...(太……而不能做……)、so/such... as to...(如此……以至于……)等。
Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场,却发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
(3)作原因状语,常用在“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”结构中。这类形容词有:easy、difficult、hard、comfortable、good、important、impossible、dangerous、surprised、astonished、delighted、disappointed等。
We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.令我们吃惊的是,这座寺庙仍保持着它最初的样子。
易错提示
在 “主语+be+形容词+不定式”结构中,句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的被动关系,且此时不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。在该结构中,不定式中的动词必须是及物动词;若为不及物动词,则要在其后加上适当的介词,使之构成及物动词短语。
The person is hard to deal with. 这个人很难对付。
2.分词作状语
分词作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等。现在分词作状语时,现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时,过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。为了强调,还可与while、when、once、if、unless等词连用。
A city is the product of the human hand and mind, reflecting man’s intelligence and creativity. 一座城市是人类的手与大脑的产物,这反映出了人类的智慧与创造性。
The couple took good care of the baby while occupied by their work.这对夫妇一边工作,一边很好地照顾着婴儿。
易错提示
部分过去分词作状语时不表示被动,也不表示完成,而表示一种状态。常见的词和短语有:located (坐落于)、lost(迷路的)、seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着的)、lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(对……厌烦)、faced with(面对着)。
Faced with the great challenge, I didn’t lose heart. 面对巨大的挑战,我没有灰心。
考点特训
1. _________(cover) an area about three times the size of
Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in
the country.
Covering
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。设空处和句子的主语the GPNP为逻辑上的主动关系,应用现在分词作状语,故填Covering。
2. He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept.
20, _________(plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months.
planning
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。设空处与主语He之间为逻辑上的主动关系,故填planning。
3. _____________(strengthen)the connection with young
people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social
media, ________(invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to
have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.
To strengthen
inviting
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。分析可知,此处表达“为了加强与年轻人的联系”,需要用不定式作目的状语。
考查非谓语动词。invite与其逻辑主语the event之间为主动关系,故用现在分词作伴随状语。
4. Willie was moving out of his apartment and he
needed boxes________(pack) his things.
to pack
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。句意:Willie要搬出他的公寓,他需要一些箱子来装他的东西。由句意可知,设空处作目的状语,故用动词不定式。
5. ________(dress) in a full bodysuit of ice, a
symbol of purity and strength, the panda wears a helmet with a colored halo(光
环).
Dressed
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。此处使用过去分词作状语。be dressed in意为“穿着”。
考点二 非谓语动词作定语
1.不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后,一般表示的动作在“某个时间”前尚未实现。若不定式是不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。
I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to catch.我在整个会议期间一直看钟表,因为我要赶火车。
(2)序数词、形容词最高级、the last、the only 等词后或被这些词修饰的名词后,常用不定式作定语。注意:该名词通常是作定语的非谓语动词的执行者。
He was the first guest to arrive.他是第一个到的客人。
(3)被修饰词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语。常见的这类名词有:ability、chance、wish、excuse、promise、attempt、way等。
The best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增强意志力最好的方法就是让它(意志力)成为一种习惯。
2.分词作定语
(1)及物动词的分词形式作定语
doing 被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系 There were millions of people watching
the opening ceremony live on TV.有数百
万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。
being done 被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系 且表示正在进行 The question being discussed now is
very important.现在正在被讨论的问题很
重要。
done 被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系 且表完成 I’d like you to look at a study
conducted in Australia in 2012.我想让你
们看一项2012年在澳大利亚进行的研究。
(2)不及物动词的分词形式作定语
现在分词表示动作正在进行;过去分词只表示动作已完成,不表被动。
falling leaves正在落下的叶子(表正在进行)
fallen leaves落叶(表完成)
考点特训
1. “...It can help to build a community with a _______(share)
future for mankind,” he said.
shared
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。空处和名词future之间为被动关系,所以用过去分词作定语。
2. Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International
Cooperation _____(hold) in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking
as a tribute(致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.
held
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。hold与the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation之间为逻辑上的被动关系,应用过去分词作后置定语。
3. The combination of these panda reserves is an
enthusiastic commitment by the Chinese government__________(protect) these
extraordinary animals.
to protect
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。句意:这些大熊猫保护区的联合是中国政府保护这些不一般的动物的热情承诺。由句意可知,设空处作后置定语。
4. Yao Zhongyu, a student of Beihang University,
told his family in a video _______(post) online that he would not be able to
spend the Spring Festival with them as he volunteered for the Beijing 2022 Olympic
Winter Games.
posted
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。空处修饰名词video,且post和video之间是被动关系,应用过去分词作后置定语,故填posted。
5. Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared that she
had no plans ________(retire) from her 36-year-old business.
to retire
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。名词plan后面常用不定式作定语。故填to retire。
6. When we got a call _______(say) she was short-listed, we thought it was a
joke.
saying
[解析] 设空处是非谓语动词作定语,修饰前面的名词call。call与say之间为逻辑上的主动关系,故填saying。
考点三 非谓语动词作宾语
1.通常接不定式作宾语的动词
decide、determine、learn、want、expect、hope、wish、refuse、manage、care、pretend、offer、promise、choose、plan、agree、help等。
I have decided to study engineering.我已经决定学工程学。
易错提示
allow、permit、advise后需加动名词作宾语,但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,则用不定式作宾补,即“allow/permit/advise doing/sb. to do sth.”。
2.通常接动名词作宾语的动词及短语
admit、avoid、consider、escape(避开)、imagine、mind、miss、practise、suggest、feel like、give up、put off、object to、look forward to等。此外,have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.结构中也用动名词作宾语。
I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.我避开提及这个话题,以免冒犯他。
3.接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词
forget to do sth.忘记去做某事
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事
regret to do sth.对即将做的事表示遗憾
regret doing sth.对做过的事表示后悔
remember to do sth.记得去做某事
remember doing sth.记得做过某事
stop to do sth.停下来去做某事
stop doing sth.停止做某事
try to do sth.尽力去做某事
try doing sth.尝试做某事
go on to do sth.继续做另一件事
go on doing sth.继续做原来做的事
mean to do sth.打算做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事
can’t help to do sth.不能帮助做某事
can’t help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事
I remembered locking the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.我离开办公室之前记得锁门了,但却忘记关灯了。
易错提示
(1)动词want、need、require作“需要”讲时,其后要用v.-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。
The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned. (window与clean之间存在被动关系)
那扇窗户需要清洗。
(2)“疑问词+不定式(短语)”常作learn、decide、know、wonder、show、tell、understand、explain、teach、advise、find out 等的宾语。
We will be having a meeting to decide what to do.
我们将开会决定该做什么。
4.作介词的宾语时,要用动名词形式,不能用动词不定式。
常见的短语有:be/get used to、feel like、insist on、get down to、devote...to...、object to、stick to、have difficulty/trouble (in)、have fun (in)。
I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now deal with students. 我过去航海和现在与学生们打交道一样开心。
易错提示
介词后一般要接v.-ing形式作宾语,但介词but/except后接不定式时,若前有实义动词do的某种形式,不定式要省略to。
We can do nothing but wait.除了等待我们别无选择。
考点特训
He plans to pursue his career in the mainland after ___________(complete)
his studies.
completing
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。介词after后面应用动名词completing作宾语,意为“完成”,故填completing。
2. Some also recommend __________(restrict) dairy products.
restricting
[解析] 句意:一些人还建议限制奶制品(的摄入)。recommend doing sth.建议做某事。
3. Incredibly, around 1,500 workers spent just nine
hours in ___________(complete) the transformation of an old train station in
Fujian Province, southern China.
completing
[解析] 句意:令人难以置信的是,大约1,500名工人用了仅仅9个小时就完成了中国南部福建省一座老火车站的改造。spend time in doing sth.花时间做某事。
4. Komodo National Park, officially recognized in 1980, is
popular for ecotourism because of its unique biodiversity. Activities there range
from whale watching to hiking(远足) and accommodations aim ________(have)
a low impact on the natural environment.
to have
[解析] 固定短语aim to do sth.意为“力求做某事”。
5. A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for______(be)
Britain’s oldest full-time employee—still working 40 hours a week.
being
[解析] 介词for后应该用动名词作宾语,故填being。
考点四 非谓语动词作宾补
1.不定式作宾补
不定式作宾补时,宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主动关系。常用不定式作宾补的动词(短语)有:advise、allow、ask、beg、cause、encourage、expect、forbid、force、intend、invite、order、persuade、prefer、require、remind、tell、want、warn、depend on等。
If we expect people to give up the habit of driving, we must give them an alternative they can rely on.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯,我们必须给他们一个可以依赖的替代品。
易错提示
有些动词,如think、consider、believe、suppose、feel、find、understand等后常用tobe作宾补,在sb. be believed/said/known/reported/considered/thought+to do/to have done结构中,用不定式作主语补足语。
The president was reported to have visited China.据报道,那位总统已经访问了中国。
2.现在分词作宾补
现在分词作宾补时,动词与宾语之间存在主动关系,且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词有:see、watch、observe、notice、hear、feel、have、get、keep、catch等。
Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?听!你听到有人正在呼救吗?
3.过去分词作宾补
过去分词作宾补时,动词与宾语之间存在被动关系。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词有:see、watch、observe、notice、hear、feel、have、make、get、find、leave、keep等。
I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taken.我需要一本新护照,因此我得拍张照片。
4.使役动词have和get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点:
①have sth. done=get sth. done让别人做某事;
②have sb./sth. doing sth.让……一直做某事;get sth./sb. doing sth. 使……开始做某事;
③have sb. do sth.=get sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事。
Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed.在开车进城之前,你需要洗洗车。
5.with的复合结构:
①with+宾语+doing表示主动,说明动作正在发生或经常发生;
②with+宾语+done表示被动或完成;
③with+宾语+to do表示将要发生的动作。
The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.这老两口常常在晚饭后到公园里散步,他们的宠物狗则在后面跟着。
With such a short time left before the deadline, it doesn’t seem likely that John will finish the job.离截止日期还有这么短的时间,约翰似乎不可能完成工作。
With a lot of work to do, she wasn’t allowed to leave her office.由于有许多工作要做,她不被允许离开办公室。
考点特训
I didn’t know how long I stayed in my sister’s room, but in no time I
heard my mother _________(hurry) into the kitchen.
hurrying
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。设空处所在分句谓语是heard,空格处用非谓语动词,my mother和hurry之间是逻辑上的主动关系,因此用现在分词作宾补,故填hurrying。
2. In cities and rural areas, you can see lanterns
__________(decorate) street lights, public buildings and shops.
decorating
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。句意:在城市和农村地区,你可以看到灯笼装饰路灯、公共建筑和商店。动词decorate与lanterns之间为主动关系,故用现在分词作宾补。
3. Millions of pupils have been forced_________
(switch) to remote learning, according to Qustodio software, which tracks usage
of devices by children aged 4 to 15 in the UK, the US and Spain.
to switch
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。句意:Qustodio 软件表示,数百万学生被迫转向远程学习。该软件追踪英国、美国和西班牙4至15岁儿童使用设备的情况。be forced to do sth.被迫去做某事。
4. He had the other boxes _____(tear) open and
got fifty-two Oscars, all in perfect condition. He immediately called the police.
torn
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。动词tear与the other boxes为被动关系,故用过去分词作宾语补足语。
5. The new technology could enable more
people_________(access) the cultural relics despite the distance.
to access
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。句意:这项新技术可以让更多的人在距离遥远的情况下接触到文物。enable sb. to do sth. 让某人能够做某事。
6. Unlike texts and videos, e-sports is understandable
around the world, with the barriers of language _______(break) down.
broken
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。动词break与the barriers of language 为被动关系,故用过去分词作宾补。
考点五 非谓语动词作主语和表语
1.不定式作主语和表语
(1)不定式作主语时,一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长,常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。
It’s our duty to take good care of the old.照顾好老人是我们的责任。
(2)不定式作表语时,表示预定要发生的动作;当主语是aim、purpose、idea、plan、wish等词时,常用不定式作表语;主语为what引导的名词性从句时,表语多用不定式。
His wish is to be a doctor in the future.他的愿望是将来当一名医生。
What I want to do most in senior high is (to) improve my English.我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。(不定式作表语时,如果前面有实义动词do的某种形式,作表语的不定式常省略to。)
2.动名词作主语和表语
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作。也可用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在句末。常用动名词作真正主语的句型有:“It’s a waste of time doing...、It’s no use/good doing...、It is useless doing...”。
Traveling along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.沿着古老的丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的经历。
It’s no use just complaining without taking action.不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。
(2)动名词作表语时相当于名词,用于解释主语的内容,表语和主语常常可以互换位置。
My job is cleaning the house three times a week.(=Cleaning the house three times a week is my job.)我的工作是每星期打扫三次房子。
3.分词作表语
现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征;过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。
The result of the experiment is encouraging.实验结果是鼓舞人心的。
His job was gone.他的工作丢了。
考点特训
1. So ______(live) a happy life with a light heart is the most important.
living
[解析] 句意:所以怀着愉快的心情过一种幸福的生活是最重要的。空格处作主语,表示经常性的行为,故填living。
2. ______________(travel) to Jiangsu’s rural
villages, many of which look like beautiful postcard scenes, might be totally
different from what you have imagined.
Travel(l)ing
[解析] 空格处作主语,表示抽象行为,置于句首,故填Travel(l)ing。
3. The report says it will be difficult ___________
(increase) people’s leisure time in the future due to the large amount of time
they spend working and looking after children.
to increase
[解析] it is+adj.+to do sth.意为“做某事怎么样”。在says后的宾语从句中,it为形式主语,动词不定式为真正的主语。
4. You can imagine how_________(surprise)
and excited I was at that moment!
surprised
[解析] 此处为how引导的感叹句,修饰人应用动词的-ed形式。故填surprised。
5. It is different from traditional tourism because it allows
the traveler to become _________(educate) about the areas.
educated
[解析] 考查非谓语动词作表语。educated表示“受过教育的”,故填educated。
〔技巧点拨〕
典例1 _________(keep) warm at night, I would fill the wood stove and then
set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.
To keep
[解析] 思路点拨 设空处为非谓语动词,根据句意可知设空处表示目的,故使用不定式。
典例2 He was busy writing a story, only_________(stop) once in a while to
smoke a cigarette.
stopping
[解析] 思路点拨 设空处为非谓语动词。此处表伴随,故使用现在分词。本题易受only的影响而给出答案to stop。
典例3 In many people’s opinion,that company,though relatively small,is
pleasant________(deal) with.
to deal
[解析] 思路点拨 “主语+be+形容词+动词不定式”结构中,句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语,用主动表示被动。